1
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Allen H, Zhu X, Li S, Gu Y. The TRAPPIII subunit, Trs85, has a dual role in the trafficking of cellulose synthase complexes in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1475-1485. [PMID: 38402593 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are essential for defining plant growth and development, providing structural support to the main body and responding to abiotic and biotic cues. Cellulose, the main structural polymer of plant cell walls, is synthesized at the plasma membrane by cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). The construction and transport of CSCs to and from the plasma membrane is poorly understood but is known to rely on the coordinated activity of cellulose synthase-interactive protein 1 (CSI1), a key regulator of CSC trafficking. In this study, we found that Trs85, a TRAPPIII complex subunit, interacted with CSI1 in vitro. Using functional genetics and live-cell imaging, we have shown that trs85-1 mutants have reduced cellulose content, stimulated CSC delivery, an increased population of static CSCs and deficient clathrin-mediated endocytosis in the primary cell wall. Overall, our findings suggest that Trs85 has a dual role in the trafficking of CSCs, by negatively regulating the exocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Allen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
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2
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Chakraborty G, Balinin K, Villar-Guerra RD, Emondts M, Portale G, Loznik M, Niels Klement WJ, Zheng L, Weil T, Chaires JB, Herrmann A. Supramolecular DNA-based catalysis in organic solvents. iScience 2024; 27:109689. [PMID: 38706840 PMCID: PMC11067378 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The distinct folding accompanied by its polymorphic character renders DNA G-quadruplexes promising biomolecular building blocks to construct novel DNA-based and supramolecular assemblies. However, the highly polar nature of DNA limits the use of G-quadruplexes to water as a solvent. In addition, the archetypical G-quadruplex fold needs to be stabilized by metal-cations, which is usually a potassium ion. Here, we show that a noncovalent PEGylation process enabled by electrostatic interactions allows the first metal-free G-quadruplexes in organic solvents. Strikingly, incorporation of an iron-containing porphyrin renders the self-assembled metal-free G-quadruplex catalytically active in organic solvents. Hence, these "supraG4zymes" enable DNA-based catalysis in organic media. The results will allow the broad utilization of DNA G-quadruplexes in nonaqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurudas Chakraborty
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Balinin
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rafael del Villar-Guerra
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Meike Emondts
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Loznik
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Wiebe Jacob Niels Klement
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Lifei Zheng
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonathan B. Chaires
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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3
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Delmer D, Dixon RA, Keegstra K, Mohnen D. The plant cell wall-dynamic, strong, and adaptable-is a natural shapeshifter. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1257-1311. [PMID: 38301734 PMCID: PMC11062476 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mythology is replete with good and evil shapeshifters, who, by definition, display great adaptability and assume many different forms-with several even turning themselves into trees. Cell walls certainly fit this definition as they can undergo subtle or dramatic changes in structure, assume many shapes, and perform many functions. In this review, we cover the evolution of knowledge of the structures, biosynthesis, and functions of the 5 major cell wall polymer types that range from deceptively simple to fiendishly complex. Along the way, we recognize some of the colorful historical figures who shaped cell wall research over the past 100 years. The shapeshifter analogy emerges more clearly as we examine the evolving proposals for how cell walls are constructed to allow growth while remaining strong, the complex signaling involved in maintaining cell wall integrity and defense against disease, and the ways cell walls adapt as they progress from birth, through growth to maturation, and in the end, often function long after cell death. We predict the next century of progress will include deciphering cell type-specific wall polymers; regulation at all levels of polymer production, crosslinks, and architecture; and how walls respond to developmental and environmental signals to drive plant success in diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Delmer
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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4
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Amos BK, Pook V, Prates E, Stork J, Shah M, Jacobson DA, DeBolt S. Discovery and Characterization of Fluopipamine, a Putative Cellulose Synthase 1 Antagonist within Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3171-3179. [PMID: 38291808 PMCID: PMC10870765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Herbicide-resistant weeds are increasingly a problem in crop fields when exposed to similar chemistry over time. To avoid future yield losses, identifying herbicidal chemistry needs to be accelerated. We screened 50,000 small molecules using a liquid-handling robot and light microscopy focusing on pre-emergent herbicides in the family of cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors. Through phenotypic, chemical, genetic, and in silico methods we uncovered 6-{[4-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]methyl}-N-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (fluopipamine). Symptomologies support fluopipamine as a putative antagonist of cellulose synthase enzyme 1 (CESA1) from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Ectopic lignification, inhibition of etiolation, phenotypes including loss of anisotropic cellular expansion, swollen roots, and live cell imaging link fluopipamine to cellulose biosynthesis inhibition. Radiolabeled glucose incorporation of cellulose decreased in short-duration experiments when seedlings were incubated in fluopipamine. To elucidate the mechanism, ethylmethanesulfonate mutagenized M2 seedlings were screened for fluopipamine resistance. Two loci of genetic resistance were linked to CESA1. In silico docking of fluopipamine, quinoxyphen, and flupoxam against various CESA1 mutations suggests that an alternative binding site at the interface between CESA proteins is necessary to preserve cellulose polymerization in compound presence. These data uncovered potential fundamental mechanisms of cellulose biosynthesis in plants along with feasible leads for herbicidal uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kirtley Amos
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- N.C.
Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Department
of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Victoria Pook
- Department
of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Erica Prates
- Biosciences
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Center
for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jozsef Stork
- Department
of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Manesh Shah
- Biosciences
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Center
for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Daniel A. Jacobson
- Biosciences
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Center
for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Department
of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
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5
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Choi J, Makarem M, Lee C, Lee J, Kiemle S, Cosgrove DJ, Kim SH. Tissue-specific directionality of cellulose synthase complex movement inferred from cellulose microfibril polarity in secondary cell walls of Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22007. [PMID: 38086837 PMCID: PMC10716418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In plant cells, cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) are nanoscale machines that synthesize and extrude crystalline cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) into the apoplast where CMFs are assembled with other matrix polymers into specific structures. We report the tissue-specific directionality of CSC movements of the xylem and interfascicular fiber walls of Arabidopsis stems, inferred from the polarity of CMFs determined using vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy. CMFs in xylems are deposited in an unidirectionally biased pattern with their alignment axes tilted about 25° off the stem axis, while interfascicular fibers are bidirectional and highly aligned along the longitudinal axis of the stem. These structures are compatible with the design of fiber-reinforced composites for tubular conduit and support pillar, respectively, suggesting that during cell development, CSC movement is regulated to produce wall structures optimized for cell-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juseok Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mohamadamin Makarem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Chonghan Lee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jongcheol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sarah Kiemle
- Materials Characterization Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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6
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Wu SZ, Chaves AM, Li R, Roberts AW, Bezanilla M. Cellulose synthase-like D movement in the plasma membrane requires enzymatic activity. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202212117. [PMID: 37071416 PMCID: PMC10120407 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202212117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose Synthase-Like D (CSLD) proteins, important for tip growth and cell division, are known to generate β-1,4-glucan. However, whether they are propelled in the membrane as the glucan chains they produce assemble into microfibrils is unknown. To address this, we endogenously tagged all eight CSLDs in Physcomitrium patens and discovered that they all localize to the apex of tip-growing cells and to the cell plate during cytokinesis. Actin is required to target CSLD to cell tips concomitant with cell expansion, but not to cell plates, which depend on actin and CSLD for structural support. Like Cellulose Synthase (CESA), CSLD requires catalytic activity to move in the plasma membrane. We discovered that CSLD moves significantly faster, with shorter duration and less linear trajectories than CESA. In contrast to CESA, CSLD movement was insensitive to the cellulose synthesis inhibitor isoxaben, suggesting that CSLD and CESA function within different complexes possibly producing structurally distinct cellulose microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Zon Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Arielle M. Chaves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Rongrong Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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7
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Jayachandran D, Banerjee S, Chundawat SPS. Plant cellulose synthase membrane protein isolation directly from Pichia pastoris protoplasts, liposome reconstitution, and its enzymatic characterization. Protein Expr Purif 2023:106309. [PMID: 37211149 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is synthesized by a plant cell membrane-integrated processive glycosyltransferase (GT) called cellulose synthase (CesA). Since only a few of these plant CesAs have been purified and characterized to date, there are huge gaps in our mechanistic understanding of these enzymes. The biochemistry and structural biology studies of CesAs are currently hampered by challenges associated with their expression and extraction at high yields. To aid in understanding CesA reaction mechanisms and to provide a more efficient CesA extraction method, two putative plant CesAs - PpCesA5 from Physcomitrella patens and PttCesA8 from Populus tremula x tremuloides that are involved in primary and secondary cell wall formation in plants were expressed using Pichia pastoris as an expression host. We developed a protoplast-based membrane protein extraction approach to directly isolate these membrane-bound enzymes, as confirmed by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry-based analyses. Our method gives 3-4-fold higher purified protein yield than the standard cell homogenization protocol. Our method resulted in liposome reconstituted CesA5 and CesA8 enzymes with similar Michaelis-Menten kinetic constants, Km = 167 μM, 108 μM and Vmax = 7.88 × 10-5 μmol/min, 4.31 × 10-5 μmol/min, respectively, in concurrence with the previous studies for enzymes isolated using the standard protocol. Taken together, these results suggest that CesAs involved in primary and secondary cell wall formation can be expressed and purified using a simple and more efficient extraction method. This protocol could help isolate enzymes that unravel the mechanism of native and engineered cellulose synthase complexes involved in plant cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharanidaran Jayachandran
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Shoili Banerjee
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Shishir P S Chundawat
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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8
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McFarlane HE. Open questions in plant cell wall synthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad110. [PMID: 36961357 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by strong yet flexible polysaccharide-based cell walls that support the cell while also allowing growth by cell expansion. Plant cell wall research has advanced tremendously in recent years. Sequenced genomes of many model and crop plants have facilitated cataloging and characterization of many enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis. Structural information has been generated for several important cell wall synthesizing enzymes. Important tools have been developed including antibodies raised against a variety of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins, collections of enzyme clones and synthetic glycan arrays for characterizing enzymes, herbicides that specifically affect cell wall synthesis, live-cell imaging probes to track cell wall synthesis, and an inducible secondary cell wall synthesis system. Despite these advances, and often because of the new information they provide, many open questions about plant cell wall polysaccharide synthesis persist. This article highlights some of the key questions that remain open, reviews the data supporting different hypotheses that address these questions, and discusses technological developments that may answer these questions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
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9
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Babi M, Williams A, Reid M, Grandfield K, Bassim ND, Moran-Mirabal JM. Unraveling the Supramolecular Structure and Nanoscale Dislocations of Bacterial Cellulose Ribbons Using Correlative Super-Resolution Light and Electron Microscopy. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:258-268. [PMID: 36577132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is a structural linear polysaccharide that is naturally produced by plants and bacteria, making it the most abundant biopolymer on Earth. The hierarchical structure of cellulose from the nano- to microscale is intimately linked to its biosynthesis and the ability to process this sustainable resource for materials applications. Despite this, the morphology of bacterial cellulose microfibrils and their assembly into higher order structures, as well as the structural origins of the alternating crystalline and disordered supramolecular structure of cellulose, have remained elusive. In this work, we employed high-resolution transmission electron and atomic force microscopies to study the morphology of bacterial cellulose ribbons at different levels of its structural hierarchy and provide direct visualization of nanometer-wide microfibrils. The non-persistent twisting of cellulose ribbons was characterized in detail, and we found that twists are associated with nanostructural defects at the bundle and microfibril levels. To investigate the structural origins of the persistent disordered regions that are present along cellulose ribbons, we employed a correlative super-resolution light and electron microscopy workflow and observed that the disordered regions that can be seen in super-resolution fluorescence microscopy largely correlated with the ribbon twisting observed in electron microscopy. Unraveling the hierarchical assembly of bacterial cellulose and the ultrastructural basis of its disordered regions provides insights into its biosynthesis and susceptibility to hydrolysis. These findings are important to understand the cell-directed assembly of cellulose, develop new cellulose-based nanomaterials, and develop more efficient biomass conversion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhanad Babi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.,Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Alyssa Williams
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Marcia Reid
- Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Kathryn Grandfield
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.,Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Nabil D Bassim
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.,Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Jose M Moran-Mirabal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.,Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.,Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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10
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Olek AT, Rushton PS, Kihara D, Ciesielski P, Aryal UK, Zhang Z, Stauffacher CV, McCann MC, Carpita NC. Essential amino acids in the Plant-Conserved and Class-Specific Regions of cellulose synthases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:142-160. [PMID: 36250895 PMCID: PMC9806608 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Plant-Conserved Region (P-CR) and the Class-Specific Region (CSR) are two plant-unique sequences in the catalytic core of cellulose synthases (CESAs) for which specific functions have not been established. Here, we used site-directed mutagenesis to replace amino acids and motifs within these sequences predicted to be essential for assembly and function of CESAs. We developed an in vivo method to determine the ability of mutated CesA1 transgenes to complement an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) temperature-sensitive root-swelling1 (rsw1) mutant. Replacement of a Cys residue in the CSR, which blocks dimerization in vitro, rendered the AtCesA1 transgene unable to complement the rsw1 mutation. Examination of the CSR sequences from 33 diverse angiosperm species showed domains of high-sequence conservation in a class-specific manner but with variation in the degrees of disorder, indicating a nonredundant role of the CSR structures in different CESA isoform classes. The Cys residue essential for dimerization was not always located in domains of intrinsic disorder. Expression of AtCesA1 transgene constructs, in which Pro417 and Arg453 were substituted for Ala or Lys in the coiled-coil of the P-CR, were also unable to complement the rsw1 mutation. Despite an expected role for Arg457 in trimerization of CESA proteins, AtCesA1 transgenes with Arg457Ala mutations were able to fully restore the wild-type phenotype in rsw1. Our data support that Cys662 within the CSR and Pro417 and Arg453 within the P-CR of Arabidopsis CESA1 are essential residues for functional synthase complex formation, but our data do not support a specific role for Arg457 in trimerization in native CESA complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T Olek
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Phillip S Rushton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Daisuke Kihara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Peter Ciesielski
- Renewable Resources & Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Uma K Aryal
- Bindley Biosciences Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Zicong Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Cynthia V Stauffacher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Maureen C McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
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11
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Mendu L, Jalathge G, Dhillon KK, Singh NP, Balasubramanian VK, Fewou R, Gitz DC, Chen J, Xin Z, Mendu V. Mutation in the Endo-β-1,4-glucanase (KORRIGAN) Is Responsible for Thick Leaf Phenotype in Sorghum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3531. [PMID: 36559643 PMCID: PMC9780866 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is an important crop for food, feed, and fuel production. Particularly, sorghum is targeted for cellulosic ethanol production. Extraction of cellulose from cell walls is a key process in cellulosic ethanol production, and understanding the components involved in cellulose synthesis is important for both fundamental and applied research. Despite the significance in the biofuel industry, the genes involved in sorghum cell wall biosynthesis, modification, and degradation have not been characterized. In this study, we have identified and characterized three allelic thick leaf mutants (thl1, thl2, and thl3). Bulked Segregant Analysis sequencing (BSAseq) showed that the causal mutation for the thl phenotype is in endo-1,4-β-glucanase gene (SbKOR1). Consistent with the causal gene function, the thl mutants showed decreased crystalline cellulose content in the stem tissues. The SbKOR1 function was characterized using Arabidopsis endo-1,4-β-glucanase gene mutant (rsw2-1). Complementation of Arabidopsis with SbKOR1 (native Arabidopsis promoter and overexpression by 35S promoter) restored the radial swelling phenotype of rsw2-1 mutant, proving that SbKOR1 functions as endo-1,4-β-glucanase. Overall, the present study has identified and characterized sorghum endo-1,4-β-glucanase gene function, laying the foundation for future research on cell wall biosynthesis and engineering of sorghum for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Mendu
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Gayani Jalathge
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | | | - Nagendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Fewou
- Faculty of Science, University of Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Dennis C. Gitz
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA
| | - Junping Chen
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA
| | - Zhanguo Xin
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA
| | - Venugopal Mendu
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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12
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Navvabi A, Homaei A, Pletschke BI, Navvabi N, Kim SK. Marine Cellulases and their Biotechnological Significance from Industrial Perspectives. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3325-3336. [PMID: 35388747 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220406125132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Marine microorganisms represent virtually unlimited sources of novel biological compounds and can survive extreme conditions. Cellulases, a group of enzymes that are able to degrade cellulosic materials, are in high demand in various industrial and biotechnological applications, such as in the medical and pharmaceutical industries, food, fuel, agriculture, and single-cell protein, and as probiotics in aquaculture. The cellulosic biopolymer is a renewable resource and is a linearly arranged polysaccharide of glucose, with repeating units of disaccharide connected via β-1,4-glycosidic bonds, which are broken down by cellulase. A great deal of biodiversity resides in the ocean, and marine systems produce a wide range of distinct, new bioactive compounds that remain available but dormant for many years. The marine environment is filled with biomass from known and unknown vertebrates and invertebrate microorganisms, with much potential for use in medicine and biotechnology. Hence, complex polysaccharides derived from marine sources are a rich resource of microorganisms equipped with enzymes for polysaccharides degradation. Marine cellulases' extracts from the isolates are tested for their functional role in degrading seaweed and modifying wastes to low molecular fragments. They purify and renew environments by eliminating possible feedstocks of pollution. This review aims to examine the various types of marine cellulase producers and assess the ability of these microorganisms to produce these enzymes and their subsequent biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita Navvabi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Brett I Pletschke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Nazila Navvabi
- Department of Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy, Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Seoul 426-791, Republic of Korea
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13
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Du J, Vandavasi VG, Molloy KR, Yang H, Massenburg LN, Singh A, Kwansa AL, Yingling YG, O'Neill H, Chait BT, Kumar M, Nixon BT. Evidence for Plant-Conserved Region Mediated Trimeric CESAs in Plant Cellulose Synthase Complexes. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3663-3677. [PMID: 35948425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Higher plants synthesize cellulose using membrane-bound, six-lobed cellulose synthase complexes, each lobe containing trimeric cellulose synthases (CESAs). Although molecular biology reports support heteromeric trimers composed of different isoforms, a homomeric trimer was reported for in vitro studies of the catalytic domain of CESA1 of Arabidopsis (AtCESA1CatD) and confirmed in cryoEM structures of full-length CESA8 and CESA7 of poplar and cotton, respectively. In both structures, a small portion of the plant-conserved region (P-CR) forms the only contacts between catalytic domains of the monomers. We report inter-subunit lysine-crosslinks that localize to the small P-CR, negative-stain EM structure, and modeling data for homotrimers of AtCESA1CatD. Molecular dynamics simulations for AtCESA1CatD trimers based on the CESA8 cryoEM structure were stable and dependent upon a small set of residue contacts. The results suggest that homomeric CESA trimers may be important for the synthesis of primary and secondary cell walls and identify key residues for future mutagenic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 China.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Venu Gopal Vandavasi
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kelly R Molloy
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Lynnicia N Massenburg
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Albert L Kwansa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Yaroslava G Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Hugh O'Neill
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Brian T Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - B Tracy Nixon
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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14
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Cosgrove DJ. Building an extensible cell wall. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1246-1277. [PMID: 35460252 PMCID: PMC9237729 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This article recounts, from my perspective of four decades in this field, evolving paradigms of primary cell wall structure and the mechanism of surface enlargement of growing cell walls. Updates of the structures, physical interactions, and roles of cellulose, xyloglucan, and pectins are presented. This leads to an example of how a conceptual depiction of wall structure can be translated into an explicit quantitative model based on molecular dynamics methods. Comparison of the model's mechanical behavior with experimental results provides insights into the molecular basis of complex mechanical behaviors of primary cell wall and uncovers the dominant role of cellulose-cellulose interactions in forming a strong yet extensible network.
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15
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Gupta A, Khodayari A, van Duin ACT, Hirn U, Van Vuure AW, Seveno D. Cellulose Nanocrystals: Tensile Strength and Failure Mechanisms Revealed Using Reactive Molecular Dynamics. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2243-2254. [PMID: 35549173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) offer excellent mechanical properties. However, measuring the strength by performing reliable experiments at the nanoscale is challenging. In this paper, we model Iβ crystalline cellulose using reactive molecular dynamics simulations. Taking the fibril twist into account, structural changes and hydrogen-bonding characteristics of CNCs during the tensile test are inspected and the failure mechanism of CNCs is analyzed down to the scale of individual bonds. The C4-O4 glycosidic bond is found to be responsible for the failure of CNCs. Finally, the effect of strain rate on ultimate properties is analyzed and a nonlinear model is used to predict the ultimate strength of 9.2 GPa and ultimate strain of 8.5% at a 1 s-1 strain rate. This study sheds light on the applications of cellulose in nanocomposites and further modeling of cellulose nanofibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Gupta
- Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ali Khodayari
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Adri C T van Duin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ulrich Hirn
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, TU Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Aart W Van Vuure
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - David Seveno
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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16
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Deligey F, Frank MA, Cho SH, Kirui A, Mentink-Vigier F, Swulius MT, Nixon BT, Wang T. Structure of In Vitro-Synthesized Cellulose Fibrils Viewed by Cryo-Electron Tomography and 13C Natural-Abundance Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State NMR. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2290-2301. [PMID: 35341242 PMCID: PMC9198983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Cellulose, the most
abundant biopolymer, is a central source for
renewable energy and functionalized materials. In vitro synthesis of cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) has become possible using
purified cellulose synthase (CESA) isoforms from Physcomitrium
patens and hybrid aspen. The exact nature of these in vitro fibrils remains unknown. Here, we characterize in vitro-synthesized fibers made by CESAs present in membrane
fractions of P. patens over-expressing
CESA5 by cryo-electron tomography and dynamic nuclear polarization
(DNP) solid-state NMR. DNP enabled measuring two-dimensional 13C–13C correlation spectra without isotope-labeling
of the fibers. Results show structural similarity between in vitro fibrils and native CMF in plant cell walls. Intensity
quantifications agree with the 18-chain structural model for plant
CMF and indicate limited fibrillar bundling. The in vitro system thus reveals insights into cell wall synthesis and may contribute
to novel cellulosic materials. The integrated DNP and cryo-electron
tomography methods are also applicable to structural studies of other
carbohydrate-based biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Deligey
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Mark A Frank
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Sung Hyun Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Alex Kirui
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | | | - Matthew T Swulius
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - B Tracy Nixon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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17
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WEI YS, LIN WZ, WANG TE, LEE WY, LI SH, LIN FJ, NIXON B, SIPILÄ P, TSAI PS. Polarized epithelium-sperm co-culture system reveals stimulatory factors for the secretion of mouse epididymal quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1. J Reprod Dev 2022; 68:198-208. [PMID: 35228412 PMCID: PMC9184822 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2021-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatozoa acquire fertilization ability through post-translational modifications. These membrane surface alterations occur in various segments of the epididymis. Quiescin sulfhydryl
oxidases, which catalyze thiol-oxidation reactions, are involved in disulfide bond formation, which is essential for sperm maturation, upon transition and migration in the epididymis. Using
castration and azoospermia transgenic mouse models, in the present study, we showed that quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1) protein expression and secretion are positively correlated with
the presence of testosterone and sperm cells. A two-dimensional in vitro epithelium-sperm co-culture system provided further evidence in support of the notion that both
testosterone and its dominant metabolite, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, promote epididymal QSOX1 secretion. We also demonstrated that immature caput spermatozoa, but not mature cauda sperm cells,
exhibited great potential to stimulate QSOX1 secretion in vitro, suggesting that sperm maturation is a key regulatory factor for mouse epididymal QSOX1 secretion. Proteomic
analysis identified 582 secretory proteins from the co-culture supernatant, of which 258 were sperm-specific and 154 were of epididymal epithelium-origin. Gene Ontology analysis indicated
that these secreted proteins exhibit functions known to facilitate sperm membrane organization, cellular activity, and sperm-egg recognition. Taken together, our data demonstrated that
testosterone and sperm maturation status are key regulators of mouse epididymal QSOX1 protein expression and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Syuan WEI
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Zhen LIN
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tse-En WANG
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yun LEE
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiang LI
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamshui 25160, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jung LIN
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Brett NIXON
- Priority Research Centre for Reproduction, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Discipline of Biological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Petra SIPILÄ
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Pei-Shiue TSAI
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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18
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Ma X, Li C, Huang R, Zhang K, Wang Q, Fu C, Liu W, Sun C, Wang P, Wang F, Deng X. Rice Brittle Culm19 Encoding Cellulose Synthase Subunit CESA4 Causes Dominant Brittle Phenotype But has No Distinct Influence on Growth and Grain Yield. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 14:95. [PMID: 34822039 PMCID: PMC8617145 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-021-00536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical strength is a crucial agronomic trait in rice (Oryza sativa), and brittle mutants are thought suitable materials to investigate the mechanism of cell wall formation. So far, almost all brittle mutants are recessive, and most of them are defected in multiple morphologies and/or grain yield, limiting their application in hybrid breeding and in rice straw recycling. RESULTS We identified a semi-dominant brittle mutant Brittle culm19 (Bc19) isolated from the japonica variety Nipponbare through chemical mutagenesis. The mutant showed the same apparent morphologies and grain yield to the wild type plant except for its weak mechanical strength. Its development of secondary cell wall in sclerenchyma cells was affected, along with reduced contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and sugars in culms and leaves. Positional cloning suggested that the Bc19 gene was allelic to OsCESA4, encoding one of the cellulose synthase A (CESA) catalytic subunits. In this mutant, a C-to-T substitution occurred in the coding sequence of BC19, causing the P507S missense mutation in its encoded product, which was located in the second cytoplasmic region of the OsCESA4 protein. Furthermore, introducing mutant gene Bc19 into the wild-type plant resulted in brittle plants, confirming that the P507S point mutation in OsCESA4 protein was responsible for the semi-dominant brittle phenotype of Bc19 mutant. Reverse correlation was revealed between cellulose contents and expression levels of mutant gene Bc19 among the homozygous mutant, the hybrid F1 plant, and the Bc19 overexpression transgenic plants, implying that gene Bc19 might affect cellulose synthesis in a dosage-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Bc19, a semi-dominant brittle mutant allele of gene OsCESA4, was identified using map-based cloning approach. The mutated protein of Bc19 possessing the P507S missense mutation behaved in a dosage-dependent semi-dominant manner. Unique brittle effect on phenotype and semi-dominant genetic quality of gene Bc19 indicated its potential application in grain-straw dual-purpose hybrid rice breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Rui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chongyun Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wuge Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Changhui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pingrong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Xiaojian Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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19
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Hata Y, Serizawa T. Self-assembly of cellulose for creating green materials with tailor-made nanostructures. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:3944-3966. [PMID: 33908581 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00339a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by living systems, biomolecules have been employed in vitro as building blocks for creating advanced nanostructured materials. In regard to nucleic acids, peptides, and lipids, their self-assembly pathways and resulting assembled structures are mostly encoded in their molecular structures. On the other hand, outside of its chain length, cellulose, a polysaccharide, lacks structural diversity; therefore, it is challenging to direct this homopolymer to controllably assemble into ordered nanostructures. Nevertheless, the properties of cellulose assemblies are outstanding in terms of their robustness and inertness, and these assemblies are attractive for constructing versatile materials. In this review article, we summarize recent research progress on the self-assembly of cellulose and the applications of assembled cellulose materials, especially for biomedical use. Given that cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, gaining control over cellulose assembly represents a promising route for producing green materials with tailor-made nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Hata
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Serizawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H121 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
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20
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Burris JN, Makarem M, Slabaugh E, Chaves A, Pierce ET, Lee J, Kiemle SN, Kwansa AL, Singh A, Yingling YG, Roberts AW, Kim SH, Haigler CH. Phenotypic effects of changes in the FTVTxK region of an Arabidopsis secondary wall cellulose synthase compared with results from analogous mutations in other isoforms. PLANT DIRECT 2021; 5:e335. [PMID: 34386691 PMCID: PMC8341023 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding protein structure and function relationships in cellulose synthase (CesA), including divergent isomers, is an important goal. Here, we report results from mutant complementation assays that tested the ability of sequence variants of AtCesA7, a secondary wall CesA of Arabidopsis thaliana, to rescue the collapsed vessels, short stems, and low cellulose content of the irx3-1 AtCesA7 null mutant. We tested a catalytic null mutation and seven missense or small domain changes in and near the AtCesA7 FTVTSK motif, which lies near the catalytic domain and may, analogously to bacterial CesA, exist within a substrate "gating loop." A low-to-high gradient of rescue occurred, and even inactive AtCesA7 had a small positive effect on stem cellulose content but not stem elongation. Overall, secondary wall cellulose content and stem length were moderately correlated, but the results were consistent with threshold amounts of cellulose supporting particular developmental processes. Vibrational sum frequency generation microscopy allowed tissue-specific analysis of cellulose content in stem xylem and interfascicular fibers, revealing subtle differences between selected genotypes that correlated with the extent of rescue of the collapsing xylem phenotype. Similar tests on PpCesA5 from the moss Physcomitrium (formerly Physcomitrella) patens helped us to synergize the AtCesA7 results with prior results on AtCesA1 and PpCesA5. The cumulative results show that the FTVTxK region is important for the function of an angiosperm secondary wall CesA as well as widely divergent primary wall CesAs, while differences in complementation results between isomers may reflect functional differences that can be explored in further work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N. Burris
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Mohamadamin Makarem
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research InstitutePennsylvania State University, University ParkState CollegePAUSA
| | - Erin Slabaugh
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Arielle Chaves
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRIUSA
| | - Ethan T. Pierce
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Jongcheol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research InstitutePennsylvania State University, University ParkState CollegePAUSA
| | - Sarah N. Kiemle
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State University, University ParkState CollegePAUSA
| | - Albert L. Kwansa
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Yaroslava G. Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRIUSA
| | - Seong H. Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research InstitutePennsylvania State University, University ParkState CollegePAUSA
| | - Candace H. Haigler
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
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21
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Daras G, Templalexis D, Avgeri F, Tsitsekian D, Karamanou K, Rigas S. Updating Insights into the Catalytic Domain Properties of Plant Cellulose synthase ( CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like ( Csl) Proteins. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144335. [PMID: 34299608 PMCID: PMC8306620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The wall is the last frontier of a plant cell involved in modulating growth, development and defense against biotic stresses. Cellulose and additional polysaccharides of plant cell walls are the most abundant biopolymers on earth, having increased in economic value and thereby attracted significant interest in biotechnology. Cellulose biosynthesis constitutes a highly complicated process relying on the formation of cellulose synthase complexes. Cellulose synthase (CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes encode enzymes that synthesize cellulose and most hemicellulosic polysaccharides. Arabidopsis and rice are invaluable genetic models and reliable representatives of land plants to comprehend cell wall synthesis. During the past two decades, enormous research progress has been made to understand the mechanisms of cellulose synthesis and construction of the plant cell wall. A plethora of cesa and csl mutants have been characterized, providing functional insights into individual protein isoforms. Recent structural studies have uncovered the mode of CesA assembly and the dynamics of cellulose production. Genetics and structural biology have generated new knowledge and have accelerated the pace of discovery in this field, ultimately opening perspectives towards cellulose synthesis manipulation. This review provides an overview of the major breakthroughs gathering previous and recent genetic and structural advancements, focusing on the function of CesA and Csl catalytic domain in plants.
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22
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Rosén T, Hsiao BS, Söderberg LD. Elucidating the Opportunities and Challenges for Nanocellulose Spinning. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2001238. [PMID: 32830341 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Man-made continuous fibers play an essential role in society today. With the increase in global sustainability challenges, there is a broad spectrum of societal needs where the development of advanced biobased fibers could provide means to address the challenges. Biobased regenerated fibers, produced from dissolved cellulose are widely used today for clothes, upholstery, and linens. With new developments in the area of advanced biobased fibers, it would be possible to compete with high-performance synthetic fibers such as glass fibers and carbon fibers as well as to provide unique functionalities. One possible development is to fabricate fibers by spinning filaments from nanocellulose, Nature's nanoscale high-performance building block, which will require detailed insights into nanoscale assembly mechanisms during spinning, as well as knowledge regarding possible functionalization. If successful, this could result in a new class of man-made biobased fibers. This work aims to identify the progress made in the field of spinning of nanocellulose filaments, as well as outline necessary steps for efficient fabrication of such nanocellulose-based filaments with controlled and predictable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rosén
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, S-100 44, Sweden
| | - Benjamin S Hsiao
- Chemistry Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
| | - L Daniel Söderberg
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, S-100 44, Sweden
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23
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Khodayari A, Thielemans W, Hirn U, Van Vuure AW, Seveno D. Cellulose-hemicellulose interactions - A nanoscale view. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 270:118364. [PMID: 34364609 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we study interactions of five different hemicellulose models, i.e. Galactoglucomannan, O-Acetyl-Galactoglucomannan, Fuco-Galacto-Xyloglucan, 4-O-Methylglucuronoxylan, and 4-O-Methylglucuronoarabinoxylan, and their respective binding strength to cellulose nanocrystals by molecular dynamics simulations. Glucuronoarabinoxylan showed the highest free energy of binding, whereas Xyloglucan had the lowest interaction energies amongst the five models. We further performed simulated shear tests and concluded that failure mostly happens at the inter-molecular interaction level within the hemicellulose fraction, rather than at the interface with cellulose. The presence of water molecules seems to have a weakening effect on the interactions of hemicellulose and cellulose, taking up the available hydroxyl groups on the surface of the cellulose for hydrogen bonding. We believe that these studies can shed light on better understanding of plant cell walls, as well as providing evidence on variability of the structures of different plant sources for extractions, purification, and operation of biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khodayari
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Ulrich Hirn
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, TU Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - David Seveno
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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24
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Abstract
The plant cell wall is an extracellular matrix that envelopes cells, gives them structure and shape, constitutes the interface with symbionts, and defends plants against external biotic and abiotic stress factors. The assembly of this matrix is regulated and mediated by the cytoskeleton. Cytoskeletal elements define where new cell wall material is added and how fibrillar macromolecules are oriented in the wall. Inversely, the cytoskeleton is also key in the perception of mechanical cues generated by structural changes in the cell wall as well as the mediation of intracellular responses. We review the delivery processes of the cell wall precursors that are required for the cell wall assembly process and the structural continuity between the inside and the outside of the cell. We provide an overview of the different morphogenetic processes for which cell wall assembly is a crucial element and elaborate on relevant feedback mechanisms.
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25
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Qiao Z, Lampugnani ER, Yan XF, Khan GA, Saw WG, Hannah P, Qian F, Calabria J, Miao Y, Grüber G, Persson S, Gao YG. Structure of Arabidopsis CESA3 catalytic domain with its substrate UDP-glucose provides insight into the mechanism of cellulose synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2024015118. [PMID: 33729990 PMCID: PMC7980446 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024015118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthases (CESAs) from the glycosyltransferase GT-2 family. In plants, the CESAs form a six-lobed rosette-shaped CESA complex (CSC). Here we report crystal structures of the catalytic domain of Arabidopsis thaliana CESA3 (AtCESA3CatD) in both apo and uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose (UDP-Glc)-bound forms. AtCESA3CatD has an overall GT-A fold core domain sandwiched between a plant-conserved region (P-CR) and a class-specific region (C-SR). By superimposing the structure of AtCESA3CatD onto the bacterial cellulose synthase BcsA, we found that the coordination of the UDP-Glc differs, indicating different substrate coordination during cellulose synthesis in plants and bacteria. Moreover, structural analyses revealed that AtCESA3CatD can form a homodimer mainly via interactions between specific beta strands. We confirmed the importance of specific amino acids on these strands for homodimerization through yeast and in planta assays using point-mutated full-length AtCESA3. Our work provides molecular insights into how the substrate UDP-Glc is coordinated in the CESAs and how the CESAs might dimerize to eventually assemble into CSCs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Qiao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Xin-Fu Yan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas Khan
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Wuan Geok Saw
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Patrick Hannah
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Feng Qian
- Division of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Genomics, Inc., Shanghai 201202, China
| | - Jacob Calabria
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yong-Gui Gao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551;
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
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26
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The molecular basis of plant cellulose synthase complex organisation and assembly. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:379-391. [PMID: 33616627 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The material properties of cellulose are heavily influenced by the organisation of β-1,4-glucan chains into a microfibril. It is likely that the structure of this microfibril is determined by the spatial arrangement of catalytic cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins within the cellulose synthase complex (CSC). In land plants, CESA proteins form a large complex composed of a hexamer of trimeric lobes termed the rosette. Each rosette synthesises a single microfibril likely composed of 18 glucan chains. In this review, the biochemical events leading to plant CESA protein assembly into the rosette are explored. The protein interfaces responsible for CESA trimerization are formed by regions that define rosette-forming CESA proteins. As a consequence, these regions are absent from the ancestral bacterial cellulose synthases (BcsAs) that do not form rosettes. CSC assembly occurs within the context of the endomembrane system, however the site of CESA assembly into trimers and rosettes is not determined. Both the N-Terminal Domain and Class Specific Region of CESA proteins are intrinsically disordered and contain all of the identified phosphorylation sites, making both regions candidates as sites for protein-protein interactions and inter-lobe interface formation. We propose a sequential assembly model, whereby CESA proteins form stable trimers shortly after native folding, followed by sequential recruitment of lobes into a rosette, possibly assisted by Golgi-localised STELLO proteins. A comprehensive understanding of CESA assembly into the CSC will enable directed engineering of CESA protein spatial arrangements, allowing changes in cellulose crystal packing that alter its material properties.
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27
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Allen H, Wei D, Gu Y, Li S. A historical perspective on the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 252:117022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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28
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Zabotina OA, Zhang N, Weerts R. Polysaccharide Biosynthesis: Glycosyltransferases and Their Complexes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:625307. [PMID: 33679837 PMCID: PMC7933479 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.625307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are enzymes that catalyze reactions attaching an activated sugar to an acceptor substrate, which may be a polysaccharide, peptide, lipid, or small molecule. In the past decade, notable progress has been made in revealing and cloning genes encoding polysaccharide-synthesizing GTs. However, the vast majority of GTs remain structurally and functionally uncharacterized. The mechanism by which they are organized in the Golgi membrane, where they synthesize complex, highly branched polysaccharide structures with high efficiency and fidelity, is also mostly unknown. This review will focus on current knowledge about plant polysaccharide-synthesizing GTs, specifically focusing on protein-protein interactions and the formation of multiprotein complexes.
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29
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Rosén T, He H, Wang R, Zhan C, Chodankar S, Fall A, Aulin C, Larsson PT, Lindström T, Hsiao BS. Cross-Sections of Nanocellulose from Wood Analyzed by Quantized Polydispersity of Elementary Microfibrils. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16743-16754. [PMID: 33253525 PMCID: PMC8926302 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Bio-based nanocellulose has been shown to possess impressive mechanical properties and simplicity for chemical modifications. The chemical properties are largely influenced by the surface area and functionality of the nanoscale materials. However, finding the typical cross-sections of nanocellulose, such as cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), has been a long-standing puzzle, where subtle changes in extraction methods seem to yield different shapes and dimensions. Here, we extracted CNFs from wood with two different oxidation methods and variations in degree of oxidation and high-pressure homogenization. The cross-sections of CNFs were characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering and wide-angle X-ray diffraction in dispersed and freeze-dried states, respectively, where the results were analyzed by assuming that the cross-sectional distribution was quantized with an 18-chain elementary microfibril, the building block of the cell wall. We find that the results agree well with a pseudosquare unit having a size of about 2.4 nm regardless of sample, while the aggregate level strongly depends on the extraction conditions. Furthermore, we find that aggregates have a preferred cohesion of phase boundaries parallel to the (110)-plane of the cellulose fibril, leading to a ribbon shape on average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rosén
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department
of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - HongRui He
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Ruifu Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Chengbo Zhan
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Shirish Chodankar
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11793, United States
| | | | | | - Per Tomas Larsson
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- RISE, Box
5604, 114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom Lindström
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Benjamin S. Hsiao
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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30
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Yang X, Medford JI, Markel K, Shih PM, De Paoli HC, Trinh CT, McCormick AJ, Ployet R, Hussey SG, Myburg AA, Jensen PE, Hassan MM, Zhang J, Muchero W, Kalluri UC, Yin H, Zhuo R, Abraham PE, Chen JG, Weston DJ, Yang Y, Liu D, Li Y, Labbe J, Yang B, Lee JH, Cottingham RW, Martin S, Lu M, Tschaplinski TJ, Yuan G, Lu H, Ranjan P, Mitchell JC, Wullschleger SD, Tuskan GA. Plant Biosystems Design Research Roadmap 1.0. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2020; 2020:8051764. [PMID: 37849899 PMCID: PMC10521729 DOI: 10.34133/2020/8051764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human life intimately depends on plants for food, biomaterials, health, energy, and a sustainable environment. Various plants have been genetically improved mostly through breeding, along with limited modification via genetic engineering, yet they are still not able to meet the ever-increasing needs, in terms of both quantity and quality, resulting from the rapid increase in world population and expected standards of living. A step change that may address these challenges would be to expand the potential of plants using biosystems design approaches. This represents a shift in plant science research from relatively simple trial-and-error approaches to innovative strategies based on predictive models of biological systems. Plant biosystems design seeks to accelerate plant genetic improvement using genome editing and genetic circuit engineering or create novel plant systems through de novo synthesis of plant genomes. From this perspective, we present a comprehensive roadmap of plant biosystems design covering theories, principles, and technical methods, along with potential applications in basic and applied plant biology research. We highlight current challenges, future opportunities, and research priorities, along with a framework for international collaboration, towards rapid advancement of this emerging interdisciplinary area of research. Finally, we discuss the importance of social responsibility in utilizing plant biosystems design and suggest strategies for improving public perception, trust, and acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - June I. Medford
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kasey Markel
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Patrick M. Shih
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Henrique C. De Paoli
- Department of Biodesign, Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cong T. Trinh
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Alistair J. McCormick
- SynthSys and Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Raphael Ployet
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Steven G. Hussey
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Alexander A. Myburg
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1858, Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Md Mahmudul Hassan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Wellington Muchero
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Udaya C. Kalluri
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Hengfu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Renying Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Paul E. Abraham
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - David J. Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Yinong Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology and the Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Degao Liu
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Center for Precision Plant Genomics and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Jessy Labbe
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jun Hyung Lee
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | | | - Stanton Martin
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Timothy J. Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Guoliang Yuan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Haiwei Lu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Priya Ranjan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Julie C. Mitchell
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Stan D. Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Gerald A. Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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31
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Bryant ND, Pu Y, Tschaplinski TJ, Tuskan GA, Muchero W, Kalluri UC, Yoo CG, Ragauskas AJ. Transgenic Poplar Designed for Biofuels. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:881-896. [PMID: 32482346 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Members of the genus Populus (i.e., cottonwood, hybrid poplar) represent a promising source of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuels. However, one of the major factors negatively affecting poplar's efficient conversion to biofuel is the inherent recalcitrance to enzymatic saccharification due to cell wall components such as lignin. To this effect, there have been efforts to modify gene expression to reduce biomass recalcitrance by changing cell wall properties. Here, we review recent genetic modifications of poplar that led to change cell wall properties and the resulting effects on subsequent pretreatment efficacy and saccharification. Although genetic engineering's impacts on cell wall properties are not fully predictable, recent studies have shown promising improvement in the biological conversion of transgenic poplar to biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Timothy J Tschaplinski
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Wellington Muchero
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Udaya C Kalluri
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Chang Geun Yoo
- Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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32
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Park S, Ding SY. The N-terminal zinc finger of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE6 is critical in defining its functional properties by determining the level of homodimerization in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1826-1838. [PMID: 32524705 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Primary cell wall cellulose is synthesized by the cellulose synthase complex (CSC) containing CELLULOSE SYNTHASE1 (CESA1), CESA3 and one of four CESA6-like proteins in Arabidopsis. It has been proposed that the CESA6-like proteins occupy the same position in the CSC, but their underlying selection mechanism remains unclear. We produced a chimeric CESA5 by replacing its N-terminal zinc finger with its CESA6 counterpart to investigate the consequences for its homodimerization, a crucial step in forming higher-order structures during assembly of the CSC. We found that the mutant phenotypes of prc1-1, a cesa6 null mutant, were rescued by the chimeric CESA5, and became comparable to the wild type (WT) and prc1-1 complemented by WT CESA6 in regard to plant growth, cellulose content, cellulose microfibril organization, CSC dynamics and subcellular localization. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays were employed to evaluate pairwise interactions between the N-terminal regions of CESA1, CESA3, CESA5, CESA6 and the chimeric CESA5. We verified that the chimeric CESA5 explicitly interacted with all the other CESA partners, comparable to CESA6, whereas interaction between CESA5 with itself was significantly weaker than that of all other CESA pairs. Our findings suggest that the homodimerization of CESA6 through its N-terminal zinc finger is critical in defining its functional properties, and possibly determines its intrinsic roles in facilitating higher-order structures in CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Park
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Shi-You Ding
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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33
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Purushotham P, Ho R, Zimmer J. Architecture of a catalytically active homotrimeric plant cellulose synthase complex. Science 2020; 369:1089-1094. [PMID: 32646917 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is an essential plant cell wall component and represents the most abundant biopolymer on Earth. Supramolecular plant cellulose synthase complexes organize multiple linear glucose polymers into microfibrils as load-bearing wall components. We determined the structure of a poplar cellulose synthase CesA homotrimer that suggests a molecular basis for cellulose microfibril formation. This complex, stabilized by cytosolic plant-conserved regions and helical exchange within the transmembrane segments, forms three channels occupied by nascent cellulose polymers. Secretion steers the polymers toward a common exit point, which could facilitate protofibril formation. CesA's N-terminal domains assemble into a cytosolic stalk that interacts with a microtubule-tethering protein and may thus be involved in CesA localization. Our data suggest how cellulose synthase complexes assemble and provide the molecular basis for plant cell wall engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallinti Purushotham
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Ruoya Ho
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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34
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Yang J, Bak G, Burgin T, Barnes WJ, Mayes HB, Peña MJ, Urbanowicz BR, Nielsen E. Biochemical and Genetic Analysis Identify CSLD3 as a beta-1,4-Glucan Synthase That Functions during Plant Cell Wall Synthesis. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:1749-1767. [PMID: 32169960 PMCID: PMC7203914 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In plants, changes in cell size and shape during development fundamentally depend on the ability to synthesize and modify cell wall polysaccharides. The main classes of cell wall polysaccharides produced by terrestrial plants are cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins. Members of the cellulose synthase (CESA) and cellulose synthase-like (CSL) families encode glycosyltransferases that synthesize the β-1,4-linked glycan backbones of cellulose and most hemicellulosic polysaccharides that comprise plant cell walls. Cellulose microfibrils are the major load-bearing component in plant cell walls and are assembled from individual β-1,4-glucan polymers synthesized by CESA proteins that are organized into multimeric complexes called CESA complexes, in the plant plasma membrane. During distinct modes of polarized cell wall deposition, such as in the tip growth that occurs during the formation of root hairs and pollen tubes or de novo formation of cell plates during plant cytokinesis, newly synthesized cell wall polysaccharides are deposited in a restricted region of the cell. These processes require the activity of members of the CESA-like D subfamily. However, while these CSLD polysaccharide synthases are essential, the nature of the polysaccharides they synthesize has remained elusive. Here, we use a combination of genetic rescue experiments with CSLD-CESA chimeric proteins, in vitro biochemical reconstitution, and supporting computational modeling and simulation, to demonstrate that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CSLD3 is a UDP-glucose-dependent β-1,4-glucan synthase that forms protein complexes displaying similar ultrastructural features to those formed by CESA6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Gwangbae Bak
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Tucker Burgin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - William J Barnes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Heather B Mayes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Erik Nielsen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Park S, Song B, Shen W, Ding SY. A mutation in the catalytic domain of cellulose synthase 6 halts its transport to the Golgi apparatus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6071-6083. [PMID: 31559423 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils, which form the mechanical framework of the plant cell wall, are synthesized by the cellulose synthase complex in the plasma membrane. Here, we introduced point mutations into the catalytic domain of cellulose synthase 6 (CESA6) in Arabidopsis to produce enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP)-tagged CESA6D395N, CESA6Q823E, and CESA6D395N+Q823E, which were exogenously produced in a cesa6 null mutant, prc1-1. Comparison of these mutants in terms of plant phenotype, cellulose content, cellulose synthase complex dynamics, and organization of cellulose microfibrils showed that prc1-1 expressing EYFP:CESA6D395N or CESA6D395N+Q823E was nearly the same as prc1-1, whereas prc1-1 expressing EYFP:CESA6Q823E was almost identical to wild type and prc1-1 expressing EYFP:WT CESA6, indicating that CESA6D395N and CESA6D395N+Q823E do not function in cellulose synthesis, while CESA6Q823E is still functionally active. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy were used to monitor the subcellular localization of these proteins. We found that EYFP:CESA6D395N and EYFP:CESA6D395N+Q823E were absent from subcellular regions containing the Golgi and the plasma membrane, and they appeared to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. By contrast, EYFP:CESA6Q823E had a normal localization pattern, like that of wild-type EYFP:CESA6. Our results demonstrate that the D395N mutation in CESA6 interrupts its normal transport to the Golgi and its eventual participation in cellulose synthase complex assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Park
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Center, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Center, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shi-You Ding
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Center, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Abstract
Wood, a complex hierarchical material, continues to be widely used as a resource to meet humankind’s material needs, in addition to providing inspiration for the development of new biomimetic materials. However, for wood to meet its full potential, researchers must overcome the challenge of understanding its fundamental moisture-related properties across its many levels of hierarchy spanning from the molecular scale up to the bulk wood level. In this perspective, a review of recent research on wood moisture-induced swelling and shrinking is presented from the molecular level to the cellular scale. Numerous aspects of swelling and shrinking in wood remain poorly understood, sub-cellular phenomena in particular, because it can be difficult to study them experimentally. Here, we discuss recent research endeavors at each of the relevant length scales, including the molecular, cellulose elementary fibril, secondary cell wall layer nanostructure, cell wall, cell, and cellular levels. At each length scale, we provide a discussion on the current knowledge and suggestions for future research. The potential impacts of moisture-induced swelling pressures on experimental observations of swelling and shrinking in wood at different length scales are also recognized and discussed.
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Differences in protein structural regions that impact functional specificity in GT2 family β-glucan synthases. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224442. [PMID: 31665152 PMCID: PMC6821405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cell wall and secreted β-glucans are synthesised by the CAZy Glycosyltransferase 2 family (www.cazy.org), with different members catalysing the formation of (1,4)-β-, (1,3)-β-, or both (1,4)- and (1,3)-β-glucosidic linkages. Given the distinct physicochemical properties of each of the resultant β-glucans (cellulose, curdlan, and mixed linkage glucan, respectively) are crucial to their biological and biotechnological functions, there is a desire to understand the molecular evolution of synthesis and how linkage specificity is determined. With structural studies hamstrung by the instability of these proteins to solubilisation, we have utilised in silico techniques and the crystal structure for a bacterial cellulose synthase to further understand how these enzymes have evolved distinct functions. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses were performed to determine amino acid conservation, both family-wide and within each sub-family. Further structural analysis centred on comparison of a bacterial curdlan synthase homology model with the bacterial cellulose synthase crystal structure, with molecular dynamics simulations performed with their respective β-glucan products bound in the trans-membrane channel. Key residues that differentially interact with the different β-glucan chains and have sub-family-specific conservation were found to reside at the entrance of the trans-membrane channel. The linkage-specific catalytic activity of these enzymes and hence the type of β-glucan chain built is thus likely determined by the different interactions between the proteins and the first few glucose residues in the channel, which in turn dictates the position of the acceptor glucose. The sequence-function relationships for the bacterial β-glucan synthases pave the way for extending this understanding to other kingdoms, such as plants.
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Brabham C, Singh A, Stork J, Rong Y, Kumar I, Kikuchi K, Yingling YG, Brutnell TP, Rose JKC, Debolt S. Biochemical and physiological flexibility accompanies reduced cellulose biosynthesis in Brachypodium cesa1 S830N. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz041. [PMID: 31636881 PMCID: PMC6795283 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a study into the mechanisms of primary cell wall cellulose formation in grasses, using the model cereal grass Brachypodium distachyon. The exon found adjacent to the BdCESA1 glycosyltransferase QXXRW motif was targeted using Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING) and sequencing candidate amplicons in multiple parallel reactions (SCAMPRing) leading to the identification of the Bdcesa1 S830N allele. Plants carrying this missense mutation exhibited a significant reduction in crystalline cellulose content in tissues that rely on the primary cell wall for biomechanical support. However, Bdcesa1 S830N plants failed to exhibit the predicted reduction in plant height. In a mechanism unavailable to eudicotyledons, B. distachyon plants homozygous for the Bdcesa1 S830N allele appear to overcome the loss of internode expansion anatomically by increasing the number of nodes along the stem. Stem biomechanics were resultantly compromised in Bdcesa1 S830N . The Bdcesa1 S830N missense mutation did not interfere with BdCESA1 gene expression. However, molecular dynamic simulations of the CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A (CESA) structure with modelled membrane interactions illustrated that Bdcesa1 S830N exhibited structural changes in the translated gene product responsible for reduced cellulose biosynthesis. Molecular dynamic simulations showed that substituting S830N resulted in a stabilizing shift in the flexibility of the class specific region arm of the core catalytic domain of CESA, revealing the importance of this motion to protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Brabham
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jozsef Stork
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ying Rong
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
- KWS Gateway Research Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Indrajit Kumar
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Kikuchi
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Syngenta Japan K.K., Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yaroslava G Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Seth Debolt
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Wang TE, Li SH, Minabe S, Anderson AL, Dun MD, Maeda KI, Matsuda F, Chang HW, Nixon B, Tsai PSJ. Mouse quiescin sulfhydryl oxidases exhibit distinct epididymal luminal distribution with segment-specific sperm surface associations. Biol Reprod 2019; 99:1022-1033. [PMID: 29800099 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfhydryl oxidation is part of the sperm maturation process essential for the acquisition of sperm fertilization competency and its structural stabilization; however, the specific sulfhydryl oxidases that fulfill these roles have yet to be identified. In this study, we investigate the potential involvement of one atypical thiol oxidase family called quiescin Q6/sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX) using the mouse epididymis as our model system. With multidisciplinary approaches, we show that QSOX isoform 1 and 2 exhibit complementary distribution throughout the epididymal duct, but that each variant possesses distinct subcellular localization within the epididymal principal cells. While QSOX2 was exclusively present in the Golgi apparatus of the caput and corpus epididymis, QSOX1c, the most profusely express QSOX1 variant, was abundantly present in the cauda luminal fluids. Moreover, immunohistochemistry studies together with proteomic identification in isolated epididymosomes provided evidence substantiating the release of QSOX2, but not QSOX1c, via an apocrine secretory pathway. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time, distinct association of QSOX1c and QSOX2 with the sperm acrosome and implantation fossa, during different stages of their epididymal maturation. In conclusion, our study provides the first comprehensive comparisons between QSOX1 and QSOX2 in the mouse epididymis, revealing their distinct epididymal distribution, cellular localization, mechanisms of secretion and sperm membrane association. Together, these data suggest that QSOX1 and QSOX2 have discrete biological functions in male germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-En Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Li
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamshui, Taiwan.,Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiori Minabe
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amanda L Anderson
- Priority Research Centre for Reproduction, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Discipline of Biological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew D Dun
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Cancer Research Program, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kei-Ichiro Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fuko Matsuda
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Brett Nixon
- Priority Research Centre for Reproduction, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Discipline of Biological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pei-Shiue Jason Tsai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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40
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Rongpipi S, Ye D, Gomez ED, Gomez EW. Progress and Opportunities in the Characterization of Cellulose - An Important Regulator of Cell Wall Growth and Mechanics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1894. [PMID: 30881371 PMCID: PMC6405478 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a dynamic network of several biopolymers and structural proteins including cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose is one of the main load bearing components of this complex, heterogeneous structure, and in this way, is an important regulator of cell wall growth and mechanics. Glucan chains of cellulose aggregate via hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces to form long thread-like crystalline structures called cellulose microfibrils. The shape, size, and crystallinity of these microfibrils are important structural parameters that influence mechanical properties of the cell wall and these parameters are likely important determinants of cell wall digestibility for biofuel conversion. Cellulose-cellulose and cellulose-matrix interactions also contribute to the regulation of the mechanics and growth of the cell wall. As a consequence, much emphasis has been placed on extracting valuable structural details about cell wall components from several techniques, either individually or in combination, including diffraction/scattering, microscopy, and spectroscopy. In this review, we describe efforts to characterize the organization of cellulose in plant cell walls. X-ray scattering reveals the size and orientation of microfibrils; diffraction reveals unit lattice parameters and crystallinity. The presence of different cell wall components, their physical and chemical states, and their alignment and orientation have been identified by Infrared, Raman, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Sum Frequency Generation spectroscopy. Direct visualization of cell wall components, their network-like structure, and interactions between different components has also been made possible through a host of microscopic imaging techniques including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. This review highlights advantages and limitations of different analytical techniques for characterizing cellulose structure and its interaction with other wall polymers. We also delineate emerging opportunities for future developments of structural characterization tools and multi-modal analyses of cellulose and plant cell walls. Ultimately, elucidation of the structure of plant cell walls across multiple length scales will be imperative for establishing structure-property relationships to link cell wall structure to control of growth and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintu Rongpipi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Dan Ye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Esther W. Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Huang HY, Cheng YS. Heterologous overexpression, purification and functional analysis of plant cellulose synthase from green bamboo. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:80. [PMID: 31367226 PMCID: PMC6657065 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cellulose synthase complex (CSC), composed of cellulose synthase (CesA) proteins, is a catalytic enzyme complex involved in cellulose synthesis in the plant cell. CesA proteins synthesize cellulose microfibrils corresponding to the microtubule direction and export linear products across the plasma membrane. However, the CSC arrangement and the mechanism of cellulose synthesis in plant cells remain unclear. Purified CesA proteins are required to determine biochemical and biophysical characteristics. RESULTS In this study, we constructed, expressed, and purified six heterologously expressed cellulose synthases from Bambusa oldhamii (BoCesA) and analyzed the associated enzyme activity. The conjugating sequences of the maltose-binding protein (MBP) gene and the BoCesA genes were constructed into the expression vector pYES2/CT and were further transformed into yeast cells (BCY123) for fermentation culturing. Purified BoCesA recombinant proteins were obtained by a two-step purification procedure, consisting of immobilized metal affinity chromatography to purify MBP-BoCesAs and size-exclusion chromatography (Superdex-200) to isolate BoCesAs in oligomeric form. The enzymatic activity of oligomeric BoCesAs with 80% purity was determined by partially methylated alditol acetate (PMAA)-coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Furthermore, the long fiber-like products synthesized by oligomeric BoCesAs were observed under a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and were further confirmed as cellulose microfibril products. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we successfully established a heterologous expression and purification system for BoCesAs. The purified recombinant BoCesA proteins display enzyme activity and can produce protein in milligram quantities for further studies on molecular composition and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Yu Huang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sheng Cheng
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
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Kirui A, Ling Z, Kang X, Widanage MCD, Mentink-Vigier F, French AD, Wang T. Atomic Resolution of Cotton Cellulose Structure Enabled by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State NMR. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 26:329-339. [PMID: 31289425 PMCID: PMC6615758 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-018-2095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The insufficient resolution of conventional methods has long limited the structural elucidation of cellulose and its derivatives, especially for those with relatively low crystallinities or in native cell walls. Recent 2D/3D solid-state NMR studies of 13C uniformly labeled plant biomaterials have initiated a re-investigation of our existing knowledge in cellulose structure and its interactions with matrix polymers but for unlabeled materials, this spectroscopic method becomes impractical due to limitations in sensitivity. Here, we investigate the molecular structure of unlabeled cotton cellulose by combining natural abundance 13C-13C 2D correlation solid-state NMR spectroscopy, as enabled by the sensitivity-enhancing technique of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), with statistical analysis of the observed and literature-reported chemical shifts. The atomic resolution allows us to monitor the loss of Iα and Iβ allomorphs and the generation of a novel structure during ball-milling, which reveals the importance of large crystallite size for maintaining the Iα and Iβ model structures. Partial order has been identified in the "disordered" domains, as evidenced by a discrete distribution of well-resolved peaks. This study not only provides heretofore unavailable high-resolution insights into cotton cellulose but also presents a widely applicable strategy for analyzing the structure of cellulose-rich materials without isotope-labeling. This work was part of a multi-technique study of ball-milled cotton described in the previous article in the same issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kirui
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Zhe Ling
- Southern Regional Research Center USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xue Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | | | | | - Alfred D. French
- Southern Regional Research Center USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124
- Corresponding authors (; )
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
- Corresponding authors (; )
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43
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Dehors J, Mareck A, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Menu-Bouaouiche L, Lehner A, Mollet JC. Evolution of Cell Wall Polymers in Tip-Growing Land Plant Gametophytes: Composition, Distribution, Functional Aspects and Their Remodeling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:441. [PMID: 31057570 PMCID: PMC6482432 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During evolution of land plants, the first colonizing species presented leafy-dominant gametophytes, found in non-vascular plants (bryophytes). Today, bryophytes include liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. In the first seedless vascular plants (lycophytes), the sporophytic stage of life started to be predominant. In the seed producing plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms , the gametophytic stage is restricted to reproduction. In mosses and ferns, the haploid spores germinate and form a protonema, which develops into a leafy gametophyte producing rhizoids for anchorage, water and nutrient uptakes. The basal gymnosperms (cycads and Ginkgo) reproduce by zooidogamy. Their pollen grains develop a multi-branched pollen tube that penetrates the nucellus and releases flagellated sperm cells that swim to the egg cell. The pollen grain of other gymnosperms (conifers and gnetophytes) as well as angiosperms germinates and produces a pollen tube that directly delivers the sperm cells to the ovule (siphonogamy). These different gametophytes, which are short or long-lived structures, share a common tip-growing mode of cell expansion. Tip-growth requires a massive cell wall deposition to promote cell elongation, but also a tight spatial and temporal control of the cell wall remodeling in order to modulate the mechanical properties of the cell wall. The growth rate of these cells is very variable depending on the structure and the species, ranging from very slow (protonemata, rhizoids, and some gymnosperm pollen tubes), to a slow to fast-growth in other gymnosperms and angiosperms. In addition, the structural diversity of the female counterparts in angiosperms (dry, semi-dry vs wet stigmas, short vs long, solid vs hollow styles) will impact the speed and efficiency of sperm delivery. As the evolution and diversity of the cell wall polysaccharides accompanied the diversification of cell wall structural proteins and remodeling enzymes, this review focuses on our current knowledge on the biochemistry, the distribution and remodeling of the main cell wall polymers (including cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, callose, arabinogalactan-proteins and extensins), during the tip-expansion of gametophytes from bryophytes, pteridophytes (lycophytes and monilophytes), gymnosperms and the monocot and eudicot angiosperms.
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45
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Raeeszadeh-Sarmazdeh M, Patel N, Cruise S, Owen L, O'Neill H, Boder ET. Identifying Stable Fragments of Arabidopsis thaliana Cellulose Synthase Subunit 3 by Yeast Display. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800353. [PMID: 30171735 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Determining structures of large, complex proteins remains challenging, especially for transmembrane proteins, as the protein size increases. Arabidopsis thaliana cellulose synthesis complex is a large, multimeric complex located in the plant cell membrane that synthesizes cellulose microfibrils in the plant cell wall. Despite the biological and economic importance of cellulose and therefore cellulose synthesis, many aspects of the cellulase synthase complex (CSC) structure and function are still unknown. Here, yeast surface display (YSD) is used to determine the full-length expression of A. thaliana cellulose synthase 3 (AtCesA3) fragments. The level of stably-folded AtCesA3 fragments displayed on the yeast surface are determined using flow cytometric analysis of differential surface expression of epitopes flanking the AtCesA3 fragment. This technique provides a fast and simple method for examining folding and expression of protein domains and fragments of complex proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Raeeszadeh-Sarmazdeh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Nikhil Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Sarah Cruise
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Leila Owen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Hugh O'Neill
- Center for Structural Molecular Biology and Neutron Scsattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - Eric T Boder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996
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Kubicki JD, Yang H, Sawada D, O'Neill H, Oehme D, Cosgrove D. The Shape of Native Plant Cellulose Microfibrils. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13983. [PMID: 30228280 PMCID: PMC6143632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32211-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the shape of plant cellulose microfibrils is critical for understanding plant cell wall molecular architecture and conversion of cellulose into biofuels. Only recently has it been determined that these cellulose microfibrils are composed of 18 cellulose chains rather than 36 polymers arranged in a diamond-shaped pattern. This study uses density functional theory calculations to model three possible habits for the 18-chain microfibril and compares the calculated energies, structures, 13C NMR chemical shifts and WAXS diffractograms of each to evaluate which shape is most probable. Each model is capable of reproducing experimentally-observed data to some extent, but based on relative theoretical energies and reasonable reproduction of all variables considered, a microfibril based on 5 layers in a 34443 arrangement is predicted to be the most probable. A habit based on a 234432 arrangement is slightly less favored, and a 6 × 3 arrangement is considered improbable.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Kubicki
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Daisuke Sawada
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Hugh O'Neill
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Daniel Oehme
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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47
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Hill JL, Hill AN, Roberts AW, Haigler CH, Tien M. Domain swaps of Arabidopsis secondary wall cellulose synthases to elucidate their class specificity. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00061. [PMID: 31245731 PMCID: PMC6508838 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils are synthesized by membrane-embedded cellulose synthesis complexes (CSCs), currently modeled as hexamers of cellulose synthase (CESA) trimers. The three paralogous CESAs involved in secondary cell wall (SCW) cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (CESA4, CESA7, CESA8) are similar, but nonredundant, with all three isoforms required for assembly and function of the CSC. The molecular basis of protein-protein recognition among the isoforms is not well understood. To investigate the locations of the interfaces that are responsible for isoform recognition, we swapped three domains between the Arabidopsis CESAs required for SCW synthesis (CESA4, CESA7, and CESA8): N-terminus, central domain containing the catalytic core, and C-terminus. Chimeric genes with all pairwise permutations of the domains were tested for in vivo functionality within knockout mutant backgrounds of cesa4, cesa7, and cesa8. Immunoblotting with isoform-specific antibodies confirmed the anticipated protein expression in transgenic plants. The percent recovery of stem height and crystalline cellulose content was assayed, as compared to wild type, the mutant background lines, and other controls. Retention of the native central domain was sufficient for CESA8 chimeras to function, with neither its N-terminal nor C-terminal domains required. The C-terminal domain is required for class-specific function of CESA4 and CESA7, and CESA7 also requires its own N-terminus. Across all isoforms, the results indicate that the central domain, as well as the N- and C-terminal regions, contributes to class-specific function variously in Arabidopsis CESA4, CESA7, and CESA8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lee Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Center for Lignocellulose Structure and FormationPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
- Present address:
Department of HorticultureMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824
| | - Ashley Nicole Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Center for Lignocellulose Structure and FormationPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Candace H. Haigler
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Ming Tien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Center for Lignocellulose Structure and FormationPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
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Speicher TL, Li PZ, Wallace IS. Phosphoregulation of the Plant Cellulose Synthase Complex and Cellulose Synthase-Like Proteins. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 7:E52. [PMID: 29966291 PMCID: PMC6161211 DOI: 10.3390/plants7030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on the planet, is synthesized at the plasma membrane of plant cells by the cellulose synthase complex (CSC). Cellulose is the primary load-bearing polysaccharide of plant cell walls and enables cell walls to maintain cellular shape and rigidity. The CSC is comprised of functionally distinct cellulose synthase A (CESA) proteins, which are responsible for synthesizing cellulose, and additional accessory proteins. Moreover, CESA-like (CSL) proteins are proposed to synthesize other essential non-cellulosic polysaccharides that comprise plant cell walls. The deposition of cell-wall polysaccharides is dynamically regulated in response to a variety of developmental and environmental stimuli, and post-translational phosphorylation has been proposed as one mechanism to mediate this dynamic regulation. In this review, we discuss CSC composition, the dynamics of CSCs in vivo, critical studies that highlight the post-translational control of CESAs and CSLs, and the receptor kinases implicated in plant cell-wall biosynthesis. Furthermore, we highlight the emerging importance of post-translational phosphorylation-based regulation of CSCs on the basis of current knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori L Speicher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Patrick Ziqiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Ian S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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Scavuzzo-Duggan TR, Chaves AM, Singh A, Sethaphong L, Slabaugh E, Yingling YG, Haigler CH, Roberts AW. Cellulose synthase 'class specific regions' are intrinsically disordered and functionally undifferentiated. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:481-497. [PMID: 29380536 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose synthases (CESAs) are glycosyltransferases that catalyze formation of cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls. Seed plant CESA isoforms cluster in six phylogenetic clades, whose non-interchangeable members play distinct roles within cellulose synthesis complexes (CSCs). A 'class specific region' (CSR), with higher sequence similarity within versus between functional CESA classes, has been suggested to contribute to specific activities or interactions of different isoforms. We investigated CESA isoform specificity in the moss, Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) B. S. G. to gain evolutionary insights into CESA structure/function relationships. Like seed plants, P. patens has oligomeric rosette-type CSCs, but the PpCESAs diverged independently and form a separate CESA clade. We showed that P. patens has two functionally distinct CESAs classes, based on the ability to complement the gametophore-negative phenotype of a ppcesa5 knockout line. Thus, non-interchangeable CESA classes evolved separately in mosses and seed plants. However, testing of chimeric moss CESA genes for complementation demonstrated that functional class-specificity is not determined by the CSR. Sequence analysis and computational modeling showed that the CSR is intrinsically disordered and contains predicted molecular recognition features, consistent with a possible role in CESA oligomerization and explaining the evolution of class-specific sequences without selection for class-specific function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess R Scavuzzo-Duggan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Arielle M Chaves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Latsavongsakda Sethaphong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Erin Slabaugh
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yaroslava G Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Candace H Haigler
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Alison W Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
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50
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Meents MJ, Watanabe Y, Samuels AL. The cell biology of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1107-1125. [PMID: 29415210 PMCID: PMC5946954 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary cell walls (SCWs) form the architecture of terrestrial plant biomass. They reinforce tracheary elements and strengthen fibres to permit upright growth and the formation of forest canopies. The cells that synthesize a strong, thick SCW around their protoplast must undergo a dramatic commitment to cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin production. SCOPE This review puts SCW biosynthesis in a cellular context, with the aim of integrating molecular biology and biochemistry with plant cell biology. While SCWs are deposited in diverse tissue and cellular contexts including in sclerenchyma (fibres and sclereids), phloem (fibres) and xylem (tracheids, fibres and vessels), the focus of this review reflects the fact that protoxylem tracheary elements have proven to be the most amenable experimental system in which to study the cell biology of SCWs. CONCLUSIONS SCW biosynthesis requires the co-ordination of plasma membrane cellulose synthases, hemicellulose production in the Golgi and lignin polymer deposition in the apoplast. At the plasma membrane where the SCW is deposited under the guidance of cortical microtubules, there is a high density of SCW cellulose synthase complexes producing cellulose microfibrils consisting of 18-24 glucan chains. These microfibrils are extruded into a cell wall matrix rich in SCW-specific hemicelluloses, typically xylan and mannan. The biosynthesis of eudicot SCW glucuronoxylan is taken as an example to illustrate the emerging importance of protein-protein complexes in the Golgi. From the trans-Golgi, trafficking of vesicles carrying hemicelluloses, cellulose synthases and oxidative enzymes is crucial for exocytosis of SCW components at the microtubule-rich cell membrane domains, producing characteristic SCW patterns. The final step of SCW biosynthesis is lignification, with monolignols secreted by the lignifying cell and, in some cases, by neighbouring cells as well. Oxidative enzymes such as laccases and peroxidases, embedded in the polysaccharide cell wall matrix, determine where lignin is deposited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Meents
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yoichiro Watanabe
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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