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Sun C, Zhang Z, Liu M, Ceretta S, Zhang S, Guo B, Li Y, Liu Z, Gu Y, Ao X, Qiu L. Comparison of grain traits and genetic diversity between Chinese and Uruguayan soybeans ( Glycine max L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1435881. [PMID: 39114471 PMCID: PMC11303235 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1435881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Soybeans (Glycine max L.), originating in China, were introduced to South America in the late 19th century after passing through North America. South America is now a major soybean-producing region, accounting for approximately 40% of the global soybean production. Crops like soybeans gradually adapt to the local climate and human-selected conditions, resulting in beneficial variations during cultivation in different regions. Comparing the phenotypic and genetic variations in soybeans across different regions is crucial to determining the variations that may enhance soybean productivity. This study identified seed-related traits and conducted a genetic diversity analysis using 46 breeding soybean varieties from China and Uruguay. Compared to the Chinese soybean germplasm, the Uruguayan equivalent had a lower 100-grain weight, higher oil content, lower protein content, and higher soluble sugar content. Using ZDX1 gene chips, genetic typing was performed on the 46 breeding varieties. Cluster analysis based on SNP sites revealed significant differences in the genetic basis of Sino-Uruguayan soybean germplasm. Selection analysis, including nucleotide polymorphism (π) and fixation indexes (Fst), identified several genomic regions under selection between Sino-Uruguayan soybean germplasm. The selected intervals significantly enriched gene ontology (GO) terms related to protein metabolism. Additionally, differentiation occurred in genes associated with the oil content, seed weight, and cyst nematodes between Sino-Uruguayan soybean germplasm, such as GmbZIP123 and GmSSS1. These findings highlight the differences in seed-related phenotypes between Sino-Uruguay soybean germplasm and provide genomic-level insights into the mechanisms behind phenotypic differences, offering valuable references for understanding soybean evolution and molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sun
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI)/State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Enhancement (MOA)/Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Meiling Liu
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sergio Ceretta
- National Agricultural Research Institute (INIA), Soybean Breeding Program, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Shengrui Zhang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingfu Guo
- Nanchang Branch of the National Center of Oilcrops Improvement, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory for the Genetic Improvement of Oilcrops, Institute of Crops, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI)/State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Enhancement (MOA)/Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangxiong Liu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI)/State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Enhancement (MOA)/Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhe Gu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI)/State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Enhancement (MOA)/Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Ao
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI)/State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Enhancement (MOA)/Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Liu K, Li J, Xing C, Yuan H, Yang J. Characterization of Auxenochlorella protothecoides acyltransferases and potential of their protein interactions to promote the enrichment of oleic acid. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:69. [PMID: 37085915 PMCID: PMC10120206 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After centuries of heavy reliance on fossil fuel energy, the world suffers from an energy crisis and global warming, calling for carbon emission reduction and a transition to clean energy. Microalgae have attracted much attention as a potential feedstock for biofuel production due to their high triacylglycerol content and CO2 sequestration ability. Many diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT) species have been characterized, which catalyze the final committed step in triacylglycerol biosynthesis. However, the detailed structure-function features of DGATs and the role of the interactions among DGAT proteins in lipid metabolism remained largely unknown. RESULTS In this study, the three characterized DGATs of Auxenochlorella protothecoides 2341 showed distinct structural and functional conservation. Functional complementation analyses showed that ApDGAT1 had higher activity than ApDGAT2b in yeast and model microalgae, and ApDGAT2a had no activity in yeast. The N-terminus was not essential to the catalysis function of ApDGAT1 but was crucial to ApDGAT2b as its enzyme activity was sensitive to any N-terminus modifications. Similarly, when acyl-CoA binding proteins (ACBPs) were fused to the N-terminus of ApDGAT1 and ApDGAT2b, zero and significant activity changes were observed, respectively. Interestingly, the ApACBP3 + ApDGAT1 variant contributed to higher oil accumulation than the original DGAT1, and ApACBP1 + ApDGAT1 fusion boosted oleic acid content in yeast. Overexpression of the three DGATs and the variation of ApACBP3 + ApDGAT1 increased the content of C18:1 of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC-5235. Significantly, ApDGAT1 interacted with itself, ApDGAT2b, and ApACBP1, which indicated that these three lipid metabolic proteins might have been a part of a dynamic protein interactome that facilitated the enrichment of oleic acid. CONCLUSIONS This study provided new insights into the functional and structural characteristics of DGATs and elucidated the importance of these physical interactions in potential lipid channeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chao Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinshui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Cai Y, Yu XH, Shanklin J. A toolkit for plant lipid engineering: Surveying the efficacies of lipogenic factors for accumulating specialty lipids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1064176. [PMID: 36589075 PMCID: PMC9795026 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1064176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce energy-dense lipids from carbohydrates using energy acquired via photosynthesis, making plant oils an economically and sustainably attractive feedstock for conversion to biofuels and value-added bioproducts. A growing number of strategies have been developed and optimized in model plants, oilseed crops and high-biomass crops to enhance the accumulation of storage lipids (mostly triacylglycerols, TAGs) for bioenergy applications and to produce specialty lipids with increased uses and value for chemical feedstock and nutritional applications. Most successful metabolic engineering strategies involve heterologous expression of lipogenic factors that outperform those from other sources or exhibit specialized functionality. In this review, we summarize recent progress in engineering the accumulation of triacylglycerols containing - specialized fatty acids in various plant species and tissues. We also provide an inventory of specific lipogenic factors (including accession numbers) derived from a wide variety of organisms, along with their reported efficacy in supporting the accumulation of desired lipids. A review of previously obtained results serves as a foundation to guide future efforts to optimize combinations of factors to achieve further enhancements to the production and accumulation of desired lipids in a variety of plant tissues and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Cai
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
| | - Xiao-Hong Yu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - John Shanklin
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
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Winichayakul S, Curran A, Moraga R, Cookson R, Xue H, Crowther T, Roldan M, Bryan G, Roberts N. An alternative angiosperm DGAT1 topology and potential motifs in the N-terminus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:951389. [PMID: 36186081 PMCID: PMC9523541 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.951389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The highly variable cytoplasmic N-terminus of the plant diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) has been shown to have roles in oligomerization as well as allostery; however, the biological significance of the variation within this region is not understood. Comparing the coding sequences over the variable N-termini revealed the Poaceae DGAT1s contain relatively high GC compositional gradients as well as numerous direct and inverted repeats in this region. Using a variety of reciprocal chimeric DGAT1s from angiosperms we show that related N-termini had similar effects (positive or negative) on the accumulation of the recombinant protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When expressed in Camelina sativa seeds the recombinant proteins of specific chimeras elevated total lipid content of the seeds as well as increased seed size. In addition, we combine N- and C-terminal as well as internal tags with high pH membrane reformation, protease protection and differential permeabilization. This led us to conclude the C-terminus is in the ER lumen; this contradicts earlier reports of the cytoplasmic location of plant DGAT1 C-termini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somrutai Winichayakul
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Amy Curran
- ZeaKal Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Roger Moraga
- Bioinformatics and Statistics, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ruth Cookson
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Hong Xue
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Tracey Crowther
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Marissa Roldan
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Greg Bryan
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
- ZeaKal Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Nick Roberts
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
- ZeaKal Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
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Liu H, Wei L, Zhu J, Zhang B, Gan Y, Zheng Y. Identification of GmGPATs and their effect on glycerolipid biosynthesis through seed-specific expression in soybean. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:9585-9592. [PMID: 36002658 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07852-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic improvement of soybean oil content depends on in-depth study of the glycerolipid biosynthesis pathway. The first acylation reaction catalysed by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) is the rate-limiting step of triacylglycerol biosynthesis. However, the genes encoding GPATs in soybean remain unknown. METHODS We used a novel yeast genetic complementation system and seed-specific heterologous expression to identify GmGPAT activity and molecular function in glycerolipid biosynthesis. RESULTS Sixteen GmGPAT genes were cloned by reverse transcription-PCR for screening in yeast genetic complementation. The results showed that GmGPAT9-2 could restore the conditional lethal double knockout mutant strain ZAFU1, and GmGPAT1-1 exhibited low acyltransferase activity in serial dilution assays. In addition, the spatiotemporal expression pattern of GmGPAT9-2 exhibited tissue specificity in leaves, flowers and seeds at different developmental stages. Furthermore, both the proportion of arachidic acid and erucic acid were significantly elevated in Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic lines containing the seed-specific GmGPAT9-2 compared wild type, but the oil content was not affected. CONCLUSION Together, our results provide reference data for future engineering of triacylglycerol biosynthesis and fatty acid composition improvement through GPATs in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Linyan Wei
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinbo Zhu
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingxin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Gan
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueping Zheng
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China
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Arias CL, Quach T, Huynh T, Nguyen H, Moretti A, Shi Y, Guo M, Rasoul A, Van K, McHale L, Clemente TE, Alonso AP, Zhang C. Expression of AtWRI1 and AtDGAT1 during soybean embryo development influences oil and carbohydrate metabolism. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1327-1345. [PMID: 35306726 PMCID: PMC9241380 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soybean oil is one of the most consumed vegetable oils worldwide. Genetic improvement of its concentration in seeds has been historically pursued due to its direct association with its market value. Engineering attempts aiming to increase soybean seed oil presented different degrees of success that varied with the genetic design and the specific variety considered. Understanding the embryo's responses to the genetic modifications introduced, is a critical step to successful approaches. In this work, the metabolic and transcriptional responses to AtWRI1 and AtDGAT1 expression in soybean seeds were evaluated. AtWRI1 is a master regulator of fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis, and AtDGAT1 encodes an enzyme catalysing the final and rate-limiting step of triacylglycerides biosynthesis. The events expressing these genes in the embryo did not show an increase in total FA content, but they responded with changes in the oil and carbohydrate composition. Transcriptomic studies revealed a down-regulation of genes putatively encoding for oil body packaging proteins, and a strong induction of genes annotated as lipases and FA biosynthesis inhibitors. Novel putative AtWRI1 targets, presenting an AW-box in the upstream region of the genes, were identified by comparison with an event that harbours only AtWRI1. Lastly, targeted metabolomics analysis showed that carbon from sugar phosphates could be used for FA competing pathways, such as starch and cell wall polysaccharides, contributing to the restriction in oil accumulation. These results allowed the identification of key cellular processes that need to be considered to break the embryo's natural restriction to uncontrolled seed lipid increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Lucía Arias
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Truyen Quach
- Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Tu Huynh
- Department of Horticulture and Crop ScienceThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Ademar Moretti
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Yu Shi
- Center for BiotechnologyUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNEUSA
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Amira Rasoul
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Kyujung Van
- Department of Horticulture and Crop ScienceThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Leah McHale
- Department of Horticulture and Crop ScienceThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Soybean Research CenterColumbusOHUSA
| | - Tom Elmo Clemente
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Ana Paula Alonso
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
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Zhang M, Liu S, Wang Z, Yuan Y, Zhang Z, Liang Q, Yang X, Duan Z, Liu Y, Kong F, Liu B, Ren B, Tian Z. Progress in soybean functional genomics over the past decade. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:256-282. [PMID: 34388296 PMCID: PMC8753368 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is one of the most important oilseed and fodder crops. Benefiting from the efforts of soybean breeders and the development of breeding technology, large number of germplasm has been generated over the last 100 years. Nevertheless, soybean breeding needs to be accelerated to meet the needs of a growing world population, to promote sustainable agriculture and to address future environmental changes. The acceleration is highly reliant on the discoveries in gene functional studies. The release of the reference soybean genome in 2010 has significantly facilitated the advance in soybean functional genomics. Here, we review the research progress in soybean omics (genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics and proteomics), germplasm development (germplasm resources and databases), gene discovery (genes that are responsible for important soybean traits including yield, flowering and maturity, seed quality, stress resistance, nodulation and domestication) and transformation technology during the past decade. At the end, we also briefly discuss current challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shulin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yaqin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qianjin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zongbiao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yucheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and EvolutionSchool of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Baohui Liu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and EvolutionSchool of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bo Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhixi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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8
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Čermák T. Sequence modification on demand: search and replace tools for precise gene editing in plants. Transgenic Res 2021; 30:353-379. [PMID: 34086167 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, our ability to generate allelic diversity in plants was limited to introduction of variants from domesticated and wild species by breeding via uncontrolled recombination or the use of chemical and physical mutagens-processes that are lengthy and costly or lack specificity, respectively. Gene editing provides a faster and more precise way to create new variation, although its application in plants has been dominated by the creation of short insertion and deletion mutations leading to loss of gene function, mostly due to the dependence of editing outcomes on DNA repair pathway choices intrinsic to higher eukaryotes. Other types of edits such as point mutations and precise and pre-designed targeted sequence insertions have rarely been implemented, despite providing means to modulate the expression of target genes or to engineer the function and stability of their protein products. Several advancements have been developed in recent years to facilitate custom editing by regulation of repair pathway choices or by taking advantage of alternative types of DNA repair. We have seen the advent of novel gene editing tools that are independent of DNA double-strand break repair, and methods completely independent of host DNA repair processes are being increasingly explored. With the aim to provide a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art methodology for allele replacement in plants, I discuss the adoption of these improvements for plant genome engineering.
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9
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Torabi S, Sukumaran A, Dhaubhadel S, Johnson SE, LaFayette P, Parrott WA, Rajcan I, Eskandari M. Effects of type I Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT1) genes on soybean (Glycine max L.) seed composition. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2556. [PMID: 33510334 PMCID: PMC7844222 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) catalyzes the final step of the biosynthesis process of triacylglycerol (TAG), the major storage lipids in plant seeds, through the esterification of diacylglycerol (DAG). To characterize the function of DGAT1 genes on the accumulation of oil and other seed composition traits in soybean, transgenic lines were generated via trans-acting siRNA technology, in which three DGAT1 genes (Glyma.13G106100, Glyma.09G065300, and Glyma.17G053300) were downregulated. The simultaneous downregulation of the three isoforms in transgenic lines was found to be associated with the reduction of seed oil concentrations by up to 18 mg/g (8.3%), which was correlated with increases in seed protein concentration up to 42 mg/g (11%). Additionally, the downregulations also influenced the fatty acid compositions in the seeds of transgenic lines through increasing the level of oleic acid, up to 121 mg/g (47.3%). The results of this study illustrate the importance of DGAT1 genes in determining the seed compositions in soybean through the development of new potential technology for manipulating seed quality in soybean to meet the demands for its various food and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Torabi
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Arjun Sukumaran
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sangeeta Dhaubhadel
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah E Johnson
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Peter LaFayette
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Wayne A Parrott
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Istvan Rajcan
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Milad Eskandari
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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10
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Jeppson S, Mattisson H, Demski K, Lager I. A predicted transmembrane region in plant diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 regulates specificity toward very-long-chain acyl-CoAs. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15398-15406. [PMID: 32873712 PMCID: PMC7650248 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Triacylglycerols are the main constituent of seed oil. The specific fatty acid composition of this oil is strongly impacted by the substrate specificities of acyltransferases involved in lipid synthesis, such as the integral membrane enzyme diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT). Two forms of DGAT, DGAT1 and DGAT2, are thought to contribute to the formation of seed oil, and previous characterizations of various DGAT2 enzymes indicate that these often are associated with the incorporation of unusual fatty acids. However, the basis of DGAT2's acyl-donor specificity is not known because of the inherent challenges of predicting structural features of integral membrane enzymes. The recent characterization of DGAT2 enzymes from Brassica napus reveals that DGAT2 enzymes with similar amino acid sequences exhibit starkly contrasting acyl-donor specificities. Here we have designed and biochemically tested a range of chimeric enzymes, substituting parts of these B. napus DGAT2 enzymes with each other, allowing us to pinpoint a region that dramatically affects the specificity toward 22:1-CoA. It may thus be possible to redesign the acyl-donor specificity of DGAT2 enzymes, potentially altering the fatty acid composition of seed oil. Further, the characterization of a DGAT2 chimera between Arabidopsis and B. napus demonstrates that the specificity regulated by this region is transferrable across species. The identified region contains two predicted transmembrane helices that appear to reoccur in a wide range of plant DGAT2 orthologues, suggesting that it is a general feature of plant DGAT2 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jeppson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Helena Mattisson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Kamil Demski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ida Lager
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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11
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Yao Y, You Q, Duan G, Ren J, Chu S, Zhao J, Li X, Zhou X, Jiao Y. Quantitative trait loci analysis of seed oil content and composition of wild and cultivated soybean. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:51. [PMID: 32005156 PMCID: PMC6995124 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean oil is a major source of edible oil, and the domestication of wild soybean has resulted in significant changes in oil content and composition. Extensive efforts have been made to identify genetic loci that are related to soybean oil traits. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to soybean seed oil and compare the fatty acid composition between wild and cultivated soybean. RESULTS Using the specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) method, a total of 181 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between wild soybean ZYD00463 (Glycine soja) and cultivated soybean WDD01514 (Glycine max) were genotyped. Finally, a high-density genetic linkage map comprising 11,398 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers on 20 linkage groups (LGs) was constructed. Twenty-four stable QTLs for seed oil content and composition were identified by model-based composite interval mapping (CIM) across multiple environments. Among these QTLs, 23 overlapped with or were adjacent to previously reported QTLs. One QTL, qPA10_1 (5.94-9.98 Mb) on Chr. Ten is a novel locus for palmitic acid. In the intervals of stable QTLs, some interesting genes involved in lipid metabolism were detected. CONCLUSIONS We developed 181 RILs from a cross between wild soybean ZYD00463 and cultivated soybean WDD01514 and constructed a high-density genetic map using the SLAF-seq method. We identified 24 stable QTLs for seed oil content and compositions, which includes qPA10_1 on Chr. 10, a novel locus for palmitic acid. Some interesting genes in the QTL regions were also detected. Our study will provide useful information for scientists to learn about genetic variations in lipid metabolism between wild and cultivated soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Yao
- Key laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Qingbo You
- Key laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Guozhan Duan
- Soybean Research Laboratory, Xuchang Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Xuchang, 461000, China
| | - Jianjun Ren
- Soybean Research Laboratory, Xuchang Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Xuchang, 461000, China
| | - Shanshan Chu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops /College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Junqing Zhao
- Soybean Research Laboratory, Xuchang Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Xuchang, 461000, China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Xinan Zhou
- Key laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Yongqing Jiao
- Key laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops /College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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12
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Zhang D, Zhang H, Hu Z, Chu S, Yu K, Lv L, Yang Y, Zhang X, Chen X, Kan G, Tang Y, An YQC, Yu D. Artificial selection on GmOLEO1 contributes to the increase in seed oil during soybean domestication. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008267. [PMID: 31291251 PMCID: PMC6645561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing seed oil content is one of the most important breeding goals for soybean due to a high global demand for edible vegetable oil. However, genetic improvement of seed oil content has been difficult in soybean because of the complexity of oil metabolism. Determining the major variants and molecular mechanisms conferring oil accumulation is critical for substantial oil enhancement in soybean and other oilseed crops. In this study, we evaluated the seed oil contents of 219 diverse soybean accessions across six different environments and dissected the underlying mechanism using a high-resolution genome-wide association study (GWAS). An environmentally stable quantitative trait locus (QTL), GqOil20, significantly associated with oil content was identified, accounting for 23.70% of the total phenotypic variance of seed oil across multiple environments. Haplotype and expression analyses indicate that an oleosin protein-encoding gene (GmOLEO1), colocated with a leading single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) from the GWAS, was significantly correlated with seed oil content. GmOLEO1 is predominantly expressed during seed maturation, and GmOLEO1 is localized to accumulated oil bodies (OBs) in maturing seeds. Overexpression of GmOLEO1 significantly enriched smaller OBs and increased seed oil content by 10.6% compared with those of control seeds. A time-course transcriptomics analysis between transgenic and control soybeans indicated that GmOLEO1 positively enhanced oil accumulation by affecting triacylglycerol metabolism. Our results also showed that strong artificial selection had occurred in the promoter region of GmOLEO1, which resulted in its high expression in cultivated soybean relative to wild soybean, leading to increased seed oil accumulation. The GmOLEO1 locus may serve as a direct target for both genetic engineering and selection for soybean oil improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hengyou Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zhenbin Hu
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Shanshan Chu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kaiye Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingling Lv
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuming Yang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangqian Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guizhen Kan
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Charles An
- USDA-ARS, Plant Genetics Research Unit at Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Deyue Yu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Liu L, Schepers E, Lum A, Rice J, Yalpani N, Gerber R, Jiménez-Juárez N, Haile F, Pascual A, Barry J, Qi X, Kassa A, Heckert MJ, Xie W, Ding C, Oral J, Nguyen M, Le J, Procyk L, Diehn SH, Crane VC, Damude H, Pilcher C, Booth R, Liu L, Zhu G, Nowatzki TM, Nelson ME, Lu AL, Wu G. Identification and Evaluations of Novel Insecticidal Proteins from Plants of the Class Polypodiopsida for Crop Protection against Key Lepidopteran Pests. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E383. [PMID: 31266212 PMCID: PMC6669613 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Various lepidopteran insects are responsible for major crop losses worldwide. Although crop plant varieties developed to express Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins are effective at controlling damage from key lepidopteran pests, some insect populations have evolved to be insensitive to certain Bt proteins. Here, we report the discovery of a family of homologous proteins, two of which we have designated IPD083Aa and IPD083Cb, which are from Adiantum spp. Both proteins share no known peptide domains, sequence motifs, or signatures with other proteins. Transgenic soybean or corn plants expressing either IPD083Aa or IPD083Cb, respectively, show protection from feeding damage by several key pests under field conditions. The results from comparative studies with major Bt proteins currently deployed in transgenic crops indicate that the IPD083 proteins function by binding to different target sites. These results indicate that IPD083Aa and IPD083Cb can serve as alternatives to traditional Bt-based insect control traits with potential to counter insect resistance to Bt proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Corteva Agriscience, Hayward, CA 94545, USA
| | | | - Amy Lum
- Corteva Agriscience, Hayward, CA 94545, USA
| | - Janet Rice
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA 50131, USA
| | | | - Ryan Gerber
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA 50131, USA
| | | | - Fikru Haile
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA 50131, USA
| | | | | | - Xiuli Qi
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA 50131, USA
| | - Adane Kassa
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA 50131, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James Le
- Corteva Agriscience, Hayward, CA 94545, USA
| | - Lisa Procyk
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA 50131, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Russ Booth
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA 50131, USA
| | - Lu Liu
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA 50131, USA
| | - Genhai Zhu
- Corteva Agriscience, Hayward, CA 94545, USA
| | | | | | - Albert L Lu
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA 50131, USA
| | - Gusui Wu
- Corteva Agriscience, Hayward, CA 94545, USA
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14
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Engineering Arabidopsis long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 9 variants with enhanced enzyme activity. Biochem J 2019; 476:151-164. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (LACS, EC 6.2.1.3) catalyzes the ATP-dependent activation of free fatty acid to form acyl-CoA, which, in turn, serves as the major acyl donor for various lipid metabolic pathways. Increasing the size of acyl-CoA pool by enhancing LACS activity appears to be a useful approach to improve the production and modify the composition of fatty acid-derived compounds, such as triacylglycerol. In the present study, we aimed to improve the enzyme activity of Arabidopsis thaliana LACS9 (AtLACS9) by introducing random mutations into its cDNA using error-prone PCR. Two AtLACS9 variants containing multiple amino acid residue substitutions were identified with enhanced enzyme activity. To explore the effect of each amino acid residue substitution, single-site mutants were generated and the amino acid substitutions C207F and D238E were found to be primarily responsible for the increased activity of the two variants. Furthermore, evolutionary analysis revealed that the beneficial amino acid site C207 is conserved among LACS9 from plant eudicots, whereas the other beneficial amino acid site D238 might be under positive selection. Together, our results provide valuable information for the production of LACS variants for applications in the metabolic engineering of lipid biosynthesis in oleaginous organisms.
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15
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Xu Y, Falarz L, Chen G. Characterization of Type-2 Diacylglycerol Acyltransferases in the Green Microalga Chromochloris zofingiensis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:291-298. [PMID: 30543104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the last and committed step of the acyl-CoA-dependent TAG biosynthesis and thus is a key target for manipulating oil production in microalgae. The microalga Chromochloris zofingiensis can accumulate substantial amounts of triacylglycerol (TAG) and represents a promising source of algal lipids. In this study, C. zofingiensis DGAT2s (CzDGAT2s) were characterized with in silico, in vivo (yeast), and in vitro assays. Putative CzDGAT2s were identified, and their functional motifs and evolutionary relationship with other DGAT2s were analyzed. When CzDGAT2s were individually expressed in a TAG-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, only CzDGAT2C could restore the TAG biosynthesis. Further in vitro assays indicated that CzDGAT2C displayed typical DGAT activity, which was fitted to the Michaelis-Menten equation, and N- and C-terminals were important for the enzyme activity. In addition, membrane yeast two-hybrid assay revealed a possible DGAT2 activity modulation via the formation of homodimer/heterodimer among different DGAT2 isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Lucas Falarz
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2P5
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2P5
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada R3T 2N2
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16
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Intrinsic disorder in the regulatory N-terminal domain of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 from Brassica napus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16665. [PMID: 30420764 PMCID: PMC6232145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins with multifunctional regulatory domains often demonstrate structural plasticity or protein disorder, allowing the binding of multiple regulatory factors and post-translational modifications. While the importance of protein disorder is clear, it also poses a challenge for in vitro characterization. Here, we report protein intrinsic disorder in a plant molecular system, which despite its prevalence is less studied. We present a detailed biophysical characterization of the entire cytoplasmic N-terminal domain of Brassica napus diacylglycerol acyltransferase, (DGAT1), which includes an inhibitory module and allosteric binding sites. Our results demonstrate that the monomeric N-terminal domain can be stabilized for biophysical characterization and is largely intrinsically disordered in solution. This domain interacts with allosteric modulators of DGAT1, CoA and oleoyl-CoA, at micromolar concentrations. While solution scattering studies indicate conformational heterogeneity in the N-terminal domain of DGAT1, there is a small gain of secondary structure induced by ligand binding.
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17
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Sun B, Guo X, Fan C, Chen Y, Wang J, Hu Z. Newly Identified Essential Amino Acids Affecting Chlorella ellipsoidea DGAT1 Function Revealed by Site-Directed Mutagenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113462. [PMID: 30400369 PMCID: PMC6274981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG), the most important form of energy storage in plants. Some residues have previously been proven to be crucial for DGAT1 activity. In this study, we used site-directed mutagenesis of the CeDGAT1 gene from Chlorella ellipsoidea to alter 16 amino acids to investigate effects on DGAT1 function. Of the 16 residues (L482R, E542R, Y553A, G577R, R579D, Y582R, R596D, H603D, H609D, A624R, F629R, S632A, W650R, A651R, Q658H, and P660R), we newly identified 5 (L482, R579, H603, A651, and P660) as being essential for DGAT1 function and 7 (E542, G577, R596, H609, A624, S632, and Q658) that significantly affect DGAT1 function to different degrees, as revealed by heterologous expression of the mutants in yeast strain INVSc1. Importantly, compared with CeDGAT1, expression of the mutant CeDGAT1Y553A significantly increased the total fatty acid and TAG contents of INVSc1. Comparison among CeDGAT1Y553A, GmDGAT1Y341A, AtDGAT1Y364A, BnDGAT1Y347A, and BoDGAT1Y352A, in which tyrosine at the position corresponding to the 553rd residue in CeDGAT1 is changed into alanine, indicated that the impact of changing Y to A at position 553 is specific for CeDGAT1. Overall, the results provide novel insight into the structure and function of DGAT1, as well as a mutant gene with high potential for lipid improvement in microalgae and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xuejie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Chengming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yuhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jingqiao Wang
- Institute of Economical Crops, Yunnan Agricultural Academy, Kunming 65023, China.
| | - Zanmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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18
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Yu X, Cahoon RE, Horn PJ, Shi H, Prakash RR, Cai Y, Hearney M, Chapman KD, Cahoon EB, Schwender J, Shanklin J. Identification of bottlenecks in the accumulation of cyclic fatty acids in camelina seed oil. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:926-938. [PMID: 28929610 PMCID: PMC5866947 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Modified fatty acids (mFA) have diverse uses; for example, cyclopropane fatty acids (CPA) are feedstocks for producing coatings, lubricants, plastics and cosmetics. The expression of mFA-producing enzymes in crop and model plants generally results in lower levels of mFA accumulation than in their natural-occurring source plants. Thus, to further our understanding of metabolic bottlenecks that limit mFA accumulation, we generated transgenic Camelina sativa lines co-expressing Escherichia coli cyclopropane synthase (EcCPS) and Sterculia foetida lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (SfLPAT). In contrast to transgenic CPA-accumulating Arabidopsis, CPA accumulation in camelina caused only minor changes in seed weight, germination rate, oil accumulation and seedling development. CPA accumulated to much higher levels in membrane than storage lipids, comprising more than 60% of total fatty acid in both phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) versus 26% in diacylglycerol (DAG) and 12% in triacylglycerol (TAG) indicating bottlenecks in the transfer of CPA from PC to DAG and from DAG to TAG. Upon co-expression of SfLPAT with EcCPS, di-CPA-PC increased by ~50% relative to lines expressing EcCPS alone with the di-CPA-PC primarily observed in the embryonic axis and mono-CPA-PC primarily in cotyledon tissue. EcCPS-SfLPAT lines revealed a redistribution of CPA from the sn-1 to sn-2 positions within PC and PE that was associated with a doubling of CPA accumulation in both DAG and TAG. The identification of metabolic bottlenecks in acyl transfer between site of synthesis (phospholipids) and deposition in storage oils (TAGs) lays the foundation for the optimizing CPA accumulation through directed engineering of oil synthesis in target crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Hong Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNYUSA
| | - Rebecca E. Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science InnovationDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Patrick J. Horn
- Department of Biological SciencesBioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
- Present address:
DOE‐Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Hai Shi
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | - Richa R. Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNYUSA
- Present address:
Department of Natural SciencesSuffolk County Community CollegeBrentwoodNYUSA
| | - Yuanheng Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNYUSA
| | - Maegan Hearney
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- Department of Biological SciencesBioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Edgar B. Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science InnovationDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Jorg Schwender
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNYUSA
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | - John Shanklin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNYUSA
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
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Song Y, He L, Wang XD, Smith N, Wheeler S, Garg ML, Rose RJ. Regulation of Carbon Partitioning in the Seed of the Model Legume Medicago truncatula and Medicago orbicularis: A Comparative Approach. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2070. [PMID: 29312368 PMCID: PMC5733034 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The proportion of starch, protein and oil in legume seeds is species dependent. The model legume, Medicago truncatula, has predominantly oil and protein stores. To investigate the regulation of seed oil production we compared M. truncatula with M. orbicularis, which has less oil and protein. The types of protein and fatty acids are similar between the two species. Electron microscopy indicated that the size and distribution of the oil bodies in M. orbicularis, is consistent with reduced oil production. M. orbicularis has more extruded endosperm mucilage compared to M. truncatula. The cotyledons have a greater cell wall content, visualized as thicker cell walls. The reduced oil content in M. orbicularis is associated with increased expression of the MtGLABRA2-like (MtGL2) transcription factor, linked to an inverse relationship between mucilage and oil content in Arabidopsis. The expression of the pectin biosynthesis GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE (GAUT) genes, is also increased in M. orbicularis. These increases in extruded mucilage and cell wall storage components in M. orbicularis are accompanied by reduced expression of transcriptional regulators of oil biosynthesis, MtLEAFY COTYLEDON1-LIKE (MtL1L), MtABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE3 (MtABI3), and MtWRINKLED-like (MtWRI), in M. orbicularis. The reduced oil in M. orbicularis, is consistent with increased synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides and decreased expression of master transcription factors regulating oil biosynthesis and embryo maturation. Comparative investigations between these two Medicago species is a useful system to investigate the regulation of oil content and carbon partitioning in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhong Song
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Liang He
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin-Ding Wang
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Nathan Smith
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Wheeler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Manohar L. Garg
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Ray J. Rose
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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20
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Song Y, Wang XD, Rose RJ. Oil body biogenesis and biotechnology in legume seeds. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1519-1532. [PMID: 28866824 PMCID: PMC5602053 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The seeds of many legume species including soybean, Pongamia pinnata and the model legume Medicago truncatula store considerable oil, apart from protein, in their cotyledons. However, as a group, legume storage strategies are quite variable and provide opportunities for better understanding of carbon partitioning into different storage products. Legumes with their ability to fix nitrogen can also increase the sustainability of agricultural systems. This review integrates the cell biology, biochemistry and molecular biology of oil body biogenesis before considering biotechnology strategies to enhance oil body biosynthesis. Cellular aspects of packaging triacylglycerol (TAG) into oil bodies are emphasized. Enhancing seed oil content has successfully focused on the up-regulation of the TAG biosynthesis pathways using overexpression of enzymes such as diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 and transcription factors such as WRINKLE1 and LEAFY COTYLEDON1. While these strategies are central, decreasing carbon flow into other storage products and maximizing the packaging of oil bodies into the cytoplasm are other strategies that need further examination. Overall there is much potential for integrating carbon partitioning, up-regulation of fatty acid and TAG synthesis and oil body packaging, for enhancing oil levels. In addition to the potential for integrated strategies to improving oil yields, the capacity to modify fatty acid composition and use of oil bodies as platforms for the production of recombinant proteins in seed of transgenic legumes provide other opportunities for legume biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhong Song
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ding Wang
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ray J Rose
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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21
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Caldo KMP, Acedo JZ, Panigrahi R, Vederas JC, Weselake RJ, Lemieux MJ. Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 1 Is Regulated by Its N-Terminal Domain in Response to Allosteric Effectors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:667-680. [PMID: 28827454 PMCID: PMC5619907 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is an integral membrane enzyme catalyzing the final and committed step in the acyl-coenzyme A (CoA)-dependent biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG). The biochemical regulation of TAG assembly remains one of the least understood areas of primary metabolism to date. Here, we report that the hydrophilic N-terminal domain of Brassica napus DGAT1 (BnaDGAT11-113) regulates activity based on acyl-CoA/CoA levels. The N-terminal domain is not necessary for acyltransferase activity and is composed of an intrinsically disordered region and a folded segment. We show that the disordered region has an autoinhibitory function and a dimerization interface, which appears to mediate positive cooperativity, whereas the folded segment of the cytosolic region was found to have an allosteric site for acyl-CoA/CoA. Under increasing acyl-CoA levels, the binding of acyl-CoA with this noncatalytic site facilitates homotropic allosteric activation. Enzyme activation, on the other hand, is prevented under limiting acyl-CoA conditions (low acyl-CoA-to-CoA ratio), whereby CoA acts as a noncompetitive feedback inhibitor through interaction with the same folded segment. The three-dimensional NMR solution structure of the allosteric site revealed an α-helix with a loop connecting a coil fragment. The conserved amino acid residues in the loop interacting with CoA were identified, revealing details of this important regulatory element for allosteric regulation. Based on these results, a model is proposed illustrating the role of the N-terminal domain of BnaDGAT1 as a positive and negative modulator of TAG biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Mark P. Caldo
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Jeella Z. Acedo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rashmi Panigrahi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - John C. Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Randall J. Weselake
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
- Address correspondence to or
| | - M. Joanne Lemieux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
- Address correspondence to or
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22
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Xu Y, Chen G, Greer MS, Caldo KMP, Ramakrishnan G, Shah S, Wu L, Lemieux MJ, Ozga J, Weselake RJ. Multiple mechanisms contribute to increased neutral lipid accumulation in yeast producing recombinant variants of plant diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17819-17831. [PMID: 28900030 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.811489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The apparent bottleneck in the accumulation of oil during seed development in some oleaginous plant species is the formation of triacylglycerol (TAG) by the acyl-CoA-dependent acylation of sn-1,2-diacylglycerol catalyzed by diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20). Improving DGAT activity using protein engineering could lead to improvements in seed oil yield (e.g. in canola-type Brassica napus). Directed evolution of B. napus DGAT1 (BnaDGAT1) previously revealed that one of the regions where amino acid residue substitutions lead to higher performance in BnaDGAT1 is in the ninth predicted transmembrane domain (PTMD9). In this study, several BnaDGAT1 variants with amino acid residue substitutions in PTMD9 were characterized. Among these enzyme variants, the extent of yeast TAG production was affected by different mechanisms, including increased enzyme activity, increased polypeptide accumulation, and possibly reduced substrate inhibition. The kinetic properties of the BnaDGAT1 variants were affected by the amino acid residue substitutions, and a new kinetic model based on substrate inhibition and sigmoidicity was generated. Based on sequence alignment and further biochemical analysis, the amino acid residue substitutions that conferred increased TAG accumulation were shown to be present in the DGAT1-PTMD9 region of other higher plant species. When amino acid residue substitutions that increased BnaDGAT1 enzyme activity were introduced into recombinant Camelina sativa DGAT1, they also improved enzyme performance. Thus, the knowledge generated from directed evolution of DGAT1 in one plant species can be transferred to other plant species and has potentially broad applications in genetic engineering of oleaginous crops and microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5
| | - Guanqun Chen
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5
| | - Michael S Greer
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5
| | - Kristian Mark P Caldo
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5.,the Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, and
| | - Geetha Ramakrishnan
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5
| | - Saleh Shah
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5
| | - Limin Wu
- Crop Pathology and Biotechnology, InnoTech Alberta, Vegreville, Alberta T9C 1T4, Canada
| | - M Joanne Lemieux
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, and
| | - Jocelyn Ozga
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5
| | - Randall J Weselake
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5,
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23
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Abstract
Lipids and oils derived from plant and algal photosynthesis constitute much of human daily caloric intake and provide the basis for high-energy bioproducts, chemical feedstocks for countless applications, and even fossil fuels over geological time scales. Sustainable production of high-energy compounds from plants is essential to preserving fossil fuel sources and ensuring the well-being of future generations. As a result of progress in basic research on plant and algal lipid metabolism, in combination with advances in synthetic biology, we can now tailor plant lipids for desirable biological, physical, and chemical properties. We highlight recent advances in plant lipid translational biology and discuss untapped areas of research that might expand the application of plant lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Horn
- Michigan State University-U.S. Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Christoph Benning
- Michigan State University-U.S. Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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24
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Hatanaka T, Serson W, Li R, Armstrong P, Yu K, Pfeiffer T, Li XL, Hildebrand D. A Vernonia Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Can Increase Renewable Oil Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7188-94. [PMID: 27578203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the production of plant oils such as soybean oil as a renewable resource for food and fuel is valuable. Successful breeding for higher oil levels in soybean, however, usually results in reduced protein, a second valuable seed component. This study shows that by manipulating a highly active acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) the hydrocarbon flux to oil in oilseeds can be increased without reducing the protein component. Compared to other plant DGATs, a DGAT from Vernonia galamensis (VgDGAT1A) produces much higher oil synthesis and accumulation activity in yeast, insect cells, and soybean. Soybean lines expressing VgDGAT1A show a 4% increase in oil content without reductions in seed protein contents or yield per unit land area. Incorporation of this trait into 50% of soybeans worldwide could result in an increase of 850 million kg oil/year without new land use or inputs and be worth ∼U.S.$1 billion/year at 2012 production and market prices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hatanaka
- Department of Bioresource Science, Kobe University , Kobe, Japan
| | - William Serson
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Runzhi Li
- Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University , Taigu, China
| | - Paul Armstrong
- USDA-ARS, EWERU-CGHAR , Manhattan, Kansas, United States
| | - Keshun Yu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Todd Pfeiffer
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Xi-Le Li
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - David Hildebrand
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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25
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Rapid Quantification of Low-Viscosity Acetyl-Triacylglycerols Using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Lipids 2016; 51:1093-102. [PMID: 27497979 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acetyl-triacylglycerols (acetyl-TAG) possess an sn-3 acetate group, which confers useful chemical and physical properties to these unusual triacylglycerols (TAG). Current methods for quantification of acetyl-TAG are time consuming and do not provide any information on the molecular species profile. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)-based methods can overcome these drawbacks. However, the ESI-MS signal intensity for TAG depends on the aliphatic chain length and unsaturation index of the molecule. Therefore response factors for different molecular species need to be determined before any quantification. The effects of the chain length and the number of double-bonds of the sn-1/2 acyl groups on the signal intensity for the neutral loss of short chain length sn-3 groups were quantified using a series of synthesized sn-3 specific structured TAG. The signal intensity for the neutral loss of the sn-3 acyl group was found to negatively correlated with the aliphatic chain length and unsaturation index of the sn-1/2 acyl groups. The signal intensity of the neutral loss of the sn-3 acyl group was also negatively correlated with the size of that chain. Further, the position of the group undergoing neutral loss was also important, with the signal from an sn-2 acyl group much lower than that from one located at sn-3. Response factors obtained from these analyses were used to develop a method for the absolute quantification of acetyl-TAG. The increased sensitivity of this ESI-MS-based approach allowed successful quantification of acetyl-TAG in various biological settings, including the products of in vitro enzyme activity assays.
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26
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Maravi DK, Kumar S, Sharma PK, Kobayashi Y, Goud VV, Sakurai N, Koyama H, Sahoo L. Ectopic expression of AtDGAT1, encoding diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase exclusively committed to TAG biosynthesis, enhances oil accumulation in seeds and leaves of Jatropha. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:226. [PMID: 27790288 PMCID: PMC5073959 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0642-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jatropha curcas is an important biofuel crop due to the presence of high amount of oil in its seeds suitable for biodiesel production. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the most abundant form of storage oil in plants. Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT1) enzyme is responsible for the last and only committed step in seed TAG biosynthesis. Direct upregulation of TAG biosynthesis in seeds and vegetative tissues through overexpression of the DGAT1 could enhance the energy density of the biomass, making significant impact on biofuel production. RESULTS The enzyme diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase is the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for the TAG biosynthesis in seeds. We generated transgenic Jatropha ectopically expressing an Arabidopsis DGAT1 gene through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The resulting AtDGAT1 transgenic plants showed a dramatic increase in lipid content by 1.5- to 2 fold in leaves and 20-30 % in seeds, and an overall increase in TAG and DAG, and lower free fatty acid (FFA) levels compared to the wild-type plants. The increase in oil content in transgenic plants is accompanied with increase in average plant height, seeds per tree, average 100-seed weight, and seed length and breadth. The enhanced TAG accumulation in transgenic plants had no penalty on the growth rates, growth patterns, leaf number, and leaf size of plants. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we produced transgenic Jatropha ectopically expressing AtDGAT1. We successfully increased the oil content by 20-30 % in seeds and 1.5- to 2.0-fold in leaves of Jatropha through genetic engineering. Transgenic plants had reduced FFA content compared with control plants. Our strategy of increasing energy density by enhancing oil accumulation in both seeds and leaves in Jatropha would make it economically more sustainable for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 India
| | - Prabin Kumar Sharma
- Center for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 India
| | - Yasufumi Kobayashi
- Center for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 India
- Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
| | - Vaibhav V. Goud
- Center for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 India
| | - Nozomu Sakurai
- Department of Technology Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koyama
- Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
| | - Lingaraj Sahoo
- Center for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 India
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 India
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