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Böde K, Javornik U, Dlouhý O, Zsíros O, Biswas A, Domonkos I, Šket P, Karlický V, Ughy B, Lambrev PH, Špunda V, Plavec J, Garab G. Role of isotropic lipid phase in the fusion of photosystem II membranes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2024:10.1007/s11120-024-01097-3. [PMID: 38662326 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-024-01097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
It has been thoroughly documented, by using 31P-NMR spectroscopy, that plant thylakoid membranes (TMs), in addition to the bilayer (or lamellar, L) phase, contain at least two isotropic (I) lipid phases and an inverted hexagonal (HII) phase. However, our knowledge concerning the structural and functional roles of the non-bilayer phases is still rudimentary. The objective of the present study is to elucidate the origin of I phases which have been hypothesized to arise, in part, from the fusion of TMs (Garab et al. 2022 Progr Lipid Res 101,163). We take advantage of the selectivity of wheat germ lipase (WGL) in eliminating the I phases of TMs (Dlouhý et al. 2022 Cells 11: 2681), and the tendency of the so-called BBY particles, stacked photosystem II (PSII) enriched membrane pairs of 300-500 nm in diameter, to form large laterally fused sheets (Dunahay et al. 1984 BBA 764: 179). Our 31P-NMR spectroscopy data show that BBY membranes contain L and I phases. Similar to TMs, WGL selectively eliminated the I phases, which at the same time exerted no effect on the molecular organization and functional activity of PSII membranes. As revealed by sucrose-density centrifugation, magnetic linear dichroism spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, WGL disassembled the large laterally fused sheets. These data provide direct experimental evidence on the involvement of I phase(s) in the fusion of stacked PSII membrane pairs, and strongly suggest the role of non-bilayer lipids in the self-assembly of the TM system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Böde
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Uroš Javornik
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ondřej Dlouhý
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Ottó Zsíros
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Avratanu Biswas
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Domonkos
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Primož Šket
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Václav Karlický
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bettina Ughy
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Petar H Lambrev
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Vladimír Špunda
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Center of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Győző Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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Sayer AP, Llavero-Pasquina M, Geisler K, Holzer A, Bunbury F, Mendoza-Ochoa GI, Lawrence AD, Warren MJ, Mehrshahi P, Smith AG. Conserved cobalamin acquisition protein 1 is essential for vitamin B12 uptake in both Chlamydomonas and Phaeodactylum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:698-714. [PMID: 37864825 PMCID: PMC10828217 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae play an essential role in global net primary productivity and global biogeochemical cycling. Despite their phototrophic lifestyle, over half of algal species depend for growth on acquiring an external supply of the corrinoid vitamin B12 (cobalamin), a micronutrient produced only by a subset of prokaryotic organisms. Previous studies have identified protein components involved in vitamin B12 uptake in bacterial species and humans. However, little is known about its uptake in algae. Here, we demonstrate the essential role of a protein, cobalamin acquisition protein 1 (CBA1), in B12 uptake in Phaeodactylum tricornutum using CRISPR-Cas9 to generate targeted knockouts and in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by insertional mutagenesis. In both cases, CBA1 knockout lines could not take up exogenous vitamin B12. Complementation of the C. reinhardtii mutants with the wild-type CBA1 gene restored B12 uptake, and regulation of CBA1 expression via a riboswitch element enabled control of the phenotype. When visualized by confocal microscopy, a YFP-fusion with C. reinhardtii CBA1 showed association with membranes. Bioinformatics analysis found that CBA1-like sequences are present in all major eukaryotic phyla. In algal taxa, the majority that encoded CBA1 also had genes for B12-dependent enzymes, suggesting CBA1 plays a conserved role. Our results thus provide insight into the molecular basis of algal B12 acquisition, a process that likely underpins many interactions in aquatic microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Sayer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Marcel Llavero-Pasquina
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Katrin Geisler
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Andre Holzer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Freddy Bunbury
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Gonzalo I Mendoza-Ochoa
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Andrew D Lawrence
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Martin J Warren
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Payam Mehrshahi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Alison G Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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3
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Gonzalez DI, Ynalvez RA. Comparison of the effects of nitrogen-, sulfur- and combined nitrogen- and sulfur-deprivations on cell growth, lipid bodies and gene expressions in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc5373-sta6. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:35. [PMID: 37684579 PMCID: PMC10492388 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofuel research that aims to optimize growth conditions in microalgae is critically important. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a green microalga that offers advantages for biofuel production research. This study compares the effects of nitrogen-, sulfur-, and nitrogen and sulfur- deprivations on the C. reinhardtii starchless mutant cc5373-sta6. Specifically, it compares growth, lipid body accumulation, and expression levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC). RESULTS Among nutrient-deprived cells, TAP-S cells showed significantly higher total chlorophyll, cell density, and protein content at day 6 (p < 0.05). Confocal analysis showed a significantly higher number of lipid bodies in cells subjected to nutrient deprivation than in the control over the course of six days; N deprivation for six days significantly increased the size of lipid bodies (p < 0.01). In comparison with the control, significantly higher ACC expression was observed after 8 and 24 h of NS deprivation and only after 24 h with N deprivation. On the other hand, ACC and PEPC expression at 8 and 24 h of S deprivation was not significantly different from that in the control. A significantly lower PEPC expression was observed after 8 h of N and NS deprivation (p < 0.01), but a significantly higher PEPC expression was observed after 24 h (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, it would be optimum to cultivate cc5373-sta6 cells in nutrient deprived conditions (-N, -S or -NS) for four days; whereby there is cell growth, and both a high number of lipid bodies and a larger size of lipid bodies produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Science, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Ave S, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Ruby A Ynalvez
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, 5201 University Blvd, Laredo, TX, 78041, USA.
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Gomez-Casati DF, Barchiesi J, Busi MV. Mitochondria and chloroplasts function in microalgae energy production. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14576. [PMID: 36545385 PMCID: PMC9762248 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are organisms that have the ability to perform photosynthesis, capturing CO2 from the atmosphere to produce different metabolites such as vitamins, sugars, lipids, among others, many of them with different biotechnological applications. Recently, these microorganisms have been widely studied due to their possible use to obtain clean energy. It has been postulated that the growth of microalgae and the production of high-energy metabolites depend on the correct function of cellular organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Thus, the development of different genetic tools to improve the function of these organelles is of high scientific and technological interest. In this paper we review the recent advances in microalgae engineering and the role of cellular organelles in order to increase cell productivity and biomass.
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Liu H, Yan N, Wong TY, Lam H, Lam JWY, Kwok RTK, Sun J, Tang BZ. Fluorescent Imaging and Sorting of High-Lipid-Content Strains of Green Algae by Using an Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogen. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14973-14981. [PMID: 36099405 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae-based biofuels are receiving attention at the environmental, economic, and social levels because they are clean, renewable, and quickly produced. The green algae Chlorella vulgaris has been extensively studied in research laboratories and the biofuel industry as a model organism to increase lipid production to be cost-effective in commercial production. In this work, we utilized a lipid-droplet-specific luminogen with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics to increase the lipid production of C. vulgaris by fluorescent imaging and sorting of those algal cells with large and rich lipid droplets for subculturing. The AIE-active TPA-A enabled real-time monitoring of the size and number of lipid droplets in C. vulgaris during their growth period so that we can identify the best time for harvesting. Furthermore, the algae cells with high lipid content were identified and collected for subculturing by the technique of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The lipid production in the generation of two successive selections was almost doubled compared to the generation with natural selection. This work demonstrated that the technologies of AIE and FACS could be applied together to improve the production of a third-generation biofuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Liu
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st Rd, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Neng Yan
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tin Yan Wong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Henry Lam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st Rd, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ryan T K Kwok
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st Rd, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jianwei Sun
- The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st Rd, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
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Bioenergy, Biofuels, Lipids and Pigments—Research Trends in the Use of Microalgae Grown in Photobioreactors. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15155357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
This scientometric review and bibliometric analysis aimed to characterize trends in scientific research related to algae, photobioreactors and astaxanthin. Scientific articles published between 1995 and 2020 in the Web of Science and Scopus bibliographic databases were analyzed. The article presents the number of scientific articles in particular years and according to the publication type (e.g., articles, reviews and books). The most productive authors were selected in terms of the number of publications, the number of citations, the impact factor, affiliated research units and individual countries. Based on the number of keyword occurrences and a content analysis of 367 publications, seven leading areas of scientific interest (clusters) were identified: (1) techno-economic profitability of biofuels, bioenergy and pigment production in microalgae biorefineries, (2) the impact of the construction of photobioreactors and process parameters on the efficiency of microalgae cultivation, (3) strategies for increasing the amount of obtained lipids and obtaining biodiesel in Chlorella microalgae cultivation, (4) the production of astaxanthin on an industrial scale using Haematococcus microalgae, (5) the productivity of biomass and the use of alternative carbon sources in microalgae culture, (6) the effect of light and carbon dioxide conversion on biomass yield and (7) heterotrophy. Analysis revealed that topics closely related to bioenergy production and biofuels played a dominant role in scientific research. This publication indicates the directions and topics for future scientific research that should be carried out to successfully implement economically viable technology based on microalgae on an industrial scale.
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Carro MDLM, Gonorazky G, Soto D, Mamone L, Bagnato C, Pagnussat LA, Beligni MV. Expression of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast diacylglycerol acyltransferase 3 is induced by light in concert with triacylglycerol accumulation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:262-276. [PMID: 35043497 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made towards the understanding of triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in algae. One key aspect is finding conditions that trigger TAG production without reducing cell division. Previously, we identified a soluble diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), related to plant DGAT3, with heterologous DGAT activity. In this work, we demonstrate that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii DGAT3 localizes to the chloroplast and that its expression is induced by light, in correspondence with TAG accumulation. Dgat3 mRNAs and TAGs increase in both wild-type and starch-deficient cells grown with acetate upon transferring them from dark or low light to higher light levels, albeit affected by the particularities of each strain. The response of dgat3 mRNAs and TAGs to light depends on the pre-existing levels of TAGs, suggesting the existence of a negative regulatory loop in the synthesis pathway, although an effect of TAG turnover cannot be ruled out. Altogether, these results hint towards a possible role of DGAT3 in light-dependent TAG accumulation in C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Las Mercedes Carro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, B7608FBY, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Gonorazky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, B7608FBY, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Débora Soto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, B7608FBY, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Leandro Mamone
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, B7608FBY, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Carolina Bagnato
- Instituto de Energía y Desarrollo Sustentable (IEDS), Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Centro Atómico Bariloche, 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Luciana A Pagnussat
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, B7620EMA, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - María Verónica Beligni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, B7608FBY, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Li-Beisson Y. Editorial Feature: Meet the PCP Editor-Yonghua Li-Beisson. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:151-153. [PMID: 34971395 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Li-Beisson
- CEA - Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology of Aix Marseille, CEA Cadarache, Bat 1900, Saint Paul lez Durance 13108, France
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9
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Terentyev VV. Loss of carbonic anhydrase in the thylakoid lumen causes unusual moderate-light-induced rearrangement of the chloroplast in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a way of photosystem II photoprotection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:501-506. [PMID: 34757300 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells have a single large cup-shaped chloroplast that can lose lobes under high light to prevent photodamage of the photosynthetic apparatus, including photosystem II (PSII). Here, under moderate light treatment, the development of the unusual morphology of the chloroplast is shown for mutant cia3, which is deficient in carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) CAH3 in the thylakoid lumen, while such light intensity is harmless for wild type (WT) cells for hours. Cia3 cells had more activated PSII photoprotective mechanisms and showed a tendency to shift in the balance of the PSII damage-repair cycle, whereas PSII retained the same photosynthetic efficiency as in the WT. These findings allow speculation about the unique PSII photoprotection strategy by rearranging the chloroplast in the absence of CAH3. CAH3, in turn, is suggested to be an important participant of the C. reinhardtii photosynthetic apparatus operation, functioning in close connection with PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily V Terentyev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, FRC PSCBR RAS, Pushchino 142290, Moscow Region, Russia.
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10
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Li-Beisson Y, Kong F, Wang P, Lee Y, Kang BH. The disassembly of lipid droplets in Chlamydomonas. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1359-1364. [PMID: 34028037 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous and specialized organelles in eukaryotic cells. Consisting of a triacylglycerol core surrounded by a monolayer of membrane lipids, LDs are decorated with proteins and have myriad functions, from carbon/energy storage to membrane lipid remodeling and signal transduction. The biogenesis and turnover of LDs are therefore tightly coordinated with cellular metabolic needs in a fluctuating environment. Lipid droplet turnover requires remodeling of the protein coat, lipolysis, autophagy and fatty acid β-oxidation. Several key components of these processes have been identified in Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), including the major lipid droplet protein, a CXC-domain containing regulatory protein, the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding DTH1 (DELAYED IN TAG HYDROLYSIS1), two lipases and two enzymes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation. Here, we review LD turnover and discuss its physiological significance in Chlamydomonas, a major model green microalga in research on algal oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Li-Beisson
- CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, Aix-Marseille Univ, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, 13108, France
| | - Fantao Kong
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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11
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Kselíková V, Zachleder V, Bišová K. To Divide or Not to Divide? How Deuterium Affects Growth and Division of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biomolecules 2021; 11:861. [PMID: 34207920 PMCID: PMC8226696 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive in vivo replacement of hydrogen by deuterium, a stable isotope of hydrogen, induces a distinct stress response, reduces cell growth and impairs cell division in various organisms. Microalgae, including Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a well-established model organism in cell cycle studies, are no exception. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a green unicellular alga of the Chlorophyceae class, divides by multiple fission, grows autotrophically and can be synchronized by alternating light/dark regimes; this makes it a model of first choice to discriminate the effect of deuterium on growth and/or division. Here, we investigate the effects of high doses of deuterium on cell cycle progression in C. reinhardtii. Synchronous cultures of C. reinhardtii were cultivated in growth medium containing 70 or 90% D2O. We characterize specific deuterium-induced shifts in attainment of commitment points during growth and/or division of C. reinhardtii, contradicting the role of the "sizer" in regulating the cell cycle. Consequently, impaired cell cycle progression in deuterated cultures causes (over)accumulation of starch and lipids, suggesting a promising potential for microalgae to produce deuterated organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kselíková
- Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (V.K.); (V.Z.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vilém Zachleder
- Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (V.K.); (V.Z.)
| | - Kateřina Bišová
- Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (V.K.); (V.Z.)
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12
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Chen H, Wang Q. Regulatory mechanisms of lipid biosynthesis in microalgae. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2373-2391. [PMID: 34101323 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal lipids are highly promising feedstocks for biofuel production. Microalgal lipids, especially triacylglycerol, and practical applications of these compounds have received increasing attention in recent years. For the commercial use of microalgal lipids to be feasible, many fundamental biological questions must be addressed based on detailed studies of algal biology, including how lipid biosynthesis occurs and is regulated. Here, we review the current understanding of microalgal lipid biosynthesis, with a focus on the underlying regulatory mechanisms. We also present possible solutions for overcoming various obstacles to understanding the basic biology of microalgal lipid biosynthesis and the practical application of microalgae-based lipids. This review will provide a theoretical reference for both algal researchers and decision makers regarding the future directions of microalgal research, particularly pertaining to microalgal-based lipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
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Young DY, Shachar-Hill Y. Large fluxes of fatty acids from membranes to triacylglycerol and back during N-deprivation and recovery in Chlamydomonas. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:796-814. [PMID: 33822218 PMCID: PMC8133548 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae accumulate triacylglycerol (TAG) during nutrient deprivation and break it down after nutrient resupply, and these processes involve dramatic shifts in cellular carbon allocation. Due to the importance of algae in the global carbon cycle, and the potential of algal lipids as feedstock for chemical and fuel production, these processes are of both ecophysiological and biotechnological importance. However, the metabolism of TAG is not well understood, particularly the contributions of fatty acids (FAs) from different membrane lipids to TAG accumulation and the fate of TAG FAs during degradation. Here, we used isotopic labeling time course experiments on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to track FA synthesis and transfer between lipid pools during nitrogen (N)-deprivation and resupply. When cells were labeled before N-deprivation, total levels of label in cellular FAs were unchanged during subsequent N-deprivation and later resupply, despite large fluxes into and out of TAG and membrane lipid pools. Detailed analyses of FA levels and labeling revealed that about one-third of acyl chains accumulating in TAG during N-deprivation derive from preexisting membrane lipids, and in total, at least 45% of TAG FAs passed through membrane lipids at one point. Notably, most acyl chains in membrane lipids during recovery after N-resupply come from TAG. Fluxes of polyunsaturated FAs from plastidic membranes into TAG during N-deprivation were particularly noteworthy. These findings demonstrate a high degree of integration of TAG and membrane lipid metabolism and highlight a role for TAG in storage and supply of membrane lipid components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Yvonne Young
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Yair Shachar-Hill
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
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14
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Li X, Slavens S, Crunkleton DW, Johannes TW. Interactive effect of light quality and temperature on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii growth kinetics and lipid synthesis. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Li X, Manuel J, Slavens S, Crunkleton DW, Johannes TW. Interactive effects of light quality and culturing temperature on algal cell size, biomass doubling time, protein content, and carbohydrate content. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:587-597. [PMID: 33394159 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Light management strategy can be used to improve algal biomass and nutrient production. However, the response of algal metabolism to different light qualities, especially their interaction with other environmental factors, is not well understood. This study focuses on the interactive effects of light quality and culturing temperature on algal protein content and carbohydrate content of C. reinhardtii. Three LED light sources (blue light, red-orange light, and white-yellow light) were applied to grow algae in batch cultures with a light intensity of 105 μmol/m2s under the temperatures of 24 °C to 32 °C. The protein and carbohydrate content were measured in both the late exponential growth phase and the late stationary growth phase. The results revealed that there was an interactive effect of light quality and culturing temperature on the protein and carbohydrate content. The combined conditions of blue light and a temperature of 24 °C or 28 °C, which induced a larger algal cell size with a prolonged cell cycle and a low division rate, resulted in the highest protein content; the protein mass fraction and concentration were 32% and 52% higher than that under white-yellow light at 32 °C. The combined conditions of red-orange light and a temperature of 24 °C, which promoted both the cell division and size growth, enhanced the carbohydrate content; the carbohydrate mass fraction and concentration were 161% and 155% higher than that under white-yellow light at 24 °C. When there was temperature stress (32 °C) or nutrient stress, the effect of light quality reduced, and the difference of protein and carbohydrate content among the three light qualities decreased. KEY POINTS: • Studied light quality-temperature interactive effect on protein, carbohydrate synthesis. • Protein content was high under low cell division rate. • Carbohydrate content was high under high cell division and cell size growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpeng Li
- Russell School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Jacob Manuel
- Russell School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Shelyn Slavens
- Russell School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Daniel W Crunkleton
- Russell School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Tyler W Johannes
- Russell School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA.
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16
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Chouhan N, Devadasu E, Yadav RM, Subramanyam R. Autophagy Induced Accumulation of Lipids in pgrl1 and pgr5 of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Under High Light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:752634. [PMID: 35145528 PMCID: PMC8821104 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.752634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas (C.) reinhardtii is a potential microalga for lipid production. Autophagy-triggered lipid metabolism in microalgae has not being studied so far from a mutant of proton gradient regulation 1 like (PGRL1) and proton gradient regulation 5 (PGR5). In this study, C. reinhardtii cells (wild-type CC124 and cyclic electron transport dependant mutants pgrl1 and pgr5) were grown photoheterotrophically in high light 500 μmol photons m-2 s-1, where pgr5 growth was retarded due to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). The lipid contents were increased; however, carbohydrate content was decreased in pgr5. Further, the Nile Red (NR) fluorescence shows many lipid bodies in pgr5 cells under high light. Similarly, the electron micrographs show that large vacuoles were formed in high light stress despite the grana stacks structure. We also observed increased production of reactive oxygen species, which could be one reason the cells underwent autophagy. Further, a significant increase of autophagy ATG8 and detections of ATG8-PE protein was noticed in pgr5, a hallmark characteristic for autophagy formation. Consequently, the triacylglycerol (TAG) content was increased due to diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT) and phospholipid diacylglycerol acyl-transference (PDAT) enzymes' expression, especially in pgr5. Here the TAG synthesis would have been obtained from degraded membrane lipids in pgr5. Additionally, mono, polyunsaturated, and saturated fatty acids were identified more in the high light condition. Our study shows that the increased light induces the reactive oxygen species, which leads to autophagy and TAG accumulation. Therefore, the enhanced accumulation of TAGs can be used as feedstock for biodiesel production and aqua feed.
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17
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Enhanced Light-Induced Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids Suitable for Biodiesel Production by the Yellow-Green Alga Eustigmatos magnus. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13226098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of the fatty acid profile in microalgae is one of the key strategies for obtaining valuable products and sustainable biofuels. Light intensity and light regimes exert an impact on the growth and metabolic process in microalgae. The objective of the present investigations was to assess the effect of light intensity and continuous light vs. photoperiod conditions on the growth and changes in the biomass composition in Eustigmatos magnus, with a focus on bioactive molecules such as lipids and fatty acids. The highest daily productivity of Eustigmatos magnus biomass and lipid yields were detected at continuous illumination and at the highest intensity of light. The results show that the content and composition of fatty acids was influenced by the culture conditions. The biomass of Eustigmatos magnus contained the highest concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the pphotoperiod conditions with the highest light intensity. This study shows that Eustigmatos magnus has a capacity for the accumulation of palmitoleic acid. A high intensity of continuous light improves the profile of fatty acids in Eustigmatos magnus, which can be suitable for biodiesel applications. At the high intensity of continuous light, Eustigmatos magnus lipids are characterized by high content of oleic acids and low content of saturated and monounsaturated acids.
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18
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Xu C, Fan J, Shanklin J. Metabolic and functional connections between cytoplasmic and chloroplast triacylglycerol storage. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 80:101069. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Upadhyaya S, Agrawal S, Gorakshakar A, Rao BJ. TOR kinase activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is modulated by cellular metabolic states. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3122-3141. [PMID: 32677084 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a sensor and a central integrator of internal and external metabolic cues. However, in algae and in higher plants, the components of TOR kinase signaling are yet to be characterized. Here, we establish an assay system to study TOR kinase activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using the phosphorylation status of its putative downstream target, CrS6K. Using this assay, we probe the modulation of cellular TOR kinase activity under various physiological states such as photoautotrophy, heterotrophy, mixotrophy, and nitrogen (N) starvation. Importantly, we uncover that excess acetate in the medium leads to high cellular reactive oxygen species levels, triggering autophagy and a concomitant drop in TOR kinase activity in a dose-dependent manner, thus leading to a N-starvation-like cellular phenotype, even when nitrogen is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Upadhyaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai, India
| | - Shreya Agrawal
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anmol Gorakshakar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
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20
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Lundquist PK, Shivaiah KK, Espinoza-Corral R. Lipid droplets throughout the evolutionary tree. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 78:101029. [PMID: 32348789 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular lipid droplets are utilized for lipid storage and metabolism in organisms as evolutionarily diverse as animals, fungi, plants, bacteria, and archaea. These lipid droplets demonstrate great diversity in biological functions and protein and lipid compositions, yet fundamentally share common molecular and ultrastructural characteristics. Lipid droplet research has been largely fragmented across the diversity of lipid droplet classes and sub-classes. However, we suggest that there is great potential benefit to the lipid community in better integrating the lipid droplet research fields. To facilitate such integration, we survey the protein and lipid compositions, functional roles, and mechanisms of biogenesis across the breadth of lipid droplets studied throughout the natural world. We depict the big picture of lipid droplet biology, emphasizing shared characteristics and unique differences seen between different classes. In presenting the known diversity of lipid droplets side-by-side it becomes necessary to offer for the first time a consistent system of categorization and nomenclature. We propose a division into three primary classes that reflect their sub-cellular location: i) cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CYTO-LDs), that are present in the eukaryotic cytoplasm, ii) prokaryotic lipid droplets (PRO-LDs), that exist in the prokaryotic cytoplasm, and iii) plastid lipid droplets (PL-LDs), that are found in plant plastids, organelles of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Within each class there is a remarkable array of sub-classes displaying various sizes, shapes and compositions. A more integrated lipid droplet research field will provide opportunities to better build on discoveries and accelerate the pace of research in ways that have not been possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Lundquist
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Kiran-Kumar Shivaiah
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Roberto Espinoza-Corral
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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21
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von der Heyde EL, Hallmann A. Babo1, formerly Vop1 and Cop1/2, is no eyespot photoreceptor but a basal body protein illuminating cell division in Volvox carteri. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:276-298. [PMID: 31778231 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthetic organisms many processes are light dependent and sensing of light requires light-sensitive proteins. The supposed eyespot photoreceptor protein Babo1 (formerly Vop1) has previously been classified as an opsin due to the capacity for binding retinal. Here, we analyze Babo1 and provide evidence that it is no opsin. Due to the localization at the basal bodies, the former Vop1 and Cop1/2 proteins were renamed V.c. Babo1 and C.r. Babo1. We reveal a large family of more than 60 Babo1-related proteins from a wide range of species. The detailed subcellular localization of fluorescence-tagged Babo1 shows that it accumulates at the basal apparatus. More precisely, it is located predominantly at the basal bodies and to a lesser extent at the four strands of rootlet microtubules. We trace Babo1 during basal body separation and cell division. Dynamic structural rearrangements of Babo1 particularly occur right before the first cell division. In four-celled embryos Babo1 was exclusively found at the oldest basal bodies of the embryo and on the corresponding d-roots. The unequal distribution of Babo1 in four-celled embryos could be an integral part of a geometrical system in early embryogenesis, which establishes the anterior-posterior polarity and influences the spatial arrangement of all embryonic structures and characteristics. Due to its retinal-binding capacity, Babo1 could also be responsible for the unequal distribution of retinoids, knowing that such concentration gradients of retinoids can be essential for the correct patterning during embryogenesis of more complex organisms. Thus, our findings push the Babo1 research in another direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L von der Heyde
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Armin Hallmann
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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22
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Melatonin facilitates the coordination of cell growth and lipid accumulation in nitrogen-stressed Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for biodiesel production. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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Zienkiewicz A, Zienkiewicz K, Poliner E, Pulman JA, Du ZY, Stefano G, Tsai CH, Horn P, Feussner I, Farre EM, Childs KL, Brandizzi F, Benning C. The Microalga Nannochloropsis during Transition from Quiescence to Autotrophy in Response to Nitrogen Availability. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:819-839. [PMID: 31740503 PMCID: PMC6997683 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica (CCMP1779) is a prolific producer of oil and is considered a viable and sustainable resource for biofuel feedstocks. Nitrogen (N) availability has a strong impact on the physiological status and metabolism of microalgal cells, but the exact nature of this response is poorly understood. To fill this gap we performed transcriptomic profiling combined with cellular and molecular analyses of N. oceanica CCMP1779 during the transition from quiescence to autotrophy. N deprivation-induced quiescence was accompanied by a strong reorganization of the photosynthetic apparatus and changes in the lipid homeostasis, leading to accumulation of triacylglycerol. Cell cycle activation and re-establishment of photosynthetic activity observed in response to resupply of the growth medium with N were accompanied by a rapid degradation of triacylglycerol stored in lipid droplets (LDs). Besides observing LD translocation into vacuoles, we also provide evidence for direct interaction between the LD surface protein (NoLDSP) and AUTOPHAGY-RELATED8 (NoATG8) protein and show a role of microlipophagy in LD turnover in N. oceanica CCMP1779. This knowledge is crucial not only for understanding the fundamental mechanisms controlling the cellular energy homeostasis in microalgal cells but also for development of efficient strategies to achieve higher algal biomass and better microalgal lipid productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zienkiewicz
- Michigan State University-United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Michigan State University-United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Eric Poliner
- Michigan State University-United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Jane A Pulman
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Center for Genomics-Enabled Plant Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Zhi-Yan Du
- Michigan State University-United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Giovanni Stefano
- Michigan State University-United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Chia-Hong Tsai
- Michigan State University-United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Patrick Horn
- Michigan State University-United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), University of Goettingen, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Eva M Farre
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Kevin L Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Center for Genomics-Enabled Plant Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Michigan State University-United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Christoph Benning
- Michigan State University-United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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24
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Bai Y, Jing G, Zhou J, Li S, Bi R, Zhao J, Jia Q, Zhang Q, Zhang W. Overexpression of soybean GmPLDγ enhances seed oil content and modulates fatty acid composition in transgenic Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 290:110298. [PMID: 31779909 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond of glycerophospholipids to yield phosphatidic acid (PA) and a free headgroup. PLDs are important for plant growth, development, and responses to external stresses. However, their roles in triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis are still unclear. Here, we report that a soybean (Glycine max) PLDγ (GmPLDγ) is involved in glycerolipid turnover and seed oil production. GmPLDγ was targeted to mitochondria and exhibited PLD activity that was activated by oleate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2]. Overexpression of GmPLDγ (abbreviated GmPLDγ-OE) in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in enhanced seed weight, elevated levels of TAGs with 18-, 20-, and 22-carbon fatty acids (FAs), and altered oil-body morphology. Furthermore, the levels of membrane lipids in vegetative tissues decreased significantly, whereas no overt changes were found in mature seeds except for a decrease in the digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) level in the GmPLDγ-OE lines. Additionally, the expression of genes involved in glycerolipid metabolism was significantly upregulated in developing siliques in GmPLDγ-OE lines. Together, our data indicate a regulatory role for GmPLDγ in TAG synthesis and fatty-acid remodeling, highlighting the importance of mitochondria-directed glycerophospholipid homeostasis in seed oil accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Guangqin Jing
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Jing Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Shuxiang Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Rongrong Bi
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Jiangzhe Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Qianru Jia
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Qun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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25
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You Z, Zhang Q, Peng Z, Miao X. Lipid Droplets Mediate Salt Stress Tolerance in Parachlorella kessleri. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:510-526. [PMID: 31341003 PMCID: PMC6776852 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are known to respond to salinity stress via mechanisms that include accumulation of compatible solutes and synthesis of antioxidants. Here, we describe a salinity-tolerance mechanism mediated by lipid droplets (LDs). In the alga Parachlorella kessleri grown under salt-stress conditions, we observed significant increases in cell size and LD content. LDs that were closely grouped along the plasma membrane shrank as the plasma membrane expanded, and some LDs were engulfed by vacuoles. Transcriptome analysis showed that genes encoding lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs) and phospholipase A2 were significantly up-regulated following salt stress. Diacylglycerol kinase and LPLAT were identified in the proteome of salt-induced LDs, alongside vesicle trafficking and plastidial proteins and histone H2B. Analysis of fatty acid composition revealed an enrichment of C18:1 and C18:2 at the expense of C18:3 in response to salt stress. Pulse-chase experiments further suggested that variations of fatty acid composition were associated with LDs. Acetate stimulation research further confirmed a positive role of LDs in cell growth under salt stress. These results suggest that LDs play important roles in salt-stress tolerance, through harboring proteins, participating in cytoplasmic component recycling, and providing materials and enzymes for membrane modification and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaizhi You
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Biomass Energy Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Biomass Energy Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhou Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Biomass Energy Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoling Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Biomass Energy Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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26
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Peng Z, Feng L, Wang X, Miao X. Adaptation of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 to phosphate starvation by glycolipid accumulation and membrane lipid remodeling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:158522. [PMID: 31487556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Organisms use various adaptive strategies against phosphate stress, including lipid remodeling. Here, the response of major membrane lipids to phosphate stress was analyzed in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. Unlike plants and eukaryotic microalgae, no significant increases in neutral lipids were found, whereas glycolipids content increased to as high as 6.13% (of dry cell weight, DCW) and phospholipids decreased to 0.34% (of DCW) after 16 days of cultivation without phosphate. Glycolipids accumulation were mainly attributed to the significant increase of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) by 50% and sulfoquinovosyldiaclglycerol (SQDG) by 90%, both of which acted as complementary lipids for phosphatidylglycerol (PG) in the cyanobacterial membrane. Also, a notable increase in content (by 48%) of C18 fatty acids (especially C18:1) was observed in all glycolipids at the expense of C12 and C14 (72%). These changes may contribute to membrane fluidity and photosynthetic activity for basic cell metabolism and phosphate stress adaptation. Lipidomic analyses showed the reduction of PG 18:1/16: 0 (by 52%) with the increase of DGDG 18:1/16:0 (133%) and SQDG 18:1/16:0 (245%), strongly suggesting a direct conversion of PG to DGDG and SQDG. Moreover, the decreasing amount of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) 16:1/16:0 (22%) was consistent with the increase of free fatty acids (125%) on day 2 of phosphate absence, which suggested that MGDG is more likely to provide a pool of fatty acids for de novo synthesis of glycolipids. This study provides valuable insight into cyanobacteria adaptation strategies to phosphate stress by membrane lipid remodeling and unveils the underlying acyl chain fluxes into glycolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Biomass Energy Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Lei Feng
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xiaoling Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Biomass Energy Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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van Lis R, Brugière S, Baffert C, Couté Y, Nitschke W, Atteia A. Hybrid cluster proteins in a photosynthetic microalga. FEBS J 2019; 287:721-735. [PMID: 31361397 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid cluster proteins (HCPs) are metalloproteins characterized by the presence of an iron-sulfur-oxygen cluster. These proteins occur in all three domains of life. In eukaryotes, HCPs have so far been found only in a few anaerobic parasites and photosynthetic microalgae. With respect to all species harboring an HCP, the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii stands out by the presence of four HCP genes. The study of the gene and protein structures as well as the phylogenetic analyses strongly support a model in which the HCP family in the alga has emerged from a single gene of alpha proteobacterial origin and then expanded by several rounds of duplications. The spectra and redox properties of HCP1 and HCP3, produced heterologously in Escherichia coli, were analyzed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy on redox-titrated samples. Both proteins contain a [4Fe-4S]-cluster as well as a [4Fe-2O-2S]-hybrid cluster with paramagnetic properties related to those of HCPs from Desulfovibrio species. Immunoblotting experiments combined with mass spectrometry-based proteomics showed that both nitrate and darkness contribute to the strong upregulation of the HCP levels in C. reinhardtii growing under oxic conditions. The link to the nitrate metabolism is discussed in the light of recent data on the potential role of HCP in S-nitrosylation in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert van Lis
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, UMR 7281, Marseille, France.,LBE, Univ Montpellier, INRA, Narbonne, France
| | - Sabine Brugière
- Univ Grenoble Alpes, CEA and INSERM, BIG-BGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Carole Baffert
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, UMR 7281, Marseille, France
| | - Yohann Couté
- Univ Grenoble Alpes, CEA and INSERM, BIG-BGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Wolfgang Nitschke
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, UMR 7281, Marseille, France
| | - Ariane Atteia
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, UMR 7281, Marseille, France.,MARBEC CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Univ. Montpellier, UMR 9091, Sète, France
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28
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Kokabi K, Gorelova O, Ismagulova T, Itkin M, Malitsky S, Boussiba S, Solovchenko A, Khozin-Goldberg I. Metabolomic foundation for differential responses of lipid metabolism to nitrogen and phosphorus deprivation in an arachidonic acid-producing green microalga. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 283:95-115. [PMID: 31128719 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The green oleaginous microalga Lobosphaera incisa accumulates storage lipids triacylglycerols (TAG) enriched in the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid under nitrogen (N) deprivation. In contrast, under phosphorous (P) deprivation, the production of the monounsaturated oleic acid prevails. We compared physiological responses, ultrastructural, and metabolic consequences of L. incisa acclimation to N and P deficiency to provide novel insights into the key determinants of ARA accumulation. Differential responses to nutrient deprivation on growth performance, carbon-to-nitrogen stoichiometry, membrane lipid composition and TAG accumulation were demonstrated. Ultrastructural analyses suggested a dynamic role for vacuoles in sustaining cell homeostasis under conditions of different nutrient availability and their involvement in autophagy in L. incisa. Paralleling ARA-rich TAG accumulation in lipid droplets, N deprivation triggered intensive chloroplast dismantling and promoted catabolic processes. Metabolome analysis revealed depletion of amino acids and pyrimidines, and repression of numerous biosynthetic hubs to favour TAG biosynthesis under N deprivation. Under P deprivation, despite the relatively low growth penalties, the presence of the endogenous P reserves and the characteristic lipid remodelling, metabolic signatures of energy deficiency were revealed. Metabolome adjustments to P deprivation included depletion in ATP and phosphorylated nucleotides, increased levels of TCA-cycle intermediates and osmoprotectants. We conclude that characteristic cellular and metabolome adjustments tailor the adaptive responses of L. incisa to N and P deprivation modulating its LC-PUFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilya Kokabi
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Olga Gorelova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Tatiana Ismagulova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Metabolic Profiling Unit, Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Metabolic Profiling Unit, Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sammy Boussiba
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Alexei Solovchenko
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia; Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel.
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Liang Y, Kong F, Torres-Romero I, Burlacot A, Cuine S, Légeret B, Billon E, Brotman Y, Alseekh S, Fernie AR, Beisson F, Peltier G, Li-Beisson Y. Branched-Chain Amino Acid Catabolism Impacts Triacylglycerol Homeostasis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1502-1514. [PMID: 30728273 PMCID: PMC6446750 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) starvation-induced triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, and its complex relationship with starch metabolism in algal cells, has been intensively studied; however, few studies have examined the interaction between amino acid metabolism and TAG biosynthesis. Here, via a forward genetic screen for TAG homeostasis, we isolated a Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) mutant (bkdE1α) that is deficient in the E1α subunit of the branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) complex. Metabolomics analysis revealed a defect in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids in bkdE1α Furthermore, this mutant accumulated 30% less TAG than the parental strain during N starvation and was compromised in TAG remobilization upon N resupply. Intriguingly, the rate of mitochondrial respiration was 20% to 35% lower in bkdE1α compared with the parental strains. Three additional knockout mutants of the other components of the BCKDH complex exhibited phenotypes similar to that of bkdE1α Transcriptional responses of BCKDH to different N status were consistent with its role in TAG homeostasis. Collectively, these results indicate that branched-chain amino acid catabolism contributes to TAG metabolism by providing carbon precursors and ATP, thus highlighting the complex interplay between distinct subcellular metabolisms for oil storage in green microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxue Liang
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
| | - Fantao Kong
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
| | - Ismael Torres-Romero
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
| | - Adrien Burlacot
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
| | - Stéphan Cuine
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
| | - Bertrand Légeret
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
| | - Emmanuelle Billon
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Fred Beisson
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
| | - Gilles Peltier
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
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31
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Li-Beisson Y, Thelen JJ, Fedosejevs E, Harwood JL. The lipid biochemistry of eukaryotic algae. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 74:31-68. [PMID: 30703388 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Algal lipid metabolism fascinates both scientists and entrepreneurs due to the large diversity of fatty acyl structures that algae produce. Algae have therefore long been studied as sources of genes for novel fatty acids; and, due to their superior biomass productivity, algae are also considered a potential feedstock for biofuels. However, a major issue in a commercially viable "algal oil-to-biofuel" industry is the high production cost, because most algal species only produce large amounts of oils after being exposed to stress conditions. Recent studies have therefore focused on the identification of factors involved in TAG metabolism, on the subcellular organization of lipid pathways, and on interactions between organelles. This has been accompanied by the development of genetic/genomic and synthetic biological tools not only for the reference green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii but also for Nannochloropsis spp. and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Advances in our understanding of enzymes and regulatory proteins of acyl lipid biosynthesis and turnover are described herein with a focus on carbon and energetic aspects. We also summarize how changes in environmental factors can impact lipid metabolism and describe present and potential industrial uses of algal lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France.
| | - Jay J Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| | - Eric Fedosejevs
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| | - John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
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32
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Tu Z, Liu L, Lin W, Xie Z, Luo J. Potential of using sodium bicarbonate as external carbon source to cultivate microalga in non-sterile condition. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 266:109-115. [PMID: 29958148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a saline-alkaline tolerant microalgal strain was isolated and identified as Chlorella sp. LPF. This strain was able to grow at pH values up to 10 and at salinities up to 5%, and tolerated to 80 g L-1 of sodium bicarbonate. The utilization of bicarbonate as carbon source significantly promoted microalgal growth and lipid production. In the non-sterile cultivation supplying with 80 g L-1 of sodium bicarbonate, the microalgal growth had no difference with their growth in the sterile medium; however, the bacterial growth was suppressed and the cell number decreased to low levels after six days cultivation. This study gives an insight into the potential that using high concentration of sodium bicarbonate as external carbon source to cultivate microalga in non-sterile condition, and suggests a possibility of using bicarbonate as growth promoter and antibacterial agent for the microalgal outdoor cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Tu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Liangting Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Weitie Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhangzhang Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jianfei Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Yang M, Meng Y, Chu Y, Fan Y, Cao X, Xue S, Chi Z. Triacylglycerol accumulates exclusively outside the chloroplast in short-term nitrogen-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1478-1487. [PMID: 30266428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In microalgae, triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis occurs by parallel pathways involving both the chloroplast and endoplasmic reticulum. A better understanding of contribution of each pathway to TAG assembly facilitates enhanced TAG production via rational genetic engineering of microalgae. Here, using a UPLC-MS(/MS) coupled with TLC-GC-based lipidomic platform, the early response of the major glycerolipids to nitrogen stress was analyzed at both the cellular and chloroplastidic levels in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Subcellular lipidomic analysis demonstrated that TAG was accumulated exclusively outside the chloroplast, and remained unaltered inside the chloroplast after 4 h of nitrogen starvation. This study ascertained the existence of the glycolipid, digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), outside the chloroplast and the betaine lipid, diacylglycerol-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS), inside the chloroplast. The newly synthesized DGDG and DGTS prominently increased at the extra-chloroplastidic compartments and served as the major precursors for TAG biosynthesis. In particular, DGDG contributed to the extra-chloroplastidic TAG assembly in form of diacylglycerol (DAG) and DGTS in form of acyl groups. The chloroplastidic membrane lipid, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), was proposed to primarily offer DAG for TAG formation outside the chloroplast. This study provides valuable insights into the subcellular glycerolipidomics and unveils the acyl flux into the extra-chloroplastidic TAG in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Yingying Meng
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yadong Chu
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Yan Fan
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xupeng Cao
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Song Xue
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Zhanyou Chi
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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Kong F, Burlacot A, Liang Y, Légeret B, Alseekh S, Brotman Y, Fernie AR, Krieger-Liszkay A, Beisson F, Peltier G, Li-Beisson Y. Interorganelle Communication: Peroxisomal MALATE DEHYDROGENASE2 Connects Lipid Catabolism to Photosynthesis through Redox Coupling in Chlamydomonas. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:1824-1847. [PMID: 29997239 PMCID: PMC6139685 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants and algae must tightly coordinate photosynthetic electron transport and metabolic activities given that they often face fluctuating light and nutrient conditions. The exchange of metabolites and signaling molecules between organelles is thought to be central to this regulation but evidence for this is still fragmentary. Here, we show that knocking out the peroxisome-located MALATE DEHYDROGENASE2 (MDH2) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii results in dramatic alterations not only in peroxisomal fatty acid breakdown but also in chloroplast starch metabolism and photosynthesis. mdh2 mutants accumulated 50% more storage lipid and 2-fold more starch than the wild type during nitrogen deprivation. In parallel, mdh2 showed increased photosystem II yield and photosynthetic CO2 fixation. Metabolite analyses revealed a >60% reduction in malate, together with increased levels of NADPH and H2O2 in mdh2 Similar phenotypes were found upon high light exposure. Furthermore, based on the lack of starch accumulation in a knockout mutant of the H2O2-producing peroxisomal ACYL-COA OXIDASE2 and on the effects of H2O2 supplementation, we propose that peroxisome-derived H2O2 acts as a regulator of chloroplast metabolism. We conclude that peroxisomal MDH2 helps photoautotrophs cope with nitrogen scarcity and high light by transmitting the redox state of the peroxisome to the chloroplast by means of malate shuttle- and H2O2-based redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fantao Kong
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Adrien Burlacot
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Yuanxue Liang
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Bertrand Légeret
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA Saclay, CNRS, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Fred Beisson
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Gilles Peltier
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
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35
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Chai S, Shi J, Huang T, Guo Y, Wei J, Guo M, Li L, Dou S, Liu L, Liu G. Characterization of Chlorella sorokiniana growth properties in monosaccharide-supplemented batch culture. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199873. [PMID: 29969497 PMCID: PMC6029798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To reveal growth properties of Chlorella sorokiniana UTEX 1230, four monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose and xylose) were individually supplemented into medium as carbon sources for the cultivation of C. sorokiniana UTEX 1230. Supplementation with glucose increased OD750, biomass and lipid yield but decreased protein abundance per unit dry weight of biomass under all concentrations examined, the maximum OD750, biomass and lipid yield increased 2.04, 6.78 and 12.43 times, respectively, compared with autotrophic controls. A low concentration of glucose (<4 g/L) simultaneously promoted the biosynthesis of chlorophylls and protein abundance per unit culture volume, but decreased the lipid content per unit dry weight of biomass and all supplemented glucose can be exhausted within 7 days. Higher glucose concentrations (≥4 g/L) decreased the biosynthesis of chlorophylls and protein abundance per unit culture volume, but increased the lipid content per unit dry weight of biomass. In glucose supplemented scenario, C. sorokiniana UTEX 1230 growth was light-independent. Supplementation with fructose promoted C. sorokiniana UTEX 1230 growth to a much lesser extent compared with glucose, whereas supplementation with galactose had no effect and supplementation with xylose even inhibited growth. Our findings represent basic experimental data on the effect of monosaccharides and can serve as the basis for a robust cultivation system to increase biomass and lipid yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaijie Chai
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jianan Shi
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Teng Huang
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yalu Guo
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jian Wei
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Meicen Guo
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Liyun Li
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shijuan Dou
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Moriyama T, Toyoshima M, Saito M, Wada H, Sato N. Revisiting the Algal "Chloroplast Lipid Droplet": The Absence of an Entity That Is Unlikely to Exist. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:1519-1530. [PMID: 29061905 PMCID: PMC5813570 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The precise localization of the lipid droplets and the metabolic pathways associated with oil production are crucial to the engineering of microalgae for biofuel production. Several studies have reported detecting lipid droplets within the chloroplast of the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which accumulates considerable amounts of triacylglycerol and starch within the cell under nitrogen deprivation or high-light stress conditions. Starch undoubtedly accumulates within the chloroplast, but there have been debates on the localization of the lipid droplets, which are cytosolic organelles in other organisms. Although it is impossible to prove an absence, we tried to repeat experiments that previously indicated the presence of lipid droplets in chloroplasts. Here, we present microscopic results showing no evidence for the presence of lipid droplets within the chloroplast stroma, even though some lipid droplets existed in close association with the chloroplast or were largely engulfed by the chloroplasts. These lipid droplets are cytosolic structures, distinct from the plastoglobules present in the chloroplast stroma. These results not only contrast with the old ideas but also point out that what were previously thought to be chloroplast lipid droplets are likely to be embedded within chloroplast invaginations in association with the outer envelope of the chloroplast without intervention of the endoplasmic reticulum. These findings point to the intriguing possibility of a tight metabolic flow from the chloroplast to the lipid droplet through a close association rather than direct contact of both organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Moriyama
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Masakazu Toyoshima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Masakazu Saito
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Naoki Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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Endoplasmic reticulum acyltransferase with prokaryotic substrate preference contributes to triacylglycerol assembly in Chlamydomonas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1652-1657. [PMID: 29382746 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715922115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the unique features of triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism in microalgae may be necessary to realize the full potential of these organisms for biofuel and biomaterial production. In the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii a chloroplastic (prokaryotic) pathway has been proposed to play a major role in TAG precursor biosynthesis. However, as reported here, C. reinhardtii contains a chlorophyte-specific lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, CrLPAAT2, that localizes to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes. Unlike canonical, ER-located LPAATs, CrLPAAT2 prefers palmitoyl-CoA over oleoyl-CoA as the acyl donor substrate. RNA-mediated suppression of CrLPAAT2 indicated that the enzyme is required for TAG accumulation under nitrogen deprivation. Our findings suggest that Chlamydomonas has a distinct glycerolipid assembly pathway that relies on CrLPAAT2 to generate prokaryotic-like TAG precursors in the ER.
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Toyoshima M, Sato N. Optimization of triacylglycerol and starch production in Chlamydomonas debaryana NIES-2212 with regard to light intensity and CO2 concentration. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018; 164:359-368. [PMID: 29458672 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) and starch produced by micro-algae are potential sources of biofuel. Our previous studies showed that the unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas debaryana NIES-2212, which is a rare species of Chlamydomonas that possesses phosphatidylcholine (PC), is a seed organism for the development of biofuel producers. This alga accumulates large amounts of TAG and starch under completely photo-autotrophic conditions during stationary phase without nutrient deprivation. The present study was performed to optimize the growth conditions of this alga with regard to light intensity and CO2 concentration to improve the efficiency of TAG and starch production. The growth rate of C. debaryana was greater at higher light intensity, although there was no significant difference in the final cell density of the culture. The highest contents of TAG and starch, approximately 200 fmol cell-1 and 600 pg cell-1, respectively, were achieved with a light intensity of 200 µmol m-2 s-1 bubbled with air containing 5.0 % CO2. These results suggest that optimization of light intensity and CO2 concentration can enhance the productivity of TAG and starch by C. debaryana NIES-2212.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Toyoshima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan.,Present address: Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoki Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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Yang M, Fan Y, Wu PC, Chu YD, Shen PL, Xue S, Chi ZY. An Extended Approach to Quantify Triacylglycerol in Microalgae by Characteristic Fatty Acids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1949. [PMID: 29181015 PMCID: PMC5693890 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae represent a third generation biofuel feedstock due to their high triacylglycerol (TAG) content under adverse environmental conditions. Microalgal TAG resides in a single cell and serves as a lipid class mixed with complicated compositions. We previously showed that TAG possessed characteristic fatty acids (CFAs) for quantification and was linearly correlated with the relative abundance of CFA within certain limits in microalgae. Here, we defined the application range of the linear correlation between TAG and CFA in the oleaginous microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. In addition, TAG quantification was further expanded to a wide range of levels and the absolute amounts of saturated or monounsaturated CFAs, 16:0 and 18:1n9 of C. reinhardtii and 16:0 and 16:1n7 of P. tricornutum, instead of polyunsaturated CFAs, were verified to be linearly correlated to TAG levels throughout the entire period of nitrogen stress. This approach utilizes a single fatty acid to quantify TAG mixtures, and is rapid, simple and precise, which provides a useful tool for monitoring TAG accumulation of distinct microalgal species and facilitating high-throughput mutant screening for microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Fan
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Chun Wu
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Ya-Dong Chu
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Pei-Li Shen
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Seaweed Substances, Qingdao Bright Moon Seaweed Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Song Xue
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Zhan-You Chi
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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40
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Fan J, Zheng L. Acclimation to NaCl and light stress of heterotrophic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for lipid accumulation. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:302-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Yang M, Jiang JP, Xie X, Chu YD, Fan Y, Cao XP, Xue S, Chi ZY. Chloroplasts Isolation from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under Nitrogen Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1503. [PMID: 28900438 PMCID: PMC5581827 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols are produced in abundance through chloroplast and endoplasmic reticulum pathways in some microalgae exposed to stress, though the relative contribution of either pathway remains elusive. Characterization of these pathways requires isolation of the organelles. In this study, an efficient and reproducible approach, including homogenous batch cultures of nitrogen-deprived algal cells in photobioreactors, gentle cell disruption using a simple custom-made disruptor with mechanical shear force, optimized differential centrifugation and Percoll density gradient centrifugation, was developed to isolate chloroplasts from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii subjected to nitrogen stress. Using this approach, the maximum limited stress duration was 4 h and the stressed cells exhibited 19 and 32% decreases in intracellular chlorophyll and nitrogen content, respectively. Chloroplasts with 48 - 300 μg chlorophyll were successfully isolated from stressed cells containing 10 mg chlorophyll. These stressed chloroplasts appeared intact, as monitored by ultrastructure observation and a novel quality control method involving the fatty acid biomarkers. This approach can provide sufficient quantities of intact stressed chloroplasts for subcellular biochemical studies in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Dalian University of TechnologyDalian, China
| | - Jun-Peng Jiang
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xi Xie
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research InstituteDalian, China
| | - Ya-Dong Chu
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDalian, China
| | - Yan Fan
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xu-Peng Cao
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDalian, China
| | - Song Xue
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDalian, China
| | - Zhan-You Chi
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Dalian University of TechnologyDalian, China
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Wei L, Huang X. Long-duration effect of multi-factor stresses on the cellular biochemistry, oil-yielding performance and morphology of Nannochloropsis oculata. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174646. [PMID: 28346505 PMCID: PMC5367823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalga Nannochloropsis oculata is a promising alternative feedstock for biodiesel. Elevating its oil-yielding capacity is conducive to cost-saving biodiesel production. However, the regulatory processes of multi-factor collaborative stresses (MFCS) on the oil-yielding performance of N. oculata are unclear. The duration effects of MFCS (high irradiation, nitrogen deficiency and elevated iron supplementation) on N. oculata were investigated in an 18-d batch culture. Despite the reduction in cell division, the biomass concentration increased, resulting from the large accumulation of the carbon/energy-reservoir. However, different storage forms were found in different cellular storage compounds, and both the protein content and pigment composition swiftly and drastically changed. The analysis of four biodiesel properties using pertinent empirical equations indicated their progressive effective improvement in lipid classes and fatty acid composition. The variation curve of neutral lipid productivity was monitored with fluorescent Nile red and was closely correlated to the results from conventional methods. In addition, a series of changes in the organelles (e.g., chloroplast, lipid body and vacuole) and cell shape, dependent on the stress duration, were observed by TEM and LSCM. These changes presumably played an important role in the acclimation of N. oculata to MFCS and accordingly improved its oil-yielding performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuxiong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University Knowledge Service Platform, Shanghai Ocean University Aquatic Animal Breeding Centre (ZF1206), Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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43
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Bagnato C, Prados MB, Franchini GR, Scaglia N, Miranda SE, Beligni MV. Analysis of triglyceride synthesis unveils a green algal soluble diacylglycerol acyltransferase and provides clues to potential enzymatic components of the chloroplast pathway. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:223. [PMID: 28274201 PMCID: PMC5343412 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3602-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microalgal triglyceride (TAG) synthesis has attracted considerable attention. Particular emphasis has been put towards characterizing the algal homologs of the canonical rate-limiting enzymes, diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT). Less work has been done to analyze homologs from a phylogenetic perspective. In this work, we used HMMER iterative profiling and phylogenetic and functional analyses to determine the number and sequence characteristics of algal DGAT and PDAT, as well as related sequences that constitute their corresponding superfamilies. We included most algae with available genomes, as well as representative eukaryotic and prokaryotic species. Results Amongst our main findings, we identified a novel clade of DGAT1-like proteins exclusive to red algae and glaucophyta and a previously uncharacterized subclade of DGAT2 proteins with an unusual number of transmembrane segments. Our analysis also revealed the existence of a novel DGAT exclusive to green algae with moderate similarity to plant soluble DGAT3. The DGAT3 clade shares a most recent ancestor with a group of uncharacterized proteins from cyanobacteria. Subcellular targeting prediction suggests that most green algal DGAT3 proteins are imported to the chloroplast, evidencing that the green algal chloroplast might have a soluble pathway for the de novo synthesis of TAGs. Heterologous expression of C. reinhardtii DGAT3 produces an increase in the accumulation of TAG, as evidenced by thin layer chromatography. Conclusions Our analysis contributes to advance in the knowledge of complex superfamilies involved in lipid metabolism and provides clues to possible enzymatic players of chloroplast TAG synthesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3602-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bagnato
- Instituto de Energía y Desarrollo Sustentable, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. Bustillo 9500, 8400S. C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - María B Prados
- Instituto de Energía y Desarrollo Sustentable, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. Bustillo 9500, 8400S. C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Gisela R Franchini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP-CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120 s/n, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Natalia Scaglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP-CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120 s/n, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Silvia E Miranda
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (ININCA), - Laboratorio de Glico-Inmuno-Biología, Marcelo T. de Alvear 2270, C1122AAJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María V Beligni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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