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Chien YC, Yoon GM. Subcellular dynamics of ethylene signaling drive plant plasticity to growth and stress: Spatiotemporal control of ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2400043. [PMID: 38571390 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202400043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Volatile compounds, such as nitric oxide and ethylene gas, play a vital role as signaling molecules in organisms. Ethylene is a plant hormone that regulates a wide range of plant growth, development, and responses to stress and is perceived by a family of ethylene receptors that localize in the endoplasmic reticulum. Constitutive Triple Response 1 (CTR1), a Raf-like protein kinase and a key negative regulator for ethylene responses, tethers to the ethylene receptors, but undergoes nuclear translocation upon activation of ethylene signaling. This ER-to-nucleus trafficking transforms CTR1 into a positive regulator for ethylene responses, significantly enhancing stress resilience to drought and salinity. The nuclear trafficking of CTR1 demonstrates that the spatiotemporal control of ethylene signaling is essential for stress adaptation. Understanding the mechanisms governing the spatiotemporal control of ethylene signaling elements is crucial for unraveling the system-level regulatory mechanisms that collectively fine-tune ethylene responses to optimize plant growth, development, and stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chi Chien
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Gyeong Mee Yoon
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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2
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Tseng TS, Chen CA, Lo MH. PHOTOTROPIN1 lysine 526 functions to enhance phototropism in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2024; 259:56. [PMID: 38305934 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION After blue-light exposure, ubiquitination of PHOTOTROPIN1 lysine 526 enhances phototropic responses. Arabidopsis blue-light photoreceptor, PHOTOTROPIN1 (PHOT1) mediates a series of blue-light responses that function to optimize photosynthesis efficiency. Blue-light sensing through the N-terminal sensory domain activates the C-terminal kinase activity of PHOT1, resulting in autophosphorylation. In addition to phosphorylation, PHOT1 lysine residue 526 (Lys526), after blue-light exposure, was found to carry a double glycine attachment, indicative of a possible ubiquitination modification. The functionality of PHOT1 Lys526 was investigated by reverse genetic approaches. Arginine replacements of PHOT1 Lys526, together with Lys527, complemented phot1-5 phot2-1 double mutant with attenuated phototropic bending, while blue-light responses: leaf expansion and stomatal opening, were restored to wild type levels. Transgenic seedlings were not different in protein levels of phot1 Lys526 527Arg than the wild type control, suggesting the reduced phototropic responses was not caused by reduction in protein levels. Treating the transformants with proteosome inhibitor, MG132, did not restore phototropic sensitivity. Both transgenic protein and wild type PHOT1 also had similar dark recovery of kinase activity, suggesting that phot1 Lys526 527Arg replacement did not affect the protein stability to cause the phenotype. Together, our results indicate that blocking Lys526 ubiquitination by arginine substitution may have caused the reduced phototropic phenotype. Therefore, the putative ubiquitination on Lys526 functions to enhance PHOT1-mediated phototropism, rather than targeting PHOT1 for proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Seung Tseng
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi, 600, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-An Chen
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi, 600, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hung Lo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi, 600, Taiwan
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3
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Brooks CJ, Atamian HS, Harmer SL. Multiple light signaling pathways control solar tracking in sunflowers. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002344. [PMID: 37906610 PMCID: PMC10617704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunflowers are famous for their ability to track the sun throughout the day and then reorient at night to face east the following morning. This occurs by differential growth patterns, with the east sides of stems growing more during the day and the west sides of stems growing more at night. This process, termed heliotropism, is generally believed to be a specialized form of phototropism; however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. To better understand heliotropism, we compared gene expression patterns in plants undergoing phototropism in a controlled environment and in plants initiating and maintaining heliotropic growth in the field. We found the expected transcriptome signatures of phototropin-mediated phototropism in sunflower stems bending towards monochromatic blue light. Surprisingly, the expression patterns of these phototropism-regulated genes are quite different in heliotropic plants. Most genes rapidly induced during phototropism display only minor differences in expression across solar tracking stems. However, some genes that are both rapidly induced during phototropism and are implicated in growth responses to foliar shade are rapidly induced on the west sides of stems at the onset of heliotropism, suggesting a possible role for red light photoreceptors in solar tracking. To test the involvement of different photoreceptor signaling pathways in heliotropism, we modulated the light environment of plants initiating solar tracking. We found that depletion of either red and far-red light or blue light did not hinder the initiation or maintenance of heliotropism in the field. Together, our results suggest that the transcriptional regulation of heliotropism is distinct from phototropin-mediated phototropism and likely involves inputs from multiple light signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Brooks
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Hagop S. Atamian
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, United States of America
| | - Stacey L. Harmer
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Taranto F, Esposito S, Fania F, Sica R, Marzario S, Logozzo G, Gioia T, De Vita P. Breeding effects on durum wheat traits detected using GWAS and haplotype block analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1206517. [PMID: 37794940 PMCID: PMC10546023 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1206517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The recent boosting of genomic data in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) offers the opportunity to better understand the effects of breeding on the genetic structures that regulate the expression of traits of agronomic interest. Furthermore, the identification of DNA markers useful for marker-assisted selection could also improve the reliability of technical protocols used for variety protection and registration. Methods Within this motivation context, 123 durum wheat accessions, classified into three groups: landraces (LR), ancient (OC) and modern cultivars (MC), were evaluated in two locations, for 34 agronomic traits, including UPOV descriptors, to assess the impact of changes that occurred during modern breeding. Results The association mapping analysis, performed with 4,241 SNP markers and six multi-locus-GWAS models, revealed 28 reliable Quantitative Trait Nucleotides (QTNs) related to plant morphology and kernel-related traits. Some important genes controlling flowering time and plant height were in linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay with QTNs identified in this study. A strong association for yellow berry was found on chromosome 6A (Q.Yb-6A) in a region containing the nadh-ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit, a gene involved in starch metabolism. The Q.Kcp-2A harbored the PPO locus, with the associated marker (Ku_c13700_1196) in LD decay with Ppo-A1 and Ppo-A2. Interestingly, the Q.FGSGls-2B.1, identified by RAC875_c34512_685 for flag leaf glaucosity, mapped less than 1 Mb from the Epistatic inhibitors of glaucousness (Iw1), thus representing a good candidate for supporting the morphological DUS traits also with molecular markers. LD haplotype block approach revealed a higher diversity, richness and length of haploblocks in MC than OC and LR (580 in LR, 585 in OC and 612 in MC), suggesting a possible effect exerted by breeding programs on genomic regions associated with the agronomic traits. Discussion Our findings pave new ways to support the phenotypic characterization necessary for variety registration by using a panel of cost-effectiveness SNP markers associated also to the UPOV descriptors. Moreover, the panel of associated SNPs might represent a reservoir of favourable alleles to use in durum wheat breeding and genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Taranto
- Italian National Council of Research (CNR), Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Bari, Italy
| | - S. Esposito
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), Foggia, Italy
| | - F. Fania
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), Foggia, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE) - University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - R. Sica
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - S. Marzario
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - G. Logozzo
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - T. Gioia
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - P. De Vita
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), Foggia, Italy
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Waksman T, Suetsugu N, Hermanowicz P, Ronald J, Sullivan S, Łabuz J, Christie JM. Phototropin phosphorylation of ROOT PHOTOTROPISM 2 and its role in mediating phototropism, leaf positioning, and chloroplast accumulation movement in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:390-402. [PMID: 36794876 PMCID: PMC10953443 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Directional movements impact the ability of plants to respond and adjust their growth accordingly to the prevailing light environment. The plasma-membrane associated protein, ROOT PHOTOTROPISM 2 (RPT2) is a key signalling component involved in chloroplast accumulation movement, leaf positioning, and phototropism, all of which are regulated redundantly by the ultraviolet/blue light-activated AGC kinases phototropin 1 and 2 (phot1 and phot2). We recently demonstrated that members of the NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3)/RPT2-like (NRL) family in Arabidopsis thaliana, including RPT2, are directly phosphorylated by phot1. However, whether RPT2 is a substrate for phot2, and the biological significance of phot phosphorylation of RPT2 remains to be determined. Here, we show that RPT2 is phosphorylated by both phot1 and phot2 at a conserved serine residue (S591) within the C-terminal region of the protein. Blue light triggered the association of 14-3-3 proteins with RPT2 consistent with S591 acting as a 14-3-3 binding site. Mutation of S591 had no effect on the plasma membrane localization of RPT2 but reduced its functionality for leaf positioning and phototropism. Moreover, our findings indicate that S591 phosphorylation within the C-terminus of RPT2 is required for chloroplast accumulation movement to low level blue light. Taken together, these findings further highlight the importance of the C-terminal region of NRL proteins and how its phosphorylation contributes to phot receptor signalling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Waksman
- School of Molecular BiosciencesCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowBower BuildingGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Noriyuki Suetsugu
- School of Molecular BiosciencesCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowBower BuildingGlasgowG12 8QQUK
- Graduate School of Arts and SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyo153‐8902Japan
| | - Pawel Hermanowicz
- Malopolska Centre of BiotechnologyJagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa 7A30‐387KrakówPoland
| | - James Ronald
- School of Molecular BiosciencesCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowBower BuildingGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Stuart Sullivan
- School of Molecular BiosciencesCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowBower BuildingGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Justyna Łabuz
- Malopolska Centre of BiotechnologyJagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa 7A30‐387KrakówPoland
| | - John M. Christie
- School of Molecular BiosciencesCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowBower BuildingGlasgowG12 8QQUK
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Wei H, Liu G, Qin J, Zhang Y, Chen J, Zhang X, Yu C, Chen Y, Lian B, Zhong F, Movahedi A, Zhang J. Genome-wide characterization, chromosome localization, and expression profile analysis of poplar non-specific lipid transfer proteins. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123226. [PMID: 36641014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are small and have a broad biological function involved in reproductive development and abiotic stress resistance. Although a small part of plant nsLTPs have been identified, these proteins have not been characterized in poplar at the genomic level. A genome-wide characterization and expression identification of poplar nsLTP members were performed in this study. A total of 42 poplar nsLTP genes were identified from the poplar genome. A comprehensive analysis of poplar nsLTPs was conducted by a phylogenetic tree, duplication events, gene structures, and conserved motifs. The cis-elements of poplar nsLTPs were predicted to respond to light, hormone, and abiotic stress. Many transcription factors (TFs) were identified to interact with poplar nsLTP cis-elements. The tested poplar nsLTPs were expressed in leaves, stems, and roots, but their expression levels differed among tested tissues. Most poplar nsLTP expression levels were changed by abiotic stress, implying that poplar nsLTP may be involved in abiotic stress resistance. Network analysis showed that poplar nsLTPs are putative genes involved in fatty acid (FA) metabolism. This research provides sight into the further study to explain the regulatory mechanism of the poplar nsLTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Guoyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jinxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Xingyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Chunmei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Bolin Lian
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Fei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Ali Movahedi
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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Breen S, McLellan H, Birch PRJ, Gilroy EM. Tuning the Wavelength: Manipulation of Light Signaling to Control Plant Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043803. [PMID: 36835216 PMCID: PMC9958957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth-defense trade-off in plants is a phenomenon whereby plants must balance the allocation of their resources between developmental growth and defense against attack by pests and pathogens. Consequently, there are a series of points where growth signaling can negatively regulate defenses and where defense signaling can inhibit growth. Light perception by various photoreceptors has a major role in the control of growth and thus many points where it can influence defense. Plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate defense signaling in their hosts. Evidence is emerging that some of these effectors target light signaling pathways. Several effectors from different kingdoms of life have converged on key chloroplast processes to take advantage of regulatory crosstalk. Moreover, plant pathogens also perceive and react to light in complex ways to regulate their own growth, development, and virulence. Recent work has shown that varying light wavelengths may provide a novel way of controlling or preventing disease outbreaks in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Breen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Eleanor M. Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1382568827
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Bonchuk A, Balagurov K, Georgiev P. BTB domains: A structural view of evolution, multimerization, and protein-protein interactions. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2200179. [PMID: 36449605 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Broad-complex, Tramtrack, and Bric-à-brac/poxvirus and zinc finger (BTB/POZ) is a conserved domain found in many eukaryotic proteins with diverse cellular functions. Recent studies revealed its importance in multiple developmental processes as well as in the onset and progression of oncological diseases. Most BTB domains can form multimers and selectively interact with non-BTB proteins. Structural studies of BTB domains delineated the presence of different interfaces involved in various interactions mediated by BTBs and provided a basis for the specific inhibition of distinct protein-interaction interfaces. BTB domains originated early in eukaryotic evolution and progressively adapted their structural elements to perform distinct functions. In this review, we summarize and discuss the structural principles of protein-protein interactions mediated by BTB domains based on the recently published structural data and advances in protein modeling. We propose an update to the structure-based classification of BTB domain families and discuss their evolutionary interconnections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Bonchuk
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin Balagurov
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Georgiev
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Kimura T, Haga K, Sakai T. The phosphorylation status of NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL3 affects phot2-dependent phototropism in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2027138. [PMID: 35068333 PMCID: PMC9176221 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2027138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The blue light photoreceptors, phototropin 1 (phot1) and phot2, and their signal transducer, NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL3 (NPH3), are activators of the phototropic responses of Arabidopsis hypocotyls. In a recent study, we reported that the control of NPH3 phosphorylation at serine 7 (S7: or S5), S213, S223, S237, S467, S474 (or S476), and S722 (or S723) contributes to the photosensory adaptation of phot1 signaling during the phototropic response. Phosphomimetic NPH3SE mutant and unphosphorylatable NPH3SA mutant on those serine residues function efficiently under blue light conditions at fluence rates of 10-5 µmol m-2 s-1 and 10-3 µmol m-2 s-1 or more, respectively. We here demonstrate that phosphomimetic NPH3SE, but not unphosphorylatable NPH3SA, promotes phot2-dependent phototropism under blue light condition at 100 µmol m-2 s-1. This result suggests that phot1 negatively controls phot2 signaling through the dephosphorylation of NPH3 at those residues and that the hyperactivation of phot1- and phot2-NPH3 complexes does not occur at the same time under high intensity blue light. We hypothesize that the dephosphorylation of NPH3 on those serine residues suppresses both phot1 and phot2 signaling, which results in different impacts on phot1- and phot2-dependent hypocotyl phototropism due to the differences in the photosensitivity and activation levels of phot1 and phot2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ken Haga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Nippon Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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10
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Xin GY, Li LP, Wang PT, Li XY, Han YJ, Zhao X. The action of enhancing weak light capture via phototropic growth and chloroplast movement in plants. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:50. [PMID: 37676522 PMCID: PMC10441985 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
To cope with fluctuating light conditions, terrestrial plants have evolved precise regulation mechanisms to help optimize light capture and increase photosynthetic efficiency. Upon blue light-triggered autophosphorylation, activated phototropin (PHOT1 and PHOT2) photoreceptors function solely or redundantly to regulate diverse responses, including phototropism, chloroplast movement, stomatal opening, and leaf positioning and flattening in plants. These responses enhance light capture under low-light conditions and avoid photodamage under high-light conditions. NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3) and ROOT PHOTOTROPISM 2 (RPT2) are signal transducers that function in the PHOT1- and PHOT2-mediated response. NPH3 is required for phototropism, leaf expansion and positioning. RPT2 regulates chloroplast accumulation as well as NPH3-mediated responses. NRL PROTEIN FOR CHLOROPLAST MOVEMENT 1 (NCH1) was recently identified as a PHOT1-interacting protein that functions redundantly with RPT2 to mediate chloroplast accumulation. The PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE (PKS) proteins (PKS1, PKS2, and PKS4) interact with PHOT1 and NPH3 and mediate hypocotyl phototropic bending. This review summarizes advances in phototropic growth and chloroplast movement induced by light. We also focus on how crosstalk in signaling between phototropism and chloroplast movement enhances weak light capture, providing a basis for future studies aiming to delineate the mechanism of light-trapping plants to improve light-use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yuan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lu-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Peng-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xin-Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuan-Ji Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
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11
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Łabuz J, Sztatelman O, Hermanowicz P. Molecular insights into the phototropin control of chloroplast movements. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6034-6051. [PMID: 35781490 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast movements are controlled by ultraviolet/blue light through phototropins. In Arabidopsis thaliana, chloroplast accumulation at low light intensities and chloroplast avoidance at high light intensities are observed. These responses are controlled by two homologous photoreceptors, the phototropins phot1 and phot2. Whereas chloroplast accumulation is triggered by both phototropins in a partially redundant manner, sustained chloroplast avoidance is elicited only by phot2. Phot1 is able to trigger only a small, transient chloroplast avoidance, followed by the accumulation phase. The source of this functional difference is not fully understood at either the photoreceptor or the signalling pathway levels. In this article, we review current understanding of phototropin functioning and try to dissect the differences that result in signalling to elicit two distinct chloroplast responses. First, we focus on phototropin structure and photochemical and biochemical activity. Next, we analyse phototropin expression and localization patterns. We also summarize known photoreceptor systems controlling chloroplast movements. Finally, we focus on the role of environmental stimuli in controlling phototropin activity. All these aspects impact the signalling to trigger chloroplast movements and raise outstanding questions about the mechanism involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Łabuz
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Sztatelman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Paweł Hermanowicz
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
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12
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Enyew M, Feyissa T, Carlsson AS, Tesfaye K, Hammenhag C, Seyoum A, Geleta M. Genome-wide analyses using multi-locus models revealed marker-trait associations for major agronomic traits in Sorghum bicolor. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:999692. [PMID: 36275578 PMCID: PMC9585286 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.999692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Globally, sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop, and it is a major crop in Ethiopia, where it has a high genetic diversity. The country's sorghum gene pool contributes significantly to sorghum improvement worldwide. This study aimed to identify genomic regions and candidate genes associated with major agronomic traits in sorghum by using its genetic resources in Ethiopia for a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Phenotypic data of days to flowering (DTF), plant height (PH), panicle length (PALH), panicle width (PAWD), panicle weight (PAWT), and grain yield (GY) were collected from a GWAS panel comprising 324 sorghum accessions grown in three environments. SeqSNP, a targeted genotyping method, was used to genotype the panel using 5,000 gene-based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. For marker-trait association (MTA) analyses, fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU), and Bayesian-information and linkage-disequilibrium iteratively nested keyway (BLINK) models were used. In all traits, high phenotypic variation was observed, with broad-sense heritability ranging from 0.32 (for GY) to 0.90 (for PALH). A population structure, principal component analysis, and kinship analysis revealed that the accessions could be divided into two groups. In total, 54 MTAs were identified, 11 of which were detected by both BLINK and farmCPU. MTAs identified for each trait ranged from five (PAWT and GY) to fourteen (PH) representing both novel and previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Three SNPs were associated with more than one trait, including a SNP within the Sobic.004G189200 gene that was associated with PH and PAWT. Major effect SNP loci, Sbi2393610 (PVE = 23.3%), Sbi10438246 (PVE = 35.2%), Sbi17789352 (PVE = 11.9%) and Sbi30169733 (PVE = 18.9%) on chromosomes 1, 3, 5 and 9 that showed strong association signals for PAWD, DTF, GY and PALH, respectively, were major findings of this study. The SNP markers and candidate genes identified in this study provide insights into the genetic control of grain yield and related agronomic traits, and once validated, the markers could be used in genomics-led breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluken Enyew
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Tileye Feyissa
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anders S. Carlsson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Kassahun Tesfaye
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Cecilia Hammenhag
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Amare Seyoum
- National Sorghum Research Program, Crop Research Department, Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Mulatu Geleta
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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13
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An G, Qi Y, Zhang W, Gao H, Qian J, Larkin RM, Chen J, Kuang H. LsNRL4 enhances photosynthesis and decreases leaf angles in lettuce. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1956-1967. [PMID: 35748307 PMCID: PMC9491448 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is one of the most important vegetables worldwide and an ideal plant for producing protein drugs. Both well-functioning chloroplasts that perform robust photosynthesis and small leaf angles that enable dense planting are essential for high yields. In this study, we used an F2 population derived from a cross between a lettuce cultivar with pale-green leaves and large leaf angles to a cultivar with dark-green leaves and small leaf angles to clone LsNRL4, which encodes an NPH3/RPT2-Like (NRL) protein. Unlike other NRL proteins in lettuce, the LsNRL4 lacks the BTB domain. Knockout mutants engineered using CRISPR/Cas9 and transgenic lines overexpressing LsNRL4 verified that LsNRL4 contributes to chloroplast development, photosynthesis and leaf angle. The LsNRL4 gene was not present in the parent with pale-green leaves and enlarged leaf angles. Loss of LsNRL4 results in the enlargement of chloroplasts, decreases in the amount of cellular space allocated to chloroplasts and defects in secondary cell wall biosynthesis in lamina joints. Overexpressing LsNRL4 significantly improved photosynthesis and decreased leaf angles. Indeed, the plant architecture of the overexpressing lines is ideal for dense planting. In summary, we identified a novel NRL gene that enhances photosynthesis and influences plant architecture. Our study provides new approaches for the breeding of lettuce that can be grown in dense planting in the open field or in modern plant factories. LsNRL4 homologues may also be used in other crops to increase photosynthesis and improve plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui An
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology & Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yetong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology & Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology & Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Hairong Gao
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jinlong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology & Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Robert M. Larkin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology & Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiongjiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology & Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Hanhui Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology & Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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14
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Talloji P, Nehlin L, Hüttel B, Winter N, Černý M, Dufková H, Hamali B, Hanczaryk K, Novák J, Hermanns M, Drexler N, Eifler K, Schlaich N, Brzobohatý B, Bachmair A. Transcriptome, metabolome and suppressor analysis reveal an essential role for the ubiquitin-proteasome system in seedling chloroplast development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:183. [PMID: 35395773 PMCID: PMC8991883 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many regulatory circuits in plants contain steps of targeted proteolysis, with the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) as the mediator of these proteolytic events. In order to decrease ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, we inducibly expressed a ubiquitin variant with Arg at position 48 instead of Lys (ubK48R). This variant acts as an inhibitor of proteolysis via the UPS, and allowed us to uncover processes that are particularly sensitive to UPS perturbation. RESULTS Expression of ubK48R during germination leads to seedling death. We analyzed the seedling transcriptome, proteome and metabolome 24 h post ubK48R induction and confirmed defects in chloroplast development. We found that mutations in single genes can suppress seedling lethality, indicating that a single process in seedlings is critically sensitive to decreased performance of the UPS. Suppressor mutations in phototropin 2 (PHOT2) suggest that a contribution of PHOT2 to chloroplast protection is compromised by proteolysis inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results reveal protein turnover as an integral part of a signal transduction chain that protects chloroplasts during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhavathi Talloji
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs/Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lilian Nehlin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs/Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno Hüttel
- Max Planck Genome Centre Cologne, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nikola Winter
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs/Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Dufková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bulut Hamali
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs/Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
- Present address: Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Katarzyna Hanczaryk
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs/Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Novák
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Hermanns
- Institute of Plant Physiology (Bio III), RWTH-Aachen, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Drexler
- Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities, Electron Microscopy, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karolin Eifler
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs/Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Schlaich
- Institute of Plant Physiology (Bio III), RWTH-Aachen, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Bachmair
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs/Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Naqvi S, He Q, Trusch F, Qiu H, Pham J, Sun Q, Christie JM, Gilroy EM, Birch PRJ. Blue-light receptor phototropin 1 suppresses immunity to promote Phytophthora infestans infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2282-2293. [PMID: 34923631 PMCID: PMC9255860 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Blue-light (BL) phototropin receptors (phot1 and phot2) regulate plant growth by activating NPH3/RPT2-like (NRL) family members. Little is known about roles for BL and phots in regulating plant immunity. We showed previously that Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi02860 targets potato (St)NRL1, promoting its ability to enhance susceptibility by facilitating proteasome-mediated degradation of the immune regulator StSWAP70. This raises the question: do BL and phots negatively regulate immunity? We employed coimmunoprecipitation, virus-induced gene silencing, transient overexpression and targeted mutation to investigate contributions of phots to regulating immunity. Whereas transient overexpression of Stphot1 and Stphot2 enhances P. infestans colonization of Nicotiana benthamiana, silencing endogenous Nbphot1 or Nbphot2 reduces infection. Stphot1, but not Stphot2, suppressed the INF1-triggered cell death (ICD) immune response in a BL- and NRL1-dependent manner. Stphot1, when coexpressed with StNRL1, promotes degradation of StSWAP70, whereas Stphot2 does not. Kinase-dead Stphot1 fails to suppress ICD, enhance P. infestans colonization or promote StSWAP70 degradation. Critically, BL enhances P. infestans infection, which probably involves phots but not other BL receptors such as cryptochromes and F-box proteins ZTL1 and FKF1. We demonstrate that Stphot1 and Stphot2 play different roles in promoting susceptibility, and Stphot1 kinase activity is required for BL- and StNRL1-mediated immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Naqvi
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Qin He
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU)Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Franziska Trusch
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Huishan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU)Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Jasmine Pham
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Qingguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU)Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - John M. Christie
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems BiologyCollege of Medical, Veterinary, and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Eleanor M. Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular ScienceJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Cell and Molecular ScienceJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
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16
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Wang X, Han L, Yin H, Zhao Z, Cao H, Shang Z, Kang E. AtANN1 and AtANN2 are involved in phototropism of etiolated hypocotyls of Arabidopsis by regulating auxin distribution. AOB PLANTS 2022; 14:plab075. [PMID: 35079328 PMCID: PMC8782606 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phototropism is an essential response in some plant organs and features several signalling molecules involved in either photo-sensing or post-sensing responses. Annexins are involved in regulating plant growth and its responses to various stimuli. Here, we provide novel data showing that two members of the Annexin family in Arabidopsis thaliana, AtANN1 and AtANN2, may be involved in the phototropism of etiolated hypocotyls. In wild type, unilateral blue light (BL) induced a strong phototropic response, while red light (RL) only induced a weak response. The responses of single- or double-null mutants of the two annexins, including atann1, atann2 and atann1/atann2, were significantly weaker than those observed in wild type, indicating the involvement of AtANN1 and AtANN2 in BL-induced phototropism. Unilateral BL induced asymmetric distribution of DR5-GFP and PIN3-GFP fluorescence in hypocotyls; notably, fluorescent intensity on the shaded side was markedly stronger than that on the illuminated side. In etiolated atann1, atann2 or atann1/atann2 hypocotyls, unilateral BL-induced asymmetric distributions of DR5-GFP and PIN3-GFP were weakened or impaired. Herein, we suggest that during hypocotyls phototropic response, AtANN1 and AtANN2 may be involved in BL-stimulated signalling by regulating PIN3-charged auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
- Department of Agricultural and Animal Engineering, Cangzhou Vocation College of Technology, Cangzhou 061001, China
| | - Lijuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Hongmin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhenping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Huishu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhonglin Shang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Erfang Kang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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17
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Legris M, Szarzynska-Erden BM, Trevisan M, Allenbach Petrolati L, Fankhauser C. Phototropin-mediated perception of light direction in leaves regulates blade flattening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1235-1249. [PMID: 34618121 PMCID: PMC8567070 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One conserved feature among angiosperms is the development of flat thin leaves. This developmental pattern optimizes light capture and gas exchange. The blue light (BL) receptors phototropins are required for leaf flattening, with the null phot1phot2 mutant showing curled leaves in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, key aspects of their function in leaf development remain unknown. Here, we performed a detailed spatiotemporal characterization of phototropin function in Arabidopsis leaves. We found that phototropins perceive light direction in the blade, and, similar to their role in hypocotyls, they control the spatial pattern of auxin signaling, possibly modulating auxin transport, to ultimately regulate cell expansion. Phototropin signaling components in the leaf partially differ from hypocotyls. Moreover, the light response on the upper and lower sides of the leaf blade suggests a partially distinct requirement of phototropin signaling components on each side. In particular, NON PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 showed an adaxial-specific function. In addition, we show a prominent role of PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE 3 in leaf flattening. Among auxin transporters, PIN-FORMED 3,4,7 and AUXIN RESISTANT 1 (AUX1)/LIKE AUXIN RESISTANT 1 (LAX1) are required for the response while ABCB19 has a regulatory role. Overall, our results show that directional BL perception by phototropins is a key aspect of leaf development, integrating endogenous and exogenous signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Legris
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bogna Maria Szarzynska-Erden
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martine Trevisan
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Allenbach Petrolati
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Zhai S, Cai W, Xiang ZX, Chen CY, Lu YT, Yuan TT. PIN3-mediated auxin transport contributes to blue light-induced adventitious root formation in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 312:111044. [PMID: 34620442 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious rooting is a heritable quantitative trait that is influenced by multiple endogenous and exogenous factors in plants, and one important environmental factor required for efficient adventitious root formation is light signaling. However, the physiological significance and molecular mechanism of light underlying adventitious root formation are still largely unexplored. Here, we report that blue light-induced adventitious root formation is regulated by PIN-FORMED3 (PIN3)-mediated auxin transport in Arabidopsis. Adventitious root formation is significantly impaired in the loss-of-function mutants of the blue light receptors, PHOTOROPIN1 (PHOT1) and PHOTOROPIN2 (PHOT2), as well as the phototropic transducer, NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL3 (NPH3). In addition, blue light enhanced the auxin content in the adventitious root, and the pin3 loss-of-function mutant had a reduced adventitious rooting response under blue light compared to the wild type. The PIN3 protein level was higher in plants treated with blue light than in those in darkness, especially in the hypocotyl pericycle, while PIN3-GFP failed to accumulate in nph3 PIN3::PIN3-GFP. Furthermore, the results showed that PIN3 physically interacted with NPH3, a key transducer in phototropic signaling. Taken together, our study demonstrates that blue light induces adventitious root formation through the phototropic signal transducer, NPH3, which regulates adventitious root formation by affecting PIN3-mediated auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Institute of Crop Science of Wuhan Academy of Agriculture Science, Wuhan, 430345, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Cai-Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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19
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Light-triggered and phosphorylation-dependent 14-3-3 association with NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 is required for hypocotyl phototropism. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6128. [PMID: 34675219 PMCID: PMC8531446 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26332-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3) is a key component of the auxin-dependent plant phototropic growth response. We report that NPH3 directly binds polyacidic phospholipids, required for plasma membrane association in darkness. We further demonstrate that blue light induces an immediate phosphorylation of a C-terminal 14-3-3 binding motif in NPH3. Subsequent association of 14-3-3 proteins is causal for the light-induced release of NPH3 from the membrane and accompanied by NPH3 dephosphorylation. In the cytosol, NPH3 dynamically transitions into membraneless condensate-like structures. The dephosphorylated state of the 14-3-3 binding site and NPH3 membrane recruitment are recoverable in darkness. NPH3 variants that constitutively localize either to the membrane or to condensates are non-functional, revealing a fundamental role of the 14-3-3 mediated dynamic change in NPH3 localization for auxin-dependent phototropism. This regulatory mechanism might be of general nature, given that several members of the NPH3-like family interact with 14-3-3 via a C-terminal motif. NPH3 is required for auxin-dependent plant phototropism. Here Reuter et al. show that NPH3 is a plasma membrane-bound phospholipid-binding protein and that in response to blue light, NPH3 is phosphorylated and associates with 14-3-3 proteins which leads to dissociation from the plasma membrane.
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20
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Sullivan S, Waksman T, Paliogianni D, Henderson L, Lütkemeyer M, Suetsugu N, Christie JM. Regulation of plant phototropic growth by NPH3/RPT2-like substrate phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6129. [PMID: 34675214 PMCID: PMC8531357 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarity underlies all directional growth responses in plants including growth towards the light (phototropism). The plasma-membrane associated protein, NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3) is a key determinant of phototropic growth which is regulated by phototropin (phot) AGC kinases. Here we demonstrate that NPH3 is directly phosphorylated by phot1 within a conserved C-terminal consensus sequence (RxS) that is necessary to promote phototropism and petiole positioning in Arabidopsis. RxS phosphorylation also triggers 14-3-3 binding combined with changes in NPH3 phosphorylation and localisation status. Mutants of NPH3 that are unable to bind or constitutively bind 14-3-3 s show compromised functionality consistent with a model where phototropic curvature is established by signalling outputs arising from a gradient of NPH3 RxS phosphorylation across the stem. Our findings therefore establish that NPH3/RPT2-Like (NRL) proteins are phosphorylation targets for plant AGC kinases. Moreover, RxS phosphorylation is conserved in other members of the NRL family, suggesting a common mechanism of regulating plant growth to the prevailing light environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Sullivan
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Thomas Waksman
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Dimitra Paliogianni
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Louise Henderson
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Melanie Lütkemeyer
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.,RNA Biology and Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Noriyuki Suetsugu
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.,Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - John M Christie
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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21
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Campos ML, Moreno JE. Moving around in a phototropic response: the phosphorylation of NPH3. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:678-680. [PMID: 34608977 PMCID: PMC8491030 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Lattarulo Campos
- Integrative Plant Research Laboratory, Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Javier Edgardo Moreno
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-Conicet), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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22
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Kimura T, Haga K, Nomura Y, Higaki T, Nakagami H, Sakai T. Phosphorylation of NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL3 affects photosensory adaptation during the phototropic response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:981-995. [PMID: 34608954 PMCID: PMC8491083 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Photosensory adaptation, which can be classified as sensor or effector adaptation, optimizes the light sensing of living organisms by tuning their sensitivity to changing light conditions. During the phototropic response in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the light-dependent expression controls of blue-light (BL) photoreceptor phototropin 1 (phot1) and its modulator ROOT PHOTOTROPISM2 (RPT2) are known as the molecular mechanisms underlying sensor adaptation. However, little is known about effector adaption in plant phototropism. Here, we show that control of the phosphorylation status of NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL3 (NPH3) leads to effector adaptation in hypocotyl phototropism. We generated unphosphorable and phosphomimetic NPH3 proteins on seven phosphorylation sites in the etiolated seedlings of Arabidopsis. Unphosphorable NPH3 showed a shortening of its retention time in the cytosol and caused an inability to adapt to very low fluence rates of BL (∼10-5 µmol m-2 s-1) during the phototropic response. In contrast, the phosphomimetic NPH3 proteins had a lengthened retention time in the cytosol and could not enable the adaptation to BL at fluence rates of 10-3 µmol m-2 s-1 or more. Our results indicate that the activation level of phot1 and the corresponding phosphorylation level of NPH3 determine the dissociation rate and the reassociation rate of NPH3 on the plasma membrane, respectively. These mechanisms may moderately maintain the active state of phot1 signaling across a broad range of BL intensities and contribute to the photosensory adaptation of phot1 signaling during the phototropic response in hypocotyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Ken Haga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Fundamental Engineering, Nippon Institute of Technology, 4-1 Gakuendai, Miyashiro-cho, Minamisaitama-gun, Saitama 345-8501, Japan
| | - Yuko Nomura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tatsuya Sakai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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23
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Han H, Adamowski M, Qi L, Alotaibi SS, Friml J. PIN-mediated polar auxin transport regulations in plant tropic responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:510-522. [PMID: 34254313 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tropisms, growth responses to environmental stimuli such as light or gravity, are spectacular examples of adaptive plant development. The plant hormone auxin serves as a major coordinative signal. The PIN auxin exporters, through their dynamic polar subcellular localizations, redirect auxin fluxes in response to environmental stimuli and the resulting auxin gradients across organs underlie differential cell elongation and bending. In this review, we discuss recent advances concerning regulations of PIN polarity during tropisms, focusing on PIN phosphorylation and trafficking. We also cover how environmental cues regulate PIN actions during tropisms, as well as the crucial role of auxin feedback on PIN polarity during bending termination. Finally, the interactions between different tropisms are reviewed to understand plant adaptive growth in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Han
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
- Research Center for Plant Functional Genes and Tissue Culture Technology, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Maciek Adamowski
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Linlin Qi
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Saqer S Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, Taif University, PO Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
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24
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Eggers R, Jammer A, Jha S, Kerschbaumer B, Lahham M, Strandback E, Toplak M, Wallner S, Winkler A, Macheroux P. The scope of flavin-dependent reactions and processes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 189:112822. [PMID: 34118767 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are utilized as coenzymes in many biochemical reduction-oxidation reactions owing to the ability of the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system to employ the oxidized, radical and reduced state. We have analyzed the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana to establish an inventory of genes encoding flavin-dependent enzymes (flavoenzymes) as a basis to explore the range of flavin-dependent biochemical reactions that occur in this model plant. Expectedly, flavoenzymes catalyze many pivotal reactions in primary catabolism, which are connected to the degradation of basic metabolites, such as fatty and amino acids as well as carbohydrates and purines. On the other hand, flavoenzymes play diverse roles in anabolic reactions most notably the biosynthesis of amino acids as well as the biosynthesis of pyrimidines and sterols. Importantly, the role of flavoenzymes goes much beyond these basic reactions and extends into pathways that are equally crucial for plant life, for example the production of natural products. In this context, we outline the participation of flavoenzymes in the biosynthesis and maintenance of cofactors, coenzymes and accessory plant pigments (e. g. carotenoids) as well as phytohormones. Moreover, several multigene families have emerged as important components of plant immunity, for example the family of berberine bridge enzyme-like enzymes, flavin-dependent monooxygenases and NADPH oxidases. Furthermore, the versatility of flavoenzymes is highlighted by their role in reactions leading to tRNA-modifications, chromatin regulation and cellular redox homeostasis. The favorable photochemical properties of the flavin chromophore are exploited by photoreceptors to govern crucial processes of plant adaptation and development. Finally, a sequence- and structure-based approach was undertaken to gain insight into the catalytic role of uncharacterized flavoenzymes indicating their involvement in unknown biochemical reactions and pathways in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinmar Eggers
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexandra Jammer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Shalinee Jha
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bianca Kerschbaumer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Majd Lahham
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Emilia Strandback
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Marina Toplak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Wallner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Winkler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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25
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Schmalstig JG, Jainandan K. Green light attenuates blue-light-induced chloroplast avoidance movement in Arabidopsis and Landoltia punctata. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1525-1539. [PMID: 34458978 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Chloroplast movement to the anticlinal walls in excess light, referred to as chloroplast avoidance movement, is one strategy to prevent high light damage. Chloroplast avoidance movement is mediated by the blue-light photoreceptor phototropin. Since some blue-light effects are reversed by green light, we investigated the effect of green wavelengths on chloroplast avoidance. METHODS Chloroplast position was visualized via microscopy and by transmission of red light through the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana and Landoltia punctata (duckweed). RESULTS Green light reduced blue-light-induced chloroplast avoidance movement but only when green light was presented simultaneously with blue light. Green light alone had no effect on chloroplast position. An action spectrum for green-light attenuation of chloroplast avoidance in duckweed revealed peaks at 510, 550, and 590 nm. Blue-light-induced chloroplast avoidance movement in three Arabidopsis mutants with reduced nonphotochemical quenching, npq1, npq4, and npq7 was not affected by green light. CONCLUSIONS The action spectrum does not conform to any known photoreceptor. The lack of a green-light response in the npq mutants of Arabidopsis suggests a possible role for the xanthophyll cycle or a signal from the chloroplast in control of chloroplast avoidance movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy G Schmalstig
- Department of Biology, 1000 Holt Ave, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL, 32789, USA
| | - Kenneth Jainandan
- Department of Biology, 1000 Holt Ave, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL, 32789, USA
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26
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Zhu J, Wang J, Sheng Y, Tian Y, Zhang Y, Zhou C, Zhao X, Zhang X. Phototropin2-mediated hypocotyl phototropism is negatively regulated by JAC1 and RPT2 in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 164:289-298. [PMID: 34023643 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypocotyl phototropism is redundantly mediated by phot1 and phot2, two blue light receptor phototropins, under the intensity of blue light>1 μmol m-2 s-1. As light intensity increases, phot1 inhibits the phot2-mediated response. To date, only Arabidopsis Root Phototropism2 (RPT2) has been shown to participate in phot1-mediated inhibition of phototropism. To dissect the signaling network that underlies phot1-mediated inhibition, we carried out a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening assay for RPT2 interacting proteins and identified J-domain protein required for chloroplast accumulation response 1 (JAC1). The interaction between JAC1 and RPT2 was verified by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and Co-IP assays. JAC1 is expressed mainly in cotyledons and hypocotyls. Like RPT2, JAC1 can be induced by blue light, suggesting that it may function similarly to RPT2 in the inhibition of phototropism. Genetic analysis showed that jac1 mutation significantly enhanced the hypocotyl bending of phot1 mutants towards intermediate-intensity blue light, and this effect was inhibited by the constitutive expression of JAC1 in the phot1 jac1 mutant. The phot1 rpt2 double mutant also exhibited enhanced phototropism compared with the phot1 mutant. Taken together, our data clearly demonstrate that JAC1 cooperates with RPT2 to negatively regulate hypocotyl phototropism in plants and may act either downstream of or in parallel with phot1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Yan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Yueyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Chanjuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China.
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27
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Dümmer M, Spasić SZ, Feil M, Michalski C, Forreiter C, Galland P. Tangent algorithm for photogravitropic balance in plants and Phycomyces blakesleeanus: Roles for EHB1 and NPH3 of Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 260:153396. [PMID: 33713940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant organs that are exposed to continuous unilateral light reach in the steady-state a photogravitropic bending angle that results from the mutual antagonism between the photo- and gravitropic responses. To characterize the interaction between the two tropisms and their quantitative relationship we irradiated seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana that were inclined at various angles and determined the fluence rates of unilateral blue light required to compensate the gravitropism of the inclined hypocotyls. We found the compensating fluence rates to increase with the tangent of the inclination angles (0° < γ < 90° or max. 120°) and decrease with the cotangent (90°< γ < 180° or max. 120°of the inclination angles. The tangent dependence became also evident from analysis of previous data obtained with Avena sativa and the phycomycete fungus, Phycomyces blakesleeanus. By using loss-of function mutant lines of Arabidopsis, we identified EHB1 (enhanced bending 1) as an essential element for the generation of the tangent and cotangent relationships. Because EHB1 possesses a C2-domain with two putative calcium binding sites, we propose that the ubiquitous calcium dependence of gravi- and phototropism is in part mediated by Ca2+-bound EHB1. Based on a yeast-two-hybrid analysis we found evidence that EHB1 does physically interact with the ARF-GAP protein AGD12. Both proteins were reported to affect gravi- and phototropism antagonistically. We further showed that only AGD12, but not EHB1, interacts with its corresponding ARF-protein. Evidence is provided that AGD12 is able to form homodimers as well as heterodimers with EHB1. On the basis of these data we present a model for a mechanism of early tropism events, in which Ca2+-activated EHB1 emerges as the central processor-like element that links the gravi- and phototropic transduction chains and that generates in coordination with NPH3 and AGD12 the tangent / cotangent algorithm governing photogravitropic equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Dümmer
- Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Sladjana Z Spasić
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, Belgrade, Serbia; Singidunum University, Danijelova 32, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Martin Feil
- Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Michalski
- Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Forreiter
- Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany; Institut für Biologie, Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein Str. 2, D-57068, Siegen, Germany.
| | - Paul Galland
- Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany.
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28
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Oliver J, Fan M, McKinley B, Zemelis‐Durfee S, Brandizzi F, Wilkerson C, Mullet JE. The AGCVIII kinase Dw2 modulates cell proliferation, endomembrane trafficking, and MLG/xylan cell wall localization in elongating stem internodes of Sorghum bicolor. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1053-1071. [PMID: 33211340 PMCID: PMC7983884 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Stems of bioenergy sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.), a drought-tolerant C4 grass, contain up to 50 nodes and internodes of varying length that span 4-5 m and account for approximately 84% of harvested biomass. Stem internode growth impacts plant height and biomass accumulation and is regulated by brassinosteroid signaling, auxin transport, and gibberellin biosynthesis. In addition, an AGCVIII kinase (Dw2) regulates sorghum stem internode growth, but the underlying mechanism and signaling network are unknown. Here we provide evidence that mutation of Dw2 reduces cell proliferation in internode intercalary meristems, inhibits endocytosis, and alters the distribution of heteroxylan and mixed linkage glucan in cell walls. Phosphoproteomic analysis showed that Dw2 signaling influences the phosphorylation of proteins involved in lipid signaling (PLDδ), endomembrane trafficking, hormone, light, and receptor signaling, and photosynthesis. Together, our results show that Dw2 modulates endomembrane function and cell division during sorghum internode growth, providing insight into the regulation of monocot stem development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Oliver
- Department of Biochemistry & BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas77843USA
| | - Mingzhu Fan
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - Brian McKinley
- Department of Biochemistry & BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas77843USA
| | - Starla Zemelis‐Durfee
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LabMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LabMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - Curtis Wilkerson
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - John E. Mullet
- Department of Biochemistry & BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas77843USA
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29
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Michael TP, Ernst E, Hartwick N, Chu P, Bryant D, Gilbert S, Ortleb S, Baggs EL, Sree KS, Appenroth KJ, Fuchs J, Jupe F, Sandoval JP, Krasileva KV, Borisjuk L, Mockler TC, Ecker JR, Martienssen RA, Lam E. Genome and time-of-day transcriptome of Wolffia australiana link morphological minimization with gene loss and less growth control. Genome Res 2021; 31:225-238. [PMID: 33361111 PMCID: PMC7849404 DOI: 10.1101/gr.266429.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rootless plants in the genus Wolffia are some of the fastest growing known plants on Earth. Wolffia have a reduced body plan, primarily multiplying through a budding type of asexual reproduction. Here, we generated draft reference genomes for Wolffia australiana (Benth.) Hartog & Plas, which has the smallest genome size in the genus at 357 Mb and has a reduced set of predicted protein-coding genes at about 15,000. Comparison between multiple high-quality draft genome sequences from W. australiana clones confirmed loss of several hundred genes that are highly conserved among flowering plants, including genes involved in root developmental and light signaling pathways. Wolffia has also lost most of the conserved nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes that are known to be involved in innate immunity, as well as those involved in terpene biosynthesis, while having a significant overrepresentation of genes in the sphingolipid pathways that may signify an alternative defense system. Diurnal expression analysis revealed that only 13% of Wolffia genes are expressed in a time-of-day (TOD) fashion, which is less than the typical ∼40% found in several model plants under the same condition. In contrast to the model plants Arabidopsis and rice, many of the pathways associated with multicellular and developmental processes are not under TOD control in W. australiana, where genes that cycle the conditions tested predominantly have carbon processing and chloroplast-related functions. The Wolffia genome and TOD expression data set thus provide insight into the interplay between a streamlined plant body plan and optimized growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd P Michael
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Evan Ernst
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Nolan Hartwick
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Philomena Chu
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Douglas Bryant
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Stefan Ortleb
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Erin L Baggs
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Sowjanya Sree
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye, Kerala 671316, India
| | | | - Joerg Fuchs
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Florian Jupe
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Justin P Sandoval
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Ksenia V Krasileva
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ljudmylla Borisjuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Todd C Mockler
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Joseph R Ecker
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Robert A Martienssen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Eric Lam
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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30
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Gingerich DJ, Hellmann H, Christians MJ, Stone SL. Editorial: Structure, Function, and Evolution of E3 Ligases and Targets. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:767281. [PMID: 34707634 PMCID: PMC8542714 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.767281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek J. Gingerich
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Derek J. Gingerich
| | - Hanjo Hellmann
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Matthew J. Christians
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, United States
| | - Sophia L. Stone
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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31
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Legris M, Boccaccini A. Stem phototropism toward blue and ultraviolet light. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 169:357-368. [PMID: 32208516 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Positive phototropism is the process through which plants orient their organs toward a directional light source. While the blue light receptors phototropins (phot) play a major role in phototropism toward blue (B) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, recent research showed that the UVB light receptor UVR8 also triggers phototropism toward UVB. In addition, new details of the molecular mechanisms underlying the activity of these receptors and interaction with other environmental signals have emerged in the past years. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about hypocotyledoneous and inflorescence stem growth reorientation toward B and UVB, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Legris
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Boccaccini
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Hayes S. Location, Location, Location: Phototropin 2 Action at the Chloroplast Membrane. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:27-28. [PMID: 32385181 PMCID: PMC7210622 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Hayes
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen Univeristy & Research, 6700 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Liscum E, Nittler P, Koskie K. The continuing arc toward phototropic enlightenment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1652-1658. [PMID: 31907539 PMCID: PMC7242014 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phototropism represents a simple physiological mechanism-differential growth across the growing organ of a plant-to respond to gradients of light and maximize photosynthetic light capture (in aerial tissues) and water/nutrient acquisition (in roots). The phototropin blue light receptors, phot1 and phot2, have been identified as the essential sensors for phototropism. Additionally, several downstream signal/response components have been identified, including the phot-interacting proteins NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3) and PHYTOCHROME SUBSTRATE 4 (PKS4). While the structural and photochemical properties of the phots are quite well understood, much less is known about how the phots signal through downstream regulators. Recent advances have, however, provided some intriguing clues. It appears that inactive receptor phot1 is found dispersed in a monomeric form at the plasma membrane in darkness. Upon light absorption dimerizes and clusters in sterol-rich microdomains where it is signal active. Additional studies showed that the phot-regulated phosphorylation status of both NPH3 and PKS4 is linked to phototropic responsiveness. While PKS4 can function as both a positive (in low light) and a negative (in high light) regulator of phototropism, NPH3 appears to function solely as a key positive regulator. Ultimately, it is the subcellular localization of NPH3 that appears crucial, an aspect regulated by its phosphorylation status. While phot1 activation promotes dephosphorylation of NPH3 and its movement from the plasma membrane to cytoplasmic foci, phot2 appears to modulate relocalization back to the plasma membrane. Together these findings are beginning to illuminate the complex biochemical and cellular events, involved in adaptively modifying phototropic responsiveness under a wide varying range of light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Liscum
- C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrick Nittler
- C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Katelynn Koskie
- C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Genetic Analysis of the Transition from Wild to Domesticated Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:731-754. [PMID: 31843806 PMCID: PMC7003101 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The evolution and domestication of cotton is of great interest from both economic and evolutionary standpoints. Although many genetic and genomic resources have been generated for cotton, the genetic underpinnings of the transition from wild to domesticated cotton remain poorly known. Here we generated an intraspecific QTL mapping population specifically targeting domesticated cotton phenotypes. We used 466 F2 individuals derived from an intraspecific cross between the wild Gossypium hirsutum var. yucatanense (TX2094) and the elite cultivar G. hirsutum cv. Acala Maxxa, in two environments, to identify 120 QTL associated with phenotypic changes under domestication. While the number of QTL recovered in each subpopulation was similar, only 22 QTL were considered coincident (i.e., shared) between the two locations, eight of which shared peak markers. Although approximately half of QTL were located in the A-subgenome, many key fiber QTL were detected in the D-subgenome, which was derived from a species with unspinnable fiber. We found that many QTL are environment-specific, with few shared between the two environments, indicating that QTL associated with G. hirsutum domestication are genomically clustered but environmentally labile. Possible candidate genes were recovered and are discussed in the context of the phenotype. We conclude that the evolutionary forces that shape intraspecific divergence and domestication in cotton are complex, and that phenotypic transformations likely involved multiple interacting and environmentally responsive factors.
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Poorter H, Niinemets Ü, Ntagkas N, Siebenkäs A, Mäenpää M, Matsubara S, Pons T. A meta-analysis of plant responses to light intensity for 70 traits ranging from molecules to whole plant performance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1073-1105. [PMID: 30802971 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
By means of meta-analyses we determined how 70 traits related to plant anatomy, morphology, chemistry, physiology, growth and reproduction are affected by daily light integral (DLI; mol photons m-2 d-1 ). A large database including 500 experiments with 760 plant species enabled us to determine generalized dose-response curves. Many traits increase with DLI in a saturating fashion. Some showed a more than 10-fold increase over the DLI range of 1-50 mol m-2 d-1 , such as the number of seeds produced per plant and the actual rate of photosynthesis. Strong decreases with DLI (up to three-fold) were observed for leaf area ratio and leaf payback time. Plasticity differences among species groups were generally small compared with the overall responses to DLI. However, for a number of traits, including photosynthetic capacity and realized growth, we found woody and shade-tolerant species to have lower plasticity. We further conclude that the direction and degree of trait changes adheres with responses to plant density and to vertical light gradients within plant canopies. This synthesis provides a strong quantitative basis for understanding plant acclimation to light, from molecular to whole plant responses, but also identifies the variables that currently form weak spots in our knowledge, such as respiration and reproductive characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn, 10130, Estonia
| | - Nikolaos Ntagkas
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Alrun Siebenkäs
- Department for Nature Conservation and Landscape Planning, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Strenzfelder Allee 28, 06406, Bernburg, Germany
| | - Maarit Mäenpää
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Shizue Matsubara
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - ThijsL Pons
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3512 PN, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Engineering the phototropin photocycle improves photoreceptor performance and plant biomass production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:12550-12557. [PMID: 31160455 PMCID: PMC6589663 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902915116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A key challenge for plant molecular biologists is to increase plant yield by altering photosynthetic productivity to secure food, energy, and environmental sustainability. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the plasma-membrane–associated phototropin kinases, phot1 and phot2, are activated by blue light and play important roles in regulating several responses that optimize photosynthetic efficiency. However, little effort has been made to target these pathways to increase plant growth. Here, we demonstrate that modifying the photocycle of phot1 and phot2 increases their sensitivity to light. Plants with these engineered phototropins exhibit more rapid and robust chloroplast movement responses and improved leaf positioning and expansion, leading to improved biomass accumulation under light-limiting conditions. The ability to enhance photosynthetic capacity remains a recognized bottleneck to improving plant productivity. Phototropin blue light receptors (phot1 and phot2) optimize photosynthetic efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana by coordinating multiple light-capturing processes. In this study, we explore the potential of using protein engineering to improve photoreceptor performance and thereby plant growth. We demonstrate that targeted mutagenesis can decrease or increase the photocycle lifetime of Arabidopsis phototropins in vitro and show that these variants can be used to reduce or extend the duration of photoreceptor activation in planta. Our findings show that slowing the phototropin photocycle enhanced several light-capturing responses, while accelerating it reduced phototropin’s sensitivity for chloroplast accumulation movement. Moreover, plants engineered to have a slow-photocycling variant of phot1 or phot2 displayed increased biomass production under low-light conditions as a consequence of their improved sensitivity. Together, these findings demonstrate the feasibility of engineering photoreceptors to manipulate plant growth and offer additional opportunities to enhance photosynthetic competence, particularly under suboptimal light regimes.
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Sullivan S, Kharshiing E, Laird J, Sakai T, Christie JM. Deetiolation Enhances Phototropism by Modulating NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL3 Phosphorylation Status. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1119-1131. [PMID: 30918082 PMCID: PMC6548275 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phototropin (phot) receptor kinases play important roles in promoting plant growth by controlling light-capturing processes, such as phototropism. Phototropism is mediated through the action of NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL3 (NPH3), which is dephosphorylated following phot activation. However, the functional significance of this early signaling event remains unclear. Here, we show that the onset of phototropism in dark-grown (etiolated) seedlings of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is enhanced by greening (deetiolation). Red and blue light were equally effective in promoting phototropism in Arabidopsis, consistent with our observations that deetiolation by phytochrome or cryptochrome was sufficient to enhance phototropism. Increased responsiveness did not result from an enhanced sensitivity to the phytohormone auxin, nor does it involve the phot-interacting protein, ROOT PHOTOTROPISM2. Instead, deetiolated seedlings showed attenuated levels of NPH3 dephosphorylation and diminished relocalization of NPH3 from the plasma membrane during phototropism. Likewise, etiolated seedlings that lack the PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs) PIF1, PIF3, PIF4, and PIF5 displayed reduced NPH3 dephosphorylation and enhanced phototropism, consistent with their constitutive photomorphogenic phenotype in darkness. Phototropic enhancement could also be achieved in etiolated seedlings by lowering the light intensity to diminish NPH3 dephosphorylation. Thus, phototropism is enhanced following deetiolation through the modulation of a phosphorylation rheostat, which in turn sustains the activity of NPH3. We propose that this dynamic mode of regulation enables young seedlings to maximize their establishment under changing light conditions, depending on their photoautotrophic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Sullivan
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Eros Kharshiing
- Department of Botany, St. Edmund's College, Shillong 793003, Meghalaya, India
| | - Janet Laird
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Tatsuya Sakai
- Institute of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Ikarashi, Nishiku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - John M Christie
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Schneider T, Bolger A, Zeier J, Preiskowski S, Benes V, Trenkamp S, Usadel B, Farré EM, Matsubara S. Fluctuating Light Interacts with Time of Day and Leaf Development Stage to Reprogram Gene Expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1632-1657. [PMID: 30718349 PMCID: PMC6446761 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Natural light environments are highly variable. Flexible adjustment between light energy utilization and photoprotection is therefore of vital importance for plant performance and fitness in the field. Short-term reactions to changing light intensity are triggered inside chloroplasts and leaves within seconds to minutes, whereas long-term adjustments proceed over hours and days, integrating multiple signals. While the mechanisms of long-term acclimation to light intensity have been studied by changing constant growth light intensity during the day, responses to fluctuating growth light intensity have rarely been inspected in detail. We performed transcriptome profiling in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves to investigate long-term gene expression responses to fluctuating light (FL). In particular, we examined whether responses differ between young and mature leaves or between morning and the end of the day. Our results highlight global reprogramming of gene expression under FL, including that of genes related to photoprotection, photosynthesis, and photorespiration and to pigment, prenylquinone, and vitamin metabolism. The FL-induced changes in gene expression varied between young and mature leaves at the same time point and between the same leaves in the morning and at the end of the day, indicating interactions of FL acclimation with leaf development stage and time of day. Only 46 genes were up- or down-regulated in both young and mature leaves at both time points. Combined analyses of gene coexpression and cis-elements pointed to a role of the circadian clock and light in coordinating the acclimatory responses of functionally related genes. Our results also suggest a possible cross talk between FL acclimation and systemic acquired resistance-like gene expression in young leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Schneider
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
- Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Anthony Bolger
- Institute for Biology I: Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sabine Preiskowski
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, EMBL Heidelberg, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Björn Usadel
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
- Institute for Biology I: Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva M Farré
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Shizue Matsubara
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
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Komatsu A, Nishihama R, Kohchi T. Observation of Phototropic Responses in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1924:53-61. [PMID: 30694467 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9015-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The liverwort species, Marchantia polymorpha, shows environment-dependent morphological plasticity throughout its life cycle. Thalli, representing the predominant body form throughout most of this bryophyte's life cycle, grow with repeated dichotomous branching at the apex and develop horizontally under sufficient light intensity. Spores, after germination, produce a mass of cells, called sporelings, which then grow into thalli. Both thalli and sporelings, if grown under weak light conditions, form narrow shapes, and their apices grow toward the light source. These phototropic responses are specific to blue light and dependent on the blue-light receptor phototropin. This chapter provides several basic procedures, along with some tips, for designing and performing experiments with M. polymorpha to observe their phototropic responses, as well as methods for observing the localization of the phototropin "Mpphot" with a fluorescent protein tag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino Komatsu
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Bailey-Serres J, Pierik R, Ruban A, Wingler A. The Dynamic Plant: Capture, Transformation, and Management of Energy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:961-966. [PMID: 29438068 PMCID: PMC5813544 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bailey-Serres
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521; Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Ruban
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Astrid Wingler
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
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