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Mekarni L, Cochard H, Lehmann MM, Turberg P, Grossiord C. In vivo X-ray microtomography locally affects stem radial growth with no immediate physiological impact. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 196:153-163. [PMID: 38757896 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Microcomputed tomography (µCT) is a nondestructive X-ray imaging method used in plant physiology to visualize in situ plant tissues that enables assessments of embolized xylem vessels. Whereas evidence for X-ray-induced cellular damage has been reported, the impact on plant physiological processes such as carbon (C) uptake, transport, and use is unknown. Yet, these damages could be particularly relevant for studies that track embolism and C fluxes over time. We examined the physiological consequences of µCT scanning for xylem embolism over 3 mo by monitoring net photosynthesis (Anet), diameter growth, chlorophyll (Chl) concentration, and foliar nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) content in 4 deciduous tree species: hedge maple (Acer campestre), ash (Fraxinus excelsior), European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), and sessile oak (Quercus petraea). C transport from the canopy to the roots was also assessed through 13C labeling. Our results show that monthly X-ray application did not impact foliar Anet, Chl, NSC content, and C transport. Although X-ray effects did not vary between species, the most pronounced impact was observed in sessile oak, marked by stopped growth and stem deformations around the irradiated area. The absence of adverse impacts on plant physiology for all the tested treatments indicates that laboratory-based µCT systems can be used with different beam energy levels and doses without threatening the integrity of plant physiology within the range of tested parameters. However, the impacts of repetitive µCT on the stem radial growth at the irradiated zone leading to deformations in sessile oak might have lasting implications for studies tracking plant embolism in the longer-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mekarni
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Community Ecology Unit, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Community Ecology Unit, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Turberg
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Community Ecology Unit, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Community Ecology Unit, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Chu C, Momayyezi M, Stobbs JA, Soolanayakanahally RY, McElrone AJ, Knipfer T. Drought-induced fiber water release and xylem embolism susceptibility of intact balsam poplar saplings. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14040. [PMID: 37882281 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) is a widespread tree species in North America with significant ecological and economic value. However, little is known about the susceptibility of saplings to drought-induced embolism and its link to water release from surrounding xylem fibers. Questions remain regarding localized mechanisms that contribute to the survival of saplings in vivo of this species under drought. Using X-ray micro-computed tomography on intact saplings of genotypes Gillam-5 and Carnduff-9, we found that functional vessels are embedded in a matrix of water-filled fibers under well-watered conditions in both genotypes. However, water-depleted fibers started to appear under moderate drought stress while vessels remained water-filled in both genotypes. Drought-induced xylem embolism susceptibility was comparable between genotypes, and a greater frequency of smaller diameter vessels in GIL-5 did not increase embolism resistance in this genotype. Despite having smaller vessels and a total vessel number that was comparable to CAR-9, stomatal conductance was generally higher in GIL-5 compared to CAR-9. In conclusion, our in vivo data on intact saplings indicate that differences in embolism susceptibility are negligible between GIL-5 and CAR-9, and that fiber water release should be considered as a mechanism that contributes to the maintenance of vessel functional status in saplings of balsam poplar experiencing their first drought event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne Chu
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mina Momayyezi
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew J McElrone
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- USDA-ARS, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California, USA
| | - Thorsten Knipfer
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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O’Keefe K, Smith DD, McCulloh KA. Linking stem rehydration kinetics to hydraulic traits using a novel method and mechanistic model. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:1121-1131. [PMID: 37232478 PMCID: PMC10457032 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the recognized importance of hydraulic capacitance as a mechanism used by plants to maintain hydraulic functioning during high transpiration, characterizing the dynamics of capacitance remains a challenge. METHODS We used a novel 'two-balance method' to investigate relationships between stem rehydration kinetics and other hydraulic traits in multiple tree species, and we developed a model to explore stem rehydration kinetics further. KEY RESULTS We found that: (1) rehydration time constants and the amount of water uptake occurring during rehydration differed significantly across species; (2) time constants did not change with declining water potential (Ψ), while water uptake increased at lower Ψ in some species; (3) longer time constants were associated with lower wood density, higher capacitance and less negative stem pressures causing 50 % loss of hydraulic conductivity (P50); (4) greater water uptake occurred in stems with lower wood density and less negative P50 values; and (5) the model could estimate the total hydraulic resistance of the rehydration path, which cannot be measured directly. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the two-balance method can be used to examine rehydration dynamics quickly and thoroughly in detached woody stems. This method has the potential to improve our understanding of how capacitance functions across tree species, which is an often-overlooked component of whole-plant hydraulics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly O’Keefe
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, St. Edward’s University, Austin, TX 78704, USA
| | - Duncan D Smith
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Schreel JDM, Brodersen C, De Schryver T, Dierick M, Rubinstein A, Dewettinck K, Boone MN, Van Hoorebeke L, Steppe K. Foliar water uptake does not contribute to embolism repair in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:555-566. [PMID: 35141741 PMCID: PMC9007097 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Foliar water uptake has recently been suggested as a possible mechanism for the restoration of hydraulically dysfunctional xylem vessels. In this paper we used a combination of ecophysiological measurements, X-ray microcomputed tomography and cryo-scanning electron microscopy during a drought treatment to fully evaluate this hypothesis. KEY RESULTS Based on an assessment of these methods in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings we were able to (1) confirm an increase in the amount of hydraulically redistributed water absorbed by leaves when the soil water potential decreased, and (2) locate this redistributed water in hydraulically active vessels in the stem. However, (3) no embolism repair was observed irrespective of the organ under investigation (i.e. stem, petiole or leaf) or the intensity of drought. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence for a hydraulic pathway from the leaf surface to the stem xylem following a water potential gradient, but this pathway exists only in functional vessels and does not play a role in embolism repair for beech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen D M Schreel
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Craig Brodersen
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas De Schryver
- UGent Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT) – Radiation Physics Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Manuel Dierick
- UGent Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT) – Radiation Physics Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Koen Dewettinck
- Food Structure & Function Research Group, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Matthieu N Boone
- UGent Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT) – Radiation Physics Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Hoorebeke
- UGent Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT) – Radiation Physics Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Li X, Xi B, Wu X, Choat B, Feng J, Jiang M, Tissue D. Unlocking Drought-Induced Tree Mortality: Physiological Mechanisms to Modeling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:835921. [PMID: 35444681 PMCID: PMC9015645 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.835921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Drought-related tree mortality has become a major concern worldwide due to its pronounced negative impacts on the functioning and sustainability of forest ecosystems. However, our ability to identify the species that are most vulnerable to drought, and to pinpoint the spatial and temporal patterns of mortality events, is still limited. Model is useful tools to capture the dynamics of vegetation at spatiotemporal scales, yet contemporary land surface models (LSMs) are often incapable of predicting the response of vegetation to environmental perturbations with sufficient accuracy, especially under stressful conditions such as drought. Significant progress has been made regarding the physiological mechanisms underpinning plant drought response in the past decade, and plant hydraulic dysfunction has emerged as a key determinant for tree death due to water shortage. The identification of pivotal physiological events and relevant plant traits may facilitate forecasting tree mortality through a mechanistic approach, with improved precision. In this review, we (1) summarize current understanding of physiological mechanisms leading to tree death, (2) describe the functionality of key hydraulic traits that are involved in the process of hydraulic dysfunction, and (3) outline their roles in improving the representation of hydraulic function in LSMs. We urge potential future research on detailed hydraulic processes under drought, pinpointing corresponding functional traits, as well as understanding traits variation across and within species, for a better representation of drought-induced tree mortality in models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximeng Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Benye Xi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Jinchao Feng
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Mingkai Jiang
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - David Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
- Global Centre for Land-based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
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Yu M, Aoki D, Akita T, Fujiyasu S, Takada S, Matsushita Y, Yoshida M, Fukushima K. Distribution of lignans and lignan mono/diglucosides within Ginkgo biloba L. stem. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 196:113102. [PMID: 35063795 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms of lignans in plants, the actual distributions of lignans and lignan glucosides in flash-frozen stems of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) were studied using cryo time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry coupled with scanning electron microscopy (cryo-TOF-SIMS/SEM). Four lignans and four lignan glucosides were successfully characterized. Quantitative HPLC measurements were conducted on serial tangential sections of freeze-fixed ginkgo stem to determine the amount and approximate distribution of lignan and lignan glucosides. (-)-Olivil 4,4'-di-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (olivil DG) was the most abundant lignan glucoside in ginkgo and was distributed mainly in the phloem, ray parenchyma cells, and pith. The comparative accumulation of olivil DG revealed its possible transport pathways and storage sites in ginkgo. Although not all relevant enzymes have been identified, understanding the distributions of lignan and lignan glucosides in ginkgo stems provides significant insight into their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yu
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Dan Aoki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Takuya Akita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Syunya Fujiyasu
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Takada
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Matsushita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan; Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masato Yoshida
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Fukushima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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Hourly Relationship between Reference Evapotranspiration and Shoot Shrinkage in Walnut Trees and Pomegranate under Deficit Irrigation. PLANTS 2021; 11:plants11010031. [PMID: 35009035 PMCID: PMC8747659 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diameter fluctuations of branches, shoots, or fruits are related to plant transpiration and water potential. In the past, several models have related dendrometric variables and evapotranspiration on a daily scale. However, trunk–branch shrinkage occurs only between dawn and midday, while evapotranspiration occurs most of the day from sunrise to sunset. Previous models have failed to incorporate this key fact. The objective of the present study was to assess the relationship of hourly daily shrinkage (HDS) between dawn and the next 4 h to the hourly reference evapotranspiration (EToh) of the same period in walnut trees and pomegranate plants under different irrigation regimes. Our data show that the relationship between EToh and HDS is much better than several previous models that included maximum daily shrinkage (MDS) and reference evapotranspiration (ETo). The novel slope analysis of the relationship between HDS versus time used here corresponds to the velocity at which the HDS occurs, which depends on the ETo intensity at that moment. This new method of analyzing this type of data calls for a revision of these models and sets a new baseline for future analysis.
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Ziemińska K, Rosa E, Gleason SM, Holbrook NM. Wood day capacitance is related to water content, wood density, and anatomy across 30 temperate tree species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:3048-3067. [PMID: 32935340 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water released from wood during transpiration (capacitance) can meaningfully affect daily water use and drought response. To provide context for better understanding of capacitance mechanisms, we investigated links between capacitance and wood anatomy. On twigs of 30 temperate angiosperm tree species, we measured day capacitance (between predawn and midday), water content, wood density, and anatomical traits, that is, vessel dimensions, tissue fractions, and vessel-tissue contact fractions (fraction of vessel circumference in contact with other tissues). Across all species, wood density (WD) and predawn lumen volumetric water content (VWCL-pd ) together were the strongest predictors of day capacitance (r2adj = .44). Vessel-tissue contact fractions explained an additional ~10% of the variation in day capacitance. Regression models were not improved by including tissue lumen fractions. Among diffuse-porous species, VWCL-pd and vessel-ray contact fraction together were the best predictors of day capacitance, whereas among semi/ring-porous species, VWCL-pd , WD and vessel-fibre contact fraction were the best predictors. At predawn, wood was less than fully saturated for all species (lumen relative water content = 0.52 ± 0.17). Our findings imply that day capacitance depends on the amount of stored water, tissue connectivity and the bulk wood properties arising from WD (e.g., elasticity), rather than the fraction of any particular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Ziemińska
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emily Rosa
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA
| | - Sean M Gleason
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Water Management and Systems Research Unit, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - N Michele Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Yazaki K, Levia DF, Takenouchi A, Watanabe M, Kabeya D, Miki NH, Taneda H, Ogasa MY, Oguro M, Saiki S, Tobita H, Fukuda K. Imperforate tracheary elements and vessels alleviate xylem tension under severe dehydration: insights from water release curves for excised twigs of three tree species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1122-1135. [PMID: 32779767 PMCID: PMC7496847 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Water stored in the xylem of woody plants is important for supporting the transpiration stream under prolonged drought, yet the source of stored water within the xylem during drought remains unclear. Insights into xylem water utilization during drought will uncover the adaptation strategies of the test species to stress. METHODS To fill the existing knowledge gap, we excised twigs of Abies firma (Japanese fir, conifer), Cercidiphyllum japonicum (katsura tree, diffuse-porous) and Quercus serrata (konara oak, ring-porous) to quantify interspecific variation of water transfer in xylem corresponding with increasing cumulative water release (CWR) using micro x-ray computed tomography and cryo-SEM. RESULTS For all species studied, the main components of water storage within the operating range of water potential were not living cells but cavitation release and capillaries. Abies firma maintained water in the earlywood-like cells, for possible maintenance of the transpiration stream. Cercidiphyllum japonicum maintained water in its vessels over 200 kg m-3 of CWR, while Q. serrata lost most of its water in vessels with increasing CWR up to 100 kg m-3 . Cercidiphyllum japonicum exhibited a higher water storage capacity than Q. serrata. Under high CWR, narrow conduits stored xylem water in C. japonicum and imperforate tracheary elements in Q. serrata. CONCLUSIONS Among the species examined, increasing CWR appears to indicate differential utilization of stored water in relation to variation of xylem structure, thereby providing insight into the interspecific responses of tree species to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Yazaki
- Department of Plant EcologyForestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)TsukubaIbaraki305‐8687Japan
| | - Delphis F. Levia
- Departments of Geography & Spatial Sciences and Plant & Soil SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkDE19716USA
| | - Akiko Takenouchi
- Research Center for Structural MaterialsNational Institute of Materials Science (NIMS)TsukubaIbaraki305‐0047Japan
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Research Center for Structural MaterialsNational Institute of Materials Science (NIMS)TsukubaIbaraki305‐0047Japan
| | - Daisuke Kabeya
- Department of Plant EcologyForestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)TsukubaIbaraki305‐8687Japan
| | - Naoko H. Miki
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life ScienceOkayama UniversityOkayama700‐8530Japan
| | - Haruhiko Taneda
- Graduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyo113‐0033Japan
| | - Mayumi Y. Ogasa
- Kansai Research CenterForestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)KyotoKyoto612‐0855Japan
| | - Michio Oguro
- Department of Forest VegetationForestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)TsukubaIbaraki305‐8687Japan
| | - Shin‐Taro Saiki
- Department of Plant EcologyForestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)TsukubaIbaraki305‐8687Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tobita
- Department of Plant EcologyForestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)TsukubaIbaraki305‐8687Japan
| | - Kenji Fukuda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyo113‐8657Japan
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Salomón RL, Steppe K, Ourcival JM, Villers S, Rodríguez-Calcerrada J, Schapman R, Limousin JM. Hydraulic acclimation in a Mediterranean oak subjected to permanent throughfall exclusion results in increased stem hydraulic capacitance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1528-1544. [PMID: 32154937 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stem water storage capacity and hydraulic capacitance (CS ) play a crucial role in tree survival under drought-stress. To investigate whether CS adjusts to increasing water deficit, variation in stem water content (StWC) was monitored in vivo for 2 years and related to periodical measurements of tree water potential in Mediterranean Quercus ilex trees subjected either to permanent throughfall exclusion (TE) or to control conditions. Seasonal reductions in StWC were larger in TE trees relative to control ones, resulting in greater seasonal CS (154 and 80 kg m-3 MPa-1 , respectively), but only during the first phase of the desorption curve, when predawn water potential was above -1.1 MPa. Below this point, CS decreased substantially and did not differ between treatments (<20 kg m-3 MPa-1 ). The allometric relationship between tree diameter and sapwood area, measured via electrical resistivity tomography, was not affected by TE. Our results suggest that (a) CS response to water deficit in the drought-tolerant Q. ilex might be more important to optimize carbon gain during well-hydrated periods than to prevent drought-induced embolism formation during severe drought stress, and (b) enhanced CS during early summer does not result from proportional increases in sapwood volume, but mostly from increased elastic water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto L Salomón
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean M Ourcival
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Selwyn Villers
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Roderick Schapman
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean M Limousin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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11
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Lamarque LJ, Delzon S, Toups H, Gravel AI, Corso D, Badel E, Burlett R, Charrier G, Cochard H, Jansen S, King A, Torres-Ruiz JM, Pouzoulet J, Cramer GR, Thompson AJ, Gambetta GA. Over-accumulation of abscisic acid in transgenic tomato plants increases the risk of hydraulic failure. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:548-562. [PMID: 31850535 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Climate change threatens food security, and plant science researchers have investigated methods of sustaining crop yield under drought. One approach has been to overproduce abscisic acid (ABA) to enhance water use efficiency. However, the concomitant effects of ABA overproduction on plant vascular system functioning are critical as it influences vulnerability to xylem hydraulic failure. We investigated these effects by comparing physiological and hydraulic responses to water deficit between a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) wild type control (WT) and a transgenic line overproducing ABA (sp12). Under well-watered conditions, the sp12 line displayed similar growth rate and greater water use efficiency by operating at lower maximum stomatal conductance. X-ray microtomography revealed that sp12 was significantly more vulnerable to xylem embolism, resulting in a reduced hydraulic safety margin. We also observed a significant ontogenic effect on vulnerability to xylem embolism for both WT and sp12. This study demonstrates that the greater water use efficiency in the tomato ABA overproducing line is associated with higher vulnerability of the vascular system to embolism and a higher risk of hydraulic failure. Integrating hydraulic traits into breeding programmes represents a critical step for effectively managing a crop's ability to maintain hydraulic conductivity and productivity under water deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent J Lamarque
- BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Pessac, France
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Haley Toups
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | | | | | - Eric Badel
- INRA, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrew King
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | - Jérôme Pouzoulet
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Grant R Cramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Cranfield Soil an Agrifood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Gregory A Gambetta
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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12
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Xiong D, Nadal M. Linking water relations and hydraulics with photosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:800-815. [PMID: 31677190 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
For land plants, water is the principal governor of growth. Photosynthetic performance is highly dependent on the stable and suitable water status of leaves, which is balanced by the water transport capacity, the water loss rate as well as the water capacitance of the plant. This review discusses the links between leaf water status and photosynthesis, specifically focussing on the coordination of CO2 and water transport within leaves, and the potential role of leaf capacitance and elasticity on CO2 and water transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Miquel Nadal
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB) - Institute of Agro-Environmental Research and Water Economy (INAGEA), Carretera de Valldemossa, 07122, Palma, Spain
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13
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Bouda M, Windt CW, McElrone AJ, Brodersen CR. In vivo pressure gradient heterogeneity increases flow contribution of small diameter vessels in grapevine. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5645. [PMID: 31822680 DOI: 10.17605/osf.io/ey2tj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Leaves lose approximately 400 H2O molecules for every 1 CO2 gained during photosynthesis. Most long-distance water transport in plants, or xylem sap flow, serves to replace this water to prevent desiccation. Theory predicts that the largest vessels contribute disproportionately to overall sap flow because flow in pipe-like systems scales with the fourth power of radius. Here, we confront these theoretical flow predictions for a vessel network reconstructed from X-ray μCT imagery with in vivo flow MRI observations from the same sample of a first-year grapevine stem. Theoretical flow rate predictions based on vessel diameters are not supported. The heterogeneity of the vessel network gives rise to transverse pressure gradients that redirect flow from wide to narrow vessels, reducing the contribution of wide vessels to sap flow by 15% of the total. Our results call for an update of the current working model of the xylem to account for its heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bouda
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic.
| | - Carel W Windt
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo Brandt Straße 1, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andrew J McElrone
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, 595 Hilgard Ln, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- USDA-ARS, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Craig R Brodersen
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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14
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Bouda M, Windt CW, McElrone AJ, Brodersen CR. In vivo pressure gradient heterogeneity increases flow contribution of small diameter vessels in grapevine. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5645. [PMID: 31822680 PMCID: PMC6904565 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaves lose approximately 400 H2O molecules for every 1 CO2 gained during photosynthesis. Most long-distance water transport in plants, or xylem sap flow, serves to replace this water to prevent desiccation. Theory predicts that the largest vessels contribute disproportionately to overall sap flow because flow in pipe-like systems scales with the fourth power of radius. Here, we confront these theoretical flow predictions for a vessel network reconstructed from X-ray μCT imagery with in vivo flow MRI observations from the same sample of a first-year grapevine stem. Theoretical flow rate predictions based on vessel diameters are not supported. The heterogeneity of the vessel network gives rise to transverse pressure gradients that redirect flow from wide to narrow vessels, reducing the contribution of wide vessels to sap flow by 15% of the total. Our results call for an update of the current working model of the xylem to account for its heterogeneity. Plants require long-distance water transport to avoid desiccation. Here, via μCT and MRI of grapevine stem, Bouda et al. show evidence of pressure gradient heterogeneity and flow redirection from wide to narrow vessels that suggests narrow vessels contribute more to xylem sap flow than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bouda
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA. .,Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic.
| | - Carel W Windt
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo Brandt Straße 1, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andrew J McElrone
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, 595 Hilgard Ln, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,USDA-ARS, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Craig R Brodersen
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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15
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Trueba S, Pan R, Scoffoni C, John GP, Davis SD, Sack L. Thresholds for leaf damage due to dehydration: declines of hydraulic function, stomatal conductance and cellular integrity precede those for photochemistry. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:134-149. [PMID: 30843202 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Given increasing water deficits across numerous ecosystems world-wide, it is urgent to understand the sequence of failure of leaf function during dehydration. We assessed dehydration-induced losses of rehydration capacity and maximum quantum yield of the photosystem II (Fv /Fm ) in the leaves of 10 diverse angiosperm species, and tested when these occurred relative to turgor loss, declines of stomatal conductance gs , and hydraulic conductance Kleaf , including xylem and outside xylem pathways for the same study plants. We resolved the sequences of relative water content and leaf water potential Ψleaf thresholds of functional impairment. On average, losses of leaf rehydration capacity occurred at dehydration beyond 50% declines of gs , Kleaf and turgor loss point. Losses of Fv /Fm occurred after much stronger dehydration and were not recovered with leaf rehydration. Across species, tissue dehydration thresholds were intercorrelated, suggesting trait co-selection. Thresholds for each type of functional decline were much less variable across species in terms of relative water content than Ψleaf . The stomatal and leaf hydraulic systems show early functional declines before cell integrity is lost. Substantial damage to the photochemical apparatus occurs at extreme dehydration, after complete stomatal closure, and seems to be irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Trueba
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ruihua Pan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, 235 University West Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, China
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Grace P John
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2415 Speedway, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Stephen D Davis
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263-4321, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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16
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Trifilò P, Kiorapostolou N, Petruzzellis F, Vitti S, Petit G, Lo Gullo MA, Nardini A, Casolo V. Hydraulic recovery from xylem embolism in excised branches of twelve woody species: Relationships with parenchyma cells and non-structural carbohydrates. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 139:513-520. [PMID: 31015090 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Embolism repair ability has been documented in numerous species. Although the actual mechanism driving this phenomenon is still debated, experimental findings suggest that non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) stored in wood parenchyma would provide the osmotic forces to drive the refilling of embolized conduits. We selected 12 broadleaved species differing in vulnerability to xylem embolism (P50) and amount of wood parenchyma in order to check direct evidence about the possible link(s) between parenchyma cells abundance, NSC availability and species-specific capacity to reverse xylem embolism. Branches were dehydrated until ∼50% loss of hydraulic conductivity was recorded (PLC ∼50%). Hydraulic recovery (ΔPLC) and NSC content was, then, assessed after 1h of rehydration. Species showed a different ability to recover their hydraulic conductivity from PLC∼50%. Removing the bark in the species showing hydraulic recovery inhibited the embolism reversal. Strong correlations between the ΔPLC and: a) the amount of parenchyma cells (mainly driven by the pith area), b) the consumption of soluble NSC have been recorded. Our results support the hypothesis that refilling of embolized vessels is mediated by the mobilization of soluble NSC and it is mainly recorded in species with a higher percentage of parenchyma cells that may be important in the hydraulic recovery mechanism as a source of carbohydrates and/or as a source of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Trifilò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Natasa Kiorapostolou
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Francesco Petruzzellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Vitti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via delle Scienze 91, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Maria A Lo Gullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Valentino Casolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via delle Scienze 91, 33100, Udine, Italy
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17
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Brodersen CR, Roddy AB, Wason JW, McElrone AJ. Functional Status of Xylem Through Time. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 70:407-433. [PMID: 30822114 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water transport in vascular plants represents a critical component of terrestrial water cycles and supplies the water needed for the exchange of CO2 in the atmosphere for photosynthesis. Yet, many fundamental principles of water transport are difficult to assess given the scale and location of plant xylem. Here we review the mechanistic principles that underpin long-distance water transport in vascular plants, with a focus on woody species. We also discuss the recent development of noninvasive tools to study the functional status of xylem networks in planta. Limitations of current methods to detect drought-induced xylem blockages (e.g., embolisms) and quantify corresponding declines in sap flow, and the coordination of hydraulic dysfunction with other physiological processes are assessed. Future avenues of research focused on cross-validation of plant hydraulics methods are discussed, as well as a proposed fundamental shift in the theory and methodology used to characterize and measure plant water use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Brodersen
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA;
| | - Adam B Roddy
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA;
| | - Jay W Wason
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
| | - Andrew J McElrone
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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18
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Knipfer T, Reyes C, Earles JM, Berry ZC, Johnson DM, Brodersen CR, McElrone AJ. Spatiotemporal Coupling of Vessel Cavitation and Discharge of Stored Xylem Water in a Tree Sapling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1658-1668. [PMID: 30718351 PMCID: PMC6446773 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Water discharge from stem internal storage compartments is thought to minimize the risk of vessel cavitation. Based on this concept, one would expect that water storage compartments involved in the buffering of xylem tensions empty before the onset of vessel cavitation under drought stress, and potentially refill after soil saturation. However, scant in vivo data exist that elucidate this localized spatiotemporal coupling. In this study on intact saplings of American chestnut (Castanea dentata), x-ray computed microtomography (microCT) showed that the xylem matrix surrounding vessels releases stored water and becomes air-filled either concurrent to or after vessel cavitation under progressive drought stress. Among annual growth rings, the xylem matrix of the current year remained largely water-filled even under severe drought stress. In comparison, microtomography images collected on excised stems showed that applied pressures of much greater than 0 MPa were required to induce water release from the xylem matrix. Viability staining highlighted that water release from the xylem matrix was associated primarily with emptying of dead fibers. Refilling of the xylem matrix and vessels was detected in intact saplings when the canopy was bagged and stem water potential was close to 0 MPa, and in leafless saplings over the winter period. In conclusion, this study indicates that the bulk of water stored in the xylem matrix is released after the onset of vessel cavitation, and suggests that capillary water contributes to overall stem water storage under drought but is not used primarily for the prevention of drought-induced vessel cavitation in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Knipfer
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Clarissa Reyes
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - J Mason Earles
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Z Carter Berry
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Craig R Brodersen
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Andrew J McElrone
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California 95618
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19
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Losso A, Bär A, Dämon B, Dullin C, Ganthaler A, Petruzzellis F, Savi T, Tromba G, Nardini A, Mayr S, Beikircher B. Insights from in vivo micro-CT analysis: testing the hydraulic vulnerability segmentation in Acer pseudoplatanus and Fagus sylvatica seedlings. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1831-1842. [PMID: 30347122 PMCID: PMC6492020 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The seedling stage is the most susceptible one during a tree's life. Water relations may be crucial for seedlings due to their small roots, limited water buffers and the effects of drought on water transport. Despite obvious relevance, studies on seedling xylem hydraulics are scarce as respective methodical approaches are limited. Micro-CT scans of intact Acer pseudoplatanus and Fagus sylvatica seedlings dehydrated to different water potentials (Ψ) allowed the simultaneous observation of gas-filled versus water-filled conduits and the calculation of percentage loss of conductivity (PLC) in stems, roots and leaves (petioles or main veins). Additionally, anatomical analyses were performed and stem PLC measured with hydraulic techniques. In A. pseudoplatanus, petioles showed a higher Ψ at 50% PLC (Ψ50 -1.13MPa) than stems (-2.51 MPa) and roots (-1.78 MPa). The main leaf veins of F. sylvatica had similar Ψ50 values (-2.26 MPa) to stems (-2.74 MPa) and roots (-2.75 MPa). In both species, no difference between root and stems was observed. Hydraulic measurements on stems closely matched the micro-CT based PLC calculations. Micro-CT analyses indicated a species-specific hydraulic architecture. Vulnerability segmentation, enabling a disconnection of the hydraulic pathway upon drought, was observed in A. pseudoplatanus but not in the especially shade-tolerant F. sylvatica. Hydraulic patterns could partly be related to xylem anatomical traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Losso
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwarterstrasse 15InnsbruckA‐6020Austria
| | - Andreas Bär
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwarterstrasse 15InnsbruckA‐6020Austria
| | - Birgit Dämon
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwarterstrasse 15InnsbruckA‐6020Austria
| | - Christian Dullin
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyUniversity Medical Center GoettingenRobert‐Koch‐Straße 40Göttingen37075Germany
- Max‐Plank‐Institute for Experimental MedicineHermann‐Rein‐Straße 3Göttingen37075Germany
- Elettra‐Sincrotrone TriesteArea Science ParkTriesteBasovizza34149Italy
| | - Andrea Ganthaler
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwarterstrasse 15InnsbruckA‐6020Austria
| | - Francesco Petruzzellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze della VitaUniversità di TriesteVia L. Giorgieri 10Trieste34127Italy
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Department of Crop SciencesDivision of Viticulture and PomologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaKonrad Lorenzstrasse 24TullnA‐3430Austria
| | - Giuliana Tromba
- Elettra‐Sincrotrone TriesteArea Science ParkTriesteBasovizza34149Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della VitaUniversità di TriesteVia L. Giorgieri 10Trieste34127Italy
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwarterstrasse 15InnsbruckA‐6020Austria
| | - Barbara Beikircher
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwarterstrasse 15InnsbruckA‐6020Austria
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20
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Creek D, Blackman CJ, Brodribb TJ, Choat B, Tissue DT. Coordination between leaf, stem, and root hydraulics and gas exchange in three arid-zone angiosperms during severe drought and recovery. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2869-2881. [PMID: 30106477 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability to resist hydraulic dysfunction in leaves, stems, and roots strongly influences whether plants survive and recover from drought. However, the coordination of hydraulic function among different organs within species and their links to gas exchange during drought and recovery remains understudied. Here, we examine the interaction between gas exchange and hydraulic function in the leaves, stems, and roots of three semiarid evergreen species exposed to a cycle of severe water stress (associated with substantial cavitation) and recovery. In all species, stomatal closure occurred at water potentials well before 50% loss of stem hydraulic conductance, while in two species, leaves and/or roots were more vulnerable than stems. Following soil rewetting, leaf-level photosynthesis (Anet ) returned to prestress levels within 2-4 weeks, whereas stomatal conductance and canopy transpiration were slower to recover. The recovery of Anet was decoupled from the recovery of leaf, stem, and root hydraulics, which remained impaired throughout the recovery period. Our results suggest that in addition to high embolism resistance, early stomatal closure and hydraulic vulnerability segmentation confers drought tolerance in these arid zone species. The lack of substantial embolism refilling within all major organs suggests that vulnerability of the vascular system to drought-induced dysfunction is a defining trait for predicting postdrought recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Creek
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris J Blackman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Biological Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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21
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YANG M, HUANG Z, CHANG J, YOU H. A Novel Solution-auto-introduction Electrophoresis Microchip Based on Capillary Force. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:1285-1290. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingpeng YANG
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Zhe HUANG
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Jianguo CHANG
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Hui YOU
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- University of Science and Technology of China
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22
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23
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Petruzzellis F, Pagliarani C, Savi T, Losso A, Cavalletto S, Tromba G, Dullin C, Bär A, Ganthaler A, Miotto A, Mayr S, Zwieniecki MA, Nardini A, Secchi F. The pitfalls of in vivo imaging techniques: evidence for cellular damage caused by synchrotron X-ray computed micro-tomography. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:104-110. [PMID: 30040128 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron X-ray computed micro-tomography (microCT) has emerged as a promising noninvasive technique for in vivo monitoring of xylem function, including embolism build-up under drought and hydraulic recovery following re-irrigation. Yet, the possible harmful effects of ionizing radiation on plant tissues have never been quantified. We specifically investigated the eventual damage suffered by stem living cells of three different species exposed to repeated microCT scans. Stem samples exposed to one, two or three scans were used to measure cell membrane and RNA integrity, and compared to controls never exposed to X-rays. Samples exposed to microCT scans suffered serious alterations to cell membranes, as revealed by marked increase in relative electrolyte leakage, and also underwent severe damage to RNA integrity. The negative effects of X-rays were apparent in all species tested, but the magnitude of damage and the minimum number of scans inducing negative effects were species-specific. Our data show that multiple microCT scans lead to disruption of fundamental cellular functions and processes. Hence, microCT investigation of phenomena that depend on physiological activity of living cells may produce erroneous results and lead to incorrect conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Petruzzellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Pagliarani
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Division of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, A-3430, Tulln, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adriano Losso
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Silvia Cavalletto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Giuliana Tromba
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Christian Dullin
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Max-Plank-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bär
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Ganthaler
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Miotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maciej A Zwieniecki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Secchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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24
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Hölttä T, Dominguez Carrasco MDR, Salmon Y, Aalto J, Vanhatalo A, Bäck J, Lintunen A. Water relations in silver birch during springtime: How is sap pressurised? PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:834-847. [PMID: 29732663 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Positive sap pressures are produced in the xylem of birch trees in boreal conditions during the time between the thawing of the soil and bud break. During this period, xylem embolisms accumulated during wintertime are refilled with water. The mechanism for xylem sap pressurization and its environmental drivers are not well known. We measured xylem sap flow, xylem sap pressure, xylem sap osmotic concentration, xylem and whole stem diameter changes, and stem and root non-structural carbohydrate concentrations, along with meteorological conditions at two sites in Finland during and after the sap pressurisation period. The diurnal dynamics of xylem sap pressure and sap flow during the sap pressurisation period varied, but were more often opposite to the diurnal pattern after bud burst, i.e. sap pressure increased and sap flow rate mostly decreased when temperature increased. Net conversion of soluble sugars to starch in the stem and roots occurred during the sap pressurisation period. Xylem sap osmotic pressure was small in comparison to total sap pressure, and it did not follow changes in environmental conditions or tree water relations. Based on these findings, we suggest that xylem sap pressurisation and embolism refilling occur gradually over a few weeks through water transfer from parenchyma cells to xylem vessels during daytime, and then the parenchyma are refilled mostly during nighttime by water uptake from soil. Possible drivers for water transfer from parenchyma cells to vessels are discussed. Also the functioning of thermal dissipation probes in conditions of changing stem water content is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hölttä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M D R Dominguez Carrasco
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Y Salmon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Aalto
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Hyytiälä Forestry Station, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Vanhatalo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Bäck
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Lintunen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Knipfer T, Barrios-Masias FH, Cuneo IF, Bouda M, Albuquerque CP, Brodersen CR, Kluepfel DA, McElrone AJ. Variations in xylem embolism susceptibility under drought between intact saplings of three walnut species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1180-1192. [PMID: 29850910 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A germplasm collection containing varied Juglans genotypes holds potential to improve drought resistance of plant materials for commercial production. We used X-ray computed microtomography to evaluate stem xylem embolism susceptibility/repair in relation to vessel anatomical features (size, arrangement, connectivity and pit characteristics) in 2-year-old saplings of three Juglans species. In vivo analysis revealed interspecific variations in embolism susceptibility among Juglans microcarpa, J. hindsii (both native to arid habitats) and J. ailantifolia (native to mesic habitats). Stem xylem of J. microcarpa was more resistant to drought-induced embolism as compared with J. hindsii and J. ailantifolia (differences in embolism susceptibility among older and current year xylem were not detected in any species). Variations in most vessel anatomical traits were negligible among the three species; however, we detected substantial interspecific differences in intervessel pit characteristics. As compared with J. hindsii and J. ailantifolia, low embolism susceptibility in J. microcarpa was associated with smaller pit size in larger diameter vessels, a smaller area of the shared vessel wall occupied by pits, lower pit frequency and no changes in pit characteristics as vessel diameters increased. Changes in amount of embolized vessels following 40 days of re-watering were minor in intact saplings of all three species highlighting that an embolism repair mechanism did not contribute to drought recovery. In conclusion, our data indicate that interspecific variations in drought-induced embolism susceptibility are associated with species-specific pit characteristics, and these traits may provide a future target for breeding efforts aimed at selecting walnut germplasm with improved drought resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Knipfer
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Italo F Cuneo
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Martin Bouda
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Craig R Brodersen
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel A Kluepfel
- USDA-ARS, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J McElrone
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- USDA-ARS, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, CA, USA
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