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Pereira Duarte R, Cancela Ramos HC, Rodrigues Xavier L, Azevedo Vimercati Pirovani A, Souza Rodrigues A, Turquetti-Moraes DK, Rodrigues da Silva Junior I, Motta Venâncio T, Silveira V, Gonzaga Pereira M. Comparative proteomic analysis of papaya bud flowers reveals metabolic signatures and pathways driving hermaphrodite development. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8867. [PMID: 38632280 PMCID: PMC11024100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Papaya (Carica papaya) is a trioecious species with female, male, and hermaphrodite plants. Given the sex segregation, selecting hermaphroditic plants is vital for orchard establishment due to their greater commercial value. However, selecting hermaphrodite plants through sexing is laborious and costly. Moreover, environmental stressors can exacerbate the issue by potentially inducing abnormal flower development, thus affecting fruit quality. Despite these challenges, the molecular mechanisms governing sex development in papaya remain poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed to identify proteins associated with sex development in female and hermaphrodite flowers of papaya through comparative proteomic analysis. Proteins from flower buds at the early and late developmental stages of three papaya genotypes (UENF-CALIMAN 01, JS12, and Sunrise Solo 72/12) were studied via proteomic analysis via the combination of the shotgun method and nanoESI-HDMSE technology. In buds at an early stage of development, 496 (35.9%) proteins exhibited significantly different abundances between sexes for the SS72/12 genotype, 139 (10%) for the JS12 genotype, and 165 (11.9%) for the UC-01 genotype. At the final stage of development, there were 181 (13.5%) for SS72/12, 113 (8.4%) for JS12, and 125 (9.1%) for UC-01. The large group of differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) between the sexes was related to metabolism, as shown by the observation of only the proteins that exhibited the same pattern of accumulation in the three genotypes. Specifically, carbohydrate metabolism proteins were up-regulated in hermaphrodite flower buds early in development, while those linked to monosaccharide and amino acid metabolism increased during late development. Enrichment of sporopollenin and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways characterizes hermaphrodite samples across developmental stages, with predicted protein interactions highlighting the crucial role of phenylpropanoids in sporopollenin biosynthesis for pollen wall formation. Most of the DAPs played key roles in pectin, cellulose, and lignin synthesis and were essential for cell wall formation and male flower structure development, notably in the pollen coat. These findings suggest that hermaphrodite flowers require more energy for development, likely due to complex pollen wall formation. Overall, these insights illuminate the molecular mechanisms of papaya floral development, revealing complex regulatory networks and energetic demands in the formation of male reproductive structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Pereira Duarte
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil.
| | - Helaine Christine Cancela Ramos
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
| | - Lucas Rodrigues Xavier
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia - LBT, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
- Unidade de Biologia Integrativa, Setor de Genômica e Proteômica, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
| | - Adriana Azevedo Vimercati Pirovani
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
| | - Alex Souza Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
| | - Dayana Kelly Turquetti-Moraes
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos - LQFPP, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
| | - Izaias Rodrigues da Silva Junior
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
| | - Thiago Motta Venâncio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos - LQFPP, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
| | - Vanildo Silveira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia - LBT, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
- Unidade de Biologia Integrativa, Setor de Genômica e Proteômica, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
| | - Messias Gonzaga Pereira
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal - LMGV, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28.013-602, Brazil
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Yoshioka K, Kim H, Lu F, De Ridder N, Vanholme R, Kajita S, Boerjan W, Ralph J. Hydroxycinnamaldehyde-derived benzofuran components in lignins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1370-1382. [PMID: 37773018 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant polymer in plant secondary cell walls. Prototypical lignins derive from the polymerization of monolignols (hydroxycinnamyl alcohols), mainly coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol, via combinatorial radical coupling reactions and primarily via the endwise coupling of a monomer with the phenolic end of the growing polymer. Hydroxycinnamaldehyde units have long been recognized as minor components of lignins. In plants deficient in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, the last enzyme in the monolignol biosynthesis pathway that reduces hydroxycinnamaldehydes to monolignols, chain-incorporated aldehyde unit levels are elevated. The nature and relative levels of aldehyde components in lignins can be determined from their distinct and dispersed correlations in 2D 1H-13C-correlated nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. We recently became aware of aldehyde NMR peaks, well resolved from others, that had been overlooked. NMR of isolated low-molecular-weight oligomers from biomimetic radical coupling reactions involving coniferaldehyde revealed that the correlation peaks belonged to hydroxycinnamaldehyde-derived benzofuran moieties. Coniferaldehyde 8-5-coupling initially produces the expected phenylcoumaran structures, but the derived phenolic radicals undergo preferential disproportionation rather than radical coupling to extend the growing polymer. As a result, the hydroxycinnamaldehyde-derived phenylcoumaran units are difficult to detect in lignins, but the benzofurans are now readily observed by their distinct and dispersed correlations in the aldehyde region of NMR spectra from any lignin or monolignol dehydrogenation polymer. Hydroxycinnamaldehydes that are coupled to coniferaldehyde can be distinguished from those coupled with a generic guaiacyl end-unit. These benzofuran peaks may now be annotated and reported and their structural ramifications further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yoshioka
- The US Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Hoon Kim
- The US Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Fachuang Lu
- The US Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Nette De Ridder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Shinya Kajita
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - John Ralph
- The US Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Kairouani A, Pontier D, Picart C, Mounet F, Martinez Y, Le-Bot L, Fanuel M, Hammann P, Belmudes L, Merret R, Azevedo J, Carpentier MC, Gagliardi D, Couté Y, Sibout R, Bies-Etheve N, Lagrange T. Cell-type-specific control of secondary cell wall formation by Musashi-type translational regulators in Arabidopsis. eLife 2023; 12:RP88207. [PMID: 37773033 PMCID: PMC10541177 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanism of secondary cell wall/SCW formation in plants is key to understanding their development and the molecular basis of biomass recalcitrance. Although transcriptional regulation is essential for SCW formation, little is known about the implication of post-transcriptional mechanisms in this process. Here we report that two bonafide RNA-binding proteins homologous to the animal translational regulator Musashi, MSIL2 and MSIL4, function redundantly to control SCW formation in Arabidopsis. MSIL2/4 interactomes are similar and enriched in proteins involved in mRNA binding and translational regulation. MSIL2/4 mutations alter SCW formation in the fibers, leading to a reduction in lignin deposition, and an increase of 4-O-glucuronoxylan methylation. In accordance, quantitative proteomics of stems reveal an overaccumulation of glucuronoxylan biosynthetic machinery, including GXM3, in the msil2/4 mutant stem. We showed that MSIL4 immunoprecipitates GXM mRNAs, suggesting a novel aspect of SCW regulation, linking post-transcriptional control to the regulation of SCW biosynthesis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Kairouani
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Dominique Pontier
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Claire Picart
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Fabien Mounet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse III, CNRS, INP, UMR5546Castanet-TolosanFrance
| | - Yves Martinez
- FRAIB-CNRS Plateforme ImagerieCastanet-TolosanFrance
| | - Lucie Le-Bot
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, UR1268 BIA, INRAENantesFrance
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, UR1268 BIA, INRAENantesFrance
- PROBE research infrastructure, BIBS Facility, INRAENantesFrance
| | - Philippe Hammann
- Plateforme Protéomique Strasbourg Esplanade de CNRS, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Lucid Belmudes
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, UA13 BGE, CNRS, CEA, FR2048GrenobleFrance
| | - Remy Merret
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Jacinthe Azevedo
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Marie-Christine Carpentier
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Dominique Gagliardi
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, IBMP, CNRS, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Yohann Couté
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, UA13 BGE, CNRS, CEA, FR2048GrenobleFrance
| | - Richard Sibout
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, UR1268 BIA, INRAENantesFrance
| | - Natacha Bies-Etheve
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Thierry Lagrange
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
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Chen J, Liu M, Meng X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Jiao N, Chen J. Multiomics studies with co-transformation reveal microRNAs via miRNA-TF-mRNA network participating in wood formation in Hevea brasiliensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1068796. [PMID: 37645463 PMCID: PMC10461101 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1068796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Introduction MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding RNAs that play an important role in wood formation in plants. However, the significance of the link between miRNAs and their target transcripts in wood formation remains unclear in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). Methods In this study, we induced the formation of reaction wood by artificially bending rubber trees for 300 days and performed small RNA sequencing and transcriptome deep sequencing (RNA-seq) to describe the complement of miRNAs and their targets contributing to this process. Results and discussion We identified 5, 11, and 2 differentially abundant miRNAs in normal wood (NW) compared to tension wood (TW), in NW relative to opposite wood (OW), and between TW and OW, respectively. We also identified 12 novel miRNAs and 39 potential miRNA-mRNA pairs with different accumulation patterns in NW, TW, and OW. We noticed that many miRNAs targeted transcription factor genes, which were enriched in KEGG pathways associated with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism. Thus, miRNA-TF-mRNA network involved in wood formation via tension wood model were constructed. We validated the differential accumulation of miRNAs and their targets by RT-qPCR analysis and overexpressed miRNA in Nicotiana benthamiana with its potential target gene. These results will provide a reference for a deep exploration of growth and development in rubber tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Chen
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiangxu Meng
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- State Centre for Rubber Breeding, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Nanbo Jiao
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jianmiao Chen
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Muro-Villanueva F, Pysh LD, Kim H, Bouse T, Ralph J, Luo Z, Cooper BR, Jannasch AS, Zhang Z, Gu C, Chapple C. Pinoresinol rescues developmental phenotypes of Arabidopsis phenylpropanoid mutants overexpressing FERULATE 5-HYDROXYLASE. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216543120. [PMID: 37487096 PMCID: PMC10401026 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216543120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Most phenylpropanoid pathway flux is directed toward the production of monolignols, but this pathway also generates multiple bioactive metabolites. The monolignols coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol polymerize to form guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) units in lignin, components that are characteristic of plant secondary cell walls. Lignin negatively impacts the saccharification potential of lignocellulosic biomass. Although manipulation of its content and composition through genetic engineering has reduced biomass recalcitrance, in some cases, these genetic manipulations lead to impaired growth. The reduced-growth phenotype is often attributed to poor water transport due to xylem collapse in low-lignin mutants, but alternative models suggest that it could be caused by the hyper- or hypoaccumulation of phenylpropanoid intermediates. In Arabidopsis thaliana, overexpression of FERULATE 5-HYDROXYLASE (F5H) shifts the normal G/S lignin ratio to nearly pure S lignin and does not result in substantial changes to plant growth. In contrast, when we overexpressed F5H in the low-lignin mutants cinnamyl dehydrogenase c and d (cadc cadd), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 1, and reduced epidermal fluorescence 3, plant growth was severely compromised. In addition, cadc cadd plants overexpressing F5H exhibited defects in lateral root development. Exogenous coniferyl alcohol (CA) and its dimeric coupling product, pinoresinol, rescue these phenotypes. These data suggest that mutations in the phenylpropanoid pathway limit the biosynthesis of pinoresinol, and this effect is exacerbated by overexpression of F5H, which further draws down cellular pools of its precursor, CA. Overall, these genetic manipulations appear to restrict the synthesis of pinoresinol or a downstream metabolite that is necessary for plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Muro-Villanueva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | | | - Hoon Kim
- US Department of Energy’s Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, WI53726
| | - Tyler Bouse
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - John Ralph
- US Department of Energy’s Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, WI53726
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Bruce R. Cooper
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Amber S. Jannasch
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Chong Gu
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
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Wang Z, Yao XM, Jia CH, Xu BY, Wang JY, Liu JH, Jin ZQ. Identification and analysis of lignin biosynthesis genes related to fruit ripening and stress response in banana ( Musa acuminata L. AAA group, cv. Cavendish). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1072086. [PMID: 37035063 PMCID: PMC10074854 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1072086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin is a key component of the secondary cell wall of plants, providing mechanical support and facilitating water transport as well as having important impact effects in response to a variety of biological and abiotic stresses. RESULTS In this study, we identified 104 genes from ten enzyme gene families related to lignin biosynthesis in Musa acuminata genome and found the number of MaCOMT gene family was the largest, while MaC3Hs had only two members. MaPALs retained the original members, and the number of Ma4CLs in lignin biosynthesis was significantly less than that of flavonoids. Segmental duplication existed in most gene families, except for MaC3Hs, and tandem duplication was the main way to expand the number of MaCOMTs. Moreover, the expression profiles of lignin biosynthesis genes during fruit development, postharvest ripening stages and under various abiotic and biological stresses were investigated using available RNA-sequencing data to obtain fruit ripening and stress response candidate genes. Finally, a co-expression network of lignin biosynthesis genes was constructed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis to elucidate the lignin biosynthesis genes that might participate in lignin biosynthesis in banana during development and in response to stresses. CONCLUSION This study systematically identified the lignin biosynthesis genes in the Musa acuminata genome, providing important candidate genes for further functional analysis. The identification of the major genes involved in lignin biosynthesis in banana provides the basis for the development of strategies to improve new banana varieties tolerant to biological and abiotic stresses with high yield and high quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Xiao-ming Yao
- Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Sanya, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Sanya, China
| | - Cai-hong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Bi-yu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jing-yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Ju-hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Zhi-qiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China
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Li Y, Zhang T, Kang Y, Wang P, Yu W, Wang J, Li W, Jiang X, Zhou Y. Integrated metabolome, transcriptome analysis, and multi-flux full-length sequencing offer novel insights into the function of lignin biosynthesis as a Sesuvium portulacastrum response to salt stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:124222. [PMID: 36990407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Sesuvium portulacastrum is a typical halophyte. However, few studies have investigated its salt-tolerant molecular mechanism. In this study, metabolome, transcriptome, and multi-flux full-length sequencing analysis were conducted to investigate the significantly different metabolites (SDMs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of S. portulacastrum samples under salinity. The complete-length transcriptome of S. portulacastrum was developed, which contained 39,659 non-redundant unigenes. RNA-seq results showed that 52 DEGs involved in lignin biosynthesis may be responsible for S. portulacastrum salt tolerance. Furthermore, 130 SDMs were identified, and the salt response could be attributed to the p-coumaryl alcohol-rich in lignin biosynthesis. The co-expression network that was constructed after comparing the different salt treatment processes showed that the p-Coumaryl alcohol was linked to 30 DEGs. Herein, 8 structures genes, i.e., Sp4CL, SpCAD, SpCCR, SpCOMT, SpF5H, SpCYP73A, SpCCoAOMT, and SpC3'H were identified as significant factors in regulating lignin biosynthesis. Further investigation revealed that 64 putative transcription factors (TFs) may interact with the promoters of the above-mentioned genes. Together, the data revealed a potential regulatory network comprising important genes, putative TFs, and metabolites involved in the lignin biosynthesis of S. portulacastrum roots under salt stress, which could serve as a rich useful genetic resource for breeding excellent salt-tolerant plants.
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Blaschek L, Murozuka E, Serk H, Ménard D, Pesquet E. Different combinations of laccase paralogs nonredundantly control the amount and composition of lignin in specific cell types and cell wall layers in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:889-909. [PMID: 36449969 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.04.490011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Vascular plants reinforce the cell walls of the different xylem cell types with lignin phenolic polymers. Distinct lignin chemistries differ between each cell wall layer and each cell type to support their specific functions. Yet the mechanisms controlling the tight spatial localization of specific lignin chemistries remain unclear. Current hypotheses focus on control by monomer biosynthesis and/or export, while cell wall polymerization is viewed as random and nonlimiting. Here, we show that combinations of multiple individual laccases (LACs) are nonredundantly and specifically required to set the lignin chemistry in different cell types and their distinct cell wall layers. We dissected the roles of Arabidopsis thaliana LAC4, 5, 10, 12, and 17 by generating quadruple and quintuple loss-of-function mutants. Loss of these LACs in different combinations led to specific changes in lignin chemistry affecting both residue ring structures and/or aliphatic tails in specific cell types and cell wall layers. Moreover, we showed that LAC-mediated lignification has distinct functions in specific cell types, waterproofing fibers, and strengthening vessels. Altogether, we propose that the spatial control of lignin chemistry depends on different combinations of LACs with nonredundant activities immobilized in specific cell types and cell wall layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Blaschek
- Arrhenius Laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emiko Murozuka
- Arrhenius Laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henrik Serk
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Delphine Ménard
- Arrhenius Laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Arrhenius Laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Blaschek L, Murozuka E, Serk H, Ménard D, Pesquet E. Different combinations of laccase paralogs nonredundantly control the amount and composition of lignin in specific cell types and cell wall layers in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:889-909. [PMID: 36449969 PMCID: PMC9940878 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Vascular plants reinforce the cell walls of the different xylem cell types with lignin phenolic polymers. Distinct lignin chemistries differ between each cell wall layer and each cell type to support their specific functions. Yet the mechanisms controlling the tight spatial localization of specific lignin chemistries remain unclear. Current hypotheses focus on control by monomer biosynthesis and/or export, while cell wall polymerization is viewed as random and nonlimiting. Here, we show that combinations of multiple individual laccases (LACs) are nonredundantly and specifically required to set the lignin chemistry in different cell types and their distinct cell wall layers. We dissected the roles of Arabidopsis thaliana LAC4, 5, 10, 12, and 17 by generating quadruple and quintuple loss-of-function mutants. Loss of these LACs in different combinations led to specific changes in lignin chemistry affecting both residue ring structures and/or aliphatic tails in specific cell types and cell wall layers. Moreover, we showed that LAC-mediated lignification has distinct functions in specific cell types, waterproofing fibers, and strengthening vessels. Altogether, we propose that the spatial control of lignin chemistry depends on different combinations of LACs with nonredundant activities immobilized in specific cell types and cell wall layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Blaschek
- Arrhenius Laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emiko Murozuka
- Arrhenius Laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henrik Serk
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Delphine Ménard
- Arrhenius Laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Arrhenius Laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Martin AF, Tobimatsu Y, Lam PY, Matsumoto N, Tanaka T, Suzuki S, Kusumi R, Miyamoto T, Takeda-Kimura Y, Yamamura M, Koshiba T, Osakabe K, Osakabe Y, Sakamoto M, Umezawa T. Lignocellulose molecular assembly and deconstruction properties of lignin-altered rice mutants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:70-86. [PMID: 36124989 PMCID: PMC9806629 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bioengineering approaches to modify lignin content and structure in plant cell walls have shown promise for facilitating biochemical conversions of lignocellulosic biomass into valuable chemicals. Despite numerous research efforts, however, the effect of altered lignin chemistry on the supramolecular assembly of lignocellulose and consequently its deconstruction in lignin-modified transgenic and mutant plants is not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to close this gap by analyzing lignin-modified rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutants deficient in 5-HYDROXYCONIFERALDEHYDE O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (CAldOMT) and CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD). A set of rice mutants harboring knockout mutations in either or both OsCAldOMT1 and OsCAD2 was generated in part by genome editing and subjected to comparative cell wall chemical and supramolecular structure analyses. In line with the proposed functions of CAldOMT and CAD in grass lignin biosynthesis, OsCAldOMT1-deficient mutant lines produced altered lignins depleted of syringyl and tricin units and incorporating noncanonical 5-hydroxyguaiacyl units, whereas OsCAD2-deficient mutant lines produced lignins incorporating noncanonical hydroxycinnamaldehyde-derived units. All tested OsCAldOMT1- and OsCAD2-deficient mutants, especially OsCAldOMT1-deficient lines, displayed enhanced cell wall saccharification efficiency. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray diffraction analyses of rice cell walls revealed that both OsCAldOMT1- and OsCAD2 deficiencies contributed to the disruptions of the cellulose crystalline network. Further, OsCAldOMT1 deficiency contributed to the increase of the cellulose molecular mobility more prominently than OsCAD2 deficiency, resulting in apparently more loosened lignocellulose molecular assembly. Such alterations in cell wall chemical and supramolecular structures may in part account for the variations of saccharification performance of the OsCAldOMT1- and OsCAD2-deficient rice mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andri Fadillah Martin
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Pui Ying Lam
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- Center for Crossover Education, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, Akita, 010-8502, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Matsumoto
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takuto Tanaka
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shiro Suzuki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kusumi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takuji Miyamoto
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- Sakeology Center, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Yuri Takeda-Kimura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Masaomi Yamamura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Taichi Koshiba
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, 305-8517, Japan
| | - Keishi Osakabe
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuriko Osakabe
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- Research Unit for Realization of Sustainable Society (RURSS), Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
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11
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Jeong YJ, Kim YC, Lee JS, Kim DG, Lee JH. Reduced Expression of PRX2/ ATPRX1, PRX8, PRX35, and PRX73 Affects Cell Elongation, Vegetative Growth, and Vasculature Structures in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3353. [PMID: 36501391 PMCID: PMC9740967 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Class III peroxidases (PRXs) are involved in a broad spectrum of physiological and developmental processes throughout the life cycle of plants. However, the specific function of each PRX member in the family remains largely unknown. In this study, we selected four class III peroxidase genes (PRX2/ATPRX1, PRX8, PRX35, and PRX73) from a previous genome-wide transcriptome analysis, and performed phenotypic and morphological analyses, including histochemical staining, in PRX2RNAi, PRX8RNAi, PRX35RNAi, and PRX73RNAi plants. The reduced mRNA levels of corresponding PRX genes in PRX2RNAi, PRX8RNAi, PRX35RNAi, and PRX73RNAi seedlings resulted in elongated hypocotyls and roots, and slightly faster vegetative growth. To investigate internal structural changes in the vasculature, we performed histochemical staining, which revealed alterations in cell wall structures in the main vasculature of hypocotyls, stems, and roots of each PRXRNAi plant compared to wild-type (Col-0) plants. Furthermore, we found that PRX35RNAi plants displayed the decrease in the cell wall in vascular regions, which are involved in downregulation of lignin biosynthesis and biosynthesis-regulated genes' expression. Taken together, these results indicated that the reduced expression levels of PRX2/ATPRX1, PRX8, PRX35, and PRX73 affected hypocotyl and root elongation, vegetative growth, and the vasculature structures in hypocotyl, stem, and root tissues, suggesting that the four class III PRX genes play roles in plant developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jeong Jeong
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Cheon Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - June Seung Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gwan Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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12
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Overexpression of a Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase-Coding Gene, GsCAD1, from Wild Soybean Enhances Resistance to Soybean Mosaic Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315206. [PMID: 36499529 PMCID: PMC9740156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is the most prevalent soybean viral disease in the world. As a critical enzyme in the secondary metabolism of plants, especially in lignin synthesis, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is widely involved in plant growth and development, and in defense against pathogen infestation. Here, we performed RNAseq-based transcriptome analyses of a highly SMV-resistant accession (BYO-15) of wild soybean (Glycine soja) and a SMV-susceptible soybean cultivar (Williams 82), also sequenced together with a resistant plant and a susceptible plant of their hybrid descendants at the F3 generation at 7 and 14 days post-inoculation with SMV. We found that the expression of GsCAD1 (from G. soja) was significantly up-regulated in the wild soybean and the resistant F3 plant, while the GmCAD1 from the cultivated soybean (G. max) did not show a significant and persistent induction in the soybean cultivar and the susceptible F3 plant, suggesting that GsCAD1 might play an important role in SMV resistance. We cloned GsCAD1 and overexpressed it in the SMV-susceptible cultivar Williams 82, and we found that two independent GsCAD1-overexpression (OE) lines showed significantly enhanced SMV resistance compared with the non-transformed wild-type (WT) control. Intriguingly, the lignin contents in both OE lines were higher than the WT control. Further liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the contents of salicylic acid (SA) were significantly more improved in the OE lines than that of the wild-type (WT), coinciding with the up-regulated expression of an SA marker gene. Finally, we observed that GsCAD1-overexpression affected the accumulation of SMV in leaves. Collectively, our results suggest that GsCAD1 enhances resistance to SMV in soybeans, most likely by affecting the contents of lignin and SA.
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13
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De Meester B, Van Acker R, Wouters M, Traversari S, Steenackers M, Neukermans J, Van Breusegem F, Déjardin A, Pilate G, Boerjan W. Field and saccharification performances of poplars severely downregulated in CAD1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2075-2090. [PMID: 35808905 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is one of the main factors causing lignocellulosic biomass recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis. Glasshouse-grown poplars severely downregulated for CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE 1 (CAD1), the enzyme catalysing the last step in the monolignol-specific branch of lignin biosynthesis, have increased saccharification yields and normal growth. Here, we assess the performance of these hpCAD poplars in the field under short rotation coppice culture for two consecutive rotations of 1 yr and 3 yr. While 1-yr-old hpCAD wood had 10% less lignin, 3-yr-old hpCAD wood had wild-type lignin levels. Because of their altered cell wall composition, including elevated levels of cinnamaldehydes, both 1-yr-old and 3-yr-old hpCAD wood showed enhanced saccharification yields upon harsh alkaline pretreatments (up to +85% and +77%, respectively). In contrast with previous field trials with poplars less severely downregulated for CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD), the hpCAD poplars displayed leaning phenotypes, early bud set, early flowering and yield penalties. Moreover, hpCAD wood had enlarged vessels, decreased wood density and reduced relative and free water contents. Our data show that the phenotypes of CAD-deficient poplars are strongly dependent on the environment and underpin the importance of field trials in translating basic research towards applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Meester
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Van Acker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marlies Wouters
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Silvia Traversari
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosytems (IRET-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marijke Steenackers
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Gaverstraat 4, 9500, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Jenny Neukermans
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annabelle Déjardin
- INRAE, ONF, BioForA Orléans, 2163 Avenue de la pomme de pin, 45075, Ardon, France
| | - Gilles Pilate
- INRAE, ONF, BioForA Orléans, 2163 Avenue de la pomme de pin, 45075, Ardon, France
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the CAD Gene Family in Walnut (Juglans regia L.). Biochem Genet 2022; 61:1065-1085. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-022-10303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Luklová M, Novák J, Kopecká R, Kameniarová M, Gibasová V, Brzobohatý B, Černý M. Phytochromes and Their Role in Diurnal Variations of ROS Metabolism and Plant Proteome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214134. [PMID: 36430613 PMCID: PMC9695588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms forced to adapt to environmental variations recurring in a day-night cycle. Extensive research has uncovered the transcriptional control of plants' inner clock and has revealed at least some part of the intricate and elaborate regulatory mechanisms that govern plant diel responses and provide adaptation to the ever-changing environment. Here, we analyzed the proteome of the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant genotypes collected in the middle of the day and the middle of the night, including four mutants in the phytochrome (phyA, phyB, phyC, and phyD) and the circadian clock protein LHY. Our approach provided a novel insight into the diel regulations, identifying 640 significant changes in the night-day protein abundance. The comparison with previous studies confirmed that a large portion of identified proteins was a known target of diurnal regulation. However, more than 300 were novel oscillations hidden under standard growth chamber conditions or not manifested in the wild type. Our results indicated a prominent role for ROS metabolism and phytohormone cytokinin in the observed regulations, and the consecutive analyses confirmed that. The cytokinin signaling significantly increased at night, and in the mutants, the hydrogen peroxide content was lower, and the night-day variation seemed to be lost in the phyD genotype. Furthermore, regulations in the lhy and phyB mutants were partially similar to those found in the catalase mutant cat2, indicating shared ROS-mediated signaling pathways. Our data also shed light on the role of the relatively poorly characterized Phytochrome D, pointing to its connection to glutathione metabolism and the regulation of glutathione S-transferases.
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16
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Ferreira SS, Goeminne G, Simões MS, Pina AVDA, Lima LGAD, Pezard J, Gutiérrez A, Rencoret J, Mortimer JC, Del Río JC, Boerjan W, Cesarino I. Transcriptional and metabolic changes associated with internode development and reduced cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity in sorghum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6307-6333. [PMID: 35788296 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms associated with secondary cell wall (SCW) deposition in sorghum remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we employed untargeted metabolomics and large-scale transcriptomics to correlate changes in SCW deposition with variation in global gene expression profiles and metabolite abundance along an elongating internode of sorghum, with a major focus on lignin and phenolic metabolism. To gain deeper insight into the metabolic and transcriptional changes associated with pathway perturbations, a bmr6 mutant [with reduced cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) activity] was analyzed. In the wild type, internode development was accompanied by an increase in the content of oligolignols, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, hydroxycinnamate esters, and flavonoid glucosides, including tricin derivatives. We further identified modules of genes whose expression pattern correlated with SCW deposition and the accumulation of these target metabolites. Reduced CAD activity resulted in the accumulation of hexosylated forms of hydroxycinnamates (and their derivatives), hydroxycinnamaldehydes, and benzenoids. The expression of genes belonging to one specific module in our co-expression analysis correlated with the differential accumulation of these compounds and contributed to explaining this metabolic phenotype. Metabolomics and transcriptomics data further suggested that CAD perturbation activates distinct detoxification routes in sorghum internodes. Our systems biology approach provides a landscape of the metabolic and transcriptional changes associated with internode development and with reduced CAD activity in sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sávio Siqueira Ferreira
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geert Goeminne
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Metabolomics Core, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marcella Siqueira Simões
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jade Pezard
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida de la Reina Mercedes, Seville, Spain
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida de la Reina Mercedes, Seville, Spain
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - José C Del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida de la Reina Mercedes, Seville, Spain
| | - Wout Boerjan
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, São Paulo, Brazil
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Center, InovaUSP, Avenida Professor Lucio Martins Rodrigues, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Ménard D, Blaschek L, Kriechbaum K, Lee CC, Serk H, Zhu C, Lyubartsev A, Nuoendagula , Bacsik Z, Bergström L, Mathew A, Kajita S, Pesquet E. Plant biomechanics and resilience to environmental changes are controlled by specific lignin chemistries in each vascular cell type and morphotype. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:koac284. [PMID: 36215679 PMCID: PMC9709985 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The biopolymer lignin is deposited in the cell walls of vascular cells and is essential for long-distance water conduction and structural support in plants. Different vascular cell types contain distinct and conserved lignin chemistries, each with specific aromatic and aliphatic substitutions. Yet, the biological role of this conserved and specific lignin chemistry in each cell type remains unclear. Here, we investigated the roles of this lignin biochemical specificity for cellular functions by producing single cell analyses for three cell morphotypes of tracheary elements, which all allow sap conduction but differ in their morphology. We determined that specific lignin chemistries accumulate in each cell type. Moreover, lignin accumulated dynamically, increasing in quantity and changing in composition, to alter the cell wall biomechanics during cell maturation. For similar aromatic substitutions, residues with alcohol aliphatic functions increased stiffness whereas aldehydes increased flexibility of the cell wall. Modifying this lignin biochemical specificity and the sequence of its formation impaired the cell wall biomechanics of each morphotype and consequently hindered sap conduction and drought recovery. Together, our results demonstrate that each sap-conducting vascular cell type distinctly controls their lignin biochemistry to adjust their biomechanics and hydraulic properties to face developmental and environmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Ménard
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leonard Blaschek
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantin Kriechbaum
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cheng Choo Lee
- Umeå Core Facility for Electron Microscopy (UCEM), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henrik Serk
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chuantao Zhu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Lyubartsev
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nuoendagula
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Zoltán Bacsik
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Bergström
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aji Mathew
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shinya Kajita
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Chao N, Huang S, Kang X, Yidilisi K, Dai M, Liu L. Systematic functional characterization of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase family members revealed their functional divergence in lignin biosynthesis and stress responses in mulberry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 186:145-156. [PMID: 35849944 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus) is used as a feed additive and biofuel materials. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD; EC 1.1.1.95) catalyzes the final step of monolignol biosynthesis and is responsible for various monolignols. Five MaCADs from Morus alba were cloned and functionally characterized in the present study. These MaCADs encoded proteins with 357-364 amino acids, and the putative protein sequences conservatively possessed two Zn2+ binding motifs and an NADP(H) cofactor binding motif. However, MaCAD1, 2, and 5 shared similar amino acids at substrate binding positions that differed from those possessed by bona fide CADs. MaCAD3 and 4 had conservative substrate binding sites, and both phylogenetic and expression profile analysis indicated they were bona fide CADs involved in lignin biosynthesis. The enzymatic assay showed that MaCAD1 and 5 had a high affinity to p-coumaryl aldehyde. MaCAD4 preferentially used coniferyl aldehyde and sinapyl aldehyde as substrates. His-72 and Tyr-124 in MaCAD1 stabilized p-coumaryl aldehyde, and may have resulted in the substrate preference for p-coumaryl aldehyde. Down-regulation of MaCADs in mulberry showed that MaCAD3/4 were dominant CADs that functioned in monolignol biosynthesis, and decreased MaCAD3/4 resulted in significant decreases of lignin content in both stems and leaves. MaCADs exhibited different expression patterns in response to various stresses, indicating their possible diverse roles. MaCAD2 and MaCAD5 may play positive roles in response to drought and cold stresses, respectively. These results provide a systematic functional analysis of MaCADs in mulberry and an important foundation for the genetic modification of the monolignol pathway in mulberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Xiaoru Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Keermula Yidilisi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Mingjie Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Li Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China.
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19
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Barros J, Shrestha HK, Serrani-Yarce JC, Engle NL, Abraham PE, Tschaplinski TJ, Hettich RL, Dixon RA. Proteomic and metabolic disturbances in lignin-modified Brachypodium distachyon. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3339-3363. [PMID: 35670759 PMCID: PMC9421481 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Lignin biosynthesis begins with the deamination of phenylalanine and tyrosine (Tyr) as a key branch point between primary and secondary metabolism in land plants. Here, we used a systems biology approach to investigate the global metabolic responses to lignin pathway perturbations in the model grass Brachypodium distachyon. We identified the lignin biosynthetic protein families and found that ammonia-lyases (ALs) are among the most abundant proteins in lignifying tissues in grasses. Integrated metabolomic and proteomic data support a link between lignin biosynthesis and primary metabolism mediated by the ammonia released from ALs that is recycled for the synthesis of amino acids via glutamine. RNA interference knockdown of lignin genes confirmed that the route of the canonical pathway using shikimate ester intermediates is not essential for lignin formation in Brachypodium, and there is an alternative pathway from Tyr via sinapic acid for the synthesis of syringyl lignin involving yet uncharacterized enzymatic steps. Our findings support a model in which plant ALs play a central role in coordinating the allocation of carbon for lignin synthesis and the nitrogen available for plant growth. Collectively, these data also emphasize the value of integrative multiomic analyses to advance our understanding of plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Him K Shrestha
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
- Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, USA
| | - Juan C Serrani-Yarce
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201, USA
| | - Nancy L Engle
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Paul E Abraham
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Timothy J Tschaplinski
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Robert L Hettich
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
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20
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Muro-Villanueva F, Kim H, Ralph J, Chapple C. H-lignin can be deposited independently of CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE C and D in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2015-2028. [PMID: 35522042 PMCID: PMC9342963 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lignin contributes substantially to the recalcitrance of biomass toward saccharification. To circumvent this problem, researchers have genetically altered lignin, although, in a number of cases, these efforts have resulted in an undesirable yield penalty. Recent findings have shown that by knocking out two subunits (MED5A and MED5B) of the transcriptional regulatory complex Mediator, the stunted growth phenotype of mutants in p-coumaroyl shikimate 3'-hydroxylase, reduced epidermal fluorescence 8-1 (ref8-1), can be alleviated. Furthermore, these plants synthesize a lignin polymer almost entirely derived from p-coumaryl alcohol. Plants deficient in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) are notable in that they primarily incorporate coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde into their lignin. We tested the hypothesis that by stacking mutations in the genes encoding for the CAD paralogs C and D on an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) med5a/5b ref8-1 genetic background, the biosynthesis of p-coumaryl alcohol would be blocked, making p-coumaraldehyde available for polymerization into a novel kind of lignin. The med5a/5b ref8-1 cadc cadd plants are viable, but lignin analysis demonstrated that they continue to synthesize p-hydroxyphenyl lignin despite being mutated for the CADs typically considered to be required for monolignol biosynthesis. In addition, enzyme activity tests showed that even in the absence of CADC and CADD, there is high CAD activity in stems. We tested the potential involvement of other CADs in p-coumaraldehyde biosynthesis in the quintuple mutant by mutating them using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Lignin analysis demonstrated that the resulting hextuple mutant plants continue to deposit p-coumaryl alcohol-derived lignin, demonstrating a route for the synthesis of p-hydroxyphenyl lignin in Arabidopsis independent of four CAD isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Muro-Villanueva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Hoon Kim
- US Department of Energy’s Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Wisconsin Energy Institute (WEI), Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
| | - John Ralph
- US Department of Energy’s Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Wisconsin Energy Institute (WEI), Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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21
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Li Y, Wang R, Pei Y, Yu W, Wu W, Li D, Hu Z. Phylogeny and functional characterization of the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene family in Phryma leptostachya. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:407-416. [PMID: 35841957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Phryma leptostachya has attracted increasing attention because it is rich in furofuran lignans with a wide range of biological activities. Biosynthesis of furofuran lignans begins with the dimerization of coniferyl alcohol, one of the monolignol. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) catalyzes the final step of monolignol biosynthesis, reducing cinnamyl aldehydes to cinnamyl alcohol. As it is in the terminal position of monolignol biosynthesis, its type and activity can cause significant changes in the total amount and composition of lignans. Herein, combined with bioinformatics analysis and in vitro enzyme assays, we clarified that CAD in P. leptostachya belonged to a multigene family, and identified nearly the entire CAD gene family. Our in-depth characterization about the functions and structures of two major CAD isoforms, PlCAD2 and PlCAD3, showed that PlCAD2 exhibited the highest catalytic activity, and coniferyl aldehyde was its preferred substrate, followed by PlCAD3, and sinapyl aldehyde was its preferred substrate. Considering the accumulation patterns of furofuran lignans and expression patterns of PlCADs, we speculated that PlCAD2 was the predominant CAD isoform responsible for furofuran lignans biosynthesis in P. leptostachya. Moreover, these CADs found here can also provide effective biological parts for lignans and lignins biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankai Li
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yakun Pei
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ding Li
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Zhaonong Hu
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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22
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Genome-wide analysis of the CAD gene family reveals two bona fide CAD genes in oil palm. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:149. [PMID: 35747504 PMCID: PMC9209623 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is the key enzyme for lignin biosynthesis in plants. In this study, genome-wide analysis was performed to identify CAD genes in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Phylogenetic analysis was then conducted to select the bona fide EgCADs. The bona fide EgCAD genes and their respective 5' flanking regions were cloned and analysed. Their expression profiles were evaluated in various organs using RT-PCR. Seven EgCAD genes (EgCAD1-7) were identified and divided into four phylogenetic groups. EgCAD1 and EgCAD2 display high sequence similarities with other bona fide CADs and possess all the signature motifs of the bona fide CAD. They also display similar 3D protein structures. Gene expression analysis showed that EgCAD1 was expressed most abundantly in the root tissues, while EgCAD2 was expressed constitutively in all the tissues studied. EgCAD1 possesses only one transcription start site, while EgCAD2 has five. Interestingly, a TC microsatellite was found in the 5' flanking region of EgCAD2. The 5' flanking regions of EgCAD1 and EgCAD2 contain lignin-associated regulatory elements i.e. AC-elements, and other defence-related motifs, including W-box, GT-1 motif and CGTCA-motif. Altogether, these results imply that EgCAD1 and EgCAD2 are bona fide CAD involved in lignin biosynthesis during the normal development of oil palm and in response to stresses. Our findings shed some light on the roles of the bona fide CAD genes in oil palm and pave the way for manipulating lignin content in oil palm through a genetic approach. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03208-0.
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23
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Zhang T, Bao F, Ding A, Yang Y, Cheng T, Wang J, Zhang Q. Comprehensive Analysis of Endogenous Volatile Compounds, Transcriptome, and Enzyme Activity Reveals PmCAD1 Involved in Cinnamyl Alcohol Synthesis in Prunus mume. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:820742. [PMID: 35251090 PMCID: PMC8894765 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.820742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Floral scent is an important economic and ornamental trait of Prunus mume. The floral volatiles from most cultivars of P. mume in composition exist significant differences. Cinnamyl alcohol was one of the main floral volatile compounds with distinct abundances in different cultivars, namely, 'Zaohua Lve,' 'Zao Yudie,' 'Fenpi Gongfen,' 'Jiangsha Gongfen,' and 'Fenhong Zhusha.' Based on the determination of endogenous volatiles of full-blooming flowers, vital enzyme activity and transcriptomes were comprehensively analyzed to screen the key potential genes involved in cinnamyl alcohol synthesis. Transcriptome combining with enzyme activity level analysis suggested that the expression levels of three PmCADs were highly correlated with the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) enzyme activities in six cultivars. Furthermore, phylogenetic tree and transcriptome analysis suggested that PmCAD1 and PmCAD2 might contribute to the cinnamyl alcohol synthesis. Relative expression analyses and enzyme activity assays showed that PmCAD1 played an important role in cinnamyl alcohol biosynthesis in vitro. Overall, this research lays a theoretical foundation for clarifying comprehensively the molecular biosynthesis mechanism of floral volatiles in P. mume.
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24
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Pfeifer L, van Erven G, Sinclair EA, Duarte CM, Kabel MA, Classen B. Profiling the cell walls of seagrasses from A (Amphibolis) to Z (Zostera). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:63. [PMID: 35120456 PMCID: PMC8815203 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polyphyletic group of seagrasses shows an evolutionary history from early monocotyledonous land plants to the marine environment. Seagrasses form important coastal ecosystems worldwide and large amounts of seagrass detritus washed on beaches might also be valuable bioeconomical resources. Despite this importance and potential, little is known about adaptation of these angiosperms to the marine environment and their cell walls. RESULTS We investigated polysaccharide composition of nine seagrass species from the Mediterranean, Red Sea and eastern Indian Ocean. Sequential extraction revealed a similar seagrass cell wall polysaccharide composition to terrestrial angiosperms: arabinogalactans, pectins and different hemicelluloses, especially xylans and/or xyloglucans. However, the pectic fractions were characterized by the monosaccharide apiose, suggesting unusual apiogalacturonans are a common feature of seagrass cell walls. Detailed analyses of four representative species identified differences between organs and species in their constituent monosaccharide composition and lignin content and structure. Rhizomes were richer in glucosyl units compared to leaves and roots. Enhalus had high apiosyl and arabinosyl abundance, while two Australian species of Amphibolis and Posidonia, were characterized by high amounts of xylosyl residues. Interestingly, the latter two species contained appreciable amounts of lignin, especially in roots and rhizomes whereas Zostera and Enhalus were lignin-free. Lignin structure in Amphibolis was characterized by a higher syringyl content compared to that of Posidonia. CONCLUSIONS Our investigations give a first comprehensive overview on cell wall composition across seagrass families, which will help understanding adaptation to a marine environment in the evolutionary context and evaluating the potential of seagrass in biorefinery incentives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pfeifer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth A. Sinclair
- School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA Australia
| | - Carlos M. Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit Classen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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25
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Li H, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Xie W, Guo Y, Wang Y, Li K, Guo J, Zhu QH, Zhang X, Jia KP, Miao Y. Identification and Characterization of Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Encoding Genes Involved in Lignin Biosynthesis and Resistance to Verticillium dahliae in Upland Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:840397. [PMID: 35574065 PMCID: PMC9096875 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.840397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae, is one of the most devastating diseases in cotton (Gossypium spp.). Lignin in the cell wall forms a physical barrier to inhibit pathogen invasion, and defense-induced lignification reinforces secondary cell wall to prevent pathogens from further spreading. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases (CADs) catalyze the production of three main monolignols, p-coumaryl- (H), coniferyl- (G), and sinapyl-alcohols (S), which are the fundamental blocks of lignin. Here, we identified CAD genes in G. hirsutum, analyzed their expression profiles in cotton leaf, stem, and root from different developmental stages, and selected GhCAD35, GhCAD45, and GhCAD43, which were consistently induced by V. dahliae inoculation in G. hirsutum cultivars resistant or susceptible to V. dahliae. On the basis of confirmation of the in vitro enzymatic activity of the three proteins in generation of the three monolignols, we used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to investigate the effects of silencing of GhCAD35, GhCAD45, or GhCAD43 on resistance to V. dahliae as well as on deposition and the composition of lignin. Silencing each of the three CADs impaired the defense-induced lignification and salicylic acid biosynthesis in stem, and compromised resistance to V. dahliae. Moreover, our study showed that silencing the three GhCADs severely affected the biosynthesis of S-lignin, leading to a decrease of the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio. Heterogeneous overexpression of GhCAD35, GhCAD45, or GhCAD43 in Arabidopsis enhanced disease resistance. Taken together, our study demonstrates a role of the three GhCADs in defense-induced lignin biosynthesis and resistance to V. dahliae in G. hirsutum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shulin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Innovation and Practice Base for Postdoctors, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Yunlei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xulong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yutao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jinggong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qian-Hao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kun-Peng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Kun-Peng Jia,
| | - Yuchen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Yuchen Miao,
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26
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Nakano Y, Endo H, Gerber L, Hori C, Ihara A, Sekimoto M, Matsumoto T, Kikuchi J, Ohtani M, Demura T. Enhancement of Secondary Cell Wall Formation in Poplar Xylem Using a Self-Reinforced System of Secondary Cell Wall-Related Transcription Factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:819360. [PMID: 35371169 PMCID: PMC8967175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.819360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The secondary cell wall (SCW) in the xylem is one of the largest sink organs of carbon in woody plants, and is considered a promising sustainable bioresource for biofuels and biomaterials. To enhance SCW formation in poplar (Populus sp.) xylem, we developed a self-reinforced system of SCW-related transcription factors from Arabidopsis thaliana, involving VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN7 (VND7), SECONDARY WALL-ASSOCIATED NAC-DOMAIN PROTEIN 1/NAC SECONDARY WALL THICKENING-PROMOTING FACTOR3 (SND1/NST3), and MYB46. In this system, these transcription factors were fused with the transactivation domain VP16 and expressed under the control of the Populus trichocarpa CesA18 (PtCesA18) gene promoter, creating the chimeric genes PtCesA18pro::AtVND7:VP16, PtCesA18pro::AtSND1:VP16, and PtCesA18pro::AtMYB46:VP16. The PtCesA18 promoter is active in tissues generating SCWs, and can be regulated by AtVND7, AtSND1, and AtMYB46; thus, the expression levels of PtCesA18pro::AtVND7:VP16, PtCesA18pro::AtSND1:VP16, and PtCesA18pro::AtMYB46:VP16 are expected to be boosted in SCW-generating tissues. In the transgenic hybrid aspens (Populus tremula × tremuloides T89) expressing PtCesA18pro::AtSND1:VP16 or PtCesA18pro::AtMYB46:VP16 grown in sterile half-strength Murashige and Skoog growth medium, SCW thickening was significantly enhanced in the secondary xylem cells, while the PtCesA18pro::AtVND7:VP16 plants showed stunted xylem formation, possibly because of the enhanced programmed cell death (PCD) in the xylem regions. After acclimation, the transgenic plants were transferred from the sterile growth medium to pots of soil in the greenhouse, where only the PtCesA18pro::AtMYB46:VP16 aspens survived. A nuclear magnetic resonance footprinting cell wall analysis and enzymatic saccharification analysis demonstrated that PtCesA18pro::AtMYB46:VP16 influences cell wall properties such as the ratio of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) units of lignin, the abundance of the lignin β-aryl ether and resinol bonds, and hemicellulose acetylation levels. Together, these data indicate that we have created a self-reinforced system using SCW-related transcription factors to enhance SCW accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Nakano
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Endo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Lorenz Gerber
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chiaki Hori
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ayumi Ihara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Masayo Sekimoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Jun Kikuchi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Misato Ohtani
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Misato Ohtani,
| | - Taku Demura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Taku Demura,
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Yoshida K, Sakamoto S, Mitsuda N. In Planta Cell Wall Engineering: From Mutants to Artificial Cell Walls. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1813-1827. [PMID: 34718770 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To mitigate the effects of global warming and to preserve the limited fossil fuel resources, an increased exploitation of plant-based materials and fuels is required, which would be one of the most important innovations related to sustainable development. Cell walls account for the majority of plant dry biomass and so is the target of such innovations. In this review, we discuss recent advances in in planta cell wall engineering through genetic manipulations, with a focus on wild-type-based and mutant-based approaches. The long history of using a wild-type-based approach has resulted in the development of many strategies for manipulating lignin, hemicellulose and pectin to decrease cell wall recalcitrance. In addition to enzyme-encoding genes, many transcription factor genes important for changing relevant cell wall characteristics have been identified. Although mutant-based cell wall engineering is relatively new, it has become feasible due to the rapid development of genome-editing technologies and systems biology-related research; we will soon enter an age of designed artificial wood production via complex genetic manipulations of many industrially important trees and crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Yoshida
- Technology Center, Taisei Corporation, Nase-cho 344-1, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0051 Japan
| | - Shingo Sakamoto
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566 Japan
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566 Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566 Japan
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566 Japan
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28
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Hosaka GK, Correr FH, da Silva CC, Sforça DA, Barreto FZ, Balsalobre TWA, Pasha A, de Souza AP, Provart NJ, Carneiro MS, Margarido GRA. Temporal Gene Expression in Apical Culms Shows Early Changes in Cell Wall Biosynthesis Genes in Sugarcane. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:736797. [PMID: 34966397 PMCID: PMC8710541 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.736797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple genes in sugarcane control sucrose accumulation and the biosynthesis of cell wall components; however, it is unclear how these genes are expressed in its apical culms. To better understand this process, we sequenced mRNA from +1 stem internodes collected from four genotypes with different concentrations of soluble solids. Culms were collected at four different time points, ranging from six to 12-month-old plants. Here we show differentially expressed genes related to sucrose metabolism and cell wall biosynthesis, including genes encoding invertases, sucrose synthase and cellulose synthase. Our results showed increased expression of invertases in IN84-58, the genotype with lower sugar and higher fiber content, as well as delayed expression of secondary cell wall-related cellulose synthase for the other genotypes. Interestingly, genes involved with hormone metabolism were differentially expressed across time points in the three genotypes with higher soluble solids content. A similar result was observed for genes controlling maturation and transition to reproductive stages, possibly a result of selection against flowering in sugarcane breeding programs. These results indicate that carbon partitioning in apical culms of contrasting genotypes is mainly associated with differential cell wall biosynthesis, and may include early modifications for subsequent sucrose accumulation. Co-expression network analysis identified transcription factors related to growth and development, showing a probable time shift for carbon partitioning occurred in 10-month-old plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Kenichi Hosaka
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Fernando Henrique Correr
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Carla Cristina da Silva
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Danilo Augusto Sforça
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Zatti Barreto
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (CCA-UFSCar), Araras, Brazil
| | | | - Asher Pasha
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Centre for the Analysis of the Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anete Pereira de Souza
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Nicholas James Provart
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Centre for the Analysis of the Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Monalisa Sampaio Carneiro
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (CCA-UFSCar), Araras, Brazil
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29
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Vasupalli N, Hou D, Singh RM, Wei H, Zou LH, Yrjälä K, Wu A, Lin X. Homo- and Hetero-Dimers of CAD Enzymes Regulate Lignification and Abiotic Stress Response in Moso Bamboo. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312917. [PMID: 34884720 PMCID: PMC8657895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin biosynthesis enzymes form complexes for metabolic channelling during lignification and these enzymes also play an essential role in biotic and abiotic stress response. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is a vital enzyme that catalyses the reduction of aldehydes to alcohols, which is the final step in the lignin biosynthesis pathway. In the present study, we identified 49 CAD enzymes in five Bambusoideae species and analysed their phylogenetic relationships and conserved domains. Expression analysis of Moso bamboo PheCAD genes in several developmental tissues and stages revealed that among the PheCAD genes, PheCAD2 has the highest expression level and is expressed in many tissues and PheCAD1, PheCAD6, PheCAD8 and PheCAD12 were also expressed in most of the tissues studied. Co-expression analysis identified that the PheCAD2 positively correlates with most lignin biosynthesis enzymes, indicating that PheCAD2 might be the key enzyme involved in lignin biosynthesis. Further, more than 35% of the co-expressed genes with PheCADs were involved in biotic or abiotic stress responses. Abiotic stress transcriptomic data (SA, ABA, drought, and salt) analysis identified that PheCAD2, PheCAD3 and PheCAD5 genes were highly upregulated, confirming their involvement in abiotic stress response. Through yeast two-hybrid analysis, we found that PheCAD1, PheCAD2 and PheCAD8 form homo-dimers. Interestingly, BiFC and pull-down experiments identified that these enzymes form both homo- and hetero- dimers. These data suggest that PheCAD genes are involved in abiotic stress response and PheCAD2 might be a key lignin biosynthesis pathway enzyme. Moreover, this is the first report to show that three PheCAD enzymes form complexes and that the formation of PheCAD homo- and hetero- dimers might be tissue specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Vasupalli
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (N.V.); (D.H.); (H.W.); (L.-H.Z.); (K.Y.)
| | - Dan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (N.V.); (D.H.); (H.W.); (L.-H.Z.); (K.Y.)
| | - Rahul Mohan Singh
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Hantian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (N.V.); (D.H.); (H.W.); (L.-H.Z.); (K.Y.)
| | - Long-Hai Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (N.V.); (D.H.); (H.W.); (L.-H.Z.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kim Yrjälä
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (N.V.); (D.H.); (H.W.); (L.-H.Z.); (K.Y.)
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aimin Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilisation of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinchun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (N.V.); (D.H.); (H.W.); (L.-H.Z.); (K.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18958162317
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30
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Dong Y, Ye X, Cao L, Yu X, Qu S. The regulation of DKGA2ox1 and miR171f_3 in scion dwarfing with Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. 'Nan-tong-xiao-fang-shi' as interstocks. PLANTA 2021; 254:113. [PMID: 34739601 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing and yeast one and two-hybrid library screening reveal that DKGA2ox1 and miR171f_3 are involved in the regulation of scion dwarfing with 'Nan-tong-xiao-fang-shi' as interstocks. Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. Nan-tong-xiao-fang-shi ('Nan-tong-xiao-fang-shi') interstocks play a critical role in the scion dwarfing. However, the understanding of the molecular signaling pathways that regulate the scion dwarfing with 'Nan-tong-xiao-fang-shi' as interstocks remain unclear. In this work, the regulatory network in the scion dwarfing with 'Nan-tong-xiao-fang-shi' as interstocks was identified. Using a yeast one-hybrid library screening, luciferase activity analysis, luciferase complementation imaging assays and GFP signal detection, a SPL transcription factor named Diospyros kaki SPL (DKSPL), potentially functioning as a transcriptional activator of the Diospyros kaki GA2ox1 (DKGA2ox1) gene, was identified as a key stimulating factor in the persimmon growth and development. The DKSPL was found in the nucleus, and might play a role in the transcriptional regulation system. A microRNA named miR171f_3 was identified, which might act as a negative regulator of Diospyros kaki SCR (DKSCR) in persimmon. The interactions between DKSCR and seven proteins were experimentally validated with a yeast two-hybrid library screening. Compared to the non-grafted wildtype persimmon, the tissue section of graft union healed well due to the increased expression of cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase. These results indicate that DKGA2ox1 and miR171f_3 may co-promote the scion dwarfing by plant hormone signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Dong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xialin Ye
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Cao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Yu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shenchun Qu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Liu DD, Wang JY, Tang RJ, Chen JD, Liu Z, Chen L, Yao MZ, Ma CL. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Provide Insights Into an Aberrant Tissue of Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:730651. [PMID: 34589106 PMCID: PMC8474014 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.730651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) is one of the most important economic crops with multiple mutants. Recently, we found a special tea germplasm that has an aberrant tissue on its branches. To figure out whether this aberrant tissue is associated with floral bud (FB) or dormant bud (DB), we performed tissue section, transcriptome sequencing, and metabolomic analysis of these tissues. Longitudinal sections indicated the aberrant tissue internal structure was more like a special bud (SB), but was similar to that of DB. Transcriptome data analysis showed that the number of heterozygous and homozygous SNPs was significantly different in the aberrant tissue compared with FB and DB. Further, by aligning the unmapped sequences of the aberrant tissue to the Non-Redundant Protein Sequences (NR) database, we observed that 36.13% of unmapped sequences were insect sequences, which suggested that the aberrant tissue might be a variation of dormant bud tissue influenced by the interaction of tea plants and insects or pathogens. Metabolomic analysis showed that the differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) between the aberrant tissue and DB were significantly enriched in the metabolic pathways of biosynthesis of plant hormones and biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. Subsequently, we analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the above mentioned two tissues, and the results indicated that photosynthetic capacity in the aberrant tissue was reduced, whereas the ethylene, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathways were activated. We speculated that exogenous infection induced programmed cell death (PCD) and increased the lignin content in dormant buds of tea plants, leading to the formation of this aberrant tissue. This study advanced our understanding of the interaction between plants and insects or pathogens, providing important clues about biotic stress factors and key genes that lead to mutations and formation of the aberrant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Ding Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Jin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Dan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Lei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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32
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Chen Y, Yi N, Yao SB, Zhuang J, Fu Z, Ma J, Yin S, Jiang X, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T. CsHCT-Mediated Lignin Synthesis Pathway Involved in the Response of Tea Plants to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10069-10081. [PMID: 34410120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that phenolic compounds such as lignin and flavonoids enhance plant resistance. Tea plants are rich in flavonoid compounds. Whether these compounds are related to tea plant resistance is unclear. In this study, an interesting conclusion was drawn on the basis of experimental results: in response to abiotic stress (except for sucrose treatment), gene expression was increased in the phenylpropanoid and lignin pathways and was reduced in the flavonoid pathway in tea plants. CsHCTs, the genes located at the branch point of the lignin and flavonoid pathways, are most suitable for regulating the ratio of carbon flow in the lignin pathway and flavonoid synthesis. Enzymatic and genetic modification experiments proved that CsHCTs encode hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme A:shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the genetic modification results showed that the contents of phenolic acids and lignin were increased in tobacco and Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CsHCTs, whereas the content of flavonol glycosides was decreased. Both types of transgenic plants showed resistance to many abiotic stresses and bacterial infections. We speculate that CsHCTs participate in regulation of the metabolic flow of carbon from the flavonoid pathway to the chlorogenic acid, caffeoylshikimic acid, and lignin pathways to increase resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Ning Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Sheng Bo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Juhua Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Zhouping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Ma
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Shixin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
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33
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Yan Y, Wang P, Lu Y, Bai Y, Wei Y, Liu G, Shi H. MeRAV5 promotes drought stress resistance in cassava by modulating hydrogen peroxide and lignin accumulation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:847-860. [PMID: 34022096 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cassava, an important food and energy crop, is relatively more resistant to drought stress than other crops. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this resistance remains elusive. Herein, we report that silencing a drought stress-responsive transcription factor MeRAV5 significantly reduced drought stress resistance, with higher levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and less lignin during drought stress. Yeast two-hybrid, pull down and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) showed that MeRAV5 physically interacted with peroxidase (MePOD) and lignin-related cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 15 (MeCAD15) in vitro and in vivo. MeRAV5 promoted the activities of both MePOD and MeCAD15 to affect H2 O2 and endogenous lignin accumulation respectively, which are important in drought stress resistance in cassava. When either MeCAD15 or MeRAV5 was silenced, or both were co-silenced, cassava showed lower lignin content and drought-sensitive phenotype, whereas exogenous lignin alkali treatment increased drought stress resistance and alleviated the drought-sensitive phenotype of these silenced cassava plants. This study documents that the modulation of H2 O2 and lignin by MeRAV5 is essential for drought stress resistance in cassava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China
| | - Yujing Bai
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China
| | - Yunxie Wei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China
| | - Guoyin Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China
| | - Haitao Shi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China
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34
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Gupta P, Geniza M, Naithani S, Phillips JL, Haq E, Jaiswal P. Chia ( Salvia hispanica) Gene Expression Atlas Elucidates Dynamic Spatio-Temporal Changes Associated With Plant Growth and Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:667678. [PMID: 34354718 PMCID: PMC8330693 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.667678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.), now a popular superfood and a pseudocereal, is one of the richest sources of dietary nutrients such as protein, fiber, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). At present, the genomic and genetic information available in the public domain for this crop are scanty, which hinders an understanding of its growth and development and genetic improvement. We report an RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq)-based comprehensive transcriptome atlas of Chia sampled from 13 tissue types covering vegetative and reproductive growth stages. We used ~355 million high-quality reads of total ~394 million raw reads from transcriptome sequencing to generate de novo reference transcriptome assembly and the tissue-specific transcript assemblies. After the quality assessment of the merged assemblies and implementing redundancy reduction methods, 82,663 reference transcripts were identified. About 65,587 of 82,663 transcripts were translated into 99,307 peptides, and we were successful in assigning InterPro annotations to 45,209 peptides and gene ontology (GO) terms to 32,638 peptides. The assembled transcriptome is estimated to have the complete sequence information for ~86% of the genes found in the Chia genome. Furthermore, the analysis of 53,200 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) revealed their distinct expression patterns in Chia's vegetative and reproductive tissues; tissue-specific networks and developmental stage-specific networks of transcription factors (TFs); and the regulation of the expression of enzyme-coding genes associated with important metabolic pathways. In addition, we identified 2,411 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) as potential genetic markers from the transcripts. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive transcriptome atlas, and SSRs, contributing to building essential genomic resources to support basic research, genome annotation, functional genomics, and molecular breeding of Chia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Gupta
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Matthew Geniza
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Sushma Naithani
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jeremy L. Phillips
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Ebaad Haq
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Pankaj Jaiswal
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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Chen X, Yu H, Zhu J, Chen Y, Fu Z, Zhao Y, Yu Y, Chen X, Li X, Ma Q. Widely targeted metabolomic analyses of albino tea germplasm ‘Huabai 1’ and ‘Baiye 1’. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1933613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanpu Yu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhilu Fu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Yu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinghui Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingping Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People’s Republic of China
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36
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Patrick RM, Huang XQ, Dudareva N, Li Y. Dynamic histone acetylation in floral volatile synthesis and emission in petunia flowers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3704-3722. [PMID: 33606881 PMCID: PMC8096599 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites relies on primary metabolic pathways to provide precursors, energy, and cofactors, thus requiring coordinated regulation of primary and secondary metabolic networks. However, to date, it remains largely unknown how this coordination is achieved. Using Petunia hybrida flowers, which emit high levels of phenylpropanoid/benzenoid volatile organic compounds (VOCs), we uncovered genome-wide dynamic deposition of histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) during anthesis as an underlying mechanism to coordinate primary and secondary metabolic networks. The observed epigenome reprogramming is accompanied by transcriptional activation at gene loci involved in primary metabolic pathways that provide precursor phenylalanine, as well as secondary metabolic pathways to produce volatile compounds. We also observed transcriptional repression among genes involved in alternative phenylpropanoid branches that compete for metabolic precursors. We show that GNAT family histone acetyltransferase(s) (HATs) are required for the expression of genes involved in VOC biosynthesis and emission, by using chemical inhibitors of HATs, and by knocking down a specific HAT gene, ELP3, through transient RNAi. Together, our study supports that regulatory mechanisms at chromatin level may play an essential role in activating primary and secondary metabolic pathways to regulate VOC synthesis in petunia flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Patrick
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,USA
| | - Xing-Qi Huang
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,USA
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37
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Kell DB. A protet-based, protonic charge transfer model of energy coupling in oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation. Adv Microb Physiol 2021; 78:1-177. [PMID: 34147184 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Textbooks of biochemistry will explain that the otherwise endergonic reactions of ATP synthesis can be driven by the exergonic reactions of respiratory electron transport, and that these two half-reactions are catalyzed by protein complexes embedded in the same, closed membrane. These views are correct. The textbooks also state that, according to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis, a (or the) kinetically and thermodynamically competent intermediate linking the two half-reactions is the electrochemical difference of protons that is in equilibrium with that between the two bulk phases that the coupling membrane serves to separate. This gradient consists of a membrane potential term Δψ and a pH gradient term ΔpH, and is known colloquially as the protonmotive force or pmf. Artificial imposition of a pmf can drive phosphorylation, but only if the pmf exceeds some 150-170mV; to achieve in vivo rates the imposed pmf must reach 200mV. The key question then is 'does the pmf generated by electron transport exceed 200mV, or even 170mV?' The possibly surprising answer, from a great many kinds of experiment and sources of evidence, including direct measurements with microelectrodes, indicates it that it does not. Observable pH changes driven by electron transport are real, and they control various processes; however, compensating ion movements restrict the Δψ component to low values. A protet-based model, that I outline here, can account for all the necessary observations, including all of those inconsistent with chemiosmotic coupling, and provides for a variety of testable hypotheses by which it might be refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative, Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
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Xiao R, Zhang C, Guo X, Li H, Lu H. MYB Transcription Factors and Its Regulation in Secondary Cell Wall Formation and Lignin Biosynthesis during Xylem Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3560. [PMID: 33808132 PMCID: PMC8037110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The secondary wall is the main part of wood and is composed of cellulose, xylan, lignin, and small amounts of structural proteins and enzymes. Lignin molecules can interact directly or indirectly with cellulose, xylan and other polysaccharide molecules in the cell wall, increasing the mechanical strength and hydrophobicity of plant cells and tissues and facilitating the long-distance transportation of water in plants. MYBs (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) belong to one of the largest superfamilies of transcription factors, the members of which regulate secondary cell-wall formation by promoting/inhibiting the biosynthesis of lignin, cellulose, and xylan. Among them, MYB46 and MYB83, which comprise the second layer of the main switch of secondary cell-wall biosynthesis, coordinate upstream and downstream secondary wall synthesis-related transcription factors. In addition, MYB transcription factors other than MYB46/83, as well as noncoding RNAs, hormones, and other factors, interact with one another to regulate the biosynthesis of the secondary wall. Here, we discuss the biosynthesis of secondary wall, classification and functions of MYB transcription factors and their regulation of lignin polymerization and secondary cell-wall formation during wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (R.X.); (H.L.)
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (C.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Chong Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (C.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Xiaorui Guo
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (C.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (R.X.); (H.L.)
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (C.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Hai Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (R.X.); (H.L.)
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (C.Z.); (X.G.)
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Liu X, Van Acker R, Voorend W, Pallidis A, Goeminne G, Pollier J, Morreel K, Kim H, Muylle H, Bosio M, Ralph J, Vanholme R, Boerjan W. Rewired phenolic metabolism and improved saccharification efficiency of a Zea mays cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (zmcad2) mutant. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1240-1257. [PMID: 33258151 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant byproduct from cereal crops that can potentially be valorized as a feedstock to produce biomaterials. Zea mays CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE 2 (ZmCAD2) is involved in lignification, and is a promising target to improve the cellulose-to-glucose conversion of maize stover. Here, we analyzed a field-grown zmcad2 Mutator transposon insertional mutant. Zmcad2 mutant plants had an 18% lower Klason lignin content, whereas their cellulose content was similar to that of control lines. The lignin in zmcad2 mutants contained increased levels of hydroxycinnamaldehydes, i.e. the substrates of ZmCAD2, ferulic acid and tricin. Ferulates decorating hemicelluloses were not altered. Phenolic profiling further revealed that hydroxycinnamaldehydes are partly converted into (dihydro)ferulic acid and sinapic acid and their derivatives in zmcad2 mutants. Syringyl lactic acid hexoside, a metabolic sink in CAD-deficient dicot trees, appeared not to be a sink in zmcad2 maize. The enzymatic cellulose-to-glucose conversion efficiency was determined after 10 different thermochemical pre-treatments. Zmcad2 yielded significantly higher conversions compared with controls for almost every pre-treatment. However, the relative increase in glucose yields after alkaline pre-treatment was not higher than the relative increase when no pre-treatment was applied, suggesting that the positive effect of the incorporation of hydroxycinnamaldehydes was leveled off by the negative effect of reduced p-coumarate levels in the cell wall. Taken together, our results reveal how phenolic metabolism is affected in CAD-deficient maize, and further support mutating CAD genes in cereal crops as a promising strategy to improve lignocellulosic biomass for sugar-platform biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Van Acker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Voorend
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreas Pallidis
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Goeminne
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Metabolomics Core, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Metabolomics Core, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Morreel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
- Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, 53726, USA
| | - Hilde Muylle
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
- Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, 53726, USA
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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Singh V, Zemach H, Shabtai S, Aloni R, Yang J, Zhang P, Sergeeva L, Ligterink W, Firon N. Proximal and Distal Parts of Sweetpotato Adventitious Roots Display Differences in Root Architecture, Lignin, and Starch Metabolism and Their Developmental Fates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:609923. [PMID: 33552103 PMCID: PMC7855870 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.609923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sweetpotato is an important food crop globally, serving as a rich source of carbohydrates, vitamins, fiber, and micronutrients. Sweetpotato yield depends on the modification of adventitious roots into storage roots. The underlying mechanism of this developmental switch is not fully understood. Interestingly, storage-root formation is manifested by formation of starch-accumulating parenchyma cells and bulking of the distal part of the root, while the proximal part does not show bulking. This system, where two parts of the same adventitious root display different developmental fates, was used by us in order to better characterize the anatomical, physiological, and molecular mechanisms involved in sweetpotato storage-root formation. We show that, as early as 1 and 2 weeks after planting, the proximal part of the root exhibited enhanced xylem development together with increased/massive lignin deposition, while, at the same time, the distal root part exhibited significantly elevated starch accumulation. In accordance with these developmental differences, the proximal root part exhibited up-regulated transcript levels of sweetpotato orthologs of Arabidopsis vascular-development regulators and key genes of lignin biosynthesis, while the distal part showed up-regulation of genes encoding enzymes of starch biosynthesis. All these recorded differences between proximal and distal root parts were further enhanced at 5 weeks after planting, when storage roots were formed at the distal part. Our results point to down-regulation of fiber formation and lignification, together with up-regulation of starch biosynthesis, as the main events underlying storage-root formation, marking/highlighting several genes as potential regulators, providing a valuable database of genes for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Singh
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon Le-Zion, Israel
| | - Hanita Zemach
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon Le-Zion, Israel
| | - Sara Shabtai
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon Le-Zion, Israel
| | - Roni Aloni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jun Yang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lidiya Sergeeva
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wilco Ligterink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Nurit Firon
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon Le-Zion, Israel
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41
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Genome-wide analysis of general phenylpropanoid and monolignol-specific metabolism genes in sugarcane. Funct Integr Genomics 2021; 21:73-99. [PMID: 33404914 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-020-00762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is the main component of secondary cell walls and is essential for plant development and defense. However, lignin is recognized as a major recalcitrant factor for efficiency of industrial biomass processing. Genes involved in general phenylpropanoid and monolignol-specific metabolism in sugarcane have been previously analyzed at the transcriptomic level. Nevertheless, the number of genes identified in this species is still very low. The recently released sugarcane genome sequence has allowed the genome-wide characterization of the 11 gene families involved in the monolignol biosynthesis branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway. After an exhaustive analysis of sugarcane genomes, 438 haplotypes derived from 175 candidate genes from Saccharum spontaneum and 144 from Saccharum hybrid R570 were identified as associated with this biosynthetic route. The phylogenetic analyses, combined with the search for protein conserved residues involved in the catalytic activity of the encoded enzymes, were employed to identify the family members potentially involved in developmental lignification. Accordingly, 15 candidates were identified as bona fide lignin biosynthesis genes: PTAL1, PAL2, C4H4, 4CL1, HCT1, HCT2, C3'H1, C3'H2, CCoAOMT1, COMT1, F5H1, CCR1, CCR2, CAD2, and CAD7. For this core set of lignin biosynthetic genes, we searched for the chromosomal location, the gene expression pattern, the promoter cis-acting elements, and microRNA targets. Altogether, our results present a comprehensive characterization of sugarcane general phenylpropanoid and monolignol-specific genes, providing the basis for further functional studies focusing on lignin biosynthesis manipulation and biotechnological strategies to improve sugarcane biomass utilization.
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42
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Khanbo S, Tangphatsornruang S, Piriyapongsa J, Wirojsirasak W, Punpee P, Klomsa-Ard P, Ukoskit K. Candidate gene association of gene expression data in sugarcane contrasting for sucrose content. Genomics 2020; 113:229-237. [PMID: 33321201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Association mapping of gene expression data, generated from transcriptome and proteome studies, provides a means of understanding the functional significance and trait association potential of candidate genes. In this study, we applied candidate gene association mapping to validate sugarcane genes, using data from the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway, transcriptome, and proteome. We performed multiplex PCR targeted amplicon sequencing of 109 candidate genes, using NGS technology. A range of statistical models, both single-locus and multi-locus, were compared for minimization of false positives in association mapping of four sugar-related traits with different heritability. The Fixed and random model Circulating Probability Unification model effectively suppressed false positives for both low- and high-heritability traits. We identified favorable alleles of the candidate genes involved in signalling and transcriptional regulation. The results will support genetic improvement of sugarcane and may help clarify the genetic architecture of sugar-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Khanbo
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang, Pathumtani 12121, Thailand
| | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jittima Piriyapongsa
- National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Warodom Wirojsirasak
- Mitr Phol Innovation and Research Centre, 399 Moo 1, Chumphae-Phukiao Rd. Khoksa-at, Phu Khiao, Chaiyaphum 36110, Thailand
| | - Prapat Punpee
- Mitr Phol Innovation and Research Centre, 399 Moo 1, Chumphae-Phukiao Rd. Khoksa-at, Phu Khiao, Chaiyaphum 36110, Thailand
| | - Peeraya Klomsa-Ard
- Mitr Phol Innovation and Research Centre, 399 Moo 1, Chumphae-Phukiao Rd. Khoksa-at, Phu Khiao, Chaiyaphum 36110, Thailand
| | - Kittipat Ukoskit
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang, Pathumtani 12121, Thailand.
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Xiong W, Li Y, Wu Z, Ma L, Liu Y, Qin L, Liu J, Hu Z, Guo S, Sun J, Yang G, Chai M, Zhang C, Lu X, Fu C. Characterization of Two New brown midrib1 Mutations From an EMS-Mutagenic Maize Population for Lignocellulosic Biomass Utilization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:594798. [PMID: 33312186 PMCID: PMC7703671 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.594798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gene mutations linked to lignin biosynthesis are responsible for the brown midrib (bm) phenotypes. The bm mutants have a brown-reddish midrib associated with changes in lignin content and composition. Maize bm1 is caused by a mutation of the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene ZmCAD2. Here, we generated two new bm1 mutant alleles (bm1-E1 and bm1-E2) through EMS mutagenesis, which contained a single nucleotide mutation (Zmcad2-1 and Zmcad2-2). The corresponding proteins, ZmCAD2-1 and ZmCAD2-2 were modified with Cys103Ser and Gly185Asp, which resulted in no enzymatic activity in vitro. Sequence alignment showed that CAD proteins have high similarity across plants and that Cys103 and Gly185 are conserved in higher plants. The lack of enzymatic activity when Cys103 was replaced for other amino acids indicates that Cys103 is required for its enzyme activity. Enzymatic activity of proteins encoded by CAD genes in bm1-E plants is 23-98% lower than in the wild type, which leads to lower lignin content and different lignin composition. The bm1-E mutants have higher saccharification efficiency in maize and could therefore provide new and promising breeding resources in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangdan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lichao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Qin
- Institute of Molecular Breeding for Maize, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jisheng Liu
- Institute of Molecular Breeding for Maize, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhubing Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Henan Province and Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Siyi Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Henan Province and Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Juan Sun
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guofeng Yang
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Maofeng Chai
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunyi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoduo Lu
- Institute of Molecular Breeding for Maize, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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44
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Xue JS, Zhang B, Zhan H, Lv YL, Jia XL, Wang T, Yang NY, Lou YX, Zhang ZB, Hu WJ, Gui J, Cao J, Xu P, Zhou Y, Hu JF, Li L, Yang ZN. Phenylpropanoid Derivatives Are Essential Components of Sporopollenin in Vascular Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1644-1653. [PMID: 32810599 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The outer wall of pollen and spores, namely the exine, is composed of sporopollenin, which is highly resistant to chemical reagents and enzymes. In this study, we demonstrated that phenylpropanoid pathway derivatives are essential components of sporopollenin in seed plants. Spectral analyses showed that the autofluorescence of Lilium and Arabidopsis sporopollenin is similar to that of lignin. Thioacidolysis and NMR analyses of pollen from Lilium and Cryptomeria further revealed that the sporopollenin of seed plants contains phenylpropanoid derivatives, including p-hydroxybenzoate (p-BA), p-coumarate (p-CA), ferulate (FA), and lignin guaiacyl (G) units. The phenylpropanoid pathway is expressed in the tapetum in Arabidopsis, consistent with the fact that the sporopollenin precursor originates from the tapetum. Further germination and comet assays showed that this pathway plays an important role in protection of pollen against UV radiation. In the pteridophyte plant species Ophioglossum vulgatum and Lycopodium clavata, phenylpropanoid derivatives including p-BA and p-CA were also detected, but G units were not. Taken together, our results indicate that phenylpropanoid derivatives are essential for sporopollenin synthesis in vascular plants. In addition, sporopollenin autofluorescence spectra of bryophytes, such as Physcomitrella and Haplocladium, exhibit distinct characteristics compared with those of vascular plants, indicating the diversity of sporopollenin among land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Shi Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - HuaDong Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yong-Lin Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xin-Lei Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - TianHua Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Nai-Ying Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yu-Xia Lou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Zai-Bao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China
| | - Wen-Jing Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jinshan Gui
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics & CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 200032, China
| | - Jianguo Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin-Feng Hu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No. 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics & CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 200032, China.
| | - Zhong-Nan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
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45
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Bao F, Zhang T, Ding A, Ding A, Yang W, Wang J, Cheng T, Zhang Q. Metabolic, Enzymatic Activity, and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Mechanism Underlying the Lack of Characteristic Floral Scent in Apricot Mei Varieties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:574982. [PMID: 33193512 PMCID: PMC7642261 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.574982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Apricot mei, a hybrid of Prunus mume and Prunus sibirica, usually has greater cold resistance than P. mume; however, most varieties of Apricot mei lack the characteristic floral scent of P. mume. The volatile and intracellular metabolites, activity levels of key enzymes, and transcriptomes of blooming flowers were comprehensively investigated in five varieties of P. mume. Benzyl acetate and eugenol were determined to be the main components of the P. mume floral scent. However, benzyl benzoate and benzyl alcohol benzoyltransferase activity was detected in only the low-fragrance varieties "Dan Fenghou" and "Yanxing." No benzyl alcohol or benzaldehyde reductase (BAR) activity was detected in the non-fragrant variety "Fenghou." PmBAR1 and PmBAR3 were identified as the key genes responsible for BAR activity. The lack of benzyl alcohol synthesis in the "Fenghou" variety was caused by low activity of PmBAR1-Fen and low expression of PmBAR3. The 60-aa segment at the N-terminus of PmBAR3 was found to play an important role in its enzymatic activity. Correlation tests between floral scent metabolites and the transcriptomes of the five different scented varieties showed that some transcripts associated with hormones, stresses, posttranslational modifications and transporters may also play important regulatory roles in floral scent metabolism in the different varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Bao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Tengxun Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Anqi Ding
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Aiqin Ding
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiru Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Ramachandran V, Tobimatsu Y, Masaomi Y, Sano R, Umezawa T, Demura T, Ohtani M. Plant-specific Dof transcription factors VASCULAR-RELATED DOF1 and VASCULAR-RELATED DOF2 regulate vascular cell differentiation and lignin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:263-281. [PMID: 32740898 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant-specific Dof transcription factors VDOF1 and VDOF2 are novel regulators of vascular cell differentiation through the course of a lifetime in Arabidopsis, with shifting their transcriptional target genes. Vascular system is one of critical tissues for vascular plants to transport low-molecular compounds, such as water, minerals, and the photosynthetic product, sucrose. Here, we report the involvement of two Dof transcription factors, named VASCULAR-RELATED DOF1 (VDOF1)/VDOF4.6 and VDOF2/VDOF1.8, in vascular cell differentiation and lignin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. VDOF genes were expressed in vascular tissues, but the detailed expression sites were partly different between VDOF1 and VDOF2. Vein patterning and lignin analysis of VDOF overexpressors and double mutant vdof1 vdof2 suggested that VDOF1 and VDOF2 would function as negative regulators of vein formation in seedlings, and lignin deposition in inflorescence stems. Interestingly, effects of VDOF overexpression in lignin deposition were different by developmental stages of inflorescence stems, and total lignin contents were increased and decreased in VDOF1 and VDOF2 overexpressors, respectively. RNA-seq analysis of inducible VDOF overexpressors demonstrated that the genes for cell wall biosynthesis, including lignin biosynthetic genes, and the transcription factor genes related to stress response and brassinosteroid signaling were commonly affected by VDOF1 and VDOF2 overexpression. Taken together, we concluded that VDOF1 and VDOF2 are novel regulators of vascular cell differentiation through the course of a lifetime, with shifting their transcriptional target genes: in seedlings, the VDOF genes negatively regulate vein formation, while at reproductive stages, the VDOF proteins target lignin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasagi Ramachandran
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yamamura Masaomi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sano
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- Research Unit for Development of Global Sustainability, Kyoto University, Uji, Gokasho, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Taku Demura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Misato Ohtani
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8562, Japan.
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47
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Yang Y, Wang X, Chen P, Zhou K, Xue W, Abid K, Chen S. Redox Status, JA and ET Signaling Pathway Regulating Responses to Botrytis cinerea Infection Between the Resistant Cucumber Genotype and Its Susceptible Mutant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:559070. [PMID: 33101327 PMCID: PMC7546314 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.559070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is an important necrotrophic fungal pathogen with a broad host range and the ability to causing great economic losses in cucumber. However, the resistance mechanism against this pathogen in cucumber was not well understood. In this study, the microscopic observation of the spore growth, redox status measurements and transcriptome analysis were carried out after Botrytis cinerea infection in the resistant genotype No.26 and its susceptible mutant 26M. Results revealed shorter hypha, lower rate of spore germination, less acceleration of H2O2, O2 -, and lower total glutathione content (GSH+GSSG) in No.26 than that in 26M, which were identified by the staining result of DAB and NBT. Transcriptome data showed that after pathogen infection, a total of 3901 and 789 different expression genes (DEGs) were identified in No.26 and 26M respectively. These DEGs were highly enriched in redox regulation pathway, hormone signaling pathway and plant-pathogen interaction pathway. The glutathione S-transferase genes, putative peroxidase gene, and NADPH oxidase were up-regulated in No.26 whereas these genes changed little in 26M after Botrytis cinerea infection. Jasmonic acid and ethylene biosynthesis and signaling pathways were distinctively activated in No.26 comparing with 26M upon infection. Much more plant defense related genes including mitogen-activated protein kinases, calmodulin, calmodulin-like protein, calcium-dependent protein kinase, and WRKY transcription factor were induced in No.26 than 26M after pathogen infection. Finally, a model was established which elucidated the resistance difference between resistant cucumber genotype and susceptible mutant after B. cinerea infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Xuewei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Panpan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Keke Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Wanyu Xue
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Kan Abid
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Shuxia Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
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48
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Yamamoto M, Blaschek L, Subbotina E, Kajita S, Pesquet E. Importance of Lignin Coniferaldehyde Residues for Plant Properties and Sustainable Uses. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4400-4408. [PMID: 32692480 PMCID: PMC7539997 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Increases in coniferaldehyde content, a minor lignin residue, significantly improves the sustainable use of plant biomass for feed, pulping, and biorefinery without affecting plant growth and yields. Herein, different analytical methods are compared and validated to distinguish coniferaldehyde from other lignin residues. It is shown that specific genetic pathways regulate amount, linkage, and position of coniferaldehyde within the lignin polymer for each cell type. This specific cellular regulation offers new possibilities for designing plant lignin for novel and targeted industrial uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyo184-8588Japan
| | - Leonard Blaschek
- Arrhenius laboratories Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm University106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Elena Subbotina
- Arrhenius laboratories, Department of Organic ChemistryStockholm University106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Shinya Kajita
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyo184-8588Japan
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Arrhenius laboratories Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm University106 91StockholmSweden
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Liu W, Jiang Y, Wang C, Zhao L, Jin Y, Xing Q, Li M, Lv T, Qi H. Lignin synthesized by CmCAD2 and CmCAD3 in oriental melon (Cucumis melo L.) seedlings contributes to drought tolerance. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:689-704. [PMID: 32472480 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
CmCAD2 and CmCAD3 function more positively than CmCAD1 in oriental melon for lignin synthesis which is important to ensure internal water status and thus for drought tolerance. Well-lignification may be the guarantee of efficient axial water transport and barrier of lateral water flow in oriental melon tolerating drought stress, however remains to be verified. As an important enzyme in monolignol synthesis pathway, five cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) genes were generally induced in melon seedlings by drought. Here we further revealed the roles of CmCAD1, 2, and 3 in lignin synthesis and for drought tolerance. Results found that overexpressing CmCAD2 or 3 strongly recovered CAD activities, lignin synthesis and composition in Arabidopsis cadc cadd, whose lignin synthesis is disrupted, while CmCAD1 functioned modestly. In melon seedlings, silenced CmCAD2 and 3 individually or collectively decreased CAD activities and lignin depositions drastically, resulting in dwarfed phenotypes. Reduced lignin, mainly composed by guaiacyl units catalyzed by CmCAD3, is mainly due to the limited lignification in tracheary elements and development of Casparion strip. While CmCAD1 and 2 exhibited catalysis to p-coumaraldehyde and sinapaldehyde, respectively. Compared with CmCAD1, drought treatments revealed higher sensitivity of CmCAD2 and/or 3 silenced melon seedlings, accompanying with lower relative water contents, water potentials and relatively higher total soluble sugar contents. Slightly up-regulated expressions of aquaporin genes together with limited lignification might imply higher lateral water loss in stems of silenced lines. In Arabidopsis, CmCAD2 and 3 transgenic lines enhanced cadc cadd drought tolerance through recovering lignin synthesis and root development, accompanying with decreased electrolyte leakage ratios and increased RWCs, thus improved survival rates. Briefly, lignin synthesized by CmCAD2 and 3 functions importantly for drought tolerance in melon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- College of Ecology and Garden Architecture, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Vegetable Research, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yazhong Jin
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaojuan Xing
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Tinghui Lv
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Yadav V, Wang Z, Wei C, Amo A, Ahmed B, Yang X, Zhang X. Phenylpropanoid Pathway Engineering: An Emerging Approach towards Plant Defense. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040312. [PMID: 32340374 PMCID: PMC7238016 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens hitting the plant cell wall is the first impetus that triggers the phenylpropanoid pathway for plant defense. The phenylpropanoid pathway bifurcates into the production of an enormous array of compounds based on the few intermediates of the shikimate pathway in response to cell wall breaches by pathogens. The whole metabolomic pathway is a complex network regulated by multiple gene families and it exhibits refined regulatory mechanisms at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels. The pathway genes are involved in the production of anti-microbial compounds as well as signaling molecules. The engineering in the metabolic pathway has led to a new plant defense system of which various mechanisms have been proposed including salicylic acid and antimicrobial mediated compounds. In recent years, some key players like phenylalanine ammonia lyases (PALs) from the phenylpropanoid pathway are proposed to have broad spectrum disease resistance (BSR) without yield penalties. Now we have more evidence than ever, yet little understanding about the pathway-based genes that orchestrate rapid, coordinated induction of phenylpropanoid defenses in response to microbial attack. It is not astonishing that mutants of pathway regulator genes can show conflicting results. Therefore, precise engineering of the pathway is an interesting strategy to aim at profitably tailored plants. Here, this review portrays the current progress and challenges for phenylpropanoid pathway-based resistance from the current prospective to provide a deeper understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Chunhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Aduragbemi Amo
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Bilal Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-029-8708-2613
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