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Pena MM, Bhandari R, Bowers RM, Weis K, Newberry E, Wagner N, Pupko T, Jones JB, Woyke T, Vinatzer BA, Jacques MA, Potnis N. Genetic and Functional Diversity Help Explain Pathogenic, Weakly Pathogenic, and Commensal Lifestyles in the Genus Xanthomonas. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae074. [PMID: 38648506 PMCID: PMC11032200 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Xanthomonas has been primarily studied for pathogenic interactions with plants. However, besides host and tissue-specific pathogenic strains, this genus also comprises nonpathogenic strains isolated from a broad range of hosts, sometimes in association with pathogenic strains, and other environments, including rainwater. Based on their incapacity or limited capacity to cause symptoms on the host of isolation, nonpathogenic xanthomonads can be further characterized as commensal and weakly pathogenic. This study aimed to understand the diversity and evolution of nonpathogenic xanthomonads compared to their pathogenic counterparts based on their cooccurrence and phylogenetic relationship and to identify genomic traits that form the basis of a life history framework that groups xanthomonads by ecological strategies. We sequenced genomes of 83 strains spanning the genus phylogeny and identified eight novel species, indicating unexplored diversity. While some nonpathogenic species have experienced a recent loss of a type III secretion system, specifically the hrp2 cluster, we observed an apparent lack of association of the hrp2 cluster with lifestyles of diverse species. We performed association analysis on a large data set of 337 Xanthomonas strains to explain how xanthomonads may have established association with the plants across the continuum of lifestyles from commensals to weak pathogens to pathogens. Presence of distinct transcriptional regulators, distinct nutrient utilization and assimilation genes, transcriptional regulators, and chemotaxis genes may explain lifestyle-specific adaptations of xanthomonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Pena
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Rishi Bhandari
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Robert M Bowers
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kylie Weis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Eric Newberry
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Naama Wagner
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Pupko
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tanja Woyke
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Boris A Vinatzer
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Marie-Agnès Jacques
- Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, University of Angers, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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2
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Chen C, van der Hoorn RAL, Buscaill P. Releasing hidden MAMPs from precursor proteins in plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:428-436. [PMID: 37945394 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of pathogens by plants at the cell surface is crucial for activating plant immunity. Plants employ pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). However, our knowledge of the release of peptide MAMPs from their precursor proteins is very limited. Here, we explore seven protein precursors of well-known MAMP peptides and discuss the likelihood of processing being required for their recognition based on structural models and public knowledge. This analysis indicates the existence of multiple extracellular events that are likely pivotal for pathogen perception but remain to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China; The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Pierre Buscaill
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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3
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Hudson A, Mullens A, Hind S, Jamann T, Balint-Kurti P. Natural variation in the pattern-triggered immunity response in plants: Investigations, implications and applications. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13445. [PMID: 38528659 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) response is triggered at the plant cell surface by the recognition of microbe-derived molecules known as microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns or molecules derived from compromised host cells called damage-associated molecular patterns. Membrane-localized receptor proteins, known as pattern recognition receptors, are responsible for this recognition. Although much of the machinery of PTI is conserved, natural variation for the PTI response exists within and across species with respect to the components responsible for pattern recognition, activation of the response, and the strength of the response induced. This review describes what is known about this variation. We discuss how variation in the PTI response can be measured and how this knowledge might be utilized in the control of plant disease and in developing plant varieties with enhanced disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Hudson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander Mullens
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah Hind
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Tiffany Jamann
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Zhu F, Cao MY, Zhang QP, Mohan R, Schar J, Mitchell M, Chen H, Liu F, Wang D, Fu ZQ. Join the green team: Inducers of plant immunity in the plant disease sustainable control toolbox. J Adv Res 2024; 57:15-42. [PMID: 37142184 PMCID: PMC10918366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crops are constantly attacked by various pathogens. These pathogenic microorganisms, such as fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, threaten global food security by causing detrimental crop diseases that generate tremendous quality and yield losses worldwide. Chemical pesticides have undoubtedly reduced crop damage; however, in addition to increasing the cost of agricultural production, the extensive use of chemical pesticides comes with environmental and social costs. Therefore, it is necessary to vigorously develop sustainable disease prevention and control strategies to promote the transition from traditional chemical control to modern green technologies. Plants possess sophisticated and efficient defense mechanisms against a wide range of pathogens naturally. Immune induction technology based on plant immunity inducers can prime plant defense mechanisms and greatly decrease the occurrence and severity of plant diseases. Reducing the use of agrochemicals is an effective way to minimize environmental pollution and promote agricultural safety. AIM OF REVIEW The purpose of this workis to offer valuable insights into the current understanding and future research perspectives of plant immunity inducers and their uses in plant disease control, ecological and environmental protection, and sustainable development of agriculture. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW In this work, we have introduced the concepts of sustainable and environment-friendly concepts of green disease prevention and control technologies based on plant immunity inducers. This article comprehensively summarizes these recent advances, emphasizes the importance of sustainable disease prevention and control technologies for food security, and highlights the diverse functions of plant immunity inducers-mediated disease resistance. The challenges encountered in the potential applications of plant immunity inducers and future research orientation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Meng-Yao Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Qi-Ping Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | | | - Jacob Schar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | - Huan Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Erokhin D, Popletaeva S, Sinelnikov I, Rozhkova A, Shcherbakova L, Dzhavakhiya V. Some Structural Elements of Bacterial Protein MF3 That Influence Its Ability to Induce Plant Resistance to Fungi, Viruses, and Other Plant Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16374. [PMID: 38003563 PMCID: PMC10671687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the MF3 protein from Pseudomonas fluorescens to protect plants by inducing their resistance to pathogenic fungi, bacteria, and viruses is well confirmed both in greenhouses and in the field; however, the molecular basis of this phenomenon remains unexplored. To find a relationship between the primary (and spatial) structure of the protein and its target activity, we analyzed the inducing activity of a set of mutants generated by alanine scanning and an alpha-helix deletion (ahD) in the part of the MF3 molecule previously identified by our group as a 29-amino-acid peptide working as the inducer on its own. Testing the mutants' inducing activity using the "tobacco-tobacco mosaic virus" pathosystem revealed that some of them showed an almost threefold (V60A and V62A) or twofold (G51A, L58A, ahD) reduction in inducing activity compared to the wild-type MF3 type. Interestingly, these mutations demonstrated close proximity in the homology model, probably contributing to MF3 reception in a host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Erokhin
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia; (D.E.); (S.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Sophya Popletaeva
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia; (D.E.); (S.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Igor Sinelnikov
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexandra Rozhkova
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Larisa Shcherbakova
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia; (D.E.); (S.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Vitaly Dzhavakhiya
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia; (D.E.); (S.P.); (V.D.)
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6
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Mani T, Joshi JB, Priyadharshini R, Sharmila JS, Uthandi S. Flagellin, a plant-defense-activating protein identified from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Dieffenbachiae invokes defense response in tobacco. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:284. [PMID: 37798635 PMCID: PMC10552369 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secretome analysis is a valuable tool to study host-pathogen protein interactions and to identify new proteins that are important for plant health. Microbial signatures elicit defense responses in plants, and by that, the plant immune system gets triggered prior to pathogen infection. Functional properties of secretory proteins from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae (Xad1) involved in priming plant immunity was evaluated. RESULTS In this study, the secretome of Xad1 was analyzed under host plant extract-induced conditions, and mass spectroscopic analysis of differentially expressed protein was identified as plant-defense-activating protein viz., flagellin C (FliC). The flagellin and Flg22 peptides both elicited hypersensitive reaction (HR) in non-host tobacco, activated reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes, and increased pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression viz., NPR1, PR1, and down-regulation of PR2 (β-1,3-glucanase). Protein docking studies revealed the Flg22 epitope of Xad1, a 22 amino acid peptide region in FliC that recognizes plant receptor FLS2 to initiate downstream defense signaling. CONCLUSION The flagellin or the Flg22 peptide from Xad1 was efficient in eliciting an HR in tobacco via salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense signaling that subsequently triggers systemic immune response epigenetically. The insights from this study can be used for the development of bio-based products (small PAMPs) for plant immunity and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamilarasi Mani
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Directorate of Natural Resource Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, India
| | - J Beslin Joshi
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Directorate of Natural Resource Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, India
- Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, India
| | - R Priyadharshini
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Directorate of Natural Resource Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, India
- Department of Microbiology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
| | - Jeya Sundara Sharmila
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Directorate of Natural Resource Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sivakumar Uthandi
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Directorate of Natural Resource Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, India.
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7
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Andrade MDO, da Silva JC, Soprano AS, Shimo HM, Leme AFP, Benedetti CE. Suppression of citrus canker disease mediated by flagellin perception. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:331-345. [PMID: 36691963 PMCID: PMC10013774 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Citrus cancer, caused by strains of Xanthomonas citri (Xc) and Xanthomonas aurantifolii (Xa), is one of the most economically important citrus diseases. Although our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying citrus canker development has advanced remarkably in recent years, exactly how citrus plants fight against these pathogens remains largely unclear. Using a Xa pathotype C strain that infects Mexican lime only and sweet oranges as a pathosystem to study the immune response triggered by this bacterium in these hosts, we herein report that the Xa flagellin C protein (XaFliC) acts as a potent defence elicitor in sweet oranges. Just as Xa blocked canker formation when coinfiltrated with Xc in sweet orange leaves, two polymorphic XaFliC peptides designated flgIII-20 and flgIII-27, not related to flg22 or flgII-28 but found in many Xanthomonas species, were sufficient to protect sweet orange plants from Xc infection. Accordingly, ectopic expression of XaFliC in a Xc FliC-defective mutant completely abolished the ability of this mutant to grow and cause canker in sweet orange but not Mexican lime plants. Because XaFliC and flgIII-27 also specifically induced the expression of several defence-related genes, our data suggest that XaFliC acts as a main immune response determinant in sweet orange plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxuel de Oliveira Andrade
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Jaqueline Cristina da Silva
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Adriana Santos Soprano
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Hugo Massayoshi Shimo
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Adriana Franco Paes Leme
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Celso Eduardo Benedetti
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
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8
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Paauw M, van Hulten M, Chatterjee S, Berg JA, Taks NW, Giesbers M, Richard MMS, van den Burg HA. Hydathode immunity protects the Arabidopsis leaf vasculature against colonization by bacterial pathogens. Curr Biol 2023; 33:697-710.e6. [PMID: 36731466 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants prevent disease by passively and actively protecting potential entry routes against invading microbes. For example, the plant immune system actively guards roots, wounds, and stomata. How plants prevent vascular disease upon bacterial entry via guttation fluids excreted from specialized glands at the leaf margin remains largely unknown. These so-called hydathodes release xylem sap when root pressure is too high. By studying hydathode colonization by both hydathode-adapted (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris) and non-adapted pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato) in immunocompromised Arabidopsis mutants, we show that the immune hubs BAK1 and EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 restrict bacterial multiplication in hydathodes. Both immune hubs effectively confine bacterial pathogens to hydathodes and lower the number of successful escape events of an hydathode-adapted pathogen toward the xylem. A second layer of defense, which is dependent on the plant hormones' pipecolic acid and to a lesser extent on salicylic acid, reduces the vascular spread of the pathogen. Thus, besides glands, hydathodes represent a potent first line of defense against leaf-invading microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha Paauw
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke van Hulten
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A Berg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nanne W Taks
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Giesbers
- Wageningen Electron Microscopy Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manon M S Richard
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harrold A van den Burg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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9
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Qi P, Wang N, Zhang T, Feng Y, Zhou X, Zeng D, Meng J, Liu L, Jin L, Yang S. Anti-Virulence Strategy of Novel Dehydroabietic Acid Derivatives: Design, Synthesis, and Antibacterial Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2897. [PMID: 36769220 PMCID: PMC9917773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-virulence strategies are attractive and interesting strategies for controlling bacterial diseases because virulence factors are fundamental to the infection process of numerous serious phytopathogenics. To extend the novel anti-virulence agents, a series of dehydroabietic acid (DAA) derivatives decorated with amino alcohol unit were semi-synthesized based on structural modification of the renewable natural DAA and evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa). Compound 2b showed the most promising antibacterial activity against Xoo with an EC50 of 2.7 μg mL-1. Furthermore, compound 2b demonstrated remarkable control effectiveness against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) in rice, with values of 48.6% and 61.4% for curative and protective activities. In addition, antibacterial behavior suggested that compound 2b could suppress various virulence factors, including EPS, biofilm, swimming motility, and flagella. Therefore, the current study provided promising lead compounds for novel bactericides discovery by inhibiting bacterial virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiang Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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10
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Effector-Dependent and -Independent Molecular Mechanisms of Soybean-Microbe Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214184. [PMID: 36430663 PMCID: PMC9695568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is a pivotal staple crop worldwide, supplying the main food and feed plant proteins in some countries. In addition to interacting with mutualistic microbes, soybean also needs to protect itself against pathogens. However, to grow inside plant tissues, plant defense mechanisms ranging from passive barriers to induced defense reactions have to be overcome. Pathogenic but also symbiotic micro-organisms effectors can be delivered into the host cell by secretion systems and can interfere with the immunity system and disrupt cellular processes. This review summarizes the latest advances in our understanding of the interaction between secreted effectors and soybean feedback mechanism and uncovers the conserved and special signaling pathway induced by pathogenic soybean cyst nematode, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas as well as by symbiotic rhizobium.
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11
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Lü P, Liu Y, Yu X, Shi CL, Liu X. The right microbe-associated molecular patterns for effective recognition by plants. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1019069. [PMID: 36225366 PMCID: PMC9549324 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1019069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to diverse microbes and thus develop a sophisticated perceive system to distinguish non-self from self and identify non-self as friends or foes. Plants can detect microbes in apoplast via recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the cell surface to activate appropriate signaling in response to microbes. MAMPs are highly conserved but essential molecules of microbes and often buried in microbes’ complex structure. Mature MAMPs are released from microbes by invasion-induced hydrolytic enzymes in apoplast and accumulate in proximity of plasma membrane-localized PRRs to be perceived as ligands to activate downstream signaling. In response, microbes developed strategies to counteract these processing. Here, we review how the form, the concentration, and the size of mature MAMPs affect the PRR-mediated immune signaling. In particular, we describe some potential applications and explore potential open questions in the fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Lü
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xixi Yu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | | | - Xiaokun Liu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaokun Liu,
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12
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Cardoso JLS, Souza AA, Vieira MLC. Molecular basis for host responses to Xanthomonas infection. PLANTA 2022; 256:84. [PMID: 36114308 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the most relevant and recent updated information available on the defense responses of selected hosts against Xanthomonas spp. Xanthomonas is one of the most important genera of Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria, severely affecting the productivity of economically important crops worldwide, colonizing either the vascular system or the mesophyll tissue of the host. Due to its rapid propagation, Xanthomonas poses an enormous challenge to farmers, because it is usually controlled using huge quantities of copper-based chemicals, adversely impacting the environment. Thus, developing new ways of preventing colonization by these bacteria has become essential. Advances in genomic and transcriptomic technologies have significantly elucidated at molecular level interactions between various crops and Xanthomonas species. Understanding how these hosts respond to the infection is crucial if we are to exploit potential approaches for improving crop breeding and cutting productivity losses. This review focuses on our current knowledge of the defense response mechanisms in agricultural crops after Xanthomonas infection. We describe the molecular basis of host-bacterium interactions over a broad spectrum with the aim of improving our fundamental understanding of which genes are involved and how they work in this interaction, providing information that can help to speed up plant breeding programs, namely using gene editing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica L S Cardoso
- Genetics Department, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Alessandra A Souza
- Citrus Research Center "Sylvio Moreira", Agronomic Institute (IAC), Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia C Vieira
- Genetics Department, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
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13
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Ustilaginoidea virens Nuclear Effector SCRE4 Suppresses Rice Immunity via Inhibiting Expression of a Positive Immune Regulator OsARF17. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810527. [PMID: 36142440 PMCID: PMC9501289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens has become one of the most important diseases in rice. The large effector repertory in U. virens plays a crucial role in virulence. However, current knowledge of molecular mechanisms how U. virens effectors target rice immune signaling to promote infection is very limited. In this study, we identified and characterized an essential virulence effector, SCRE4 (Secreted Cysteine-Rich Effector 4), in U. virens. SCRE4 was confirmed as a secreted nuclear effector through yeast secretion, translocation assays and protein subcellular localization, as well as up-regulation during infection. The SCRE4 gene deletion attenuated the virulence of U. virens to rice. Consistently, ectopic expression of SCRE4 in rice inhibited chitin-triggered immunity and enhanced susceptibility to false smut, substantiating that SCRE4 is an essential virulence factor. Furthermore, SCRE4 transcriptionally suppressed the expression of OsARF17, an auxin response factor in rice, which positively regulates rice immune responses and resistance against U. virens. Additionally, the immunosuppressive capacity of SCRE4 depended on its nuclear localization. Therefore, we uncovered a virulence strategy in U. virens that transcriptionally suppresses the expression of the immune positive modulator OsARF17 through nucleus-localized effector SCRE4 to facilitate infection.
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14
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Improved and Highly Efficient Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Genetic Transformation Protocol: Efficient Tools for Functional Analysis of Root-Specific Resistance Genes for Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene function analysis, molecular breeding, and the introduction of new traits in crop plants all require the development of a high-performance genetic transformation system. In numerous crops, including tomatoes, Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation is the preferred method. As one of our ongoing research efforts, we are in the process of mapping a broad-spectrum nematode resistance gene (Me1) in pepper. We work to transform tomato plants with candidate genes to confer resistance to nematodes in Solanaceae members. The transformation technology development is designed to produce a reproducible, rapid, and highly effective Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system of Micro-Tom. In our system, a transformation efficiency of over 90% was achieved. The entire procedure, starting from the germination of seeds to the establishment of transformed plants in soil, was completed in 53 days. We confirmed the presence of the NeoR/KanR and DsRed genes in the transformed roots by polymerase chain reaction. The hairy root plants were infected with nematodes, and after 3 months, the presence of DsRed and NeoR/KanR genes was detected in the transformant roots to confirm the long-term effectiveness of the method. The presented study may facilitate root-related research and exploration of root–pathogen interactions.
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15
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Malvino ML, Bott AJ, Green CE, Majumdar T, Hind SR. Influence of Flagellin Polymorphisms, Gene Regulation, and Responsive Memory on the Motility of Xanthomonas Species That Cause Bacterial Spot Disease of Solanaceous Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:157-169. [PMID: 34732057 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-21-0211-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly, new evidence has demonstrated variability in the epitope regions of bacterial flagellin, including in regions harboring the microbe-associated molecular patterns flg22 and flgII-28 that are recognized by the pattern recognition receptors FLS2 and FLS3, respectively. Additionally, because bacterial motility is known to contribute to pathogen virulence and chemotaxis, reductions in or loss of motility can significantly reduce bacterial fitness. In this study, we determined that variations in flg22 and flgII-28 epitopes allow some but not all Xanthomonas spp. to evade both FLS2- and FLS3-mediated oxidative burst responses. We observed variation in the motility for many isolates, regardless of their flagellin sequence. Instead, we determined that past growth conditions may have a significant impact on the motility status of isolates, because we could minimize this variability by inducing motility using chemoattractant assays. Additionally, motility could be significantly suppressed under nutrient-limited conditions, and bacteria could "remember" its prior motility status after storage at ultracold temperatures. Finally, we observed larger bacterial populations of strains with flagellin variants predicted not to be recognized by either FLS2 or FLS3, suggesting that these bacteria can evade flagellin recognition in tomato plants. Although some flagellin variants may impart altered motility and differential recognition by the host immune system, external growth parameters and gene expression regulation appear to have more significant impacts on the motility phenotypes for these Xanthomonas spp.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Malvino
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
| | - Amie J Bott
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
| | - Cory E Green
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
| | - Tanvi Majumdar
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
| | - Sarah R Hind
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
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16
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Luneau JS, Cerutti A, Roux B, Carrère S, Jardinaud M, Gaillac A, Gris C, Lauber E, Berthomé R, Arlat M, Boulanger A, Noël LD. Xanthomonas transcriptome inside cauliflower hydathodes reveals bacterial virulence strategies and physiological adaptations at early infection stages. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:159-174. [PMID: 34837293 PMCID: PMC8743013 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a seed-transmitted vascular pathogen causing black rot disease on cultivated and wild Brassicaceae. Xcc enters the plant tissues preferentially via hydathodes, which are organs localized at leaf margins. To decipher both physiological and virulence strategies deployed by Xcc during early stages of infection, the transcriptomic profile of Xcc was analysed 3 days after entry into cauliflower hydathodes. Despite the absence of visible plant tissue alterations and despite a biotrophic lifestyle, 18% of Xcc genes were differentially expressed, including a striking repression of chemotaxis and motility functions. The Xcc full repertoire of virulence factors had not yet been activated but the expression of the HrpG regulon composed of 95 genes, including genes coding for the type III secretion machinery important for suppression of plant immunity, was induced. The expression of genes involved in metabolic adaptations such as catabolism of plant compounds, transport functions, sulphur and phosphate metabolism was upregulated while limited stress responses were observed 3 days postinfection. We confirmed experimentally that high-affinity phosphate transport is needed for bacterial fitness inside hydathodes. This analysis provides information about the nutritional and stress status of bacteria during the early biotrophic infection stages and helps to decipher the adaptive strategy of Xcc to the hydathode environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien S. Luneau
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Aude Cerutti
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Brice Roux
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
- Present address:
Brice Roux, HalioDx, Luminy Biotech EntreprisesMarseille Cedex 9France
| | - Sébastien Carrère
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | | | - Antoine Gaillac
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Carine Gris
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Emmanuelle Lauber
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Richard Berthomé
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Matthieu Arlat
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Alice Boulanger
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Laurent D. Noël
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
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17
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Truong H, Garmyn D, Gal L, Fournier C, Sevellec Y, Jeandroz S, Piveteau P. Plants as a realized niche for Listeria monocytogenes. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1255. [PMID: 34964288 PMCID: PMC8710918 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a human pathogen. It is the causative agent of listeriosis, the leading cause of bacterial-linked foodborne mortality in Europe and elsewhere. Outbreaks of listeriosis have been associated with the consumption of fresh produce including vegetables and fruits. In this review we summarize current data providing direct or indirect evidence that plants can serve as habitat for L. monocytogenes, enabling this human pathogen to survive and grow. The current knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the interaction of this bacterium with plants is addressed, and whether this foodborne pathogen elicits an immune response in plants is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai‐Nam Truong
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAEUniversity Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Dominique Garmyn
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAEUniversity Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Laurent Gal
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAEUniversity Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Carine Fournier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAEUniversity Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Yann Sevellec
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Food Safety, Salmonella and Listeria UnitParis‐Est UniversityMaisons‐AlfortCedexFrance
| | - Sylvain Jeandroz
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAEUniversity Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
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18
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Singh NK, Karisto P, Croll D. Population-level deep sequencing reveals the interplay of clonal and sexual reproduction in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34617882 PMCID: PMC8627204 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens cause significant challenges to global food security. On annual crops, pathogens must re-infect from environmental sources in every growing season. Fungal pathogens have evolved mixed reproductive strategies to cope with the distinct challenges of colonizing growing plants. However, how pathogen diversity evolves during growing seasons remains largely unknown. Here, we performed a deep hierarchical sampling in a single experimental wheat field infected by the major fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. We analysed whole genome sequences of 177 isolates collected from 12 distinct cultivars replicated in space at three time points of the growing season to maximize capture of genetic diversity. The field population was highly diverse with 37 SNPs per kilobase, a linkage disequilibrium decay within 200-700 bp and a high effective population size. Using experimental infections, we tested a subset of the collected isolates on the dominant cultivar planted in the field. However, we found no significant difference in virulence of isolates collected from the same cultivar compared to isolates collected on other cultivars. About 20 % of the isolate genotypes were grouped into 15 clonal groups. Pairs of clones were disproportionally found at short distances (<5 m), consistent with experimental estimates for per-generation dispersal distances performed in the same field. This confirms predominant leaf-to-leaf transmission during the growing season. Surprisingly, levels of clonality did not increase over time in the field although reproduction is thought to be exclusively asexual during the growing season. Our study shows that the pathogen establishes vast and stable gene pools in single fields. Monitoring short-term evolutionary changes in crop pathogens will inform more durable strategies to contain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Petteri Karisto
- Plant Health, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Daniel Croll,
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19
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Buscaill P, van der Hoorn RAL. Defeated by the nines: nine extracellular strategies to avoid microbe-associated molecular patterns recognition in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2116-2130. [PMID: 33871653 PMCID: PMC8364246 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by cell-surface receptors is pivotal in host-microbe interactions. Both pathogens and symbionts establish plant-microbe interactions using fascinating intricate extracellular strategies to avoid recognition. Here we distinguish nine different extracellular strategies to avoid recognition by the host, acting at three different levels. To avoid the accumulation of MAMP precursors (Level 1), microbes take advantage of polymorphisms in both MAMP proteins and glycans, or downregulate MAMP production. To reduce hydrolytic MAMP release (Level 2), microbes shield MAMP precursors with proteins or glycans and inhibit or degrade host-derived hydrolases. And to prevent MAMP perception directly (Level 3), microbes degrade or sequester MAMPs before they are perceived. We discuss examples of these nine strategies and envisage three additional extracellular strategies to avoid MAMP perception in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Buscaill
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
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20
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Nordstedt NP, Jones ML. Genomic Analysis of Serratia plymuthica MBSA-MJ1: A Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria That Improves Water Stress Tolerance in Greenhouse Ornamentals. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:653556. [PMID: 34046022 PMCID: PMC8144289 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.653556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Water stress decreases the health and quality of horticulture crops by inhibiting photosynthesis, transpiration, and nutrient uptake. Application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can increase the growth, stress tolerance, and overall quality of field and greenhouse grown crops subjected to water stress. Here, we evaluated Serratia plymuthica MBSA-MJ1 for its ability to increase plant growth and quality of Petunia × hybrida (petunia), Impatiens walleriana (impatiens), and Viola × wittrockiana (pansy) plants recovering from severe water stress. Plants were treated weekly with inoculum of MBSA-MJ1, and plant growth and quality were evaluated 2 weeks after recovery from water stress. Application of S. plymuthica MBSA-MJ1 increased the visual quality and shoot biomass of petunia and impatiens and increased the flower number of petunia after recovery from water stress. In addition, in vitro characterizations showed that MBSA-MJ1 is a motile bacterium with moderate levels of antibiotic resistance that can withstand osmotic stress. Further, comprehensive genomic analyses identified genes putatively involved in bacterial osmotic and oxidative stress responses and the synthesis of osmoprotectants and vitamins that could potentially be involved in increasing plant water stress tolerance. This work provides a better understanding of potential mechanisms involved in beneficial plant-microbe interactions under abiotic stress using a novel S. plymuthica strain as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Nordstedt
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Michelle L Jones
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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21
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Tao Y, Acket S, Beaumont E, Galez H, Duma L, Rossez Y. Colistin Treatment Affects Lipid Composition of Acinetobacter baumannii. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050528. [PMID: 34063718 PMCID: PMC8147793 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) causes severe and often fatal healthcare-associated infections due partly to antibiotic resistance. There are no studies on A. baumannii lipidomics of susceptible and resistant strains grown at lethal and sublethal concentrations. Therefore, we analyzed the impact of colistin resistance on glycerolipids’ content by using untargeted lipidomics on clinical isolate. Nine lipid sub-classes were annotated, including phosphatidylcholine, rarely detected in the bacterial membrane among 130 different lipid species. The other lipid sub-classes detected are phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), lysophosphatidylethanolamine, hemibismonoacylglycerophosphate, cardiolipin, monolysocardiolipin, diacylglycerol, and triacylglycerol. Under lethal and sublethal concentrations of colistin, significant reduction of PE was observed on the resistant and susceptible strain, respectively. Palmitic acid percentage was higher at colistin at low concentration but only for the susceptible strain. When looking at individual lipid species, the most abundant PE and PG species (PE 34:1 and PG 34:1) are significantly upregulated when the susceptible and the resistant strains are cultivated with colistin. This is, to date, the most exhaustive lipidomics data compilation of A. baumannii cultivated in the presence of colistin. This work is highlighting the plasma membrane plasticity used by this gram-negative bacterium to survive colistin treatment.
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22
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Cheng JHT, Bredow M, Monaghan J, diCenzo GC. Proteobacteria Contain Diverse flg22 Epitopes That Elicit Varying Immune Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:504-510. [PMID: 33560865 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-20-0314-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial flagellin protein is a potent microbe-associated molecular pattern. Immune responses are triggered by a 22-amino-acid epitope derived from flagellin, known as flg22, upon detection by the pattern recognition receptor FLAGELLIN-SENSING2 (FLS2) in multiple plant species. However, increasing evidence suggests that flg22 epitopes of several bacterial species are not universally immunogenic to plants. We investigated whether flg22 immunogenicity systematically differs between classes of the phylum Proteobacteria, using a dataset of 2,470 flg22 sequences. To predict which species encode highly immunogenic flg22 epitopes, we queried a custom motif (11[ST]xx[DN][DN]xAGxxI21) in the flg22 sequences, followed by sequence conservation analysis and protein structural modeling. These data led us to hypothesize that most flg22 epitopes of the γ- and β-Proteobacteria are highly immunogenic, whereas most flg22 epitopes of the α-, δ-, and ε-Proteobacteria are weakly to moderately immunogenic. To test this hypothesis, we generated synthetic peptides representative of the flg22 epitopes of each proteobacterial class, and we monitored their ability to elicit an immune response in Arabidopsis thaliana. The flg22 peptides of γ- and β-Proteobacteria triggered strong oxidative bursts, whereas peptides from the ε-, δ-, and α-Proteobacteria triggered moderate, weak, or no response, respectively. These data suggest flg22 immunogenicity is not highly conserved across the phylum Proteobacteria. We postulate that sequence divergence of each taxonomic class was present prior to the evolution of FLS2, and that the ligand specificity of A. thaliana FLS2 was driven by the flg22 epitopes of the γ- and β-Proteobacteria, a monophyletic group containing many common phytopathogens.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis H T Cheng
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Melissa Bredow
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | - George C diCenzo
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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23
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Rahmati Ishka M, Brown E, Rosenberg A, Romanowsky S, Davis JA, Choi WG, Harper JF. Arabidopsis Ca2+-ATPases 1, 2, and 7 in the endoplasmic reticulum contribute to growth and pollen fitness. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1966-1985. [PMID: 33575795 PMCID: PMC8133587 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Generating cellular Ca2+ signals requires coordinated transport activities from both Ca2+ influx and efflux pathways. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), multiple efflux pathways exist, some of which involve Ca2+-pumps belonging to the Autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPase (ACA) family. Here, we show that ACA1, 2, and 7 localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are important for plant growth and pollen fertility. While phenotypes for plants harboring single-gene knockouts (KOs) were weak or undetected, a triple KO of aca1/2/7 displayed a 2.6-fold decrease in pollen transmission efficiency, whereas inheritance through female gametes was normal. The triple KO also resulted in smaller rosettes showing a high frequency of lesions. Both vegetative and reproductive phenotypes were rescued by transgenes encoding either ACA1, 2, or 7, suggesting that all three isoforms are biochemically redundant. Lesions were suppressed by expression of a transgene encoding NahG, an enzyme that degrades salicylic acid (SA). Triple KO mutants showed elevated mRNA expression for two SA-inducible marker genes, Pathogenesis-related1 (PR1) and PR2. The aca1/2/7 lesion phenotype was similar but less severe than SA-dependent lesions associated with a double KO of vacuolar pumps aca4 and 11. Imaging of Ca2+ dynamics triggered by blue light or the pathogen elicitor flg22 revealed that aca1/2/7 mutants display Ca2+ transients with increased magnitudes and durations. Together, these results indicate that ER-localized ACAs play important roles in regulating Ca2+ signals, and that the loss of these pumps results in male fertility and vegetative growth deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahmati Ishka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Elizabeth Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Alexa Rosenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Shawn Romanowsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - James A Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Won-Gyu Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Harper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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24
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Parys K, Colaianni NR, Lee HS, Hohmann U, Edelbacher N, Trgovcevic A, Blahovska Z, Lee D, Mechtler A, Muhari-Portik Z, Madalinski M, Schandry N, Rodríguez-Arévalo I, Becker C, Sonnleitner E, Korte A, Bläsi U, Geldner N, Hothorn M, Jones CD, Dangl JL, Belkhadir Y. Signatures of antagonistic pleiotropy in a bacterial flagellin epitope. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:620-634.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Chen H, Raffaele S, Dong S. Silent control: microbial plant pathogens evade host immunity without coding sequence changes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6095737. [PMID: 33440001 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both animals and plants have evolved a robust immune system to surveil and defeat invading pathogenic microbes. Evasion of host immune surveillance is the key for pathogens to initiate successful infection. To evade the host immunity, plant pathogens evolved a variety of strategies such as masking themselves from host immune recognitions, blocking immune signaling transductions, reprogramming immune responses and adapting to immune microenvironmental changes. Gain of new virulence genes, sequence and structural variations enables plant pathogens to evade host immunity through changes in the genetic code. However, recent discoveries demonstrated that variations at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, post-translational and glycome level enable pathogens to cope with the host immune system without coding sequence changes. The biochemical modification of pathogen associated molecular patterns and silencing of effector genes emerged as potent ways for pathogens to hide from host recognition. Altered processing in mRNA activities provide pathogens with resilience to microenvironment changes. Importantly, these hiding variants are directly or indirectly modulated by catalytic enzymes or enzymatic complexes and cannot be revealed by classical genomics alone. Unveiling these novel host evasion mechanisms in plant pathogens enables us to better understand the nature of plant disease and pinpoints strategies for rational diseases management in global food protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, INRAE, CNRS, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge - Auzeville, CS52627, F31326 Castanet Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
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26
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De Saeger J, Park J, Chung HS, Hernalsteens JP, Van Lijsebettens M, Inzé D, Van Montagu M, Depuydt S. Agrobacterium strains and strain improvement: Present and outlook. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 53:107677. [PMID: 33290822 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Almost 40 years ago the first transgenic plant was generated through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, which, until now, remains the method of choice for gene delivery into plants. Ever since, optimized Agrobacterium strains have been developed with additional (genetic) modifications that were mostly aimed at enhancing the transformation efficiency, although an optimized strain also exists that reduces unwanted plasmid recombination. As a result, a collection of very useful strains has been created to transform a wide variety of plant species, but has also led to a confusing Agrobacterium strain nomenclature. The latter is often misleading for choosing the best-suited strain for one's transformation purposes. To overcome this issue, we provide a complete overview of the strain classification. We also indicate different strain modifications and their purposes, as well as the obtained results with regard to the transformation process sensu largo. Furthermore, we propose additional improvements of the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation process and consider several worthwhile modifications, for instance, by circumventing a defense response in planta. In this regard, we will discuss pattern-triggered immunity, pathogen-associated molecular pattern detection, hormone homeostasis and signaling, and reactive oxygen species in relationship to Agrobacterium transformation. We will also explore alterations that increase agrobacterial transformation efficiency, reduce plasmid recombination, and improve biocontainment. Finally, we recommend the use of a modular system to best utilize the available knowledge for successful plant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas De Saeger
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jihae Park
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Marine Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
| | - Hoo Sun Chung
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Mieke Van Lijsebettens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Montagu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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Zarkani AA, López-Pagán N, Grimm M, Sánchez-Romero MA, Ruiz-Albert J, Beuzón CR, Schikora A. Salmonella Heterogeneously Expresses Flagellin during Colonization of Plants. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060815. [PMID: 32485895 PMCID: PMC7355505 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimally processed or fresh fruits and vegetables are unfortunately linked to an increasing number of food-borne diseases, such as salmonellosis. One of the relevant virulence factors during the initial phases of the infection process is the bacterial flagellum. Although its function is well studied in animal systems, contradictory results have been published regarding its role during plant colonization. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Salmonella's flagellin plays a versatile function during the colonization of tomato plants. We have assessed the persistence in plant tissues of a Salmonella enterica wild type strain, and of a strain lacking the two flagellins, FljB and FliC. We detected no differences between these strains concerning their respective abilities to reach distal, non-inoculated parts of the plant. Analysis of flagellin expression inside the plant, at both the population and single cell levels, shows that the majority of bacteria down-regulate flagellin production, however, a small fraction of the population continues to express flagellin at a very high level inside the plant. This heterogeneous expression of flagellin might be an adaptive strategy to the plant environment. In summary, our study provides new insights on Salmonella adaption to the plant environment through the regulation of flagellin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar A. Zarkani
- Julius Kühn-Institut Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.A.Z.); (M.G.)
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, 10071 Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Nieves López-Pagán
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (N.L.-P.); (J.R.-A.); (C.R.B.)
| | - Maja Grimm
- Julius Kühn-Institut Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.A.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - María Antonia Sánchez-Romero
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1095, 41080 Seville, Spain;
- Current address: Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Albert
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (N.L.-P.); (J.R.-A.); (C.R.B.)
| | - Carmen R. Beuzón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (N.L.-P.); (J.R.-A.); (C.R.B.)
| | - Adam Schikora
- Julius Kühn-Institut Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.A.Z.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Timilsina S, Potnis N, Newberry EA, Liyanapathiranage P, Iruegas-Bocardo F, White FF, Goss EM, Jones JB. Xanthomonas diversity, virulence and plant-pathogen interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 18:415-427. [PMID: 32346148 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-0361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Xanthomonas spp. encompass a wide range of plant pathogens that use numerous virulence factors for pathogenicity and fitness in plant hosts. In this Review, we examine recent insights into host-pathogen co-evolution, diversity in Xanthomonas populations and host specificity of Xanthomonas spp. that have substantially improved our fundamental understanding of pathogen biology. We emphasize the virulence factors in xanthomonads, such as type III secreted effectors including transcription activator-like effectors, type II secretion systems, diversity resulting in host specificity, evolution of emerging strains, activation of susceptibility genes and strategies of host evasion. We summarize the genomic diversity in several Xanthomonas spp. and implications for disease outbreaks, management strategies and breeding for disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Timilsina
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Neha Potnis
- Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Eric A Newberry
- Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Frank F White
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erica M Goss
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Zhang N, Yang J, Fang A, Wang J, Li D, Li Y, Wang S, Cui F, Yu J, Liu Y, Peng Y, Sun W. The essential effector SCRE1 in Ustilaginoidea virens suppresses rice immunity via a small peptide region. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:445-459. [PMID: 32087618 PMCID: PMC7060142 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The biotrophic fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens causes rice false smut, a newly emerging plant disease that has become epidemic worldwide in recent years. The U. virens genome encodes many putative effector proteins that, based on the study of other pathosystems, could play an essential role in fungal virulence. However, few studies have been reported on virulence functions of individual U. virens effectors. Here, we report our identification and characterization of the secreted cysteine-rich protein SCRE1, which is an essential virulence effector in U. virens. When SCRE1 was heterologously expressed in Magnaporthe oryzae, the protein was secreted and translocated into plant cells during infection. SCRE1 suppresses the immunity-associated hypersensitive response in the nonhost plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Induced expression of SCRE1 in rice also inhibits pattern-triggered immunity and enhances disease susceptibility to rice bacterial and fungal pathogens. The immunosuppressive activity is localized to a small peptide region that contains an important 'cysteine-proline-alanine-arginine-serine' motif. Furthermore, the scre1 knockout mutant generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system is attenuated in U. virens virulence to rice, which is greatly complemented by the full-length SCRE1 gene. Collectively, this study indicates that the effector SCRE1 is able to inhibit host immunity and is required for full virulence of U. virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jiyun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Anfei Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jiyang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchun130118China
| | - Yuejiao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Fuhao Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, Jiangsu210014China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, Jiangsu210014China
| | - You‐Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchun130118China
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Tian SN, Liu DD, Zhong CL, Xu HY, Yang S, Fang Y, Ran J, Liu JZ. Silencing GmFLS2 enhances the susceptibility of soybean to bacterial pathogen through attenuating the activation of GmMAPK signaling pathway. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110386. [PMID: 32005391 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM)-localized receptor-like kinases (RLKs) play important roles in pathogen defense. One of the first cloned RLKs is the Arabidopsis receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2), which specifically recognizes a conserved 22 amino acid N-terminal sequence of Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato DC3000 (Pst) flagellin protein (flg22). Although extensively studied in Arabidopsis, the functions of RLKs in crop plants remain largely uninvestigated. To understand the roles of RLKs in soybean (Glycine max), GmFLS2 was silenced via virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) mediated by Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV). No significant morphological differences were observed between GmFLS2-silenced plants and the vector control plants. However, silencing GmFLS2 significantly enhanced the susceptibility of the soybean plants to Pseudomonas syringae pv.glycinea (Psg). Kinase activity assay showed that silencing GmFLS2 significantly reduced the phosphorylation level of GmMPK6 in response to flg22 treatment. However, reduced phosphorylation level of both GmMPK3 and GmMPK6 in response to Psg infection was observed in GmFLS2-silenced plants, implying that defense response is likely transduced through activation of the downstream GmMAPK signaling pathway upon recognition of bacterial pathogen by GmFLS2. The core peptides of flg22 from Pst and Psg were highly conserved and only 4 amino acid differences were seen at their N-termini. Interestingly, it appeared that the Psg-flg22 was more effective in activating soybean MAPKs than activating Arabidopsis MAPKs, and conversely, Pst-flg22 was more effective in activating Arabidopsis MAPKs than activating soybean MAPKs, suggesting that the cognate recognition is more potent than heterologous recognition in activating downstream signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that the function of FLS2 is conserved in immunity against bacteria pathogens across different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Tian
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Dan-Dan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Chen-Li Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Hui-Yang Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Jie Ran
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China.
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Pseudomonas syringae AlgU Downregulates Flagellin Gene Expression, Helping Evade Plant Immunity. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00418-19. [PMID: 31740494 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00418-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flagella power bacterial movement through liquids and over surfaces to access or avoid certain environmental conditions, ultimately increasing a cell's probability of survival and reproduction. In some cases, flagella and chemotaxis are key virulence factors enabling pathogens to gain entry and attach to suitable host tissues. However, flagella are not always beneficial; both plant and animal immune systems have evolved receptors to sense the proteins that make up flagellar filaments as signatures of bacterial infection. Microbes poorly adapted to avoid or counteract these immune functions are unlikely to be successful in host environments, and this selective pressure has driven the evolution of diverse and often redundant pathogen compensatory mechanisms. We tested the role of AlgU, the Pseudomonas extracytoplasmic function sigma factor σE/σ22 ortholog, in regulating flagellar expression in the context of Pseudomonas syringae-plant interactions. We found that AlgU is necessary for downregulating bacterial flagellin expression in planta and that this results in a corresponding reduction in plant immune elicitation. This AlgU-dependent regulation of flagellin gene expression is beneficial to bacterial growth in the course of plant infection, and eliminating the plant's ability to detect flagellin makes this AlgU-dependent function irrelevant for bacteria growing in the apoplast. Together, these results add support to an emerging model in which P. syringae AlgU functions at a key control point that serves to optimize the expression of bacterial functions during host interactions, including minimizing the expression of immune elicitors and concomitantly upregulating beneficial virulence functions.IMPORTANCE Foliar plant pathogens, like Pseudomonas syringae, adjust their physiology and behavior to facilitate host colonization and disease, but the full extent of these adaptations is not known. Plant immune systems are triggered by bacterial molecules, such as the proteins that make up flagellar filaments. In this study, we found that during plant infection, AlgU, a gene expression regulator that is responsive to external stimuli, downregulates expression of fliC, which encodes the flagellin protein, a strong elicitor of plant immune systems. This change in gene expression and resultant change in behavior correlate with reduced plant immune activation and improved P. syringae plant colonization. The results of this study demonstrate the proximate and ultimate causes of flagellar regulation in a plant-pathogen interaction.
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Abstract
Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) is a food crop originating from South America grown primarily for its starchy storage roots. Today, cassava is grown in the tropics of South America, Africa, and Asia with an estimated 800 million people relying on it as a staple source of calories. In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, cassava is particularly crucial for food security. Cassava root starch also has use in the pharmaceutical, textile, paper, and biofuel industries. Cassava has seen strong demand since 2000 and production has increased consistently year-over-year, but potential yields are hampered by susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stresses. In particular, bacterial and viral diseases can cause severe yield losses. Of note are cassava bacterial blight (CBB), cassava mosaic disease (CMD), and cassava brown streak disease (CBSD), all of which can cause catastrophic losses for growers. In this article, we provide an overview of the major microbial diseases of cassava, discuss current and potential future efforts to engineer new sources of resistance, and conclude with a discussion of the regulatory hurdles that face biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Daniel Lin
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Nigel J Taylor
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Rebecca Bart
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
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A type III effector XopL8004 is vital for Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris to regulate plant immunity. Res Microbiol 2019; 170:138-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Héloir MC, Adrian M, Brulé D, Claverie J, Cordelier S, Daire X, Dorey S, Gauthier A, Lemaître-Guillier C, Negrel J, Trdá L, Trouvelot S, Vandelle E, Poinssot B. Recognition of Elicitors in Grapevine: From MAMP and DAMP Perception to Induced Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1117. [PMID: 31620151 PMCID: PMC6760519 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In a context of a sustainable viticulture, the implementation of innovative eco-friendly strategies, such as elicitor-triggered immunity, requires a deep knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying grapevine defense activation, from pathogen perception to resistance induction. During plant-pathogen interaction, the first step of plant defense activation is ensured by the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns, which are elicitors directly derived from pathogenic or beneficial microbes. Vitis vinifera, like other plants, can perceive elicitors of different nature, including proteins, amphiphilic glycolipid, and lipopeptide molecules as well as polysaccharides, thanks to their cognate pattern recognition receptors, the discovery of which recently began in this plant species. Furthermore, damage-associated molecular patterns are another class of elicitors perceived by V. vinifera as an invader's hallmark. They are mainly polysaccharides derived from the plant cell wall and are generally released through the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes secreted by microbes. Elicitor perception and subsequent activation of grapevine immunity end in some cases in efficient grapevine resistance against pathogens. Using complementary approaches, several molecular markers have been identified as hallmarks of this induced resistance stage. This review thus focuses on the recognition of elicitors by Vitis vinifera describing the molecular mechanisms triggered from the elicitor perception to the activation of immune responses. Finally, we discuss the fact that the link between elicitation and induced resistance is not so obvious and that the formulation of resistance inducers remains a key step before their application in vineyards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Héloir
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marielle Adrian
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Daphnée Brulé
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Justine Claverie
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sylvain Cordelier
- Unité RIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Xavier Daire
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- Unité RIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Adrien Gauthier
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- UniLaSalle, AGHYLE Research Unit UP 2018.C101, Rouen, France
| | | | - Jonathan Negrel
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Lucie Trdá
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sophie Trouvelot
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Elodie Vandelle
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- *Correspondence: Benoit Poinssot,
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Liu YH, Wang ET, Jiao YS, Tian CF, Wang L, Wang ZJ, Guan JJ, Singh RP, Chen WX, Chen WF. Symbiotic characteristics of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110 mutants associated with shrubby sophora (Sophora flavescens) and soybean (Glycine max). Microbiol Res 2018; 214:19-27. [PMID: 30031478 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific insertion plasmid pVO155 was used to knockout the genes involved in the alternation of host range of strain Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110 from its original determinate-nodule-forming host soybean (Glycine max), to promiscuous and indeterminate-nodule-forming shrubby legume sophora (Sophora flavescens). Symbiotic phenotypes of these mutants inoculated to these two legumes, were compared to those infected by wild-type strain USDA 110. Six genes of the total fourteen Tn5 transposon mutated genes were broken using the pVO155 plasmid. Both Tn5 and pVO155-inserted mutants could nodulate S. flavescens with different morphologies of low-efficient indeterminate nodules. One to several rod or irregular bacteroids, containing different contents of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate or polyphosphate were found within the symbiosomes in nodulated cells of S. flavescens infected by the pVO155-inserted mutants. Moreover, none of bacteroids were observed in the pseudonodules of S. flavescens, infected by wild-type strain USDA 110. These mutants had the nodulation ability with soybean but the symbiotic efficiency reduced to diverse extents. These findings enlighten the complicated interactions between rhizobia and legumes, i. e., mutation of genes involved in metabolic pathways, transporters, chemotaxis and mobility could alter the rhizobial entry and development of the bacteroid inside the nodules of a new host legume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China; College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - En Tao Wang
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D. F. 11340, México
| | - Yin Shan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China; College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chang Fu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China; College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China; College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zi Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China; College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jia Jing Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China; College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Raghvendra Pratap Singh
- Microbial Genomics Laboratory, National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh 275101, India
| | - Wen Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China; College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wen Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China; College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Pattern Recognition Receptors—Versatile Genetic Tools for Engineering Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance in Crops. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy8080134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infestations of crop plants with pathogens pose a major threat to global food supply. Exploiting plant defense mechanisms to produce disease-resistant crop varieties is an important strategy to control plant diseases in modern plant breeding and can greatly reduce the application of agrochemicals. The discovery of different types of immune receptors and a detailed understanding of their activation and regulation mechanisms in the last decades has paved the way for the deployment of these central plant immune components for genetic plant disease management. This review will focus on a particular class of immune sensors, termed pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), that activate a defense program termed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and outline their potential to provide broad-spectrum and potentially durable disease resistance in various crop species—simply by providing plants with enhanced capacities to detect invaders and to rapidly launch their natural defense program.
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Liu S, Zhang C, Chao N, Lu J, Zhang Y. Cloning, Characterization, and Functional Investigation of VaHAESA from Vitis amurensis Inoculated with Plasmopara viticola. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1204. [PMID: 29659493 PMCID: PMC5979312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are essential for immune responses and establishing symbiosis. Plants detect invaders via the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by PRRs. This phenomenon is termed PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). We investigated disease resistance in Vitis amurensis to identify PRRs that are important for resistance against downy mildew, analyzed the PRRs that were upregulated by incompatible Plasmopara viticola infection, and cloned the full-length cDNA of the VaHAESA gene. We then analyzed the structure, subcellular localization, and relative disease resistance of VaHAESA. VaHAESA and PRR-receptor-like kinase 5 (RLK5) are highly similar, belonging to the leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-RLK family and localizing to the plasma membrane. The expression of PRR genes changed after the inoculation of V. amurensis with compatible and incompatible P. viticola; during early disease development, transiently transformed V. vinifera plants expressing VaHAESA were more resistant to pathogens than those transformed with the empty vector and untransformed controls, potentially due to increased H₂O₂, NO, and callose levels in the transformants. Furthermore, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana showed upregulated expression of genes related to the PTI pathway and improved disease resistance. These results show that VaHAESA is a positive regulator of resistance against downy mildew in grapevines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoli Liu
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Chi Zhang
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Nan Chao
- Center for Plant Biology, TSinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jiang Lu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200024, China.
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
| | - Yali Zhang
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Kan J, An L, Wu Y, Long J, Song L, Fang R, Jia Y. A dual role for proline iminopeptidase in the regulation of bacterial motility and host immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2011-2024. [PMID: 29517846 PMCID: PMC6638124 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
During plant-pathogen interactions, pathogenic bacteria have evolved multiple strategies to cope with the sophisticated defence systems of host plants. Proline iminopeptidase (PIP) is essential to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) virulence, and is conserved in many plant-associated bacteria, but its pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we found that disruption of pip in Xcc enhanced its flagella-mediated bacterial motility by decreasing intracellular bis-(3',5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) levels, whereas overexpression of pip in Xcc restricted its bacterial motility by elevating c-di-GMP levels. We also found that PIP is a type III secretion system-dependent effector capable of eliciting a hypersensitive response in non-host, but not host plants. When we transformed pip into the host plant Arabidopsis, higher bacterial titres were observed in pip-overexpressing plants relative to wild-type plants after Xcc inoculation. The repressive function of PIP on plant immunity was dependent on PIP's enzymatic activity and acted through interference with the salicylic acid (SA) biosynthetic and regulatory genes. Thus, PIP simultaneously regulates two distinct regulatory networks during plant-microbe interactions, i.e. it affects intracellular c-di-GMP levels to coordinate bacterial behaviour, such as motility, and functions as a type III effector translocated into plant cells to suppress plant immunity. Both processes provide bacteria with the regulatory potential to rapidly adapt to complex environments, to utilize limited resources for growth and survival in a cost-efficient manner and to improve the chances of bacterial survival by helping pathogens to inhabit the internal tissues of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China
- National Plant Gene Research CenterBeijing 100101China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China
- Present address:
Center for Crop Germplasm Resources, Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China
| | - Lin An
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China
- National Plant Gene Research CenterBeijing 100101China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China
| | - Yao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China
- National Plant Gene Research CenterBeijing 100101China
| | - Jia Long
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing 100048China
| | - Liyang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China
- National Plant Gene Research CenterBeijing 100101China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China
| | - Rongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China
- National Plant Gene Research CenterBeijing 100101China
| | - Yantao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China
- National Plant Gene Research CenterBeijing 100101China
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Saijo Y, Loo EPI, Yasuda S. Pattern recognition receptors and signaling in plant-microbe interactions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:592-613. [PMID: 29266555 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants solely rely on innate immunity of each individual cell to deal with a diversity of microbes in the environment. Extracellular recognition of microbe- and host damage-associated molecular patterns leads to the first layer of inducible defenses, termed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). In plants, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) described to date are all membrane-associated receptor-like kinases or receptor-like proteins, reflecting the prevalence of apoplastic colonization of plant-infecting microbes. An increasing inventory of elicitor-active patterns and PRRs indicates that a large number of them are limited to a certain range of plant groups/species, pointing to dynamic and convergent evolution of pattern recognition specificities. In addition to common molecular principles of PRR signaling, recent studies have revealed substantial diversification between PRRs in their functions and regulatory mechanisms. This serves to confer robustness and plasticity to the whole PTI system in natural infections, wherein different PRRs are simultaneously engaged and faced with microbial assaults. We review the functional significance and molecular basis of PRR-mediated pathogen recognition and disease resistance, and also an emerging role for PRRs in homeostatic association with beneficial or commensal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Saijo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Eliza Po-Iian Loo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Yasuda
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
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40
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Ronald P, Joe A. Molecular mimicry modulates plant host responses to pathogens. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:17-23. [PMID: 29182721 PMCID: PMC5786207 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogens often secrete molecules that mimic those present in the plant host. Recent studies indicate that some of these molecules mimic plant hormones required for development and immunity. SCOPE AND CONCLUSION This Viewpoint reviews the literature on microbial molecules produced by plant pathogens that functionally mimic molecules present in the plant host. This article includes examples from nematodes, bacteria and fungi with emphasis on RaxX, a microbial protein produced by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. RaxX mimics a plant peptide hormone, PSY (plant peptide containing sulphated tyrosine). The rice immune receptor XA21 detects sulphated RaxX but not the endogenous peptide PSY. Studies of the RaxX/XA21 system have provided insight into both host and pathogen biology and offered a framework for future work directed at understanding how XA21 and the PSY receptor(s) can be differentially activated by RaxX and endogenous PSY peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anna Joe
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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41
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Stringlis IA, Proietti S, Hickman R, Van Verk MC, Zamioudis C, Pieterse CMJ. Root transcriptional dynamics induced by beneficial rhizobacteria and microbial immune elicitors reveal signatures of adaptation to mutualists. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:166-180. [PMID: 29024173 PMCID: PMC5765484 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Below ground, microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) of root-associated microbiota can trigger costly defenses at the expense of plant growth. However, beneficial rhizobacteria, such as Pseudomonas simiae WCS417, promote plant growth and induce systemic resistance without being warded off by local root immune responses. To investigate early root responses that facilitate WCS417 to exert its plant-beneficial functions, we performed time series RNA-Seq of Arabidopsis roots in response to live WCS417 and compared it with MAMPs flg22417 (from WCS417), flg22Pa (from pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungal chitin. The MAMP transcriptional responses differed in timing, but displayed a large overlap in gene identity. MAMP-upregulated genes are enriched for genes with functions in immunity, while downregulated genes are enriched for genes related to growth and development. Although 74% of the transcriptional changes inflicted by live WCS417 overlapped with the flg22417 profile, WCS417 actively suppressed more than half of the MAMP-triggered transcriptional responses, possibly to allow the establishment of a mutually beneficial interaction with the host root. Interestingly, the sector of the flg22417 -repressed transcriptional network that is not affected by WCS417 has a strong auxin signature. Using auxin response mutant tir1afb2afb3, we demonstrate a dual role for auxin signaling in finely balancing growth-promoting and defense-eliciting activities of beneficial microbes in plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A. Stringlis
- Plant‐Microbe InteractionsDepartment of BiologyFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityP.O. Box 800.563508 TBUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Silvia Proietti
- Plant‐Microbe InteractionsDepartment of BiologyFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityP.O. Box 800.563508 TBUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Present address:
Department of Ecological and Biological SciencesUniversity of TusciaViterboItaly
| | - Richard Hickman
- Plant‐Microbe InteractionsDepartment of BiologyFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityP.O. Box 800.563508 TBUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Marcel C. Van Verk
- Plant‐Microbe InteractionsDepartment of BiologyFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityP.O. Box 800.563508 TBUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Present address:
Keygene N.V.P.O. Box 2166700 AEWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Christos Zamioudis
- Plant‐Microbe InteractionsDepartment of BiologyFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityP.O. Box 800.563508 TBUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Present address:
Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V.P.O. Box 402678ZG De Lierthe Netherlands
| | - Corné M. J. Pieterse
- Plant‐Microbe InteractionsDepartment of BiologyFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityP.O. Box 800.563508 TBUtrechtthe Netherlands
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42
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Zhu M, Jiang L, Bai B, Zhao W, Chen X, Li J, Liu Y, Chen Z, Wang B, Wang C, Wu Q, Shen Q, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Tao X. The Intracellular Immune Receptor Sw-5b Confers Broad-Spectrum Resistance to Tospoviruses through Recognition of a Conserved 21-Amino Acid Viral Effector Epitope. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:2214-2232. [PMID: 28814646 PMCID: PMC5635987 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants use both cell surface-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors to detect various pathogens. Plant PRRs typically recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to provide broad-spectrum resistance. By contrast, plant NLRs generally detect pathogen strain-specific effectors and confer race-specific resistance. Here, we demonstrate that the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) NLR Sw-5b confers broad-spectrum resistance against American-type tospoviruses by recognizing a conserved 21-amino acid peptide region within viral movement protein NSm (NSm21). Sw-5b NB-ARC-LRR domains directly associate with NSm21 in vitro and in planta. Domain swap, site-directed mutagenesis and structure modeling analyses identified four polymorphic sites in the Sw-5b LRR domain that are critical for the recognition of NSm21 Furthermore, recognition of NSm21 by Sw-5b likely disturbs the residues adjacent to R927 in the LRR domain to weaken the intramolecular interaction between LRR and NB-ARC domains, thus translating recognition of NSm21 into activation of Sw-5b. Natural variation analysis of Sw-5b homologs from wild tomato species of South America revealed that the four polymorphic sites in the Sw-5b LRR domain were positively selected during evolution and are all necessary to confer resistance to tospovirus. The results described here provide a new example of a plant NLR mediating broad-spectrum resistance through recognition of a small conserved PAMP-like region within the pathogen effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Baohui Bai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Wenyang Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojiao Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Zhengqiang Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Boting Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Chunli Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Qianhua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
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43
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Yu X, Feng B, He P, Shan L. From Chaos to Harmony: Responses and Signaling upon Microbial Pattern Recognition. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:109-137. [PMID: 28525309 PMCID: PMC6240913 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) are detected as nonself by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Microbial invasions often trigger the production of host-derived endogenous signals referred to as danger- or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are also perceived by PRRs to modulate PTI responses. Collectively, PTI contributes to host defense against infections by a broad range of pathogens. Remarkable progress has been made toward demonstrating the cellular and physiological responses upon pattern recognition, elucidating the molecular, biochemical, and genetic mechanisms of PRR activation, and dissecting the complex signaling networks that orchestrate PTI responses. In this review, we present an update on the current understanding of how plants recognize and respond to nonself patterns, a process from which the seemingly chaotic responses form into a harmonic defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843;
| | - Baomin Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843;
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44
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Ranf S. Sensing of molecular patterns through cell surface immune receptors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 38:68-77. [PMID: 28501024 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In plants, sensing of Pathogen/Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) and host-derived Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) by host cell surface Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) activates Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI). The identification of an increasing number of immunogenic patterns and PRRs illustrates that PTI is a universal defence mechanism against pathogens, pests, and parasitic plants, and that evolutionary selective pressure drives diversification of molecular patterns and diversity of PRRs. Further advances unravelled how some prototypical PRRs get activated to initiate metabolic adaptation and defence responses that stop invaders. Deeper insights into the repertoire of PRRs will reveal how plants manage to mount appropriate defence against diverse kinds of invaders and how we can biotechnologically exploit nature's design for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Ranf
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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45
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Liu L, Wang Y, Cui F, Fang A, Wang S, Wang J, Wei C, Li S, Sun W. The type III effector AvrXccB in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris targets putative methyltransferases and suppresses innate immunity in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:768-782. [PMID: 27241588 PMCID: PMC6638230 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) causes black rot, one of the most important diseases of brassica crops worldwide. The type III effector inventory plays important roles in the virulence and pathogenicity of the pathogen. However, little is known about the virulence function(s) of the putative type III effector AvrXccB in Xcc. Here, we investigated the immune suppression ability of AvrXccB and the possible underlying mechanisms. AvrXccB was demonstrated to be secreted in a type III secretion system-dependent manner. AvrXccB tagged with green fluorescent protein is localized to the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis, and the putative N-myristoylation motif is essential for its localization. Chemical-induced expression of AvrXccB suppresses flg22-triggered callose deposition and the oxidative burst, and promotes the in planta growth of Xcc and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. The putative catalytic triad and plasma membrane localization of AvrXccB are required for its immunosuppressive activity. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that AvrXccB interacts with the Arabidopsis S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent methyltransferases SAM-MT1 and SAM-MT2. Interestingly, SAM-MT1 is not only self-associated, but also associated with SAM-MT2 in vivo. SAM-MT1 and SAM-MT2 expression is significantly induced upon stimulation of microbe-associated molecular patterns and bacterial infection. Collectively, these findings indicate that AvrXccB targets a putative methyltransferase complex and suppresses plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Fuhao Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Anfei Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jiyang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Chao Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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Cerutti A, Jauneau A, Auriac MC, Lauber E, Martinez Y, Chiarenza S, Leonhardt N, Berthomé R, Noël LD. Immunity at Cauliflower Hydathodes Controls Systemic Infection by Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:700-716. [PMID: 28184011 PMCID: PMC5462019 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydathodes are water pores found on leaves of a wide range of vascular plants and are the sites of guttation. We report here on the detailed anatomy of cauliflower (Brassicaoleracea) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) hydathodes. Hydathode surface presents pores resembling stomata giving access to large cavities. Beneath, the epithem is composed of a lacunar and highly vascularized parenchyma offering a direct connection between leaf surface and xylem vessels. Arabidopsis hydathode pores were responsive to ABA and light similar to stomata. The flg22 flagellin peptide, a well-characterized elicitor of plant basal immunity, did not induce closure of hydathode pores in contrast to stomata. Because hydathodes are natural infection routes for several pathogens, we investigated hydathode infection by the adapted vascular phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris (Xcc), the causal agent of black rot disease of Brassicaceae. Microscopic observations of hydathodes six days postinoculation indicated a digestion of the epithem cells and a high bacterial multiplication. Postinvasive immunity was shown to limit pathogen growth in the epithem and is actively suppressed by the type III secretion system and its effector proteins. Altogether, these results give a detailed anatomic description of Brassicaceae hydathodes and highlight the efficient use of this tissue as an initial niche for subsequent vascular systemic dissemination of Xcc in distant plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Cerutti
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (A.C., E.L., R.B., L.D.N.)
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 3450, Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (A.J., M.-C.A., Y.M.); and
- UMR7265, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Aix-Marseille, F-13108 Saint Paul-Les-Durance, France (S.C., N.L.)
| | - Alain Jauneau
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (A.C., E.L., R.B., L.D.N.)
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 3450, Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (A.J., M.-C.A., Y.M.); and
- UMR7265, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Aix-Marseille, F-13108 Saint Paul-Les-Durance, France (S.C., N.L.)
| | - Marie-Christine Auriac
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (A.C., E.L., R.B., L.D.N.)
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 3450, Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (A.J., M.-C.A., Y.M.); and
- UMR7265, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Aix-Marseille, F-13108 Saint Paul-Les-Durance, France (S.C., N.L.)
| | - Emmanuelle Lauber
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (A.C., E.L., R.B., L.D.N.)
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 3450, Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (A.J., M.-C.A., Y.M.); and
- UMR7265, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Aix-Marseille, F-13108 Saint Paul-Les-Durance, France (S.C., N.L.)
| | - Yves Martinez
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (A.C., E.L., R.B., L.D.N.)
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 3450, Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (A.J., M.-C.A., Y.M.); and
- UMR7265, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Aix-Marseille, F-13108 Saint Paul-Les-Durance, France (S.C., N.L.)
| | - Serge Chiarenza
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (A.C., E.L., R.B., L.D.N.)
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 3450, Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (A.J., M.-C.A., Y.M.); and
- UMR7265, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Aix-Marseille, F-13108 Saint Paul-Les-Durance, France (S.C., N.L.)
| | - Nathalie Leonhardt
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (A.C., E.L., R.B., L.D.N.)
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 3450, Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (A.J., M.-C.A., Y.M.); and
- UMR7265, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Aix-Marseille, F-13108 Saint Paul-Les-Durance, France (S.C., N.L.)
| | - Richard Berthomé
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (A.C., E.L., R.B., L.D.N.)
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 3450, Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (A.J., M.-C.A., Y.M.); and
- UMR7265, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Aix-Marseille, F-13108 Saint Paul-Les-Durance, France (S.C., N.L.)
| | - Laurent D Noël
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (A.C., E.L., R.B., L.D.N.);
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 3450, Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (A.J., M.-C.A., Y.M.); and
- UMR7265, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Aix-Marseille, F-13108 Saint Paul-Les-Durance, France (S.C., N.L.)
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Garita-Cambronero J, Palacio-Bielsa A, López MM, Cubero J. Pan-Genomic Analysis Permits Differentiation of Virulent and Non-virulent Strains of Xanthomonas arboricola That Cohabit Prunus spp. and Elucidate Bacterial Virulence Factors. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:573. [PMID: 28450852 PMCID: PMC5389983 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas arboricola is a plant-associated bacterial species that causes diseases on several plant hosts. One of the most virulent pathovars within this species is X. arboricola pv. pruni (Xap), the causal agent of bacterial spot disease of stone fruit trees and almond. Recently, a non-virulent Xap-look-a-like strain isolated from Prunus was characterized and its genome compared to pathogenic strains of Xap, revealing differences in the profile of virulence factors, such as the genes related to the type III secretion system (T3SS) and type III effectors (T3Es). The existence of this atypical strain arouses several questions associated with the abundance, the pathogenicity, and the evolutionary context of X. arboricola on Prunus hosts. After an initial characterization of a collection of Xanthomonas strains isolated from Prunus bacterial spot outbreaks in Spain during the past decade, six Xap-look-a-like strains, that did not clustered with the pathogenic strains of Xap according to a multi locus sequence analysis, were identified. Pathogenicity of these strains was analyzed and the genome sequences of two Xap-look-a-like strains, CITA 14 and CITA 124, non-virulent to Prunus spp., were obtained and compared to those available genomes of X. arboricola associated with this host plant. Differences were found among the genomes of the virulent and the Prunus non-virulent strains in several characters related to the pathogenesis process. Additionally, a pan-genomic analysis that included the available genomes of X. arboricola, revealed that the atypical strains associated with Prunus were related to a group of non-virulent or low virulent strains isolated from a wide host range. The repertoire of the genes related to T3SS and T3Es varied among the strains of this cluster and those strains related to the most virulent pathovars of the species, corylina, juglandis, and pruni. This variability provides information about the potential evolutionary process associated to the acquisition of pathogenicity and host specificity in X. arboricola. Finally, based in the genomic differences observed between the virulent and the non-virulent strains isolated from Prunus, a sensitive and specific real-time PCR protocol was designed to detect and identify Xap strains. This method avoids miss-identifications due to atypical strains of X. arboricola that can cohabit Prunus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerson Garita-Cambronero
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Ana Palacio-Bielsa
- Unidad de Sanidad Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain
| | - María M. López
- Departamento de Bacteriología, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones AgrariasValencia, Spain
| | - Jaime Cubero
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
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48
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Garita-Cambronero J, Palacio-Bielsa A, López MM, Cubero J. Pan-Genomic Analysis Permits Differentiation of Virulent and Non-virulent Strains of Xanthomonas arboricola That Cohabit Prunus spp. and Elucidate Bacterial Virulence Factors. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:573. [PMID: 28450852 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00573.ecollection2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas arboricola is a plant-associated bacterial species that causes diseases on several plant hosts. One of the most virulent pathovars within this species is X. arboricola pv. pruni (Xap), the causal agent of bacterial spot disease of stone fruit trees and almond. Recently, a non-virulent Xap-look-a-like strain isolated from Prunus was characterized and its genome compared to pathogenic strains of Xap, revealing differences in the profile of virulence factors, such as the genes related to the type III secretion system (T3SS) and type III effectors (T3Es). The existence of this atypical strain arouses several questions associated with the abundance, the pathogenicity, and the evolutionary context of X. arboricola on Prunus hosts. After an initial characterization of a collection of Xanthomonas strains isolated from Prunus bacterial spot outbreaks in Spain during the past decade, six Xap-look-a-like strains, that did not clustered with the pathogenic strains of Xap according to a multi locus sequence analysis, were identified. Pathogenicity of these strains was analyzed and the genome sequences of two Xap-look-a-like strains, CITA 14 and CITA 124, non-virulent to Prunus spp., were obtained and compared to those available genomes of X. arboricola associated with this host plant. Differences were found among the genomes of the virulent and the Prunus non-virulent strains in several characters related to the pathogenesis process. Additionally, a pan-genomic analysis that included the available genomes of X. arboricola, revealed that the atypical strains associated with Prunus were related to a group of non-virulent or low virulent strains isolated from a wide host range. The repertoire of the genes related to T3SS and T3Es varied among the strains of this cluster and those strains related to the most virulent pathovars of the species, corylina, juglandis, and pruni. This variability provides information about the potential evolutionary process associated to the acquisition of pathogenicity and host specificity in X. arboricola. Finally, based in the genomic differences observed between the virulent and the non-virulent strains isolated from Prunus, a sensitive and specific real-time PCR protocol was designed to detect and identify Xap strains. This method avoids miss-identifications due to atypical strains of X. arboricola that can cohabit Prunus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerson Garita-Cambronero
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Ana Palacio-Bielsa
- Unidad de Sanidad Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain
| | - María M López
- Departamento de Bacteriología, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones AgrariasValencia, Spain
| | - Jaime Cubero
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
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49
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Tang D, Wang G, Zhou JM. Receptor Kinases in Plant-Pathogen Interactions: More Than Pattern Recognition. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:618-637. [PMID: 28302675 PMCID: PMC5435430 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) play crucial roles in plant immunity, growth, and development. Plants deploy a large number of RLKs and RLPs as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect microbe- and host-derived molecular patterns as the first layer of inducible defense. Recent advances have uncovered novel PRRs, their corresponding ligands, and mechanisms underlying PRR activation and signaling. In general, PRRs associate with other RLKs and function as part of multiprotein immune complexes at the cell surface. Innovative strategies have emerged for the rapid identification of microbial patterns and their cognate PRRs. Successful pathogens can evade or block host recognition by secreting effector proteins to "hide" microbial patterns or inhibit PRR-mediated signaling. Furthermore, newly identified pathogen effectors have been shown to manipulate RLKs controlling growth and development by mimicking peptide hormones of host plants. The ongoing studies illustrate the importance of diverse plant RLKs in plant disease resistance and microbial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guoxun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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50
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Midha S, Bansal K, Kumar S, Girija AM, Mishra D, Brahma K, Laha GS, Sundaram RM, Sonti RV, Patil PB. Population genomic insights into variation and evolution of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40694. [PMID: 28084432 PMCID: PMC5233998 DOI: 10.1038/srep40694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae ( Xoo) is a serious pathogen of rice causing bacterial leaf blight disease. Resistant varieties and breeding programs are being hampered by the emergence of highly virulent strains. Herein we report population based whole genome sequencing and analysis of 100 Xoo strains from India. Phylogenomic analysis revealed the clustering of Xoo strains from India along with other Asian strains, distinct from African and US Xo strains. The Indian Xoo population consists of a major clonal lineage and four minor but highly diverse lineages. Interestingly, the variant alleles, gene clusters and highly pathogenic strains are primarily restricted to minor lineages L-II to L-V and in particularly to lineage L-III. We could also find the association of an expanded CRISPR cassette and a highly variant LPS gene cluster with the dominant lineage. Molecular dating revealed that the major lineage, L-I is youngest and of recent origin compared to remaining minor lineages that seems to have originated much earlier in the past. Further, we were also able to identify core effector genes that may be helpful in efforts towards building durable resistance against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samriti Midha
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Kanika Bansal
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Sanjeet Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | | | - Deo Mishra
- Bayer BioScience Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, 500081, India
| | - Kranthi Brahma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Gouri Sankar Laha
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, India
| | | | - Ramesh V. Sonti
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Prabhu B. Patil
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
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