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Contreras MP, Pai H, Thompson R, Marchal C, Claeys J, Adachi H, Kamoun S. The nucleotide-binding domain of NRC-dependent disease resistance proteins is sufficient to activate downstream helper NLR oligomerization and immune signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:345-361. [PMID: 38757730 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins with pathogen sensor activities have evolved to initiate immune signaling by activating helper NLRs. However, the mechanisms underpinning helper NLR activation by sensor NLRs remain poorly understood. Although coiled coil (CC) type sensor NLRs such as the Potato virus X disease resistance protein Rx have been shown to activate the oligomerization of their downstream helpers NRC2, NRC3 and NRC4, the domains involved in sensor-helper signaling are not known. Here, we used Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana to show that the nucleotide-binding (NB) domain within the NB-ARC of Rx is necessary and sufficient for oligomerization and immune signaling of downstream helper NLRs. In addition, the NB domains of the disease resistance proteins Gpa2 (cyst nematode resistance), Rpi-amr1, Rpi-amr3 (oomycete resistance) and Sw-5b (virus resistance) are also sufficient to activate their respective downstream NRC helpers. Using transient expression in the lettuce (Lactuca sativa), we show that Rx (both as full length or as NB domain truncation) and its helper NRC2 form a minimal functional unit that can be transferred from solanaceous plants (lamiids) to Campanulid species. Our results challenge the prevailing paradigm that NLR proteins exclusively signal via their N-terminal domains and reveal a signaling activity for the NB domain of NRC-dependent sensor NLRs. We propose a model in which helper NLRs can perceive the status of the NB domain of their upstream sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio P Contreras
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Rebecca Thompson
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Clemence Marchal
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jules Claeys
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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2
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Shi T, Zheng Y, Wang R, Li S, Xu A, Chen L, Liu Y, Luo R, Huang C, Sun Y, Zhao J, Guo X, Wang H, Liu J, Gao Y. SAD2 functions in plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 defense by regulating the nuclear accumulation of MYB30 in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 344:112089. [PMID: 38640973 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Accurate nucleocytoplasmic transport of signal molecules is essential for plant growth and development. Multiple studies have confirmed that nucleocytoplasmic transport and receptors are involved in regulating plant disease resistance responses, however, little is known about the regulatory mechanism in plants. In this study, we showed that the mutant of the importin beta-like protein SAD2 exhibited a more susceptible phenotype than wild-type Col-0 after treatment with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000). Coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) experiments demonstrated that SAD2 interacts with the hypersensitive response (HR)-positive transcriptional regulator MYB30. Subcellular localization showed that MYB30 was not fully localized in the nucleus in sad2-5 mutants, and western-blot experiments further indicated that SAD2 was required for MYB30 nuclear trafficking during the pathogen infection process. A phenotypic test of pathogen inoculation demonstrated that MYB30 partially rescued the disease symptoms of sad2-5 caused by Pst DC3000, and that MYB30 worked downstream of SAD2 in plant pathogen defense. These results suggested that SAD2 might be involved in plant pathogen defense by mediating MYB30 nuclear trafficking. Taken together, our results revealed the important function of SAD2 in plant pathogen defense and enriched understanding of the mechanism of nucleocytoplasmic transport-mediated plant pathogen defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Shi
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China; Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Rui Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sha Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Andi Xu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Luoying Chen
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China; Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Yuanhang Liu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rong Luo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenchen Huang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China; Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Yinglu Sun
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoying Guo
- Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China; Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, Sichuan 610213, China
| | - Jun Liu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Ying Gao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
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3
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Wang S, Zhang L, Zhang L, Yong K, Chen T, Cao L, Lu M. SlMDH3 Interacts with Autophagy Receptor Protein SlATI1 and Positively Regulates Tomato Heat Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7000. [PMID: 39000108 PMCID: PMC11241746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a highly conserved protein degradation system, plays an important role in protecting cells from adverse environmental conditions. ATG8-INTERACTING PROTEIN1 (ATI1) acts as an autophagy receptor, but its functional mechanisms in plants' heat stress tolerance remain unclear. In this study, using LC-MS/MS, we identified malate dehydrogenase (SlMDH3) as a SlATI1-interacting protein. Further studies showed that heat stress induced the expression of SlMDH3 and SlMDH3 co-localized with SlATI1 under both 22 °C and 42 °C heat treatment conditions. Moreover, silencing of SlMDH3 increased the sensitivity of tomato to heat stress, as evidenced by exacerbated degradation of chlorophyll; accumulation of MDA, H2O2, and dead cells; increased relative conductivity; and inhibition of stress-related gene expression. Conversely, overexpression of SlMDH3 improved tomato's heat tolerance, leading to opposite effects on physiological indicators and gene expression compared to SlMDH3 silencing. Taken together, our study suggests that SlMDH3 interacts with SlATI1 and positively regulates tomato heat tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitian Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Linyang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Kang Yong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lijun Cao
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Minghui Lu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Matuszkiewicz M, Sobczak M. Syncytium Induced by Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:371-403. [PMID: 37996687 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes from the genera Globodera, Heterodera (cyst-forming nematodes), and Meloidogyne (root-knot nematodes) are notorious and serious pests of crops. They cause tremendous economic losses between US $80 and 358 billion a year. Nematodes infect the roots of plants and induce the formation of specialised feeding structures (syncytium and giant cells, respectively) that nourish juveniles and adults of the nematodes. The specialised secretory glands enable nematodes to synthesise and secrete effectors that facilitate migration through root tissues and alter the morphogenetic programme of host cells. The formation of feeding sites is associated with the suppression of plant defence responses and deep reprogramming of the development and metabolism of plant cells.In this chapter, we focus on syncytia induced by the sedentary cyst-forming nematodes and provide an overview of ultrastructural changes that occur in the host roots during syncytium formation in conjunction with the most important molecular changes during compatible and incompatible plant responses to infection with nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Matuszkiewicz
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
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Merchán-Gaitán JB, Mendes JHL, Nunes LEC, Buss DS, Rodrigues SP, Fernandes PMB. The Role of Plant Latex in Virus Biology. Viruses 2023; 16:47. [PMID: 38257746 PMCID: PMC10819414 DOI: 10.3390/v16010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
At least 20,000 plant species produce latex, a capacity that appears to have evolved independently on numerous occasions. With a few exceptions, latex is stored under pressure in specialized cells known as laticifers and is exuded upon injury, leading to the assumption that it has a role in securing the plant after mechanical injury. In addition, a defensive effect against insect herbivores and fungal infections has been well established. Latex also appears to have effects on viruses, and laticifers are a hostile environment for virus colonization. Only one example of successful colonization has been reported: papaya meleira virus (PMeV) and papaya meleira virus 2 (PMeV2) in Carica papaya. In this review, a summary of studies that support both the pro- and anti-viral effects of plant latex compounds is provided. The latex components represent a promising natural source for the discovery of new pro- and anti-viral molecules in the fields of agriculture and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João H. L. Mendes
- Multidisciplinary Core for Research in Biology, Campus Duque de Caxias, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias 25240-005, RJ, Brazil; (J.H.L.M.); (L.E.C.N.)
| | - Lucas E. C. Nunes
- Multidisciplinary Core for Research in Biology, Campus Duque de Caxias, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias 25240-005, RJ, Brazil; (J.H.L.M.); (L.E.C.N.)
| | - David S. Buss
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Silas P. Rodrigues
- Multidisciplinary Core for Research in Biology, Campus Duque de Caxias, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias 25240-005, RJ, Brazil; (J.H.L.M.); (L.E.C.N.)
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6
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Yu H, Wu X, Liang J, Han Z, Xiao Y, Du H, Liu Y, Guo J, Peng F. Genome-wide identification of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes and their association with green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) resistance in peach. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:513. [PMID: 37880593 PMCID: PMC10598982 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Resistance genes (R genes) are a class of genes that are immune to a wide range of diseases and pests. In planta, NLR genes are essential components of the innate immune system. Currently, genes belonging to NLR family have been found in a number of plant species, but little is known in peach. Here, 286 NLR genes were identified on peach genome by using their homologous genes in Arabidopsis thaliana as queries. These 286 NLR genes contained at least one NBS domain and LRR domain. Phylogenetic and N-terminal domain analysis showed that these NLRs could be separated into four subfamilies (I-IV) and their promoters contained many cis-elements in response to defense and phytohormones. In addition, transcriptome analysis showed that 22 NLR genes were up-regulated after infected by Green Peach Aphid (GPA), and showed different expression patterns. This study clarified the NLR gene family and their potential functions in aphid resistance process. The candidate NLR genes might be useful in illustrating the mechanism of aphid resistance in peach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Yu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Xuelian Wu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Jiahui Liang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Ziying Han
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yuansong Xiao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Du
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yihua Liu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, China
| | - Jian Guo
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
| | - Futian Peng
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
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Ivanov PA, Gasanova TV, Repina MN, Zamyatnin AA. Signaling and Resistosome Formation in Plant Innate Immunity to Viruses: Is There a Common Mechanism of Antiviral Resistance Conserved across Kingdoms? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13625. [PMID: 37686431 PMCID: PMC10487714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific proteins, including coat proteins, movement proteins, replication proteins, and suppressors of RNA interference are capable of triggering the hypersensitive response (HR), which is a type of cell death in plants. The main cell death signaling pathway involves direct interaction of HR-inducing proteins with nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLR) proteins encoded by plant resistance genes. Singleton NLR proteins act as both sensor and helper. In other cases, NLR proteins form an activation network leading to their oligomerization and formation of membrane-associated resistosomes, similar to metazoan inflammasomes and apoptosomes. In resistosomes, coiled-coil domains of NLR proteins form Ca2+ channels, while toll-like/interleukin-1 receptor-type (TIR) domains form oligomers that display NAD+ glycohydrolase (NADase) activity. This review is intended to highlight the current knowledge on plant innate antiviral defense signaling pathways in an attempt to define common features of antiviral resistance across the kingdoms of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Ivanov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (P.A.I.); (T.V.G.); (M.N.R.)
| | - Tatiana V. Gasanova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (P.A.I.); (T.V.G.); (M.N.R.)
| | - Maria N. Repina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (P.A.I.); (T.V.G.); (M.N.R.)
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius 354340, Krasnodar Region, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Shepherd S, Yuen ELH, Carella P, Bozkurt TO. The wheels of destruction: Plant NLR immune receptors are mobile and structurally dynamic disease resistance proteins. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:102372. [PMID: 37172365 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are intracellular immune receptors that restrict plant invasion by pathogens. Most NLRs operate in intricate networks to detect pathogen effectors in a robust and efficient manner. NLRs are not static sensors; rather, they exhibit remarkable mobility and structural plasticity during the innate immune response. Inactive NLRs localize to diverse subcellular compartments where they are poised to sense pathogen effectors. During pathogen attack, some NLRs relocate toward the plant-pathogen interface, possibly to ensure their timely activation. Activated NLRs reorganize into wheel-shaped oligomers, some of which then form plasma membrane pores that promote calcium influx and programmed cell death. The emerging paradigm is that this variable and dynamic nature underpins effective NLR-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Shepherd
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
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9
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Ganotra J, Sharma B, Biswal B, Bhardwaj D, Tuteja N. Emerging role of small GTPases and their interactome in plants to combat abiotic and biotic stress. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1007-1029. [PMID: 36525153 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants are frequently subjected to abiotic and biotic stress which causes major impediments in their growth and development. It is emerging that small guanosine triphosphatases (small GTPases), also known as monomeric GTP-binding proteins, assist plants in managing environmental stress. Small GTPases function as tightly regulated molecular switches that get activated with the aid of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and deactivated by the subsequent hydrolysis of GTP to guanosine diphosphate (GDP). All small GTPases except Rat sarcoma (Ras) are found in plants, including Ras-like in brain (Rab), Rho of plant (Rop), ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) and Ras-like nuclear (Ran). The members of small GTPases in plants interact with several downstream effectors to counteract the negative effects of environmental stress and disease-causing pathogens. In this review, we describe processes of stress alleviation by developing pathways involving several small GTPases and their associated proteins which are important for neutralizing fungal infections, stomatal regulation, and activation of abiotic stress-tolerant genes in plants. Previous reviews on small GTPases in plants were primarily focused on Rab GTPases, abiotic stress, and membrane trafficking, whereas this review seeks to improve our understanding of the role of all small GTPases in plants as well as their interactome in regulating mechanisms to combat abiotic and biotic stress. This review brings to the attention of scientists recent research on small GTPases so that they can employ genome editing tools to precisely engineer economically important plants through the overexpression/knock-out/knock-in of stress-related small GTPase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahanvi Ganotra
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India
| | - Bhawana Sharma
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India
| | - Brijesh Biswal
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India
| | - Deepak Bhardwaj
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India.
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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10
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Vermeulen A, Takken FLW, Sánchez-Camargo VA. Translation Arrest: A Key Player in Plant Antiviral Response. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1293. [PMID: 37372472 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants evolved several mechanisms to protect themselves against viruses. Besides recessive resistance, where compatible host factors required for viral proliferation are absent or incompatible, there are (at least) two types of inducible antiviral immunity: RNA silencing (RNAi) and immune responses mounted upon activation of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors. RNAi is associated with viral symptom recovery through translational repression and transcript degradation following recognition of viral double-stranded RNA produced during infection. NLR-mediated immunity is induced upon (in)direct recognition of a viral protein by an NLR receptor, triggering either a hypersensitive response (HR) or an extreme resistance response (ER). During ER, host cell death is not apparent, and it has been proposed that this resistance is mediated by a translational arrest (TA) of viral transcripts. Recent research indicates that translational repression plays a crucial role in plant antiviral resistance. This paper reviews current knowledge on viral translational repression during viral recovery and NLR-mediated immunity. Our findings are summarized in a model detailing the pathways and processes leading to translational arrest of plant viruses. This model can serve as a framework to formulate hypotheses on how TA halts viral replication, inspiring new leads for the development of antiviral resistance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Vermeulen
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank L W Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victor A Sánchez-Camargo
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Li F, Chen X, Yang R, Zhang K, Shan W, Joosten MHAJ, Du Y. Potato protein tyrosine phosphatase StPTP1a is activated by StMKK1 to negatively regulate plant immunity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:646-661. [PMID: 36519513 PMCID: PMC9946141 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans causes severe losses in potato production. The MAPK kinase StMKK1 was previously found to negatively regulate potato immunity to P. infestans. Our results showed that StMKK1 interacts with a protein tyrosine phosphatase, referred to as StPTP1a, and StMKK1 directly phosphorylates StPTP1a at residues Ser-99, Tyr-223 and Thr-290. StPTP1a is a functional phosphatase and the phosphorylation of StPTP1a at these three residues enhances its stability and catalytic activity. StPTP1a negatively regulates potato immunity and represses SA-related gene expression. Furthermore, StPTP1a interacts with, and dephosphorylates, the StMKK1 downstream signalling targets StMPK4 and -7 at their Tyr-203 residue resulting in the repression of salicylic acid (SA)-related immunity. Silencing of NbPTP1a + NbMPK4 or NbPTP1a + NbMPK7 abolished the plant immunity to P. infestans caused by NbPTP1a silencing, indicating that PTP1a functions upstream of NbMPK4 and NbMPK7. StMKK1 requires StPTP1a to negatively regulate SA-related immunity and StPTP1a is phosphorylated and stabilized during immune activation to promote the de-phosphorylation of StMPK4 and -7. Our results reveal that potato StMKK1 activates and stabilizes the tyrosine phosphatase StPTP1a that in its turn de-phosphorylates StMPK4 and -7, thereby repressing plant SA-related immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Xiaokang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Ruixin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | | | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
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12
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Contreras MP, Pai H, Tumtas Y, Duggan C, Yuen ELH, Cruces AV, Kourelis J, Ahn H, Lee K, Wu C, Bozkurt TO, Derevnina L, Kamoun S. Sensor NLR immune proteins activate oligomerization of their NRC helpers in response to plant pathogens. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111519. [PMID: 36579501 PMCID: PMC9975940 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors are important components of plant and metazoan innate immunity that can function as individual units or as pairs or networks. Upon activation, NLRs form multiprotein complexes termed resistosomes or inflammasomes. Although metazoan paired NLRs, such as NAIP/NLRC4, form hetero-complexes upon activation, the molecular mechanisms underpinning activation of plant paired NLRs, especially whether they associate in resistosome hetero-complexes, is unknown. In asterid plant species, the NLR required for cell death (NRC) immune receptor network is composed of multiple resistance protein sensors and downstream helpers that confer immunity against diverse plant pathogens. Here, we show that pathogen effector-activation of the NLR proteins Rx (confers virus resistance), and Bs2 (confers bacterial resistance) leads to oligomerization of their helper NLR, NRC2. Activated Rx does not oligomerize or enter into a stable complex with the NRC2 oligomer and remains cytoplasmic. In contrast, activated NRC2 oligomers accumulate in membrane-associated puncta. We propose an activation-and-release model for NLRs in the NRC immune receptor network. This points to a distinct activation model compared with mammalian paired NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Yasin Tumtas
- Department of Life SciencesImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | - Cian Duggan
- Department of Life SciencesImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | | | - Angel Vergara Cruces
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Present address:
John Innes CentreUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | | | - Hee‐Kyung Ahn
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Kim‐Teng Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Hang Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Lida Derevnina
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Present address:
Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Science CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
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13
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Marchal C, Pai H, Kamoun S, Kourelis J. Emerging principles in the design of bioengineered made-to-order plant immune receptors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 70:102311. [PMID: 36379872 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Crop yield and global food security are under constant threat from plant pathogens with the potential to cause epidemics. Traditional breeding for disease resistance can be too slow to counteract these emerging threats, resulting in the need to retool the plant immune system using bioengineered made-to-order immune receptors. Efforts to engineer immune receptors have focused primarily on nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors and proof-of-principles studies. Based upon a near-exhaustive literature search of previously engineered plant immune systems we distil five emerging principles in the design of bioengineered made-to-order plant NLRs and describe approaches based on other components. These emerging principles are anticipated to assist the functional understanding of plant immune receptors, as well as bioengineering novel disease resistance specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemence Marchal
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK.
| | - Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK.
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14
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Sett S, Prasad A, Prasad M. Resistance genes on the verge of plant-virus interaction. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:1242-1252. [PMID: 35902346 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are acellular pathogens that cause severe infections in plants, resulting in worldwide crop losses every year. The lack of chemical agents to control viral diseases exacerbates the situation. Thus, to devise proper management strategies, it is important that the defense mechanisms of plants against viruses are understood. Resistance (R) genes regulate plant defense against invading pathogens by eliciting a hypersensitive response (HR). Compatible interaction between plant R gene and viral avirulence (Avr) protein activates the necrotic cell death response at the site of infection, resulting in the cessation of disease. Here, we review different aspects of R gene-mediated dominant resistance against plant viruses in dicotyledonous plants and possible ways for developing crops with better disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sett
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashish Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
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15
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Calvo‐Baltanás V, De Jaeger‐Braet J, Cher WY, Schönbeck N, Chae E, Schnittger A, Wijnker E. Knock-down of gene expression throughout meiosis and pollen formation by virus-induced gene silencing in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:19-37. [PMID: 35340073 PMCID: PMC9543169 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Through the inactivation of genes that act during meiosis it is possible to direct the genetic make-up of plants in subsequent generations and optimize breeding schemes. Offspring may show higher recombination of parental alleles resulting from elevated crossover (CO) incidence, or by omission of meiotic divisions, offspring may become polyploid. However, stable mutations in genes essential for recombination, or for either one of the two meiotic divisions, can have pleiotropic effects on plant morphology and line stability, for instance by causing lower fertility. Therefore, it is often favorable to temporarily change gene expression during meiosis rather than relying on stable null mutants. It was previously shown that virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) can be used to transiently reduce CO frequencies. We asked if VIGS could also be used to modify other processes throughout meiosis and during pollen formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we show that VIGS-mediated knock-down of FIGL1, RECQ4A/B, OSD1 and QRT2 can induce (i) an increase in chiasma numbers, (ii) unreduced gametes and (iii) pollen tetrads. We further show that VIGS can target both sexes and different genetic backgrounds and can simultaneously silence different gene copies. The successful knock-down of these genes in A. thaliana suggests that VIGS can be exploited to manipulate any process during or shortly after meiosis. Hence, the transient induction of changes in inheritance patterns can be used as a powerful tool for applied research and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Calvo‐Baltanás
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversity of HamburgOhnhorststrasse 18Hamburg22609Germany
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of Singapore14 Science Drive 4Singapore117543Singapore
| | - Joke De Jaeger‐Braet
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversity of HamburgOhnhorststrasse 18Hamburg22609Germany
| | - Wei Yuan Cher
- A*STAR, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB)61 Biopolis DriveProteos138673Singapore
| | - Nils Schönbeck
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversity of HamburgOhnhorststrasse 18Hamburg22609Germany
- UKEMartinistrasse 5220251HamburgGermany
| | - Eunyoung Chae
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of Singapore14 Science Drive 4Singapore117543Singapore
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversity of HamburgOhnhorststrasse 18Hamburg22609Germany
| | - Erik Wijnker
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
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16
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Sukarta OCA, Zheng Q, Slootweg EJ, Mekken M, Mendel M, Putker V, Bertran A, Brand A, Overmars H, Pomp R, Roosien J, Boeren S, Smant G, Goverse A. GLYCINE-RICH RNA-BINDING PROTEIN 7 potentiates effector-triggered immunity through an RNA recognition motif. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:972-987. [PMID: 35218353 PMCID: PMC9157115 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The activity of intracellular plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) immune receptors is fine-tuned by interactions between the receptors and their partners. Identifying NB-LRR interacting proteins is therefore crucial to advance our understanding of how these receptors function. A co-immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry screening was performed in Nicotiana benthamiana to identify host proteins associated with the resistance protein Gpa2, a CC-NB-LRR immune receptor conferring resistance against the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. A combination of biochemical, cellular, and functional assays was used to assess the role of a candidate interactor in defense. A N. benthamiana homolog of the GLYCINE-RICH RNA-BINDING PROTEIN7 (NbGRP7) protein was prioritized as a Gpa2-interacting protein for further investigations. NbGRP7 also associates in planta with the homologous Rx1 receptor, which confers immunity to Potato Virus X. We show that NbGRP7 positively regulates extreme resistance by Rx1 and cell death by Gpa2. Mutating the NbGRP7 RNA recognition motif (RRM) compromises its role in Rx1-mediated defense. Strikingly, ectopic NbGRP7 expression is likely to impact the steady-state levels of Rx1, which relies on an intact RRM. Our findings illustrate that NbGRP7 is a pro-immune component in effector-triggered immunity by regulating Gpa2/Rx1 function at a posttranscriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavina C A Sukarta
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qi Zheng
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik J Slootweg
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Mekken
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Mendel
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Putker
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - André Bertran
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Brand
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Overmars
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rikus Pomp
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Roosien
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Ngou BPM, Ding P, Jones JDG. Thirty years of resistance: Zig-zag through the plant immune system. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1447-1478. [PMID: 35167697 PMCID: PMC9048904 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the plant immune system is crucial for using genetics to protect crops from diseases. Plants resist pathogens via a two-tiered innate immune detection-and-response system. The first plant Resistance (R) gene was cloned in 1992 . Since then, many cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been identified, and R genes that encode intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) have been cloned. Here, we provide a list of characterized PRRs and NLRs. In addition to immune receptors, many components of immune signaling networks were discovered over the last 30 years. We review the signaling pathways, physiological responses, and molecular regulation of both PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity. Recent studies have reinforced the importance of interactions between the two immune systems. We provide an overview of interactions between PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity, highlighting challenges and perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pingtao Ding
- Author for correspondence: (B.P.M.N.); (P.D.); (J.J.)
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18
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Helderman TA, Deurhof L, Bertran A, Richard MMS, Kormelink R, Prins M, Joosten MHAJ, van den Burg HA. Members of the ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) family act as pro-viral factor for tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus infectivity in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:431-446. [PMID: 34913556 PMCID: PMC8828452 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To identify host factors for tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV), a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) screen using tobacco rattle virus (TRV) was performed on Nicotiana benthamiana for TSWV susceptibility. To rule out any negative effect on the plants' performance due to a double viral infection, the method was optimized to allow screening of hundreds of clones in a standardized fashion. To normalize the results obtained in and between experiments, a set of controls was developed to evaluate in a consist manner both VIGS efficacy and the level of TSWV resistance. Using this method, 4532 random clones of an N. benthamiana cDNA library were tested, resulting in five TRV clones that provided nearly complete resistance against TSWV. Here we report on one of these clones, of which the insert targets a small gene family coding for the ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) that is part of the 40S ribosomal subunit. This RPS6 family is represented by three gene clades in the genome of Solanaceae family members, which were jointly important for TSWV susceptibility. Interestingly, RPS6 is a known host factor implicated in the replication of different plant RNA viruses, including the negative-stranded TSWV and the positive-stranded potato virus X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieme A. Helderman
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Laurens Deurhof
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyDepartment of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
| | - André Bertran
- Laboratory of VirologyDepartment of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
| | - Manon M. S. Richard
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of VirologyDepartment of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
| | - Marcel Prins
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
- KeyGene N.V.WageningenNetherlands
| | | | - Harrold A. van den Burg
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
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19
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Helderman TA, Deurhof L, Bertran A, Boeren S, Fokkens L, Kormelink R, Joosten MHAJ, Prins M, van den Burg HA. An Isoform of the Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Factor 1A (eEF1a) Acts as a Pro-Viral Factor Required for Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Disease in Nicotiana benthamiana. Viruses 2021; 13:2190. [PMID: 34834996 PMCID: PMC8619209 DOI: 10.3390/v13112190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tripartite genome of the negative-stranded RNA virus Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) is assembled, together with two viral proteins, the nucleocapsid protein and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, into infectious ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs). These two viral proteins are, together, essential for viral replication and transcription, yet our knowledge on the host factors supporting these two processes remains limited. To fill this knowledge gap, the protein composition of viral RNPs collected from TSWV-infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants, and of those collected from a reconstituted TSWV replicon system in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was analysed. RNPs obtained from infected plant material were enriched for plant proteins implicated in (i) sugar and phosphate transport and (ii) responses to cellular stress. In contrast, the yeast-derived viral RNPs primarily contained proteins implicated in RNA processing and ribosome biogenesis. The latter suggests that, in yeast, the translational machinery is recruited to these viral RNPs. To examine whether one of these cellular proteins is important for a TSWV infection, the corresponding N. benthamiana genes were targeted for virus-induced gene silencing, and these plants were subsequently challenged with TSWV. This approach revealed four host factors that are important for systemic spread of TSWV and disease symptom development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieme A. Helderman
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (T.A.H.); (L.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Laurens Deurhof
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (L.D.); (M.H.A.J.J.)
| | - André Bertran
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.B.); (R.K.)
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Like Fokkens
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (T.A.H.); (L.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.B.); (R.K.)
| | - Matthieu H. A. J. Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (L.D.); (M.H.A.J.J.)
| | - Marcel Prins
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (T.A.H.); (L.F.); (M.P.)
- KeyGene N.V., Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harrold A. van den Burg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (T.A.H.); (L.F.); (M.P.)
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20
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Derevnina L, Contreras MP, Adachi H, Upson J, Vergara Cruces A, Xie R, Skłenar J, Menke FLH, Mugford ST, MacLean D, Ma W, Hogenhout SA, Goverse A, Maqbool A, Wu CH, Kamoun S. Plant pathogens convergently evolved to counteract redundant nodes of an NLR immune receptor network. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001136. [PMID: 34424903 PMCID: PMC8412950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-containing proteins can form receptor networks to confer hypersensitive cell death and innate immunity. One class of NLRs, known as NLR required for cell death (NRCs), are central nodes in a complex network that protects against multiple pathogens and comprises up to half of the NLRome of solanaceous plants. Given the prevalence of this NLR network, we hypothesised that pathogens convergently evolved to secrete effectors that target NRC activities. To test this, we screened a library of 165 bacterial, oomycete, nematode, and aphid effectors for their capacity to suppress the cell death response triggered by the NRC-dependent disease resistance proteins Prf and Rpi-blb2. Among 5 of the identified suppressors, 1 cyst nematode protein and 1 oomycete protein suppress the activity of autoimmune mutants of NRC2 and NRC3, but not NRC4, indicating that they specifically counteract a subset of NRC proteins independently of their sensor NLR partners. Whereas the cyst nematode effector SPRYSEC15 binds the nucleotide-binding domain of NRC2 and NRC3, the oomycete effector AVRcap1b suppresses the response of these NRCs via the membrane trafficking-associated protein NbTOL9a (Target of Myb 1-like protein 9a). We conclude that plant pathogens have evolved to counteract central nodes of the NRC immune receptor network through different mechanisms. Coevolution with pathogen effectors may have driven NRC diversification into functionally redundant nodes in a massively expanded NLR network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Derevnina
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hiroaki Adachi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Upson
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Angel Vergara Cruces
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rongrong Xie
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai, Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jan Skłenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Frank L. H. Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sam T. Mugford
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Dan MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Wenbo Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | | | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Chih-Hang Wu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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21
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Shi G, Hao M, Tian B, Cao G, Wei F, Xie Z. A Methodological Advance of Tobacco Rattle Virus-Induced Gene Silencing for Functional Genomics in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:671091. [PMID: 34149770 PMCID: PMC8212136 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.671091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As a promising high-throughput reverse genetic tool in plants, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has already begun to fulfill some of this promise in diverse aspects. However, review of the technological advancements about widely used VIGS system, tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated gene silencing, needs timely updates. Hence, this article mainly reviews viral vector construction, inoculation method advances, important influential factors, and summarizes the recent applications in diverse plant species, thus providing a better understanding and advice for functional gene analysis related to crop improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongyao Shi
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengyuan Hao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baoming Tian
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvements, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gangqiang Cao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvements, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvements, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhengqing Xie
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvements, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Ross BT, Zidack NK, Flenniken ML. Extreme Resistance to Viruses in Potato and Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:658981. [PMID: 33889169 PMCID: PMC8056081 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.658981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens, including viruses, negatively impact global crop production. Plants have evolved complex immune responses to pathogens. These responses are often controlled by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs), which recognize intracellular, pathogen-derived proteins. Genetic resistance to plant viruses is often phenotypically characterized by programmed cell death at or near the infection site; a reaction termed the hypersensitive response. Although visualization of the hypersensitive response is often used as a hallmark of resistance, the molecular mechanisms leading to the hypersensitive response and associated cell death vary. Plants with extreme resistance to viruses rarely exhibit symptoms and have little to no detectable virus replication or spread beyond the infection site. Both extreme resistance and the hypersensitive response can be activated by the same NLR genes. In many cases, genes that normally provide an extreme resistance phenotype can be stimulated to cause a hypersensitive response by experimentally increasing cellular levels of pathogen-derived elicitor protein(s). The molecular mechanisms of extreme resistance and its relationship to the hypersensitive response are largely uncharacterized. Studies on potato and soybean cultivars that are resistant to strains of Potato virus Y (PVY), Potato virus X (PVX), and Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) indicate that abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated signaling and NLR nuclear translocation are important for the extreme resistance response. Recent research also indicates that some of the same proteins are involved in both extreme resistance and the hypersensitive response. Herein, we review and synthesize published studies on extreme resistance in potato and soybean, and describe studies in additional species, including model plant species, to highlight future research avenues that may bridge the gaps in our knowledge of plant antiviral defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Ross
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Nina K. Zidack
- Montana State Seed Potato Certification Lab, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Michelle L. Flenniken
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
- Montana State Seed Potato Certification Lab, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
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23
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Wang J, Han M, Liu Y. Diversity, structure and function of the coiled-coil domains of plant NLR immune receptors. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:283-296. [PMID: 33205883 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) perceive pathogen avirulence effectors and activate defense responses. Nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors are classified into coiled-coil (CC)-containing and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-containing NLRs. Recent advances suggest that NLR CC domains often function in signaling activation, especially for induction of cell death. In this review, we outline our current understanding of NLR CC domains, including their diversity/classification and structure, their roles in cell death induction, disease resistance, and interaction with other proteins. Furthermore, we provide possible directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Meng Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
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De-la-Cruz IM, Hallab A, Olivares-Pinto U, Tapia-López R, Velázquez-Márquez S, Piñero D, Oyama K, Usadel B, Núñez-Farfán J. Genomic signatures of the evolution of defence against its natural enemies in the poisonous and medicinal plant Datura stramonium (Solanaceae). Sci Rep 2021; 11:882. [PMID: 33441607 PMCID: PMC7806989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids and terpenoids are widely used in the medicine and pharmaceutic industry and evolved as chemical defenses against herbivores and pathogens in the annual herb Datura stramonium (Solanaceae). Here, we present the first draft genomes of two plants from contrasting environments of D. stramonium. Using these de novo assemblies, along with other previously published genomes from 11 Solanaceae species, we carried out comparative genomic analyses to provide insights on the genome evolution of D. stramonium within the Solanaceae family, and to elucidate adaptive genomic signatures to biotic and abiotic stresses in this plant. We also studied, in detail, the evolution of four genes of D. stramonium-Putrescine N-methyltransferase, Tropinone reductase I, Tropinone reductase II and Hyoscyamine-6S-dioxygenase-involved in the tropane alkaloid biosynthesis. Our analyses revealed that the genomes of D. stramonium show signatures of expansion, physicochemical divergence and/or positive selection on proteins related to the production of tropane alkaloids, terpenoids, and glycoalkaloids as well as on R defensive genes and other important proteins related with biotic and abiotic pressures such as defense against natural enemies and drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M De-la-Cruz
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Hallab
- IBG-4 Bioinformatics, CEPLAS, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Julich, Germany
| | - U Olivares-Pinto
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - R Tapia-López
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - S Velázquez-Márquez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - D Piñero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - K Oyama
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores and Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica (LANASE), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus Morelia, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - B Usadel
- IBG-4 Bioinformatics, CEPLAS, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Julich, Germany
- Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - J Núñez-Farfán
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Wu JY, Xue JY, Van de Peer Y. Evolution of NLR Resistance Genes in Magnoliids: Dramatic Expansions of CNLs and Multiple Losses of TNLs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:777157. [PMID: 34992620 PMCID: PMC8724549 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.777157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnoliids are the third-largest group of angiosperms and occupy a critical position in angiosperm evolution. In the past years, due to the lack of sequenced genomes, the disease resistance gene (R gene) profile of magnoliids remains poorly understood. By the genome-wide identification of 1,832 NLR genes from seven magnoliid genomes, we built a framework for the evolution of magnoliid R genes. TNL genes were completely absent from five magnoliids, presumably due to immune pathway deficiencies. A total of 74 ancestral R genes (70 CNLs, 3 TNLs, and 1 RNL) were recovered in a common ancestor of magnoliids, from which all current NLR gene repertoires were derived. Tandem duplication served as the major drive for NLR genes expansion in seven magnoliid genomes, as most surveyed angiosperms. Due to recent rapid expansions, most magnoliids exhibited "a first expansion followed by a slight contraction and a further stronger expansion" evolutionary pattern, while both Litsea cubeba and Persea americana showed a two-times-repeated pattern of "expansion followed by contraction." The transcriptome analysis of seven different tissues of Saururus chinensis revealed a low expression of most NLR genes, with some R genes displaying a relatively higher expression in roots and fruits. Overall, our study sheds light on the evolution of NLR genes in magnoliids, compensates for insufficiency in major angiosperm lineages, and provides an important reference for a better understanding of angiosperm NLR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Wu
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Yu Xue
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology (CAS), Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Jia-Yu Xue, ;
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Yves Van de Peer, ;
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Du Y, Chen X, Guo Y, Zhang X, Zhang H, Li F, Huang G, Meng Y, Shan W. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector PITG20303 targets a potato MKK1 protein to suppress plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:501-515. [PMID: 32772378 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens secret a plethora of effectors into the host cell to modulate plant immunity. Analysing the role of effectors in altering the function of their host target proteins will reveal critical components of the plant immune system. Here we show that Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector PITG20303, a virulent variant of AVRblb2 (PITG20300) that escapes recognition by the resistance protein Rpi-blb2, suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and promotes pathogen colonization by targeting and stabilizing a potato MAPK cascade protein, StMKK1. Both PITG20300 and PITG20303 target StMKK1, as confirmed by multiple in vivo and in vitro assays, and StMKK1 was shown to be a negative regulator of plant immunity, as determined by overexpression and gene silencing. StMKK1 is a negative regulator of plant PTI, and the kinase activities of StMKK1 are required for its suppression of PTI and effector interaction. PITG20303 depends partially on MKK1, PITG20300 does not depend on MKK1 for suppression of PTI-induced reactive oxygen species burst, while the full virulence activities of nuclear targeted PITG20303 and PITG20300 are dependent on MKK1. Our results show that PITG20303 and PITG20300 target and stabilize the plant MAPK cascade signalling protein StMKK1 to negatively regulate plant PTI response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaokang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yalu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaojiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Houxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guiyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuling Meng
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Weixing Shan
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
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Calvo‐Baltanás V, Wijnen CL, Yang C, Lukhovitskaya N, de Snoo CB, Hohenwarter L, Keurentjes JJB, de Jong H, Schnittger A, Wijnker E. Meiotic crossover reduction by virus-induced gene silencing enables the efficient generation of chromosome substitution lines and reverse breeding in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1437-1452. [PMID: 32955759 PMCID: PMC7756339 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant breeding applications exploiting meiotic mutant phenotypes (like the increase or decrease of crossover (CO) recombination) have been proposed over the last years. As recessive meiotic mutations in breeding lines may affect fertility or have other pleiotropic effects, transient silencing techniques may be preferred. Reverse breeding is a breeding technique that would benefit from the transient downregulation of CO formation. The technique is essentially the opposite of plant hybridization: a method to extract parental lines from a hybrid. The method can also be used to efficiently generate chromosome substitution lines (CSLs). For successful reverse breeding, the two homologous chromosome sets of a heterozygous plant must be divided over two haploid complements, which can be achieved by the suppression of meiotic CO recombination and the subsequent production of doubled haploid plants. Here we show the feasibility of transiently reducing CO formation using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) by targeting the meiotic gene MSH5 in a wild-type heterozygote of Arabidopsis thaliana. The application of VIGS (rather than using lengthy stable transformation) generates transgene-free offspring with the desired genetic composition: we obtained parental lines from a wild-type heterozygous F1 in two generations. In addition, we obtained 20 (of the 32 possible) CSLs in one experiment. Our results demonstrate that meiosis can be modulated at will in A. thaliana to generate CSLs and parental lines rapidly for hybrid breeding. Furthermore, we illustrate how the modification of meiosis using VIGS can open routes to develop efficient plant breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Calvo‐Baltanás
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
- Present address:
Department of Biological SciencesNational University of Singapore14 Science Drive 4Singapore117543Singapore
| | - Cris L. Wijnen
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Chao Yang
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
- Department of Developmental BiologyInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversity of HamburgOhnhorststrasse 18Hamburg22609Germany
| | - Nina Lukhovitskaya
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueInstitut de Biologie Moléculaire des PlantesUniversité de Strasbourg12, rue du général ZimmerStrasbourg67084France
- Present address:
Division of VirologyDepartment of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RdCambridgeCB2 1QPUK
| | - C. Bastiaan de Snoo
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
- Rijk Zwaan R&D FijnaartEerste Kruisweg 9Fijnaart4793 RSthe Netherlands
| | - Linus Hohenwarter
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
- Department of Developmental BiologyInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversity of HamburgOhnhorststrasse 18Hamburg22609Germany
| | - Joost J. B. Keurentjes
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Hans de Jong
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
- Department of Developmental BiologyInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversity of HamburgOhnhorststrasse 18Hamburg22609Germany
| | - Erik Wijnker
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
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Chakraborty J, Ghosh P. Advancement of research on plant NLRs evolution, biochemical activity, structural association, and engineering. PLANTA 2020; 252:101. [PMID: 33180185 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we have included evolution of plant intracellular immune receptors, oligomeric complex formation, enzymatic action, engineering, and mechanisms of immune inspection for appropriate defense outcomes. NLR (Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing leucine-rich repeat) proteins are the intracellular immune receptors that recognize pathogen-derived virulence factors to confer effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Activation of plant defense by the NLRs are often conveyed through N-terminal Toll-like/ IL-1 receptor (TIR) or non-TIR (coiled-coils or CC) domains. Homodimerization or self-association property of CC/ TIR domains of plant NLRs contribute to their auto-activity and induction of in planta ectopic cell death. High resolution crystal structures of Arabidopsis thaliana RPS4TIR, L6TIR, SNC1TIR, RPP1TIR and Muscadinia rotundifolia RPV1TIR showed that interaction is mediated through one or two distinct interfaces i.e., αA and αE helices comprise AE interface and αD and αE helices were found to form DE interface. By contrast, conserved helical regions were determined for CC domains of plant NLRs. Evolutionary history of NLRs diversification has shown that paired forms were originated from NLR singletons. Plant TIRs executed NAD+ hydrolysis activity for cell death promotion. Plant NLRs were found to form large oligomeric complexes as observed in animal inflammasomes. We have also discussed different protein engineering methods includes domain shuffling, and decoy modification that increase effector recognition spectrum of plant NLRs. In summary, our review highlights structural basis of perception of the virulence factors by NLRs or NLR pairs to design novel classes of plant immune receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prithwi Ghosh
- Department of Botany, Narajole Raj College, Narajole, Paschim Medinipur, 721211, West Bengal, India
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29
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Osmani Z, Sabet MS, Nakahara KS, Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A, Vahabi K, Moieni A, Shams-Bakhsh M. Identification of a defense response gene involved in signaling pathways against PVA and PVY in potato. GM CROPS & FOOD 2020; 12:86-105. [PMID: 33028148 PMCID: PMC7553743 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2020.1823776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Potato is the most important non-grain food crop in the world. Viruses, particularly potato virus Y (PVY) and potato virus A (PVA), are among the major agricultural pathogens causing severe reduction in potato yield and quality worldwide. Virus infection induces host factors to interfere with its infection cycle. Evaluation of these factors facilitates the development of intrinsic resistance to plant viruses. In this study, a small G-protein as one of the critical signaling factors was evaluated in plant response to PVY and PVA to enhance resistance. For this purpose, the gene expression dataset of G-proteins in potato plant under five biotic (viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and insects) and four abiotic (cold, heat, salinity, and drought) stress conditions were collected from gene expression databases. We reduced the number of the selected G-proteins to a single protein, StSAR1A, which is possibly involved in virus inhibition. StSAR1A overexpressed transgenic plants were created via the Agrobacterium-mediated method. Real-time PCR and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests of transgenic plants mechanically inoculated with PVY and PVA indicated that the overexpression of StSAR1A gene enhanced resistance to both viruses. The virus-infected transgenic plants exhibited a greater stem length, a larger leaf size, a higher fresh/dry weight, and a greater node number than those of the wild-type plants. The maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, stomatal conductivity, and net photosynthetic rate in the virus-infected transgenic plants were also obviously higher than those of the control. The present study may help to understand aspects of resistance against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Osmani
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Sabet
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Kenji S Nakahara
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , Sapporo Japan
| | - Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Khabat Vahabi
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Friedrich-Schiller- University , Jena, Germany
| | - Ahmad Moieni
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Shams-Bakhsh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
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30
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Chen S, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Xu W, Li Y, Xie J, Zhang D. Key Genes and Genetic Interactions of Plant-Pathogen Functional Modules in Poplar Infected by Marssonina brunnea. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1080-1090. [PMID: 32392451 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-19-0325-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Marssonina brunnea, the causative pathogen of Marssonina leaf spot of poplars (MLSP), devastates poplar plantations by forming black spots on leaves and defoliating trees. Although MLSP has been studied for over 30 years, the key genes that function during M. brunnea infection and their effects on plant growth are poorly understood. Here, we used multigene association studies to investigate the effects of key genes in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway, as revealed by transcriptome analysis, on photosynthesis and growth in a natural population of 435 Populus tomentosa individuals. By analyzing transcriptomic changes during three stages of infection, we detected 628 transcription factor genes among the 7,611 differentially expressed genes that might be associated with basal defense responses. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses revealed that transcriptomic changes across different stages of infection lead to the reprogramming of metabolic processes possibly related to defense activation. We identified 29,399 common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 221 full-length genes in plant-pathogen interaction pathways that were significantly associated with photosynthetic and growth traits. We also detected 4,460 significant epistatic pairs associated with stomatal conductance, tree diameter, and tree height. Epistasis analysis uncovered significant interactions between 2,561 SNP-SNP pairs from different functional modules in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway, revealing possible genetic interactions. This analysis revealed many key genes that function during M. brunnea infection and their potential roles in mediating photosynthesis and plant growth, shedding light on genetic interactions between functional modules in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yiyang Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Xie
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Deiqiang Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
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Maio F, Helderman TA, Arroyo-Mateos M, van der Wolf M, Boeren S, Prins M, van den Burg HA. Identification of Tomato Proteins That Interact With Replication Initiator Protein (Rep) of the Geminivirus TYLCV. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1069. [PMID: 32760417 PMCID: PMC7373745 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are plant-infecting DNA viruses that reshape the intracellular environment of their host in order to create favorable conditions for viral replication and propagation. Viral manipulation is largely mediated via interactions between viral and host proteins. Identification of this protein network helps us to understand how these viruses manipulate their host and therefore provides us potentially with novel leads for resistance against this class of pathogens, as genetic variation in the corresponding plant genes could subvert viral manipulation. Different studies have already yielded a list of host proteins that interact with one of the geminiviral proteins. Here, we use affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry (AP-MS) to further expand this list of interacting proteins, focusing on an important host (tomato) and the Replication initiator protein (Rep, AL1, C1) from Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Rep is the only geminiviral protein proven to be essential for geminiviral replication and it forms an integral part of viral replisomes, a protein complex that consists of plant and viral proteins that allows for viral DNA replication. Using AP-MS, fifty-four 'high confidence' tomato proteins were identified that specifically co-purified with Rep. For two of them, an unknown EWS-like RNA-binding protein (called Geminivirus Rep interacting EWS-like protein 1 or GRIEP1) and an isoform of the THO complex subunit 4A (ALY1), we were able to confirm this interaction with Rep in planta using a second method, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). The THO subunit 4 is part of the THO/TREX (TRanscription-EXport) complex, which controls RNA splicing and nuclear export of mRNA to the cytoplasm and is also connected to plant disease resistance. This work represents the first step towards characterization of novel host factors with a putative role in the life cycle of TYLCV and possibly other geminiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maio
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tieme A. Helderman
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manuel Arroyo-Mateos
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Miguel van der Wolf
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marcel Prins
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Keygene N.V., Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Harrold A. van den Burg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Sun Y, Zhu YX, Balint-Kurti PJ, Wang GF. Fine-Tuning Immunity: Players and Regulators for Plant NLRs. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:695-713. [PMID: 32526174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a sophisticated innate immune system to defend against pathogen infection, and intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR or NB-LRR) immune receptors are one of the main components of this system. NLR activity is fine-tuned by intra- and intermolecular interactions. We survey what is known about the conservation and diversity of NLR-interacting proteins, and divide them into seven major categories. We discuss the molecular mechanisms by which NLR activities are regulated and how understanding this regulation has potential to facilitate the engineering of NLRs for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Yu-Xiu Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Peter J Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Guan-Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China.
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Nielsen E. The Small GTPase Superfamily in Plants: A Conserved Regulatory Module with Novel Functions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:247-272. [PMID: 32442390 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-112619-025827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Small GTP-binding proteins represent a highly conserved signaling module in eukaryotes that regulates diverse cellular processes such as signal transduction, cytoskeletal organization and cell polarity, cell proliferation and differentiation, intracellular membrane trafficking and transport vesicle formation, and nucleocytoplasmic transport. These proteins function as molecular switches that cycle between active and inactive states, and this cycle is linked to GTP binding and hydrolysis. In this review, the roles of the plant complement of small GTP-binding proteins in these cellular processes are described, as well as accessory proteins that control their activity, and current understanding of the functions of individual members of these families in plants-with a focus on the model organism Arabidopsis-is presented. Some potential novel roles of these GTPases in plants, relative to their established roles in yeast and/or animal systems, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Nielsen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
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Kim JH, Castroverde CDM. Diversity, Function and Regulation of Cell Surface and Intracellular Immune Receptors in Solanaceae. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040434. [PMID: 32244634 PMCID: PMC7238418 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The first layer of the plant immune system comprises plasma membrane-localized receptor proteins and intracellular receptors of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein superfamily. Together, these immune receptors act as a network of surveillance machines in recognizing extracellular and intracellular pathogen invasion-derived molecules, ranging from conserved structural epitopes to virulence-promoting effectors. Successful pathogen recognition leads to physiological and molecular changes in the host plants, which are critical for counteracting and defending against biotic attack. A breadth of significant insights and conceptual advances have been derived from decades of research in various model plant species regarding the structural complexity, functional diversity, and regulatory mechanisms of these plant immune receptors. In this article, we review the current state-of-the-art of how these host surveillance proteins function and how they are regulated. We will focus on the latest progress made in plant species belonging to the Solanaceae family, because of their tremendous importance as model organisms and agriculturally valuable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hum Kim
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Correspondence: (J.H.K.); (C.D.M.C.)
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Meier N, Hatch C, Nagalakshmi U, Dinesh‐Kumar SP. Perspectives on intracellular perception of plant viruses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1185-1190. [PMID: 31282091 PMCID: PMC6715608 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) class of immune receptors plays an important role in plant viral defence. Plant NLRs recognize viruses through direct or indirect association of viral proteins, triggering a downstream defence response to prevent viral proliferation and movement within the plant. This review focuses on current knowledge of intracellular perception of viral pathogens, activation of NLRs and the downstream signalling components involved in plant viral defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Meier
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Cameron Hatch
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Ugrappa Nagalakshmi
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Savithramma P. Dinesh‐Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
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36
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Balint‐Kurti P. The plant hypersensitive response: concepts, control and consequences. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1163-1178. [PMID: 31305008 PMCID: PMC6640183 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The hypersensitive defence response is found in all higher plants and is characterized by a rapid cell death at the point of pathogen ingress. It is usually associated with pathogen resistance, though, in specific situations, it may have other consequences such as pathogen susceptibility, growth retardation and, over evolutionary timescales, speciation. Due to the potentially severe costs of inappropriate activation, plants employ multiple mechanisms to suppress inappropriate activation of HR and to constrain it after activation. The ubiquity of this response among higher plants despite its costs suggests that it is an extremely effective component of the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Balint‐Kurti
- Plant Science Research UnitUSDA‐ARSRaleighNCUSA
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNC State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7613USA
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Insertion of Epitope Tag into NB-LRR Class Plant Virus Resistance Protein. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31228107 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9635-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
It is prerequisite to detect plant disease resistance proteins for studying the function of the proteins. Numerous studies have used epitope tags fused to either N- or C-terminus for the detection of resistance proteins. However, some resistance proteins do not tolerate the terminal fusions of epitope tags. In this chapter, we provide a protocol for searching the protein regions in which the inserted epitope tag does not affect the protein function. In the protocol, we first perform an in silico search to select the insertion site candidates and then insert there a short sequence containing restriction sites to find out the sites, in which the insertion does not affect the protein function. Epitope tags are inserted into the experimentally selected sites to produce a functional protein with an epitope tag.
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van der Burgh AM, Postma J, Robatzek S, Joosten MHAJ. Kinase activity of SOBIR1 and BAK1 is required for immune signalling. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:410-422. [PMID: 30407725 PMCID: PMC6637861 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) and LRR-receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) trigger immune signalling to promote plant resistance against pathogens. LRR-RLPs lack an intracellular kinase domain, and several of these receptors have been shown to constitutively interact with the LRR-RLK Suppressor of BIR1-1/EVERSHED (SOBIR1/EVR) to form signalling-competent receptor complexes. Ligand perception by LRR-RLPs initiates recruitment of the co-receptor BRI1-Associated Kinase 1/Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor Kinase 3 (BAK1/SERK3) to the LRR-RLP/SOBIR1 complex, thereby activating LRR-RLP-mediated immunity. We employed phosphorylation analysis of in planta-produced proteins, live cell imaging, gene silencing and co-immunoprecipitation to investigate the roles of SOBIR1 and BAK1 in immune signalling. We show that Arabidopsis thaliana (At) SOBIR1, which constitutively activates immune responses when overexpressed in planta, is highly phosphorylated. Moreover, in addition to the kinase activity of SOBIR1 itself, kinase-active BAK1 is essential for AtSOBIR1-induced constitutive immunity and for the phosphorylation of AtSOBIR1. Furthermore, the defence response triggered by the tomato LRR-RLP Cf-4 on perception of Avr4 from the extracellular pathogenic fungus Cladosporium fulvum is dependent on kinase-active BAK1. We argue that, in addition to the trans-autophosphorylation of SOBIR1, it is likely that SOBIR1 and BAK1 transphosphorylate, and thereby activate the receptor complex. The signalling-competent cell surface receptor complex subsequently activates downstream cytoplasmic signalling partners to initiate RLP-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranka M. van der Burgh
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jelle Postma
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenGeneticsGroßhaderner Str. 2–482152MartinsriedGermany
| | - Matthieu H. A. J. Joosten
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
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Narula K, Choudhary P, Ghosh S, Elagamey E, Chakraborty N, Chakraborty S. Comparative Nuclear Proteomics Analysis Provides Insight into the Mechanism of Signaling and Immune Response to Blast Disease Caused byMagnaportheoryzaein Rice. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800188. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Narula
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Pooja Choudhary
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Eman Elagamey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research New Delhi 110067 India
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40
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Sato K, Kadota Y, Shirasu K. Plant Immune Responses to Parasitic Nematodes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1165. [PMID: 31616453 PMCID: PMC6775239 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), such as root-knot nematodes (RKNs) and cyst nematodes (CNs), are among the most devastating pests in agriculture. RKNs and CNs induce redifferentiation of root cells into feeding cells, which provide water and nutrients to these nematodes. Plants trigger immune responses to PPN infection by recognizing PPN invasion through several different but complementary systems. Plants recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) sderived from PPNs by cell surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Plants can also recognize tissue and cellular damage caused by invasion or migration of PPNs through PRR-based recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Resistant plants have the added ability to recognize PPN effectors via intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-type immune receptors, leading to NLR-triggered immunity. Some PRRs may also recognize apoplastic PPN effectors and induce PTI. Plant immune responses against PPNs include the secretion of anti-nematode enzymes, the production of anti-nematode compounds, cell wall reinforcement, production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, and hypersensitive response-mediated cell death. In this review, we summarize the recognition mechanisms for PPN infection and what is known about PPN-induced immune responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yasuhiro Kadota, ; Ken Shirasu,
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yasuhiro Kadota, ; Ken Shirasu,
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41
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Resistance protein Pit interacts with the GEF OsSPK1 to activate OsRac1 and trigger rice immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E11551-E11560. [PMID: 30446614 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813058115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance (R) genes encode intracellular nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) family proteins that serve as critical plant immune receptors to induce effector-triggered immunity (ETI). NLR proteins possess a tripartite domain architecture consisting of an N-terminal variable region, a central nucleotide-binding domain, and a C-terminal leucine-rich repeat. N-terminal coiled-coil (CC) or Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domains of R proteins appear to serve as platforms to trigger immune responses, because overexpression of the CC or TIR domain of some R proteins is sufficient to induce an immune response. Because direct downstream signaling molecules of R proteins remain obscure, the molecular mechanisms by which R proteins regulate downstream signaling are largely unknown. We reported previously that a rice R protein named Pit triggers ETI through a small GTPase, OsRac1, although how Pit activates OsRac1 is unclear. Here, we identified OsSPK1, a DOCK family guanine nucleotide exchange factor, as an interactor of Pit and activator for OsRac1. OsSPK1 contributes to signaling by two disease-resistance genes, Pit and Pia, against the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and facilitates OsRac1 activation in vitro and in vivo. The CC domain of Pit is required for its binding to OsSPK1, OsRac1 activation, and the induction of cell death. Overall, we conclude that OsSPK1 is a direct and key signaling target of Pit-mediated immunity. Our results shed light on how R proteins trigger ETI through direct downstream molecules.
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42
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Slootweg EJ, Spiridon LN, Martin EC, Tameling WIL, Townsend PD, Pomp R, Roosien J, Drawska O, Sukarta OCA, Schots A, Borst JW, Joosten MHAJ, Bakker J, Smant G, Cann MJ, Petrescu AJ, Goverse A. Distinct Roles of Non-Overlapping Surface Regions of the Coiled-Coil Domain in the Potato Immune Receptor Rx1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:1310-1331. [PMID: 30194238 PMCID: PMC6236623 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular immune receptor Rx1 of potato (Solanum tuberosum), which confers effector-triggered immunity to Potato virus X, consists of a central nucleotide-binding domain (NB-ARC) flanked by a carboxyl-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain and an amino-terminal coiled-coil (CC) domain. Rx1 activity is strictly regulated by interdomain interactions between the NB-ARC and LRR, but the contribution of the CC domain in regulating Rx1 activity or immune signaling is not fully understood. Therefore, we used a structure-informed approach to investigate the role of the CC domain in Rx1 functionality. Targeted mutagenesis of CC surface residues revealed separate regions required for the intramolecular and intermolecular interaction of the CC with the NB-ARC-LRR and the cofactor Ran GTPase-activating protein2 (RanGAP2), respectively. None of the mutant Rx1 proteins was constitutively active, indicating that the CC does not contribute to the autoinhibition of Rx1 activity. Instead, the CC domain acted as a modulator of downstream responses involved in effector-triggered immunity. Systematic disruption of the hydrophobic interface between the four helices of the CC enabled the uncoupling of cell death and disease resistance responses. Moreover, a strong dominant negative effect on Rx1-mediated resistance and cell death was observed upon coexpression of the CC alone with full-length Rx1 protein, which depended on the RanGAP2-binding surface of the CC. Surprisingly, coexpression of the N-terminal half of the CC enhanced Rx1-mediated resistance, which further indicated that the CC functions as a scaffold for downstream components involved in the modulation of disease resistance or cell death signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Slootweg
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eliza C Martin
- Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Wladimir I L Tameling
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip D Townsend
- Department of Biosciences and Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Rikus Pomp
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Roosien
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Drawska
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Octavina C A Sukarta
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Schots
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Borst
- Laboratory of Biochemistry/Microspectroscopy Centre, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Bakker
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J Cann
- Department of Biosciences and Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Chakraborty J, Priya P, Dastidar SG, Das S. Physical interaction between nuclear accumulated CC-NB-ARC-LRR protein and WRKY64 promotes EDS1 dependent Fusarium wilt resistance in chickpea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 276:111-133. [PMID: 30348309 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt is one of the most serious diseases affecting chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Here, we identified a putative Resistance Gene Analog (CaRGA) from chickpea, encoding a coiled-coil (CC) nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NB-ARC) containing leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein (CC-NLR protein) that confers resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri race1 (Foc1). Over-expression and silencing of CaRGA in chickpea resulted in enhanced resistance and hyper-susceptibility, respectively against Foc1. Furthermore, defense response to Foc1 depends on CC-NLR interaction with WRKY64 transcription factor. CaRGA mediated wilt resistance largely compromised when WRKY64 was silenced. We also determined in planta intramolecular interactions and self-association of chickpea CC-NLR protein. The study shows CC domain suppressing auto-activation of the full-length CC-NLR protein in the absence of pathogen through self-inhibitory intramolecular interaction with NB-ARC domain, which is attenuated by self-interactions to LRR domain. Chickpea CC-NLR protein forms homocomplexes and then interacts with WRKY64. CC-NLR protein further phosphorylates WRKY64 thereby, ubiquitination and proteasome mediated degradation are protected. Phosphorylated WRKY64 with increased stability binds to EDS1 promoter and stimulates its transcription that induces in planta ectopic cell-death. The detailed analysis of CC-NLR and WRKY interactions provide a better understanding of the immune regulation by NLR proteins under biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Chakraborty
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12, CIT Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India.
| | - Prerna Priya
- Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12, CIT Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India.
| | - Shubhra Ghosh Dastidar
- Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12, CIT Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sampa Das
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12, CIT Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India.
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Kallamadi PR, Dandu K, Kirti PB, Rao CM, Thakur SS, Mulpuri S. An Insight into Powdery Mildew-Infected, Susceptible, Resistant, and Immune Sunflower Genotypes. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700418. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prathap Reddy Kallamadi
- ICAR- Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research; Rajendranagar 500 030 Hyderabad India
- University of Hyderabad; Prof. C.R. Rao Road 500 046 Hyderabad India
| | - Kamakshi Dandu
- CSIR- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology; Uppal Road, Habsiguda 500 007 Hyderabad India
| | | | - Chintalagiri Mohan Rao
- CSIR- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology; Uppal Road, Habsiguda 500 007 Hyderabad India
| | - Suman S Thakur
- CSIR- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology; Uppal Road, Habsiguda 500 007 Hyderabad India
| | - Sujatha Mulpuri
- ICAR- Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research; Rajendranagar 500 030 Hyderabad India
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45
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Chakraborty J, Jain A, Mukherjee D, Ghosh S, Das S. Functional diversification of structurally alike NLR proteins in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 269:85-93. [PMID: 29606220 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In due course of evolution many pathogens alter their effector molecules to modulate the host plants' metabolism and immune responses triggered upon proper recognition by the intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. Likewise, host plants have also evolved with diversified NLR proteins as a survival strategy to win the battle against pathogen invasion. NLR protein indeed detects pathogen derived effector proteins leading to the activation of defense responses associated with programmed cell death (PCD). In this interactive process, genome structure and plasticity play pivotal role in the development of innate immunity. Despite being quite conserved with similar biological functions in all eukaryotes, the intracellular NLR immune receptor proteins happen to be structurally distinct. Recent studies have made progress in identifying transcriptional regulatory complexes activated by NLR proteins. In this review, we attempt to decipher the intracellular NLR proteins mediated surveillance across the evolutionarily diverse taxa, highlighting some of the recent updates on NLR protein compartmentalization, molecular interactions before and after activation along with insights into the finer role of these receptor proteins to combat invading pathogens upon their recognition. Latest information on NLR sensors, helpers and NLR proteins with integrated domains in the context of plant pathogen interactions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Chakraborty
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Akansha Jain
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Dibya Mukherjee
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Suchismita Ghosh
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India; Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sampa Das
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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46
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Park E, Nedo A, Caplan JL, Dinesh-Kumar SP. Plant-microbe interactions: organelles and the cytoskeleton in action. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1012-1028. [PMID: 29250789 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1012 I. Introduction 1012 II. The endomembrane system in plant-microbe interactions 1013 III. The cytoskeleton in plant-microbe interactions 1017 IV. Organelles in plant-microbe interactions 1019 V. Inter-organellar communication in plant-microbe interactions 1022 VI. Conclusions and prospects 1023 Acknowledgements 1024 References 1024 SUMMARY: Plants have evolved a multilayered immune system with well-orchestrated defense strategies against pathogen attack. Multiple immune signaling pathways, coordinated by several subcellular compartments and interactions between these compartments, play important roles in a successful immune response. Pathogens use various strategies to either directly attack the plant's immune system or to indirectly manipulate the physiological status of the plant to inhibit an immune response. Microscopy-based approaches have allowed the direct visualization of membrane trafficking events, cytoskeleton reorganization, subcellular dynamics and inter-organellar communication during the immune response. Here, we discuss the contributions of organelles and the cytoskeleton to the plant's defense response against microbial pathogens, as well as the mechanisms used by pathogens to target these compartments to overcome the plant's defense barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsook Park
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Nedo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Caplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Zhang Q, Wang B, Wei J, Wang X, Han Q, Kang Z. TaNTF2, a contributor for wheat resistance to the stripe rust pathogen. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 123:260-267. [PMID: 29274571 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear Transport Factor 2 (NTF2) functions as a critical regulator in balancing the GTP-and GDP-bound forms of Ran, a class of evolutionarily conserved small GTP-binding protein. During the incompatible interaction between wheat-Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), a cDNA fragment encoding a putative wheat NTF2 gene was found to be significantly induced, suggesting a potential role in wheat resistance to Pst. In this work, the full length of TaNTF2 was obtained, with three copies located on 7A, 7B and 7D chromosomes, respectively. QRT-PCR further verified the up-regulated expression of TaNTF2 in response to avirulent Pst. In addition, TaNTF2 was also induced by exogenous hormone applications, especially JA treatment. Transient expression of TaNTF2 in tobacco cells confirmed its subcellular localization in the cytoplasm, perinuclear area and nucleus. And virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) was used to identify the function of TaNTF2 during an incompatible wheat-Pst interaction. When TaNTF2 was knocked down, resistance of wheat to avirulentPst was decreased, with a bigger necrotic spots, and higher numbers of hyphal branches and haustorial mother cells. Our results demonstrated that TaNTF2 was a contributor for wheat resistance to the stripe rust pathogen, which will help to comprehensively understand the NTF2/Ran modulating mechanism in wheat-Pst interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- College of Plant Protection and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Plant Protection and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jinping Wei
- College of Plant Protection and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- College of Plant Protection and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qingmei Han
- College of Plant Protection and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- College of Plant Protection and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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48
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Du Y, Overdijk EJR, Berg JA, Govers F, Bouwmeester K. Solanaceous exocyst subunits are involved in immunity to diverse plant pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:655-666. [PMID: 29329405 PMCID: PMC5853398 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The exocyst, a multiprotein complex consisting of eight subunits, plays an essential role in many biological processes by mediating secretion of post-Golgi-derived vesicles towards the plasma membrane. In recent years, roles for plant exocyst subunits in pathogen defence have been uncovered, largely based on studies in the model plant Arabidopsis. Only a few studies have been undertaken to assign the role of exocyst subunits in plant defence in other plants species, including crops. In this study, predicted protein sequences from exocyst subunits were retrieved by mining databases from the Solanaceous plants Nicotiana benthamiana, tomato, and potato. Subsequently, their evolutionary relationship with Arabidopsis exocyst subunits was analysed. Gene silencing in N. benthamiana showed that several exocyst subunits are required for proper plant defence against the (hemi-)biotrophic plant pathogens Phytophthora infestans and Pseudomonas syringae. In contrast, some exocyst subunits seem to act as susceptibility factors for the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Furthermore, the majority of the exocyst subunits were found to be involved in callose deposition, suggesting that they play a role in basal plant defence. This study provides insight into the evolution of exocyst subunits in Solanaceous plants and is the first to show their role in immunity against multiple unrelated pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elysa J R Overdijk
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A Berg
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Slootweg E, Koropacka K, Roosien J, Dees R, Overmars H, Lankhorst RK, van Schaik C, Pomp R, Bouwman L, Helder J, Schots A, Bakker J, Smant G, Goverse A. Sequence Exchange between Homologous NB-LRR Genes Converts Virus Resistance into Nematode Resistance, and Vice Versa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:498-510. [PMID: 28747428 PMCID: PMC5580749 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a limited repertoire of NB-LRR disease resistance (R) genes to protect themselves against myriad pathogens. This limitation is thought to be counterbalanced by the rapid evolution of NB-LRR proteins, as only a few sequence changes have been shown to be sufficient to alter resistance specificities toward novel strains of a pathogen. However, little is known about the flexibility of NB-LRR R genes to switch resistance specificities between phylogenetically unrelated pathogens. To investigate this, we created domain swaps between the close homologs Gpa2 and Rx1, which confer resistance in potato (Solanum tuberosum) to the cyst nematode Globodera pallida and Potato virus X, respectively. The genetic fusion of the CC-NB-ARC of Gpa2 with the LRR of Rx1 (Gpa2CN/Rx1L) results in autoactivity, but lowering the protein levels restored its specific activation response, including extreme resistance to Potato virus X in potato shoots. The reciprocal chimera (Rx1CN/Gpa2L) shows a loss-of-function phenotype, but exchange of the first three LRRs of Gpa2 by the corresponding region of Rx1 was sufficient to regain a wild-type resistance response to G. pallida in the roots. These data demonstrate that exchanging the recognition moiety in the LRR is sufficient to convert extreme virus resistance in the leaves into mild nematode resistance in the roots, and vice versa. In addition, we show that the CC-NB-ARC can operate independently of the recognition specificities defined by the LRR domain, either aboveground or belowground. These data show the versatility of NB-LRR genes to generate resistance to unrelated pathogens with completely different lifestyles and routes of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Slootweg
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kamila Koropacka
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Roosien
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Dees
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Antigen Technology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Overmars
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rene Klein Lankhorst
- Plant Research International, Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Casper van Schaik
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rikus Pomp
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Bouwman
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Helder
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Schots
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Antigen Technology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Bakker
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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50
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Odokonyero D, Mendoza MR, Moffett P, Scholthof HB. Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-Mediated Silencing of Nicotiana benthamiana ARGONAUTES (NbAGOs) Reveals New Antiviral Candidates and Dominant Effects of TRV-NbAGO1. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:977-987. [PMID: 28636437 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-17-0049-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of different ARGONAUTE proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana (NbAGOs) to the defense against silencing sensitive GFP-expressing viral constructs based on Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) (Tombusvirus), Sunn-hemp mosaic virus (Tobamovirus), and Foxtail mosaic virus (Potexvirus). Upon Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated down-regulation of NbAGO1, 4, 5, or 6, no effects were noted on susceptibility to any virus construct, whereas knockdown of NbAGO2 specifically prevented silencing of P19-defective TBSV (TGdP19). Down-regulation of a new gene referred to as NbAGO5L showed some reduced silencing for TGdP19 but not for the other two virus constructs, whereas silencing of NbAGO7 gave rise to a subtle increase in susceptibility to all three viruses. Co-infiltrating different TRV-NbAGO constructs simultaneously did not enhance virus susceptibility. However, an unexpected finding was that whenever the TRV-NbAGO1 construct was present, this compromised silencing of genes targeted by co-infiltrated constructs, as shown upon co-infiltration of TRV-NbAGO1 with either TRV-NbAGO2 or TRV-Sul (targeting Magnesium chelatase I). Only after a prolonged period (approximately 2 months) did TRV-Sul-mediated systemic bleaching occur in these co-infected plants, suggesting that TRV-NbAGO1 hinders the silencing ability of other TRV-NbAGO constructs. In conclusion, this study revealed new antiviral NbAGOs and dominant effects of silencing NbAGO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Odokonyero
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station; and third author: Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maria R Mendoza
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station; and third author: Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter Moffett
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station; and third author: Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Herman B Scholthof
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station; and third author: Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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