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Saatian B, Kohalmi SE, Cui Y. Localization of Arabidopsis Glucan Synthase-Like 5, 8, and 12 to plasmodesmata and the GSL8-dependent role of PDLP5 in regulating plasmodesmal permeability. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2164670. [PMID: 36645916 PMCID: PMC9851254 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2164670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication via membranous channels called plasmodesmata (PD) plays critical roles during plant development and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Several enzymes and receptor-like proteins (RLPs), including Arabidopsis thaliana glucan synthase-likes (GSLs), also known as callose synthases (CALSs), and PD-located proteins (PDLPs), have been implicated in plasmodesmal permeability regulation and intercellular communication. Localization of PDLPs to punctate structures at the cell periphery and their receptor-like identity have raised the hypothesis that PDLPs are involved in the regulation of symplastic trafficking during plant development and in response to endogenous and exogenous signals. Indeed, it was shown that PDLP5 could limit plasmodesmal permeability through inducing an increase in callose accumulation at PD. However, mechanistically, how this is achieved remains to be elucidated. To address this key issue in understanding the regulation of PD, physical and functional interactions between PDLPs and GSLs (using the PDLP5-GSL8/CALS10 pair as a model) were investigated. Our results show that GSL8/CALS10 plays essential roles and is required for the function and plasmodesmal localization of PDLP5. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the localization of PDLP5 to PD and its function in inducing callose deposition are GSL8-dependent. Importantly, our transgenic study shows that three key members of the GSL family, i.e., GSL5/CALS12, GSL8/CALS10, and GSL12/CALS3, localize to PD and co-localize with PDLP5, suggesting that GSL8/CALS10 might not be the only callose synthase with the determining role in PD regulation. These findings, together with our previous observation showing the direct interaction of GSL8/CALS10 with PDLP5, indicate the pivotal role of the GSL8/CALS10-PDLP5 interplay in regulating PD permeability. Future work is needed to investigate whether the PDLP5 functionality and localization are also disrupted in gsl5 and gsl12, or it is just gsl8-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Saatian
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Yuhai Cui
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Linh NM, Scarpella E. Leaf vein patterning is regulated by the aperture of plasmodesmata intercellular channels. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001781. [PMID: 36166438 PMCID: PMC9514613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To form tissue networks, animal cells migrate and interact through proteins protruding from their plasma membranes. Plant cells can do neither, yet plants form vein networks. How plants do so is unclear, but veins are thought to form by the coordinated action of the polar transport and signal transduction of the plant hormone auxin. However, plants inhibited in both pathways still form veins. Patterning of vascular cells into veins is instead prevented in mutants lacking the function of the GNOM (GN) regulator of auxin transport and signaling, suggesting the existence of at least one more GN-dependent vein-patterning pathway. Here we show that in Arabidopsis such a pathway depends on the movement of auxin or an auxin-dependent signal through plasmodesmata (PDs) intercellular channels. PD permeability is high where veins are forming, lowers between veins and nonvascular tissues, but remains high between vein cells. Impaired ability to regulate PD aperture leads to defects in auxin transport and signaling, ultimately leading to vein patterning defects that are enhanced by inhibition of auxin transport or signaling. GN controls PD aperture regulation, and simultaneous inhibition of auxin signaling, auxin transport, and regulated PD aperture phenocopies null gn mutants. Therefore, veins are patterned by the coordinated action of three GN-dependent pathways: auxin signaling, polar auxin transport, and movement of auxin or an auxin-dependent signal through PDs. Such a mechanism of tissue network formation is unprecedented in multicellular organisms. How do plants form vein networks, in the absence of cellular migration or direct cell-cell interaction? This study shows that a GNOM-dependent combination of polar auxin transport, auxin signal transduction, and movement of an auxin signal through plasmodesmata patterns leaf vascular cells into veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Manh Linh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- * E-mail:
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3
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Shikanai Y, Asada M, Sato T, Enomoto Y, Yamagami M, Yamaguchi K, Shigenobu S, Kamiya T, Fujiwara T. Role of GSL8 in low calcium tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:221-227. [PMID: 36349239 PMCID: PMC9592936 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0421a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) deficiency affects the yields and quality of agricultural products. Susceptibility to Ca deficiency varies among crops and cultivars; however, its genetic basis remains largely unknown. Genes required for low Ca tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana have been identified. In this study, we identified a novel gene required for low Ca tolerance in A. thaliana. We isolated a mutant sensitive to low Ca concentrations and identified Glucan synthase-like (GSL) 8 as a gene responsible for low Ca tolerance. GSL8 is a paralog of the previously identified low Ca tolerance gene GSL10, which encodes β-1,3 glucan(callose) synthase. Under low Ca conditions, the shoot growth of gsl8 mutants were inhibited compared to wild-type plants. A grafting experiment indicated that the shoot, but not root, genotype was important for the shoot growth phenotype. The ectopic accumulation of callose under low Ca conditions was reduced in gsl8 mutants. We further investigated the interaction between GSL8 and GSL10 by testing the gsl8 gsl10 double mutant for sensitivity to low Ca concentrations. The double mutant exhibited a more severe phenotype than the single mutant under 0.3 mM Ca, indicating additive effects of GSL8 and GSL10 with respect to low Ca tolerance. These results establish that GSL genes are required for low Ca tolerance in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Shikanai
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mayu Asada
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sato
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yusuke Enomoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Yamagami
- Department of Radioecology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamaguchi
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kamiya
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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4
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Du Y, Fu X, Chu Y, Wu P, Liu Y, Ma L, Tian H, Zhu B. Biosynthesis and the Roles of Plant Sterols in Development and Stress Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042332. [PMID: 35216448 PMCID: PMC8875669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols are important components of the cell membrane and lipid rafts, which play a crucial role in various physiological and biochemical processes during development and stress resistance in plants. In recent years, many studies in higher plants have been reported in the biosynthesis pathway of plant sterols, whereas the knowledge about the regulation and accumulation of sterols is not well understood. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent findings in the field of plant sterols, including their biosynthesis, regulation, functions, as well as the mechanism involved in abiotic stress responses. These studies provide better knowledge on the synthesis and regulation of sterols, and the review also aimed to provide new insights for the global role of sterols, which is liable to benefit future research on the development and abiotic stress tolerance in plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglin Du
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.D.); (Y.C.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Xizhe Fu
- The College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China;
| | - Yiyang Chu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.D.); (Y.C.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Peiwen Wu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.D.); (Y.C.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Ye Liu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.D.); (Y.C.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Lili Ma
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.D.); (Y.C.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Huiqin Tian
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.D.); (Y.C.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Benzhong Zhu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.D.); (Y.C.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (H.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Rahman MS, Madina MH, Plourde MB, dos Santos KCG, Huang X, Zhang Y, Laliberté JF, Germain H. The Fungal Effector Mlp37347 Alters Plasmodesmata Fluxes and Enhances Susceptibility to Pathogen. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061232. [PMID: 34204123 PMCID: PMC8228402 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melampsora larici-populina (Mlp) is a devastating pathogen of poplar trees, causing the defoliating poplar leaf rust disease. Genomic studies have revealed that Mlp possesses a repertoire of 1184 small secreted proteins (SSPs), some of them being characterized as candidate effectors. However, how they promote virulence is still unclear. This study investigates the candidate effector Mlp37347’s role during infection. We developed a stable Arabidopsis transgenic line expressing Mlp37347 tagged with the green fluorescent protein (GFP). We found that the effector accumulated exclusively at plasmodesmata (PD). Moreover, the presence of the effector at plasmodesmata favors enhanced plasmodesmatal flux and reduced callose deposition. Transcriptome profiling and a gene ontology (GO) analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the effector revealed that the genes involved in glucan catabolic processes are up-regulated. This effector has previously been shown to interact with glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), and in silico docking analysis supported the strong binding between Mlp37347 and GAD1 in this study. In infection assays, the effector promoted Hyalonoperospora arabidopsidis growth but not bacterial growth. Our investigation suggests that the effector Mlp37347 targets PD in host cells and promotes parasitic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Saifur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (M.S.R.); (M.H.M.); (M.B.P.); (K.C.G.d.S.)
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (X.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Mst Hur Madina
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (M.S.R.); (M.H.M.); (M.B.P.); (K.C.G.d.S.)
| | - Mélodie B. Plourde
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (M.S.R.); (M.H.M.); (M.B.P.); (K.C.G.d.S.)
| | - Karen Cristine Gonçalves dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (M.S.R.); (M.H.M.); (M.B.P.); (K.C.G.d.S.)
| | - Xiaoqiang Huang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (X.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (X.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jean-François Laliberté
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada;
| | - Hugo Germain
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (M.S.R.); (M.H.M.); (M.B.P.); (K.C.G.d.S.)
- Correspondence:
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An Arabidopsis AT-hook motif nuclear protein mediates somatic embryogenesis and coinciding genome duplication. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2508. [PMID: 33947865 PMCID: PMC8096963 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant somatic cells can be reprogrammed into totipotent embryonic cells that are able to form differentiated embryos in a process called somatic embryogenesis (SE), by hormone treatment or through overexpression of certain transcription factor genes, such as BABY BOOM (BBM). Here we show that overexpression of the AT-HOOK MOTIF CONTAINING NUCLEAR LOCALIZED 15 (AHL15) gene induces formation of somatic embryos on Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings in the absence of hormone treatment. During zygotic embryogenesis, AHL15 expression starts early in embryo development, and AH15 and other AHL genes are required for proper embryo patterning and development beyond the globular stage. Moreover, AHL15 and several of its homologs are upregulated and required for SE induction upon hormone treatment, and they are required for efficient BBM-induced SE as downstream targets of BBM. A significant number of plants derived from AHL15 overexpression-induced somatic embryos are polyploid. Polyploidisation occurs by endomitosis specifically during the initiation of SE, and is caused by strong heterochromatin decondensation induced by AHL15 overexpression.
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Oleszczuk S, Grzechnik N, Mason AS, Zimny J. Heritability of meiotic restitution and fertility restoration in haploid triticale. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:1515-1525. [PMID: 31473791 PMCID: PMC6825030 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A single division meiosis mechanism of meiotic restitution is incompletely penetrant but significantly associated with restored fertility in triticale haploids (n = 21, genome formula ABR). Meiotic restitution, or failure of meiosis to produce gametes with a reduced chromosome number, can lead to the restoration of fertility in allohaploids. Meiotic restitution is of major interest for producing doubled haploids, as haploid plants undergoing meiotic restitution can often form seeds without the need to apply mitosis inhibitors to double chromosome number. We aimed to characterize meiotic restitution in a population of 183 haploids (n = 21, genome formula ABR) derived from an F1 wheat-rye hybrid where one parent was known to carry factors responsible for restoration of fertility in wide-cross haploids. Based on cytological analysis, approximately half of the plants analyzed were characterized by normal meiosis, while half showed at least some cytological evidence of meiotic restitution. However, this mechanism was incompletely penetrant in the population, with no individual plant showing 100% unreduced gamete formation: restitution occurred sectorially within each anther and was not observed in all the anthers of a given plant. Hence, the absence of meiotic restitution could not be confirmed conclusively for any individual plant, confounding this analysis. However, cytological observation of meiotic restitution was significantly associated with seed set, further confirming the role of meiotic restitution in fertility restoration. Our results provide insight into this mechanism of unreduced gamete formation, and provide a basis for future work identifying the genetic factors responsible for this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Oleszczuk
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870, Blonie, Poland.
| | - Natalia Grzechnik
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Annaliese S Mason
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, Research Center for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Janusz Zimny
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870, Blonie, Poland
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Saatian B, Austin RS, Tian G, Chen C, Nguyen V, Kohalmi SE, Geelen D, Cui Y. Analysis of a novel mutant allele of GSL8 reveals its key roles in cytokinesis and symplastic trafficking in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:295. [PMID: 30466394 PMCID: PMC6249969 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant cell walls are mainly composed of polysaccharides such as cellulose and callose. Callose exists at a very low level in the cell wall; however, it plays critical roles at different stages of plant development as well as in defence against unfavorable conditions. Callose is accumulated at the cell plate, at plasmodesmata and in male and female gametophytes. Despite the important roles of callose in plants, the mechanisms of its synthesis and regulatory properties are not well understood. RESULTS CALLOSE SYNTHASE (CALS) genes, also known as GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE (GSL), comprise a family of 12 members in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we describe a new allele of GSL8 (named essp8) that exhibits pleiotropic seedling defects. Reduction of callose deposition at the cell plates and plasmodesmata in essp8 leads to ectopic endomitosis and an increase in the size exclusion limit of plasmodesmata during early seedling development. Movement of two non-cell-autonomous factors, SHORT ROOT and microRNA165/6, both required for root radial patterning during embryonic root development, are dysregulated in the primary root of essp8. This observation provides evidence for a molecular mechanism explaining the gsl8 root phenotype. We demonstrated that GSL8 interacts with PLASMODESMATA-LOCALIZED PROTEIN 5, a β-1,3-glucanase, and GSL10. We propose that they all might be part of a putative callose synthase complex, allowing a concerted regulation of callose deposition at plasmodesmata. CONCLUSION Analysis of a novel mutant allele of GSL8 reveals that GSL8 is a key player in early seedling development in Arabidopsis. GSL8 is required for maintaining the basic ploidy level and regulating the symplastic trafficking. Callose deposition at plasmodesmata is highly regulated and occurs through interaction of different components, likely to be incorporated into a callose biosynthesis complex. We are providing new evidence supporting an earlier hypothesis that GSL8 might have regulatory roles apart from its enzymatic function in plasmodesmata regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Saatian
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1391 Sandford St, London, ON N5V 4T3 Canada
| | - Ryan S. Austin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1391 Sandford St, London, ON N5V 4T3 Canada
| | - Gang Tian
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON Canada
| | - Chen Chen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1391 Sandford St, London, ON N5V 4T3 Canada
| | - Vi Nguyen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON Canada
| | - Susanne E. Kohalmi
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1391 Sandford St, London, ON N5V 4T3 Canada
| | - Danny Geelen
- In Vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, University of Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yuhai Cui
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1391 Sandford St, London, ON N5V 4T3 Canada
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Zhang C, Shen Y, Tang D, Shi W, Zhang D, Du G, Zhou Y, Liang G, Li Y, Cheng Z. The zinc finger protein DCM1 is required for male meiotic cytokinesis by preserving callose in rice. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007769. [PMID: 30419020 PMCID: PMC6258382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic cytokinesis influences the fertility and ploidy of gametes. However, limited information is available on the genetic control of meiotic cytokinesis in plants. Here, we identified a rice mutant with low male fertility, defective callose in meiosis 1 (dcm1). The pollen grains of dcm1 are proved to be defective in exine formation. Meiotic cytokinesis is disrupted in dcm1, resulting in disordered spindle orientation during meiosis II and formation of pollen grains with varied size and DNA content. We demonstrated that meiotic cytokinesis defect in dcm1 is caused by prematurely dissolution of callosic plates. Furthermore, peripheral callose surrounding the dcm1 pollen mother cells (PMCs) also disappeared untimely around pachytene. The DCM1 protein contains five tandem CCCH motifs and interacts with nuclear poly (A) binding proteins (PABNs) in nuclear speckles. The expression profiles of genes related to callose synthesis and degradation are significantly modified in dcm1. Together, we propose that DCM1 plays an essential role in male meiotic cytokinesis by preserving callose from prematurely dissolution in rice. Meiosis comprises two successive cell divisions after a single S phase, generating four haploid products. Meiotic caryokinesis (nuclear division) has been extensively studied in many organisms, while mechanisms underlying meiotic cytokinesis remain elusive. Here, we identified a novel CCCH-tandem zinc finger protein DCM1 that prevent the premature dissolution of callose both around the PMCs and at the dividing site (callosic plates). Loss of the callosic plates disrupts the meiotic cytokinesis, leading to the random distribution of spindles during meiosis II and aberrant meiotic products. DCM1 interacts with the two rice poly (A) binding proteins, independently of the conserved CCCH domain. Moreover, DCM1 coordinates the expression profiles of genes related to callose synthesis and degradation. We suspect monocots and dicots may adopt distinct meiotic cytokinesis patterns during male gamete generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ding Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guijie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guohua Liang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yafei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (ZC)
| | - Zhukuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (ZC)
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Rojek J, Kapusta M, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M, Majcher D, Górniak M, Sliwinska E, Sharbel TF, Bohdanowicz J. Establishing the cell biology of apomictic reproduction in diploid Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018. [PMID: 29982367 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In the Brassicaceae family, apomictic development is characteristic of the genus Boechera. Hybridization, polyploidy and environmental adaptation that arose during the evolution of Boechera may serve as (epi)genetic regulators of apomictic initiation in this genus. Here we focus on Boechera stricta, a predominantly diploid species that reproduces sexually. However, apomictic development in this species has been reported in several studies, indicating non-obligate sexuality. METHODS A progressive investigation of flower development was conducted using three accessions to assess the reproductive system of B. stricta. We employed molecular and cyto-embryological identification using histochemistry, transmission electron microscopy and Nomarski and epifluorescence microscopy. KEY RESULTS Data from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast haplotype sequencing, in addition to microsatellite variation, confirmed the B. stricta genotype for all lines. Embryological data indicated irregularities in sexual reproduction manifested by heterochronic ovule development, longevity of meiocyte and dyad stages, diverse callose accumulation during meiocyte-to-gametophyte development, and the formation of triads and tetrads in several patterns. The arabinogalactan-related sugar epitope recognized by JIM13 immunolocalized to one or more megaspores. Furthermore, pollen sterility and a high frequency of seed abortion appeared to accompany reproduction of the accession ES512, along with the initiation of parthenogenesis. Data from flow cytometric screening revealed both sexual and apomictic seed formation. CONCLUSION These results imply that B. stricta is a species with an underlying ability to initiate apomixis, at least with respect to the lines examined here. The existence of apomixis in an otherwise diploid sexual B. stricta may provide the genomic building blocks for establishing highly penetrant apomictic diploids and hybrid relatives. Our findings demonstrate that apomixis per se is a variable trait upon which natural selection could act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rojek
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Daria Majcher
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Górniak
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Elwira Sliwinska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cytometry, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, UTP University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Timothy F Sharbel
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jerzy Bohdanowicz
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Poland
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Rojek J, Kapusta M, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M, Majcher D, Górniak M, Sliwinska E, Sharbel TF, Bohdanowicz J. Establishing the cell biology of apomictic reproduction in diploid Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:513-539. [PMID: 29982367 PMCID: PMC6153484 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims In the Brassicaceae family, apomictic development is characteristic of the genus Boechera. Hybridization, polyploidy and environmental adaptation that arose during the evolution of Boechera may serve as (epi)genetic regulators of apomictic initiation in this genus. Here we focus on Boechera stricta, a predominantly diploid species that reproduces sexually. However, apomictic development in this species has been reported in several studies, indicating non-obligate sexuality. Methods A progressive investigation of flower development was conducted using three accessions to assess the reproductive system of B. stricta. We employed molecular and cyto-embryological identification using histochemistry, transmission electron microscopy and Nomarski and epifluorescence microscopy. Key Results Data from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast haplotype sequencing, in addition to microsatellite variation, confirmed the B. stricta genotype for all lines. Embryological data indicated irregularities in sexual reproduction manifested by heterochronic ovule development, longevity of meiocyte and dyad stages, diverse callose accumulation during meiocyte-to-gametophyte development, and the formation of triads and tetrads in several patterns. The arabinogalactan-related sugar epitope recognized by JIM13 immunolocalized to one or more megaspores. Furthermore, pollen sterility and a high frequency of seed abortion appeared to accompany reproduction of the accession ES512, along with the initiation of parthenogenesis. Data from flow cytometric screening revealed both sexual and apomictic seed formation. Conclusion These results imply that B. stricta is a species with an underlying ability to initiate apomixis, at least with respect to the lines examined here. The existence of apomixis in an otherwise diploid sexual B. stricta may provide the genomic building blocks for establishing highly penetrant apomictic diploids and hybrid relatives. Our findings demonstrate that apomixis per se is a variable trait upon which natural selection could act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rojek
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Daria Majcher
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Górniak
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elwira Sliwinska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cytometry, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, UTP University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Timothy F Sharbel
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jerzy Bohdanowicz
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Poland
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12
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Kehr J, Kragler F. Long distance RNA movement. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:29-40. [PMID: 29418002 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 29 I. Introduction 29 II. Phloem as a conduit for macromolecules 30 III. Classes of phloem transported RNAs and their function 32 IV. Mode of RNA transport 35 V. Conclusions 37 Acknowledgements 37 References 37 SUMMARY: In higher plants, small noncoding RNAs and large messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are transported between cells and over long distances via the phloem. These large macromolecules are thought to get access to the sugar-conducting phloem vessels via specialized plasmodesmata (PD). Analyses of the phloem exudate suggest that all classes of RNA molecules, including silencing-induced RNAs (siRNAs), micro RNAs (miRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), ribosomal RNA (rRNAs) and mRNAs, are transported via the vasculature to distant tissues. Although the functions of mobile siRNAs and miRNAs as signalling molecules are well established, we lack a profound understanding of mobile mRNA function(s) in recipient cells and tissues, and how they are selected for transport. A surprisingly high number of up to thousands of mRNAs were described in diverse plant species such as cucumber, pumpkin, Arabidopsis and grapevine to move long distances over graft junctions to distinct body parts. In this review, we present an overview of the classes of mobile RNAs, the potential mechanisms facilitating RNA long-distance transport, and the roles of mobile RNAs in regulating transcription and translation. Furthermore, we address potential function(s) of mobile protein-encoding mRNAs with respect to their characteristics and evolutionary constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kehr
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molekulare Pflanzengenetik, University Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, Hamburg 22609, Germany
| | - Friedrich Kragler
- Department II, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
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Sarma S, Pandey AK, Sharma K, Ravi M, Sreelakshmi Y, Sharma R. MutS-Homolog2 silencing generates tetraploid meiocytes in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum). PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00017. [PMID: 31245679 PMCID: PMC6508528 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
MSH2 is the core protein of MutS-homolog family involved in recognition and repair of the errors in the DNA. While other members of MutS-homolog family reportedly regulate mitochondrial stability, meiosis, and fertility, MSH2 is believed to participate mainly in mismatch repair. The search for polymorphism in MSH2 sequence in tomato accessions revealed both synonymous and nonsynonymous SNPs; however, SIFT algorithm predicted that none of the SNPs influenced MSH2 protein function. The silencing of MSH2 gene expression by RNAi led to phenotypic abnormalities in highly silenced lines, particularly in the stamens with highly reduced pollen formation. MSH2 silencing exacerbated formation of UV-B-induced thymine dimers and blocked light-induced repair of the dimers. The MSH2 silencing also affected the progression of male meiosis to a varying degree with either halt of meiosis at zygotene stage or formation of diploid tetrads. The immunostaining of male meiocytes with centromere localized CENPC (centromere protein C) antibody showed the presence of 48 univalent along with 24 bivalent chromosomes suggesting abnormal tetraploid meiosis. The mitotic cells of root tips of silenced lines showed diploid nuclei but lacked intervening cell plates leading to cells with syncytial nuclei. Thus, we speculate that tetraploid pollen mother cells may have arisen due to the fusion of syncytial nuclei before the onset of meiosis. It is likely that in addition to mismatch repair (MMR), MSH2 may have an additional role in regulating ploidy stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Sarma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics ResourcesDepartment of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of HyderabadHyderabadIndia
- Present address:
Centre for Cellular and Molecular BiologyHyderabadIndia
| | - Arun Kumar Pandey
- Repository of Tomato Genomics ResourcesDepartment of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of HyderabadHyderabadIndia
- Present address:
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)HyderabadIndia
| | - Kapil Sharma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics ResourcesDepartment of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of HyderabadHyderabadIndia
| | - Maruthachalam Ravi
- School of BiologyIndian Institute of Science Education and ResearchThiruvananthapuramKeralaIndia
| | - Yellamaraju Sreelakshmi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics ResourcesDepartment of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of HyderabadHyderabadIndia
| | - Rameshwar Sharma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics ResourcesDepartment of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of HyderabadHyderabadIndia
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Amsbury S, Kirk P, Benitez-Alfonso Y. Emerging models on the regulation of intercellular transport by plasmodesmata-associated callose. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 69:105-115. [PMID: 29040641 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The intercellular transport of molecules through membranous channels that traverse the cell walls-so-called plasmodesmata-is of fundamental importance for plant development. Regulation of plasmodesmata aperture (and transport capacity) is mediated by changes in the flanking cell walls, mainly via the synthesis/degradation (turnover) of the (1,3)-β-glucan polymer callose. The role of callose in organ development and in plant environmental responses is well recognized, but detailed understanding of the mechanisms regulating its accumulation and its effects on the structure and permeability of the channels is still missing. We compiled information on the molecular components and signalling pathways involved in callose turnover at plasmodesmata and, more generally, on the structural and mechanical properties of (1,3)-β-glucan polymers in cell walls. Based on this revision, we propose models integrating callose, cell walls, and the regulation of plasmodesmata structure and intercellular communication. We also highlight new tools and interdisciplinary approaches that can be applied to gain further insight into the effects of modifying callose in cell walls and its consequences for intercellular signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Amsbury
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Biology, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Philip Kirk
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Biology, University of Leeds, UK
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15
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Saffer AM, Irish VF. Isolation of mutants with abnormal petal epidermal cell morphology. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1382794. [PMID: 29072548 PMCID: PMC5703263 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1382794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants consist of many different cell types with specific shapes optimized for their particular functions. For example, most flowering plants have conically shaped epidermal cells on the upper surface of their petals that are important for pollinator attraction. The control of cell morphology in organs such as roots and leaves has been extensively studied, but much less is known about the genes that promote conical expansion of petal epidermal cells. We have developed a technique to rapidly assay the morphology of conical petal epidermal cells, and we employed this method in an unbiased genetic screen to identify mutants that alter the development of these cells. Mutants isolated in this screen affected cell shape, cell size, cuticle synthesis, and cellular chirality. This approach allowed for the identification of novel cellular components that are critical for the morphology of conical petal cells, and demonstrates the usefulness of petal epidermal cells as a model system for studying cellular morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Saffer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vivian F. Irish
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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16
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Liu YJ, Liu X, Chen H, Zheng P, Wang W, Wang L, Zhang J, Tu J. A Plastid-Localized Pentatricopeptide Repeat Protein is Required for Both Pollen Development and Plant Growth in Rice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11484. [PMID: 28904339 PMCID: PMC5597598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10727-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mitochondrial-targeted pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins involved in pollen development have been reported to be fertility restorer (Rf) proteins. However, the roles of plastid-localized PPR proteins in plant male reproduction are poorly defined. Here, we described a plastid-localized PPR-SMR protein, OsPPR676, which is required for plant growth and pollen development in rice. In this study, OsPPR676 was confirmed to be an interacted protein with Osj10gBTF3, β-subunit of nascent polypeptide-associated complex (β-NAC), by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, indicating that both proteins are probably involved in the same regulatory pathway of pollen development. Compared with other chloroplast-rich tissues, OsPPR676 was only weakly expressed in anther, but in the Mei and YM stages of pollen development, its expression was relatively strong in the tapetum. Disruption of OsPPR676 resulted in growth retardation of plants and partial sterility of pollens. Phenotypic analysis of different osppr676 mutant lines implied that the SMR domain was not essential for the function of OsPPR676. We further demonstrated that OsPPR676 is essential for production of plastid atpB subunit, and then plays crucial roles in biosynthesis of fatty acids, carbohydrates, and other organic matters via affecting activity of ATP synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jun Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.,State Key Lab of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, N.T., Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Liangchao Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- State Key Lab of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, N.T., Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Jumin Tu
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
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17
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Ramírez-Madera AO, Miller ND, Spalding EP, Weng Y, Havey MJ. Spontaneous polyploidization in cucumber. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:1481-1490. [PMID: 28409201 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-017-2903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This is the first quantitative estimation of spontaneous polyploidy in cucumber and we detected 2.2% polyploids in a greenhouse study. We provide evidence that polyploidization is consistent with endoreduplication and is an on-going process during plant growth. Cucumber occasionally produces polyploid plants, which are problematic for growers because these plants produce misshaped fruits with non-viable seeds. In this study, we undertook the first quantitative study to estimate the relative frequency of spontaneous polyploids in cucumber. Seeds of recombinant inbred lines were produced in different environments, plants were grown in the field and greenhouse, and flow cytometry was used to establish ploidies. From 1422 greenhouse-grown plants, the overall relative frequency of spontaneous polyploidy was 2.2%. Plants possessed nuclei of different ploidies in the same leaves (mosaic) and on different parts of the same plant (chimeric). Our results provide evidence of endoreduplication and polysomaty in cucumber, and that it is an on-going and dynamic process. There was a significant effect (p = 0.018) of seed production environment on the occurrence of polyploid plants. Seed and seedling traits were not accurate predictors of eventual polyploids, and we recommend that cucumber producers rogue plants based on stature and leaf serration to remove potential polyploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel O Ramírez-Madera
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Nathan D Miller
- Department of Botany, 132 Birge Hall, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Edgar P Spalding
- Department of Botany, 132 Birge Hall, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yiqun Weng
- USDA-ARS and Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michael J Havey
- USDA-ARS and Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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18
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Iswanto ABB, Kim JY. Lipid Raft, Regulator of Plasmodesmal Callose Homeostasis. PLANTS 2017; 6:plants6020015. [PMID: 28368351 PMCID: PMC5489787 DOI: 10.3390/plants6020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: The specialized plasma membrane microdomains known as lipid rafts are enriched by sterols and sphingolipids. Lipid rafts facilitate cellular signal transduction by controlling the assembly of signaling molecules and membrane protein trafficking. Another specialized compartment of plant cells, the plasmodesmata (PD), which regulates the symplasmic intercellular movement of certain molecules between adjacent cells, also contains a phospholipid bilayer membrane. The dynamic permeability of plasmodesmata (PDs) is highly controlled by plasmodesmata callose (PDC), which is synthesized by callose synthases (CalS) and degraded by β-1,3-glucanases (BGs). In recent studies, remarkable observations regarding the correlation between lipid raft formation and symplasmic intracellular trafficking have been reported, and the PDC has been suggested to be the regulator of the size exclusion limit of PDs. It has been suggested that the alteration of lipid raft substances impairs PDC homeostasis, subsequently affecting PD functions. In this review, we discuss the substantial role of membrane lipid rafts in PDC homeostasis and provide avenues for understanding the fundamental behavior of the lipid raft-processed PDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
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Lipids in pollen - They are different. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1315-1328. [PMID: 27033152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During evolution, the male gametophyte of Angiosperms has been severely reduced to the pollen grain, consisting of a vegetative cell containing two sperm cells. This vegetative cell has to deliver the sperm cells from the stigma through the style to the ovule. It does so by producing a pollen tube and elongating it to many centimeters in length in some species, requiring vast amounts of fatty acid and membrane lipid synthesis. In order to optimize this polar tip growth, a unique lipid composition in the pollen has evolved. Pollen tubes produce extraplastidial galactolipids and store triacylglycerols in lipid droplets, probably needed as precursors of glycerolipids or for acyl editing. They also possess special sterol and sphingolipid moieties that might together form microdomains in the membranes. The individual lipid classes, the proteins involved in their synthesis as well as the corresponding Arabidopsis knockout mutant phenotypes are discussed in this review. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Lipid Biology edited by Kent D. Chapman and Ivo Feussner.
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20
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Otero S, Helariutta Y, Benitez-Alfonso Y. Symplastic communication in organ formation and tissue patterning. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 29:21-28. [PMID: 26658335 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Communication between cells is a crucial step to coordinate organ formation and tissue patterning. In plants, the intercellular transport of metabolites and signalling molecules occur symplastically through membranous structures (named plasmodesmata) that traverse the cell wall to connect the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum of neighbouring cells. This review aims to highlight the importance of symplastic communication in plant development. We revisit current literature reporting the effects of changing plasmodesmata in cell morphogenesis, organ initiation and meristem maintenance and comment on recent work involving the identification of novel plasmodesmata regulators and of mobile developmental proteins and RNA molecules. New opportunities for unravelling the dynamic regulation and function of plasmodesmata are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Otero
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Yrjo Helariutta
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
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21
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De Storme N, Keçeli BN, Zamariola L, Angenon G, Geelen D. CENH3-GFP: a visual marker for gametophytic and somatic ploidy determination in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:1. [PMID: 26728271 PMCID: PMC4700667 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0700-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The in vivo determination of the cell-specific chromosome number provides a valuable tool in several aspects of plant research. However, current techniques to determine the endosystemic ploidy level do not allow non-destructive, cell-specific chromosome quantification. Particularly in the gametophytic cell lineages, which are physically encapsulated in the reproductive organ structures, direct in vivo ploidy determination has been proven very challenging. Using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model, we here assess the applicability of recombinant CENH3-GFP reporters for the labeling of the cell's chromocenters and for the monitoring of the gametophytic and somatic chromosome number in vivo. RESULTS By modulating expression of a CENH3-GFP reporter cassette using different promoters, we isolated two reporter lines that allow for a clear and highly specific labeling of centromeric chromosome regions in somatic and gametophytic cells respectively. Using polyploid plant series and reproductive mutants, we demonstrate that the pWOX2-CENH3-GFP recombinant fusion protein allows for the determination of the gametophytic chromosome number in both male and female gametophytic cells, and additionally labels centromeric regions in early embryo development. Somatic centromere labeling through p35S-CENH3-GFP shows a maximum of ten centromeric dots in young dividing tissues, reflecting the diploid chromosome number (2x = 10), and reveals a progressive decrease in GFP foci frequency throughout plant development. Moreover, using chemical and genetic induction of endomitosis, we demonstrate that CENH3-mediated chromosome labeling provides an easy and valuable tool for the detection and characterization of endomitotic polyploidization events. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the introgression of the pWOX2-CENH3-GFP reporter construct in Arabidopsis thaliana provides an easy and reliable methodology for determining the chromosome number in developing male and female gametes, and during early embryo development. Somatically expressed CENH3-GFP reporters, on the other hand, constitute a valuable tool to quickly determine the basic somatic ploidy level in young seedlings at the individual cell level and to detect and to quantify endomitotic polyploidization events in a non-destructive, microscopy-based manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico De Storme
- In vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Burcu Nur Keçeli
- In vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Linda Zamariola
- In vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Geert Angenon
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Danny Geelen
- In vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Han X, Kim JY. Integrating Hormone- and Micromolecule-Mediated Signaling with Plasmodesmal Communication. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:46-56. [PMID: 26384246 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular and supracellular communications through plasmodesmata are involved in vital processes for plant development and physiological responses. Micro- and macromolecules, including hormones, RNA, and proteins, serve as biological information vectors that traffic through the plasmodesmata between cells. Previous studies demonstrated that the plasmodesmata are elaborately regulated, whereby a long queue of multiple signaling molecules forms. However, the mechanism by which these signals are coupled or coordinated in terms of simultaneous transport in a single channel remains a puzzle. In the last few years, several phytohormones that could function as both non-cell-autonomous signals and plasmodesmal regulators have been disclosed. Plasmodesmal regulators such as auxin, salicylic acid, reactive oxygen species, gibberellic acids, chitin, and jasmonic acid could regulate intercellular trafficking by adjusting plasmodesmal permeability. Here, callose, along with β-glucan synthase and β-glucanase, plays a critical role in regulating plasmodesmal permeability. Interestingly, most of the previously identified regulators are capable of diffusing through the plasmodesmata. Given the small sizes of these molecules, the plasmodesmata are prominent intercellular channels that allow diffusion-based movement of those signaling molecules. Obviously, intercellular communication is under the control of a major mechanism, named a feedback loop, at the plasmodesmata, which mediates complicated biological behaviors. Prospective research on the mechanism of coupling micromolecules at the plasmodesmata for developmental signaling and nutrient provision will help us to understand how plants coordinate their development and photosynthetic assimilation, which is important for agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus program), Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
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Shi X, Han X, Lu TG. Callose synthesis during reproductive development in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1062196. [PMID: 26451709 PMCID: PMC4883888 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1062196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Callose, a linear β-1,3-glucan molecule, plays important roles in a variety of processes in angiosperms, including development and the response to biotic and abiotic stress. Despite the importance of callose deposition, our understanding of the roles of callose in rice reproductive development and the regulation of callose biosynthesis is limited. GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE genes encode callose synthases (GSLs), which function in the production of callose at diverse sites in plants. Studies have shown that callose participated in plant reproductive development, and that the timely deposition and degradation of callose were essential for normal male gametophyte development. In this mini-review, we described conserved sequences found in GSL family proteins from monocotyledonous (Oryza sativa and Zea mays) and dicotyledonous (Arabidopsis thaliana and Glycine max) plants. We also describe the latest findings on callose biosynthesis and deposition during reproductive development and discuss future challenges in unraveling the mechanism of callose synthesis and deposition in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Shi
- Biotechnology Research Institute/National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Gene Improvement; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Biotechnology Research Institute/National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Gene Improvement; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Tie-gang Lu
- Biotechnology Research Institute/National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Gene Improvement; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing, China
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Laranjeira S, Amorim-Silva V, Esteban A, Arró M, Ferrer A, Tavares RM, Botella MA, Rosado A, Azevedo H. Arabidopsis Squalene Epoxidase 3 (SQE3) Complements SQE1 and Is Important for Embryo Development and Bulk Squalene Epoxidase Activity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1090-102. [PMID: 25707755 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The existence of multigenic families in the mevalonate pathway suggests divergent functional roles for pathway components involved in the biosynthesis of plant sterols. Squalene epoxidases (SQEs) are key components of this pathway, and Squalene Epoxidase 1 (SQE1) has been identified as a fundamental enzyme in this biosynthetic step. In the present work, we extended the characterization of the remaining SQE family members, phylogenetically resolving between true SQEs and a subfamily of SQE-like proteins that is exclusive to Brassicaceae. Functional characterization of true SQE family members, Squalene Epoxidase 2 (SQE2) and Squalene Epoxidase 3 (SQE3), indicates that SQE3, but not SQE2, contributes to the bulk SQE activity in Arabidopsis, with sqe3-1 mutants accumulating squalene and displaying sensitivity to terbinafine. We genetically demonstrated that SQE3 seems to play a particularly significant role in embryo development. Also, SQE1 and SQE3 both localize in the endoplasmic reticulum, and SQE3 can functionally complement SQE1. Thus, SQE1 and SQE3 seem to be two functionally unequal redundant genes in the promotion of plant SQE activity in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Laranjeira
- Center for Biodiversity, Functional & Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Vitor Amorim-Silva
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departmento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Alicia Esteban
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departmento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Monserrat Arró
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rui Manuel Tavares
- Center for Biodiversity, Functional & Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel Angel Botella
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departmento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Abel Rosado
- Canada Research Chair in Plant Physiology and Cellular Dynamics, Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Herlânder Azevedo
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
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Ronceret A, Vielle-Calzada JP. Meiosis, unreduced gametes, and parthenogenesis: implications for engineering clonal seed formation in crops. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2015; 28:91-102. [PMID: 25796397 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-015-0262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Meiosis and unreduced gametes. Sexual flowering plants produce meiotically derived cells that give rise to the male and female haploid gametophytic phase. In the ovule, usually a single precursor (the megaspore mother cell) undergoes meiosis to form four haploid megaspores; however, numerous mutants result in the formation of unreduced gametes, sometimes showing female specificity, a phenomenon reminiscent of the initiation of gametophytic apomixis. Here, we review the developmental events that occur during female meiosis and megasporogenesis at the light of current possibilities to engineer unreduced gamete formation. We also provide an overview of the current understanding of mechanisms leading to parthenogenesis and discuss some of the conceptual implications for attempting the induction of clonal seed production in cultivated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Ronceret
- Group of Reproductive Development and Apomixis, UGA Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Kohan-Baghkheirati E, Geisler-Lee J. Gene Expression, Protein Function and Pathways of Arabidopsis thaliana Responding to Silver Nanoparticles in Comparison to Silver Ions, Cold, Salt, Drought, and Heat. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 5:436-467. [PMID: 28347022 PMCID: PMC5312895 DOI: 10.3390/nano5020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely used in industry due to their unique physical and chemical properties. However, AgNPs have caused environmental concerns. To understand the risks of AgNPs, Arabidopsis microarray data for AgNP, Ag⁺, cold, salt, heat and drought stresses were analyzed. Up- and down-regulated genes of more than two-fold expression change were compared, while the encoded proteins of shared and unique genes between stresses were subjected to differential enrichment analyses. AgNPs affected the fewest genes (575) in the Arabidopsis genome, followed by Ag⁺ (1010), heat (1374), drought (1435), salt (4133) and cold (6536). More genes were up-regulated than down-regulated in AgNPs and Ag⁺ (438 and 780, respectively) while cold down-regulated the most genes (4022). Responses to AgNPs were more similar to those of Ag⁺ (464 shared genes), cold (202), and salt (163) than to drought (50) or heat (30); the genes in the first four stresses were enriched with 32 PFAM domains and 44 InterPro protein classes. Moreover, 111 genes were unique in AgNPs and they were enriched in three biological functions: response to fungal infection, anion transport, and cell wall/plasma membrane related. Despite shared similarity to Ag⁺, cold and salt stresses, AgNPs are a new stressor to Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisa Kohan-Baghkheirati
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
- Department of Biology, Golestan University, Gorgan 49138-15739, Iran.
| | - Jane Geisler-Lee
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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Parra-Vega V, Corral-Martínez P, Rivas-Sendra A, Seguí-Simarro JM. Induction of Embryogenesis in Brassica Napus Microspores Produces a Callosic Subintinal Layer and Abnormal Cell Walls with Altered Levels of Callose and Cellulose. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1018. [PMID: 26635844 PMCID: PMC4658426 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The induction of microspore embryogenesis produces dramatic changes in different aspects of the cell physiology and structure. Changes at the cell wall level are among the most intriguing and poorly understood. In this work, we used high pressure freezing and freeze substitution, immunolocalization, confocal, and electron microscopy to analyze the structure and composition of the first cell walls formed during conventional Brassica napus microspore embryogenesis, and in cultures treated to alter the intracellular Ca(2+) levels. Our results revealed that one of the first signs of embryogenic commitment is the formation of a callose-rich, cellulose-deficient layer beneath the intine (the subintinal layer), and of irregular, incomplete cell walls. In these events, Ca(2+) may have a role. We propose that abnormal cell walls are due to a massive callose synthesis and deposition of excreted cytoplasmic material, and the parallel inhibition of cellulose synthesis. These features were absent in pollen-like structures and in microspore-derived embryos, few days after the end of the heat shock, where abnormal cell walls were no longer produced. Together, our results provide an explanation to a series of relevant aspects of microspore embryogenesis including the role of Ca(2+) and the occurrence of abnormal cell walls. In addition, our discovery may be the explanation to why nuclear fusions take place during microspore embryogenesis.
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Knox JP, Benitez-Alfonso Y. Roles and regulation of plant cell walls surrounding plasmodesmata. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:93-100. [PMID: 25286000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the intercellular transport of simple and complex molecules can occur symplastically through plasmodesmata. These are membranous channels embedded in cell walls that connect neighbouring cells. The properties of the cell walls surrounding plasmodesmata determine their transport capacity and permeability. These cell wall micro-domains are enriched in callose and have a characteristic pectin distribution. Cell wall modifications, leading to changes in plasmodesmata structure, have been reported to occur during development and in response to environmental signals. Cell wall remodelling enzymes target plasmodesmata to rapidly control intercellular communication in situ. Here we describe current knowledge on the composition of cell walls at plasmodesmata sites and on the proteins and signals that modify cell walls to regulate plasmodesmata aperture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Yoselin Benitez-Alfonso
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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Ellinger D, Voigt CA. Callose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis with a focus on pathogen response: what we have learned within the last decade. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1349-58. [PMID: 24984713 PMCID: PMC4195556 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND (1,3)-β-Glucan callose is a cell wall polymer that is involved in several fundamental biological processes, ranging from plant development to the response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Despite its importance in maintaining plant integrity and plant defence, knowledge about the regulation of callose biosynthesis at its diverse sites of action within the plant is still limited. The moderately sized family of GSL (GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE) genes is predicted to encode callose synthases with a specific biological function and subcellular localization. Phosphorylation and directed translocation of callose synthases seem to be key post-translational mechanisms of enzymatic regulation, whereas transcriptional control of GSL genes might only have a minor function in response to biotic or abiotic stresses. SCOPE AND CONCLUSIONS Among the different sites of callose biosynthesis within the plant, particular attention has been focused on the formation of callose in response to pathogen attack. Here, callose is deposited between the plasma membrane and the cell wall to act as a physical barrier to stop or slow invading pathogens. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is one of the best-studied models not only for general plant defence responses but also for the regulation of pathogen-induced callose biosynthesis. Callose synthase GSL5 (GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE5) has been shown to be responsible for stress-induced callose deposition. Within the last decade of research into stress-induced callose, growing evidence has been found that the timing of callose deposition in the multilayered system of plant defence responses could be the key parameter for optimal effectiveness. This timing seems to be achieved through co-ordinated transport and formation of the callose synthase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Ellinger
- Phytopathology and Biochemistry, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian A Voigt
- Phytopathology and Biochemistry, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
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Tucker MR, Koltunow AMG. Traffic monitors at the cell periphery: the role of cell walls during early female reproductive cell differentiation in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 17:137-45. [PMID: 24507505 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The formation of female gametes in plants occurs within the ovule, a floral organ that is also the precursor of the seed. Unlike animals, plants lack a typical germline separated from the soma early in development and rely on positional signals, including phytohormones, mobile mRNAs and sRNAs, to direct diploid somatic precursor cells onto a reproductive program. In addition, signals moving between plant cells must overcome the architectural limitations of a cell wall which surrounds the plasma membrane. Recent studies have addressed the molecular and histological signatures of young ovule cells and indicate that dynamic cell wall changes occur over a short developmental window. These changes in cell wall properties impact signal flow and ovule cell identity, thereby aiding the establishment of boundaries between reproductive and somatic ovule domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Tucker
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Anna M G Koltunow
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Hartley Grove, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
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De Storme N, Geelen D. Callose homeostasis at plasmodesmata: molecular regulators and developmental relevance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:138. [PMID: 24795733 PMCID: PMC4001042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are membrane-lined channels that are located in the plant cell wall and that physically interconnect the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of adjacent cells. Operating as controllable gates, plasmodesmata regulate the symplastic trafficking of micro- and macromolecules, such as endogenous proteins [transcription factors (TFs)] and RNA-based signals (mRNA, siRNA, etc.), hence mediating direct cell-to-cell communication and long distance signaling. Besides this physiological role, plasmodesmata also form gateways through which viral genomes can pass, largely facilitating the pernicious spread of viral infections. Plasmodesmatal trafficking is either passive (e.g., diffusion) or active and responses both to developmental and environmental stimuli. In general, plasmodesmatal conductivity is regulated by the controlled build-up of callose at the plasmodesmatal neck, largely mediated by the antagonistic action of callose synthases (CalSs) and β-1,3-glucanases. Here, in this theory and hypothesis paper, we outline the importance of callose metabolism in PD SEL control, and highlight the main molecular factors involved. In addition, we also review other proteins that regulate symplastic PD transport, both in a developmental and stress-responsive framework, and discuss on their putative role in the modulation of PD callose turn-over. Finally, we hypothesize on the role of structural sterols in the regulation of (PD) callose deposition and outline putative mechanisms by which this regulation may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danny Geelen
- *Correspondence: Danny Geelen, Laboratory for In Vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium e-mail:
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De Storme N, Geelen D. Pre-meiotic endomitosis in the cytokinesis-defective tomato mutant pmcd1 generates tetraploid meiocytes and diploid gametes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2345-58. [PMID: 23580753 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sexual polyploidization through the formation and functioning of 2n gametes is considered a major route for plant speciation and diversification. The cellular mechanism underlying 2n gamete formation mostly involves a restitution of the meiotic cell cycle, generating dyads and triads instead of tetrad meiotic end-products. As an alternative mechanism, the tomato mutant pmcd1 (for pre-meiotic cytokinesis defect 1), which generates diploid gametes through the ectopic induction of pre-meiotic endomitosis, is presented here. Using cytological approaches, it is demonstrated that male pmcd1 meiocyte initials exhibit clear alterations in cell cycle progression and cell plate formation, and consequently form syncytial cells that display different grades of cellular and/or nuclear fusion. In addition, it was found that other somatic tissue types (e.g. cotyledons and petals) also display occasional defects in cell wall formation and exhibit alterations in callose deposition, indicating that pmcd1 has a general defect in cell plate formation, most probably caused by alterations in callose biosynthesis. In a broader perspective, these findings demonstrate that defects in cytokinesis and cell plate formation may constitute a putative route for diplogamete formation and sexual polyploidization in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico De Storme
- In vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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