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Wu X, Jia Y, Ma Q, Wang T, Xu J, Chen H, Wang M, Song H, Cao S. The transcription factor bZIP44 cooperates with MYB10 and MYB72 to regulate the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to iron deficiency stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2586-2603. [PMID: 38523234 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Nicotianamine (NA) plays a crucial role in transporting metal ions, including iron (Fe), in plants; therefore, NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE (NAS) genes, which control NA synthesis, are tightly regulated at the transcriptional level. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of NAS genes require further investigations. In this study, we determined the role of bZIP44 in mediating plant response to Fe deficiency stress by conducting transformation experiments and assays. bZIP44 positively regulated the response of Arabidopsis to Fe deficiency stress by interacting with MYB10 and MYB72 to enhance their abilities to bind at NAS2 and NAS4 promoters, thereby increasing NAS2 and NAS4 transcriptional levels and promote NA synthesis. In summary, the transcription activities of bZIP44, MYB10, and MYB72 were induced in response to Fe deficiency stress, which enhanced the interaction between bZIP44 and MYB10 or MYB72 proteins, synergistically activated the transcriptional activity of NAS2 and NAS4, promoted NA synthesis, and improved Fe transport, thereby enhancing plant tolerance to Fe deficiency stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yafeng Jia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Qian Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Jiena Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- Anhui Society for Horticultural Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Mingxia Wang
- Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Hui Song
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Shuqing Cao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li H, Sun T, Xu M, Xu P. Dynamic Expressions of Yellow Stripe-Like (YSL) Genes During Pod Development Shed Light on Associations with Iron Distribution in Phaseolus vulgaris. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-023-10658-5. [PMID: 38367128 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The global prevalence of iron deficiency-induced "hidden hunger" highlights a critical health concern, underscoring the pressing need to improve iron nutrition through safe and efficient means, such as increasing iron intake from plant-based foods. Yellow Stripe-Like (YSL) genes play a crucial role in long-distance iron transport between source and sink tissues in plants. Here, we report on the analysis of YSL family genes in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), an iron-rich legume crop. We identified 9 YSL genes in the common bean genome using BLAST and HMM methods. Gene duplication analysis revealed that PvYSL7a and PvYSL7b originated through tandem duplication events. Structural analysis noted an absence of conservative motifs in PvYSL3b and PvYSL7a, which led to distinct predicted 3D protein structures. Leveraging publicly available RNA-seq data from developing bean pods, the expression patterns of PvYSL genes alongside pod and seed development were analyzed. Notably, PvYSL7a and PvYSL7b, as well as PvYSL1a and PvYSL1b, exhibited diverged expression patterns in seeds, signifying their functional divergence in this tissue. Moreover, PvYSL3a and PvYSL3b exhibited divergent expression patterns in both pod walls and seeds during pod development, underscoring their distinct roles in facilitating iron transportation between pods and seeds. This study provides valuable insights into the gene regulatory basis of iron accumulation in bean pods and seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailan Li
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China.
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Song Z, Li S, Li Y, Zhou X, Liu X, Yang W, Chen R. Identification and characterization of yellow stripe-like genes in maize suggest their roles in the uptake and transport of zinc and iron. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:3. [PMID: 38163880 PMCID: PMC10759363 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04691-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yellow Stripe-Like (YSL) proteins are involved in the uptake and transport of metal ions. They play important roles in maintaining the zinc and iron homeostasis in Arabidopsis, rice (Oryza sativa), and barley (Hordeum vulgare). However, proteins in this family have not been fully identified and comprehensively analyzed in maize (Zea mays L.). RESULTS In this study, we identified 19 ZmYSLs in the maize genome and analyzed their structural features. The results of a phylogenetic analysis showed that ZmYSLs are homologous to YSLs of Arabidopsis and rice, and these proteins are divided into four independent branches. Although their exons and introns have structural differences, the motif structure is relatively conserved. Analysis of the cis-regulatory elements in the promoters indicated that ZmYSLs might play a role in response to hypoxia and light. The results of RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that ZmYSLs are expressed in various tissues and respond differently to zinc and iron deficiency. The subcellular localization of ZmYSLs in the protoplast of maize mesophyll cells showed that they may function in the membrane system. CONCLUSIONS This study provided important information for the further functional analysis of ZmYSL, especially in the spatio-temporal expression and adaptation to nutrient deficiency stress. Our findings provided important genes resources for the maize biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhao Song
- Crop Functional Genome Research Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Suzhen Li
- Crop Functional Genome Research Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Xiaojin Zhou
- Crop Functional Genome Research Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Crop Functional Genome Research Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wenzhu Yang
- Crop Functional Genome Research Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rumei Chen
- Crop Functional Genome Research Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Zhang M, Chang MH, Li H, Shu YJ, Bai Y, Gao JY, Zhu JX, Dong XY, Guo DL, Guo CH. MsYSL6, A Metal Transporter Gene of Alfalfa, Increases Iron Accumulation and Benefits Cadmium Resistance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3485. [PMID: 37836225 PMCID: PMC10575464 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is necessary for plant growth and development. The mechanism of uptake and translocation in Cadmium (Cd) is similar to iron, which shares iron transporters. Yellow stripe-like transporter (YSL) plays a pivotal role in transporting iron and other metal ions in plants. In this study, MsYSL6 and its promoter were cloned from leguminous forage alfalfa. The transient expression of MsYSL6-GFP indicated that MsYSL6 was localized to the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. The expression of MsYSL6 was induced in alfalfa by iron deficiency and Cd stress, which was further proved by GUS activity driven by the MsYSL6 promoter. To further identify the function of MsYSL6, it was heterologously overexpressed in tobacco. MsYSL6-overexpressed tobacco showed better growth and less oxidative damage than WT under Cd stress. MsYSL6 overexpression elevated Fe and Cd contents and induced a relatively high Fe translocation rate in tobacco under Cd stress. The results suggest that MsYSL6 might have a dual function in the absorption of Fe and Cd, playing a role in the competitive absorption between Fe and Cd. MsYSL6 might be a regulatory factor in plants to counter Cd stress. This study provides a novel gene for application in heavy metal enrichment or phytoremediation and new insights into plant tolerance to toxic metals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dong-Lin Guo
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Cell Genetics and Genetic Breeding, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China; (M.Z.); (M.-H.C.); (H.L.); (Y.-J.S.); (Y.B.); (J.-Y.G.); (J.-X.Z.); (X.-Y.D.)
| | - Chang-Hong Guo
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Cell Genetics and Genetic Breeding, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China; (M.Z.); (M.-H.C.); (H.L.); (Y.-J.S.); (Y.B.); (J.-Y.G.); (J.-X.Z.); (X.-Y.D.)
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Zou Y, Xu E, Fan Y, Zhang P, Zhang W, Chen X. OsPML2, a chloroplast envelope localized transporter is involved in manganese homeostasis in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 203:108054. [PMID: 37757723 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn), a vital element, plays crucial roles in various biochemical and physiological processes by serving as an essential cofactor for numerous enzymes and acting as a catalytically active metal within biological clusters. In this study, we investigate the role of PHOTOSYNTHESIS-AFFECTED MUTANT 71-LIKE 2 (OsPML2), a member of the UNCHARACTERIZED PROTEIN FAMILY 0016 (UPF0016) family, in regulating Mn homeostasis in rice. OsPML2 was highly expressed in young leaves, ovaries, and stigmas. Cross sections from young leaves revealed that OsPML2 was mainly expressed in the phloem region and mesophyll cells. Furthermore, heterologous expression of OsPML2 restored the growth of Mn uptake-defective yeast strain Δsmf1 under Mn-limited conditions. Subcellular localization analysis demonstrated that OsPML2 was specifically localized in the chloroplast envelope. Knockdown of OsPML2 resulted in reduced chloroplast Mn content, significantly affecting plant growth under Mn deficiency. Furthermore, analysis of isolated thylakoid membranes using blue native gels indicated a compromised accumulation of photosystem II (PSII) complexes in OsPML2 knockdown lines. Additionally, grain yield, grain length, and width were significantly reduced in OsPML2 knockdown plants. Collectively, our findings provide insights into the transport function of OsPML2, which facilitates Mn transport from the cytosol to chloroplast stroma and influences the accumulation of PSII complexes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zou
- Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Ending Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Ye Fan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Peijiang Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
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Müller B. Iron transport mechanisms and their evolution focusing on chloroplasts. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 288:154059. [PMID: 37586271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential element for photosynthetic organisms, required for several vital biological functions. Photosynthesis, which takes place in the chloroplasts of higher plants, is the major Fe consumer. Although the components of the root Fe uptake system in dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants have been extensively studied, the Fe transport mechanisms of chloroplasts in these two groups of plants have received little attention. This review focuses on the comparative analysis of Fe transport processes in the evolutionary ancestors of chloroplasts (cyanobacteria) with the processes in embryophytes and green algae (Viridiplantae). The aim is to summarize how chloroplasts are integrated into cellular Fe homeostasis and how Fe transporters and Fe transport mechanisms have been modified by evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Müller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
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Sági-Kazár M, Sárvári É, Cseh B, Illés L, May Z, Hegedűs C, Barócsi A, Lenk S, Solymosi K, Solti Á. Iron uptake of etioplasts is independent from photosynthesis but applies the reduction-based strategy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1227811. [PMID: 37636109 PMCID: PMC10457162 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1227811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Iron (Fe) is one of themost important cofactors in the photosynthetic apparatus, and its uptake by chloroplasts has also been associated with the operation of the photosynthetic electron transport chain during reduction-based plastidial Fe uptake. Therefore, plastidial Fe uptake was considered not to be operational in the absence of the photosynthetic activity. Nevertheless, Fe is also required for enzymatic functions unrelated to photosynthesis, highlighting the importance of Fe acquisition by non-photosynthetic plastids. Yet, it remains unclear how these plastids acquire Fe in the absence of photosynthetic function. Furthermore, plastids of etiolated tissues should already possess the ability to acquire Fe, since the biosynthesis of thylakoid membrane complexes requires a massive amount of readily available Fe. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether the reduction-based plastidial Fe uptake solely relies on the functioning photosynthetic apparatus. Methods In our combined structure, iron content and transcript amount analysis studies, we used Savoy cabbage plant as a model, which develops natural etiolation in the inner leaves of the heads due to the shading of the outer leaf layers. Results Foliar and plastidial Fe content of Savoy cabbage leaves decreased towards the inner leaf layers. The leaves of the innermost leaf layers proved to be etiolated, containing etioplasts that lacked the photosynthetic machinery and thus were photosynthetically inactive. However, we discovered that these etioplasts contained, and were able to take up, Fe. Although the relative transcript abundance of genes associated with plastidial Fe uptake and homeostasis decreased towards the inner leaf layers, both ferric chelate reductase FRO7 transcripts and activity were detected in the innermost leaf layer. Additionally, a significant NADP(H) pool and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase activity was detected in the etioplasts of the innermost leaf layer, indicating the presence of the reducing capacity that likely supports the reduction-based Fe uptake of etioplasts. Discussion Based on these findings, the reduction-based plastidial Fe acquisition should not be considered exclusively dependent on the photosynthetic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Sági-Kazár
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Sárvári
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barnabás Cseh
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Levente Illés
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán May
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Barócsi
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Lenk
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Solti
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Mai HJ, Baby D, Bauer P. Black sheep, dark horses, and colorful dogs: a review on the current state of the Gene Ontology with respect to iron homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1204723. [PMID: 37554559 PMCID: PMC10406446 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1204723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis of the micronutrient iron is highly regulated in plants and responsive to nutrition, stress, and developmental signals. Genes for iron management encode metal and other transporters, enzymes synthesizing chelators and reducing substances, transcription factors, and several types of regulators. In transcriptome or proteome datasets, such iron homeostasis-related genes are frequently found to be differentially regulated. A common method to detect whether a specific cellular pathway is affected in the transcriptome data set is to perform Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Hence, the GO database is a widely used resource for annotating genes and identifying enriched biological pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, iron homeostasis-related GO terms do not consistently reflect gene associations and levels of evidence in iron homeostasis. Some genes in the existing iron homeostasis GO terms lack direct evidence of involvement in iron homeostasis. In other aspects, the existing GO terms for iron homeostasis are incomplete and do not reflect the known biological functions associated with iron homeostasis. This can lead to potential errors in the automatic annotation and interpretation of GO term enrichment analyses. We suggest that applicable evidence codes be used to add missing genes and their respective ortholog/paralog groups to make the iron homeostasis-related GO terms more complete and reliable. There is a high likelihood of finding new iron homeostasis-relevant members in gene groups and families like the ZIP, ZIF, ZIFL, MTP, OPT, MATE, ABCG, PDR, HMA, and HMP. Hence, we compiled comprehensive lists of genes involved in iron homeostasis that can be used for custom enrichment analysis in transcriptomic or proteomic studies, including genes with direct experimental evidence, those regulated by central transcription factors, and missing members of small gene families or ortholog/paralog groups. As we provide gene annotation and literature alongside, the gene lists can serve multiple computational approaches. In summary, these gene lists provide a valuable resource for researchers studying iron homeostasis in A. thaliana, while they also emphasize the importance of improving the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the Gene Ontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jörg Mai
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dibin Baby
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra Bauer
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Heinrich Heine University, Center of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
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Lin Y, Amkul K, Laosatit K, Liu J, Yimram T, Chen J, Yuan X, Chen X, Somta P. Fine mapping of QTL conferring resistance to calcareous soil in mungbean reveals VrYSL3 as candidate gene for the resistance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 332:111698. [PMID: 37028455 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Iron is a crucial nutrient for biological functions in plants. High-pH and calcareous soil is a major stress causing iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) symptoms and yield losses in crops. Use of calcareous soil-tolerance genetic resources is the most effective preventative method to combat the effects of high-pH and calcareous soils. A previous study using a mungbean recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of the cross Kamphaeg Saen 2 (KPS2; IDC susceptible) × NM-10-12 identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL), qIDC3.1, which controls resistance and explains more than 40% of IDC variation. In this study, we fine-mapped qIDC3.1 and identified an underlying candidate gene. A genome wide association analysis (GWAS) using 162 mungbean accessions identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 6; several SNPs were associated with soil plant analysis development (SPAD) values and IDC visual scores of mungbeans planted on calcareous soil, respectively. These SNPs corresponded to qIDC3.1. Using the same RIL population as in the previous study and an advanced backcross population developed from KPS2 and IDC-resistant inbred line RIL82, qIDC3.1 was further confirmed and fine-mapped to an interval of 217 kilobases harboring five predicted genes, including LOC106764181 (VrYSL3), which encodes a yellow stripe1-like-3 (YSL3) protein, YSL3 is involved in iron deficiency resistance. Gene expression analysis revealed that VrYSL3 was highly expressed in mungbean roots. In calcareous soil, expression of VrYSL3 was significantly up-regulated, and it was more obviously upregulated in the roots of RIL82, than in those of KPS2. Sequence comparison of VrYSL3 between the RIL82 and KPS2 revealed four SNPs that result in amino acid changes in the VrYSL3 protein and a 20-bp insertion/deletion in the promoter where a cis-regulatory element resides. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing VrYSL3 showed enhanced iron and zinc contents in the leaves. Taken together, these results indicate that VrYSL3 is a strong candidate gene responsible for calcareous soil resistance in mungbean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lin
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Kitiya Amkul
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kampaheng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Kularb Laosatit
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kampaheng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Jinyang Liu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Tarika Yimram
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kampaheng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Jingbin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Prakit Somta
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kampaheng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
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Seregin IV, Kozhevnikova AD. Nicotianamine: A Key Player in Metal Homeostasis and Hyperaccumulation in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10822. [PMID: 37446000 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotianamine (NA) is a low-molecular-weight N-containing metal-binding ligand, whose accumulation in plant organs changes under metal deficiency or excess. Although NA biosynthesis can be induced in vivo by various metals, this non-proteinogenic amino acid is mainly involved in the detoxification and transport of iron, zinc, nickel, copper and manganese. This review summarizes the current knowledge on NA biosynthesis and its regulation, considers the mechanisms of NA secretion by plant roots, as well as the mechanisms of intracellular transport of NA and its complexes with metals, and its role in radial and long-distance metal transport. Its role in metal tolerance is also discussed. The NA contents in excluders, storing metals primarily in roots, and in hyperaccumulators, accumulating metals mainly in shoots, are compared. The available data suggest that NA plays an important role in maintaining metal homeostasis and hyperaccumulation mechanisms. The study of metal-binding compounds is of interdisciplinary significance, not only regarding their effects on metal toxicity in plants, but also in connection with the development of biofortification approaches to increase the metal contents, primarily of iron and zinc, in agricultural plants, since the deficiency of these elements in food crops seriously affects human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Seregin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya St., 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna D Kozhevnikova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya St., 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
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Chen X, Zhao Y, Zhong Y, Chen J, Qi X. Deciphering the functional roles of transporter proteins in subcellular metal transportation of plants. PLANTA 2023; 258:17. [PMID: 37314548 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The role of transporters in subcellular metal transport is of great significance for plants in coping with heavy metal stress and maintaining their proper growth and development. Heavy metal toxicity is a serious long-term threat to plant growth and agricultural production, becoming a global environmental concern. Excessive heavy metal accumulation not only damages the biochemical and physiological functions of plants but also causes chronic health hazard to human beings through the food chain. To deal with heavy metal stress, plants have evolved a series of elaborate mechanisms, especially a variety of spatially distributed transporters, to strictly regulate heavy metal uptake and distribution. Deciphering the subcellular role of transporter proteins in controlling metal absorption, transport and separation is of great significance for understanding how plants cope with heavy metal stress and improving their adaptability to environmental changes. Hence, we herein introduce the detrimental effects of excessive common essential and non-essential heavy metals on plant growth, and describe the structural and functional characteristics of transporter family members, with a particular emphasis on their roles in maintaining heavy metal homeostasis in various organelles. Besides, we discuss the potential of controlling transporter gene expression by transgenic approaches in response to heavy metal stress. This review will be valuable to researchers and breeders for enhancing plant tolerance to heavy metal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, China
| | - Yuanchun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, China
| | - Yuqing Zhong
- Environmental Monitoring Station of Suzhou City, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, China
| | - Xin Qi
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, China.
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12
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Ajeesh Krishna TP, Maharajan T, Antony Ceasar S. Significance and genetic control of membrane transporters to improve phytoremediation and biofortification processes. Mol Biol Rep 2023:10.1007/s11033-023-08521-2. [PMID: 37212961 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Humans frequently consume plant-based foods in their daily life. Contamination of agricultural soils by heavy metals (HMs) is a major food and nutritional security issue. The crop plants grown in HM-contaminated agricultural soil may accumulate more HMs in their edible part, further transferring into the food chain. Consumption of HM-rich crops can cause severe health issues in humans. On the other hand, the low content of the essential HM in the edible part of the crop also causes health problems. Therefore, researchers must try to reduce the non-essential HM in the edible part of the crop plants and improve the essential HMs. Phytoremediation and biofortification are the two strategies for resolving this problem. The genetic component helps to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation and biofortification processes in plants. They help eliminate HMs from soil and improve essential HM content in crop plants. The membrane transporter genes (genetic components) are critical in these two strategies. Therefore, engineering membrane transporter genes may help reduce the non-essential HM content in the edible part of crop plants. Targeted gene editing by genome editing tools like CRISPR could help plants achieve efficient phytoremediation and biofortification. This article covers gene editing's scope, application, and implication to improve the phytoremediation and biofortification processes in non-crop and crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Ajeesh Krishna
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, 683104, India
| | - Theivanayagam Maharajan
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, 683104, India
| | - S Antony Ceasar
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, 683104, India.
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13
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Identification and Functional Analysis of Two Mitoferrins, CsMIT1 and CsMIT2, Participating in Iron Homeostasis in Cucumber. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055050. [PMID: 36902490 PMCID: PMC10003640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are one of the major iron sinks in plant cells. Mitochondrial iron accumulation involves the action of ferric reductase oxidases (FRO) and carriers located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has been suggested that among these transporters, mitoferrins (mitochondrial iron transporters, MITs) belonging to the mitochondrial carrier family (MCF) function as mitochondrial iron importers. In this study, two cucumber proteins, CsMIT1 and CsMIT2, with high homology to Arabidopsis, rice and yeast MITs were identified and characterized. CsMIT1 and CsMIT2 were expressed in all organs of the two-week-old seedlings. Under Fe-limited conditions as well as Fe excess, the mRNA levels of CsMIT1 and CsMIT2 were altered, suggesting their regulation by iron availability. Analyses using Arabidopsis protoplasts confirmed the mitochondrial localization of cucumber mitoferrins. Expression of CsMIT1 and CsMIT2 restored the growth of the Δmrs3Δmrs4 mutant (defective in mitochondrial Fe transport), but not in mutants sensitive to other heavy metals. Moreover, the altered cytosolic and mitochondrial Fe concentrations, observed in the Δmrs3Δmrs4 strain, were recovered almost to the levels of WT yeast by expressing CsMIT1 or CsMIT2. These results indicate that cucumber proteins are involved in the iron transport from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria.
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Vargas J, Gómez I, Vidal EA, Lee CP, Millar AH, Jordana X, Roschzttardtz H. Growth Developmental Defects of Mitochondrial Iron Transporter 1 and 2 Mutants in Arabidopsis in Iron Sufficient Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1176. [PMID: 36904036 PMCID: PMC10007191 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron is the most abundant micronutrient in plant mitochondria, and it has a crucial role in biochemical reactions involving electron transfer. It has been described in Oryza sativa that Mitochondrial Iron Transporter (MIT) is an essential gene and that knockdown mutant rice plants have a decreased amount of iron in their mitochondria, strongly suggesting that OsMIT is involved in mitochondrial iron uptake. In Arabidopsis thaliana, two genes encode MIT homologues. In this study, we analyzed different AtMIT1 and AtMIT2 mutant alleles, and no phenotypic defects were observed in individual mutant plants grown in normal conditions, confirming that neither AtMIT1 nor AtMIT2 are individually essential. When we generated crosses between the Atmit1 and Atmit2 alleles, we were able to isolate homozygous double mutant plants. Interestingly, homozygous double mutant plants were obtained only when mutant alleles of Atmit2 with the T-DNA insertion in the intron region were used for crossings, and in these cases, a correctly spliced AtMIT2 mRNA was generated, although at a low level. Atmit1 Atmit2 double homozygous mutant plants, knockout for AtMIT1 and knockdown for AtMIT2, were grown and characterized in iron-sufficient conditions. Pleiotropic developmental defects were observed, including abnormal seeds, an increased number of cotyledons, a slow growth rate, pinoid stems, defects in flower structures, and reduced seed set. A RNA-Seq study was performed, and we could identify more than 760 genes differentially expressed in Atmit1 Atmit2. Our results show that Atmit1 Atmit2 double homozygous mutant plants misregulate genes involved in iron transport, coumarin metabolism, hormone metabolism, root development, and stress-related response. The phenotypes observed, such as pinoid stems and fused cotyledons, in Atmit1 Atmit2 double homozygous mutant plants may suggest defects in auxin homeostasis. Unexpectedly, we observed a possible phenomenon of T-DNA suppression in the next generation of Atmit1 Atmit2 double homozygous mutant plants, correlating with increased splicing of the AtMIT2 intron containing the T-DNA and the suppression of the phenotypes observed in the first generation of the double mutant plants. In these plants with a suppressed phenotype, no differences were observed in the oxygen consumption rate of isolated mitochondria; however, the molecular analysis of gene expression markers, AOX1a, UPOX, and MSM1, for mitochondrial and oxidative stress showed that these plants express a degree of mitochondrial perturbation. Finally, we could establish by a targeted proteomic analysis that a protein level of 30% of MIT2, in the absence of MIT1, is enough for normal plant growth under iron-sufficient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Vargas
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Isabel Gómez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Elena A. Vidal
- ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
| | - Chun Pong Lee
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building M316, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - A. Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building M316, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Xavier Jordana
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Hannetz Roschzttardtz
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
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Wu X, Wang Y, Ni Q, Li H, Wu X, Yuan Z, Xiao R, Ren Z, Lu J, Yun J, Wang Z, Li X. GmYSL7 controls iron uptake, allocation, and cellular response of nodules in soybean. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:167-187. [PMID: 36107150 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is essential for DNA synthesis, photosynthesis and respiration of plants. The demand for Fe substantially increases during legumes-rhizobia symbiotic nitrogen fixation because of the synthesis of leghemoglobin in the host and Fe-containing proteins in bacteroids. However, the mechanism by which plant controls iron transport to nodules remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that GmYSL7 serves as a key regulator controlling Fe uptake from root to nodule and distribution in soybean nodules. GmYSL7 is Fe responsive and GmYSL7 transports iron across the membrane and into the infected cells of nodules. Alterations of GmYSL7 substantially affect iron distribution between root and nodule, resulting in defective growth of nodules and reduced nitrogenase activity. GmYSL7 knockout increases the expression of GmbHLH300, a transcription factor required for Fe response of nodules. Overexpression of GmbHLH300 decreases nodule number, nitrogenase activity and Fe content in nodules. Remarkably, GmbHLH300 directly binds to the promoters of ENOD93 and GmLbs, which regulate nodule number and nitrogenase activity, and represses their transcription. Our data reveal a new role of GmYSL7 in controlling Fe transport from host root to nodule and Fe distribution in nodule cells, and uncover a molecular mechanism by which Fe affects nodule number and nitrogenase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiaohan Ni
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Haizhen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuesong Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhanxin Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Renhao Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ziyin Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jingjing Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinxia Yun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xia Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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16
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The Cluster Transfer Function of AtNEET Supports the Ferredoxin-Thioredoxin Network of Plant Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081533. [PMID: 36009251 PMCID: PMC9405330 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NEET proteins are conserved 2Fe-2S proteins that regulate the levels of iron and reactive oxygen species in plant and mammalian cells. Previous studies of seedlings with constitutive expression of AtNEET, or its dominant-negative variant H89C (impaired in 2Fe-2S cluster transfer), revealed that disrupting AtNEET function causes oxidative stress, chloroplast iron overload, activation of iron-deficiency responses, and cell death. Because disrupting AtNEET function is deleterious to plants, we developed an inducible expression system to study AtNEET function in mature plants using a time-course proteomics approach. Here, we report that the suppression of AtNEET cluster transfer function results in drastic changes in the expression of different members of the ferredoxin (Fd), Fd-thioredoxin (TRX) reductase (FTR), and TRX network of Arabidopsis, as well as in cytosolic cluster assembly proteins. In addition, the expression of Yellow Stripe-Like 6 (YSL6), involved in iron export from chloroplasts was elevated. Taken together, our findings reveal new roles for AtNEET in supporting the Fd-TFR-TRX network of plants, iron mobilization from the chloroplast, and cytosolic 2Fe-2S cluster assembly. In addition, we show that the AtNEET function is linked to the expression of glutathione peroxidases (GPXs), which play a key role in the regulation of ferroptosis and redox balance in different organisms.
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Ge J, Tao J, Zhao J, Wu Z, Zhang H, Gao Y, Tian S, Xie R, Xu S, Lu L. Transcriptome analysis reveals candidate genes involved in multiple heavy metal tolerance in hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113795. [PMID: 35753274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sedum alfredii Hance is a perennial herb native to China that can particularly be found in regions with abandoned Pb/Zn mines. It is a Cd/Zn hyperaccumulator that is highly tolerant to Pb, Cu, Ni, and Mn, showing potential for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with multiple heavy metals. A better understanding of how this species responds to different heavy metals would advance the phytoremediation efficiency. In this study, transcriptomic regulation of S. alfredii roots after Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu exposure was analyzed to explore the candidate genes involved in multi-heavy metal tolerance. Although Zn and Cd, Pb and Cu had similar distribution patterns in S. alfredii, distinct expression patterns were exhibited among these four metal treatments, especially about half of the differentially expressed genes were upregulated under Cu treatment, suggesting that it utilizes distinctive and flexible strategies to cope with specific metal stress. Most unigenes regulated by Cu were enriched in catalytic activity, whereas the majority of unigenes regulated by Pb had unknown functions, implying that S. alfredii may have a unique strategy coping with Pb stress different from previous cognition. The unigenes that were co-regulated by multiple heavy metals exhibited functions of antioxidant substances, antioxidant enzymes, transporters, transcription factors, and cell wall components. These metal-induced responses at the transcriptional level in S. alfredii were highly consistent with those at the physiological level. Some of these genes have been confirmed to be related to heavy metal absorption and detoxification, and some were found to be related to heavy metal tolerance for the first time in this study, like Metacaspase-1 and EDR6. These results provide a theoretical basis for the use of genetic engineering technology to modify plants by enhancing multi-metal tolerance to promote phytoremediation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ge
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingyu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hewan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuxiao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shengke Tian
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropic Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ruohan Xie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropic Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shengyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lingli Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropic Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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18
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Wang C, Wang X, Li J, Guan J, Tan Z, Zhang Z, Shi G. Genome-Wide Identification and Transcript Analysis Reveal Potential Roles of Oligopeptide Transporter Genes in Iron Deficiency Induced Cadmium Accumulation in Peanut. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:894848. [PMID: 35646039 PMCID: PMC9131082 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.894848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The oligopeptide transporter (OPT) family is a group of proton-coupled symporters that play diverse roles, including metal homeostasis. However, little is known about this family of peanuts. To reveal the potential roles of AhOPT genes in Fe/Cd interactions, peanut AhOPT genes were genome-widely identified, and the relationships between gene expression and Cd accumulation were detected in two contrasting peanut cultivars (Fenghua 1 and Silihong) under Fe-sufficient or Fe-deficient conditions. A total of 40 AhOPT genes were identified in peanuts, which were divided into two subfamilies (PT and YS). Most AhOPT genes underwent gene duplication events predominated by whole-genome duplication. Clustered members generally have similar protein structures. However, gene structural divergences occurred in most of the duplicated genes. Transcription analysis revealed that AhOPT3.2/3.4 and AhYSL3.1/3.2 might be responsible for Fe deficiency tolerance, while AhOPT3.1/3.4, AhOPT7.1/7.2, and AhYSL1.1 be involved in Fe/Cd interactions. These genes might be regulated by transcription factors, including ATHB-12, ATHB-6, DIVARICATA, MYB30, NAC02, DOF3.4, IDD7, and LUX. Reduced expressions of AhYSL3.1/3.2 and higher expressions of AhOPT3.4 might contribute to higher Fe-deficiency tolerance in Silihong. Higher expression of AhOPT7.3 and AhOPT6.1 might be responsible for low Cd accumulation in Fenghua 1. Our results confirmed that AhOPT3/6/7 and AhYSL1/3 might be involved in the transport of Fe and/or Cd in peanuts and provided new clues to understanding potential mechanisms of Fe/Cd interactions.
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Grant-Grant S, Schaffhauser M, Baeza-Gonzalez P, Gao F, Conéjéro G, Vidal EA, Gaymard F, Dubos C, Curie C, Roschzttardtz H. B3 Transcription Factors Determine Iron Distribution and FERRITIN Gene Expression in Embryo but Do Not Control Total Seed Iron Content. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:870078. [PMID: 35599858 PMCID: PMC9120844 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.870078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for humans and other organisms. Its deficiency is one of the leading causes of anemia worldwide. The world health organization has proposed that an alternative to increasing iron content in food is through crop biofortification. One of the most consumed part of crops is the seed, however, little is known about how iron accumulation in seed occurs and how it is regulated. B3 transcription factors play a critical role in the accumulation of storage compounds such as proteins and lipids. Their role in seed maturation has been well characterized. However, their relevance in accumulation and distribution of micronutrients like iron remains unknown. In Arabidopsis thaliana and other plant models, three master regulators belonging to the B3 transcription factors family have been identified: FUSCA3 (FUS3), LEAFY COTYLEDON2 (LEC2), and ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3). In this work, we studied how seed iron homeostasis is affected in B3 transcription factors mutants using histological and molecular approaches. We determined that iron distribution is modified in abi3, lec2, and fus3 embryo mutants. For abi3-6 and fus3-3 mutant embryos, iron was less accumulated in vacuoles of cells surrounding provasculature compared with wild type embryos. lec2-1 embryos showed no difference in the pattern of iron distribution in hypocotyl, but a dramatic decrease of iron was observed in cotyledons. Interestingly, for the three mutant genotypes, total iron content in dry mutant seeds showed no difference compared to wild type. At the molecular level, we showed that genes encoding the iron storage ferritins proteins are misregulated in mutant seeds. Altogether our results support a role of the B3 transcription factors ABI3, LEC2, and FUS3 in maintaining iron homeostasis in Arabidopsis embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Grant-Grant
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Schaffhauser
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Baeza-Gonzalez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fei Gao
- IPSiM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Geneviève Conéjéro
- IPSiM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Elena A. Vidal
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
| | - Frederic Gaymard
- IPSiM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Dubos
- IPSiM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Curie
- IPSiM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Hannetz Roschzttardtz
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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20
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Therby-Vale R, Lacombe B, Rhee SY, Nussaume L, Rouached H. Mineral nutrient signaling controls photosynthesis: focus on iron deficiency-induced chlorosis. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:502-509. [PMID: 34848140 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms convert light energy into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates. To perform this process, an adequate supply of essential mineral elements, such as iron, is required in the chloroplast. Because iron plays a crucial role during electron transport and chlorophyll formation, iron deficiency alters photosynthesis and promotes chlorosis, or the yellowing of leaves. Intriguingly, iron deficiency-induced chlorosis can be reverted by the depletion of other micronutrients [i.e., manganese (Mn)] or macronutrients [i.e., sulfur (S) or phosphorus (P)], raising the question of how plants integrate nutrient status to control photosynthesis. Here, we review how improving our understanding of the complex relationship between nutrient homeostasis and photosynthesis has great potential for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benoit Lacombe
- BPMP, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Seung Y Rhee
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laurent Nussaume
- DRF/BIAM/SBVME/SAVE UMR 7265 CEA-CNRS-Université Aix Marseille-CEA Cadarache, 13108 St Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Hatem Rouached
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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21
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Sági-Kazár M, Solymosi K, Solti Á. Iron in leaves: chemical forms, signalling, and in-cell distribution. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1717-1734. [PMID: 35104334 PMCID: PMC9486929 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential transition metal. Based on its redox-active nature under biological conditions, various Fe compounds serve as cofactors in redox enzymes. In plants, the photosynthetic machinery has the highest demand for Fe. In consequence, the delivery and incorporation of Fe into cofactors of the photosynthetic apparatus is the focus of Fe metabolism in leaves. Disturbance of foliar Fe homeostasis leads to impaired biosynthesis of chlorophylls and composition of the photosynthetic machinery. Nevertheless, mitochondrial function also has a significant demand for Fe. The proper incorporation of Fe into proteins and cofactors as well as a balanced intracellular Fe status in leaf cells require the ability to sense Fe, but may also rely on indirect signals that report on the physiological processes connected to Fe homeostasis. Although multiple pieces of information have been gained on Fe signalling in roots, the regulation of Fe status in leaves has not yet been clarified in detail. In this review, we give an overview on current knowledge of foliar Fe homeostasis, from the chemical forms to the allocation and sensing of Fe in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Sági-Kazár
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Ádám Solti
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
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22
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Thakur M, Praveen S, Divte PR, Mitra R, Kumar M, Gupta CK, Kalidindi U, Bansal R, Roy S, Anand A, Singh B. Metal tolerance in plants: Molecular and physicochemical interface determines the "not so heavy effect" of heavy metals. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:131957. [PMID: 34450367 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An increase in technological interventions and ruthless urbanization in the name of development has deteriorated our environment over time and caused the buildup of heavy metals (HMs) in the soil and water resources. These heavy metals are gaining increased access into our food chain through the plant and/or animal-based products, to adversely impact human health. The issue of how to restrict the entry of HMs or modulate their response in event of their ingress into the plant system is worrisome. The current knowledge on the interactive-regulatory role and contribution of different physical, biophysical, biochemical, physiological, and molecular factors that determine the heavy metal availability-uptake-partitioning dynamics in the soil-plant-environment needs to be updated. The present review critically analyses the interactive overlaps between different adaptation and tolerance strategies that may be causally related to their cellular localization, conjugation and homeostasis, a relative affinity for the transporters, rhizosphere modifications, activation of efflux pumps and vacuolar sequestration that singly or collectively determine a plant's response to HM stress. Recently postulated role of gaseous pollutants such as SO2 and other secondary metabolites in heavy metal tolerance, which may be regulated at the whole plant and/or tissue/cell is discussed to delineate and work towards a "not so heavy" response of plants to heavy metals present in the contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Thakur
- College of Horticulture and Forestry (Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry), Neri, Hamirpur, 177 001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shamima Praveen
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Pandurang R Divte
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Raktim Mitra
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Mahesh Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Maharashtra, 413 115, India
| | - Chandan Kumar Gupta
- Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, 226 002, India
| | - Usha Kalidindi
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Division of Germplasm Evaluation, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Suman Roy
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700 120, India
| | - Anjali Anand
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
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23
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Seregin IV, Kozhevnikova AD. Low-molecular-weight ligands in plants: role in metal homeostasis and hyperaccumulation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 150:51-96. [PMID: 32653983 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00768-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mineral nutrition is one of the key factors determining plant productivity. In plants, metal homeostasis is achieved through the functioning of a complex system governing metal uptake, translocation, distribution, and sequestration, leading to the maintenance of a regulated delivery of micronutrients to metal-requiring processes as well as detoxification of excess or non-essential metals. Low-molecular-weight ligands, such as nicotianamine, histidine, phytochelatins, phytosiderophores, and organic acids, play an important role in metal transport and detoxification in plants. Nicotianamine and histidine are also involved in metal hyperaccumulation, which determines the ability of some plant species to accumulate a large amount of metals in their shoots. In this review we extensively summarize and discuss the current knowledge of the main pathways for the biosynthesis of these ligands, their involvement in metal uptake, radial and long-distance transport, as well as metal influx, isolation and sequestration in plant tissues and cell compartments. It is analyzed how diverse endogenous ligand levels in plants can determine their different tolerance to metal toxic effects. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the physiological role of these compounds in metal homeostasis, which is an essential task of modern ionomics and plant physiology. It is of key importance in studying the influence of metal deficiency or excess on various physiological processes, which is a prerequisite to the improvement of micronutrient uptake efficiency and crop productivity and to the development of a variety of applications in phytoremediation, phytomining, biofortification, and nutritional crop safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Seregin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPPRAS, Botanicheskaya st., 35, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127276.
| | - A D Kozhevnikova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPPRAS, Botanicheskaya st., 35, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127276
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24
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Chen SY, Gu TY, Qi ZA, Yan J, Fang ZJ, Lu YT, Li H, Gong JM. Two NPF transporters mediate iron long-distance transport and homeostasis in Arabidopsis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100244. [PMID: 34778750 PMCID: PMC8577109 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) transport and reallocation are essential to Fe homeostasis in plants, but it is unclear how Fe homeostasis is regulated, especially under stress. Here we report that NPF5.9 and its close homolog NPF5.8 redundantly regulate Fe transport and reallocation in Arabidopsis. NPF5.9 is highly upregulated in response to Fe deficiency. NPF5.9 expresses preferentially in vasculature tissues and localizes to the trans-Golgi network, and NPF5.8 showed a similar expression pattern. Long-distance Fe transport and allocation into aerial parts was significantly increased in NPF5.9-overexpressing lines. In the double mutant npf5.8 npf5.9, Fe loading in aerial parts and plant growth were decreased, which were partially rescued by Fe supplementation. Further analysis showed that expression of PYE, the negative regulator for Fe homeostasis, and its downstream target NAS4 were significantly altered in the double mutant. NPF5.9 and NPF5.8 were shown to also mediate nitrate uptake and transport, although nitrate and Fe application did not reciprocally affect each other. Our findings uncovered the novel function of NPF5.9 and NPF5.8 in long-distance Fe transport and homeostasis, and further indicated that they possibly mediate nitrate transport and Fe homeostasis independently in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ying Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tian-Yu Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zi-Ai Qi
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zi-Jun Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Ting Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ji-Ming Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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25
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Sun L, Wei YQ, Wu KH, Yan JY, Xu JN, Wu YR, Li GX, Xu JM, Harberd NP, Ding ZJ, Zheng SJ. Restriction of iron loading into developing seeds by a YABBY transcription factor safeguards successful reproduction in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1624-1639. [PMID: 34116221 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) storage in plant seeds is not only necessary for seedling establishment following germination but is also a major source of dietary Fe for humans and other animals. Accumulation of Fe in seeds is known to be low during early seed development. However, the underlying mechanism and biological significance remain elusive. Here, we show that reduced expression of Arabidopsis YABBY transcription factor INNER NO OUTER (INO) increases embryonic Fe accumulation, while transgenic overexpression of INO results in the opposite effect. INO is highly expressed during early seed development, and decreased INO expression increases the expression of NATURAL RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGE PROTEIN 1 (NRAMP1), which encodes a transporter that contributes to seed Fe loading. The relatively high embryonic Fe accumulation conferred by decreased INO expression is rescued by the nramp1 loss-of-function mutation. We further demonstrated that INO represses NRAMP1 expression by binding to NRAMP1-specific promoter region. Interestingly, we found that excessive Fe loading into developing seeds of ino mutants results in greater oxidative damage, leading to increased cell death and seed abortion, a phenotype that can be rescued by the nramp1 mutation. Taken together, these results indicate that INO plays an important role in safeguarding reproduction by reducing Fe loading into developing seeds by repressing NRAMP1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yun Qi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kang Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Ying Yan
- Agricultural Experimental Station, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Na Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yun Rong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gui Xin Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ji Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nicholas P Harberd
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Plant Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Zhong Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642.
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26
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Jogawat A, Yadav B, Narayan OP. Metal transporters in organelles and their roles in heavy metal transportation and sequestration mechanisms in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:259-275. [PMID: 33586164 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal toxicity is one of the major concerns for agriculture and health. Accumulation of toxic heavy metals at high concentrations in edible parts of crop plants is the primary cause of disease in humans and cattle. A dramatic increase in industrialization, urbanization, and other high anthropogenic activities has led to the accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soil, which has consequently disrupted soil conditions and affected crop yield. By now, plants have developed several mechanisms to cope with heavy metal stress. However, not all plants are equally effective in dealing with the toxicity of high heavy metal concentrations. Plants have modified their anatomy, morphophysiology, and molecular networks to survive under changing environmental conditions. Heavy metal sequestration is one of the essential processes evolved by some plants to deal with heavy metals' toxic concentration. Some plants even have the ability to accumulate metals in high quantities in the shoots/organelles without toxic effects. For intercellular and interorganeller metal transport, plants harbor spatially distributed various transporters which mainly help in uptake, translocation, and redistribution of metals. This review discusses different heavy metal transporters in different organelles and their roles in metal sequestration and redistribution to help plants cope with heavy metal stress. A good understanding of the processes at stake helps in developing more tolerant crops without affecting their productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bindu Yadav
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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27
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Kim LJ, Tsuyuki KM, Hu F, Park EY, Zhang J, Iraheta JG, Chia JC, Huang R, Tucker AE, Clyne M, Castellano C, Kim A, Chung DD, DaVeiga CT, Parsons EM, Vatamaniuk OK, Jeong J. Ferroportin 3 is a dual-targeted mitochondrial/chloroplast iron exporter necessary for iron homeostasis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:215-236. [PMID: 33884692 PMCID: PMC8316378 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles with high iron demand that are particularly susceptible to iron-induced oxidative stress. Despite the necessity of strict iron regulation in these organelles, much remains unknown about mitochondrial and chloroplast iron transport in plants. Here, we propose that Arabidopsis ferroportin 3 (FPN3) is an iron exporter that is dual-targeted to mitochondria and chloroplasts. FPN3 is expressed in shoots, regardless of iron conditions, but its transcripts accumulate under iron deficiency in roots. fpn3 mutants cannot grow as well as the wild type under iron-deficient conditions and their shoot iron levels are lower compared with the wild type. Analyses of iron homeostasis gene expression in fpn3 mutants and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurements show that iron levels in the mitochondria and chloroplasts are increased relative to the wild type, consistent with the proposed role of FPN3 as a mitochondrial/plastid iron exporter. In iron-deficient fpn3 mutants, abnormal mitochondrial ultrastructure was observed, whereas chloroplast ultrastructure was not affected, implying that FPN3 plays a critical role in the mitochondria. Overall, our study suggests that FPN3 is essential for optimal iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah J. Kim
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | | | - Fengling Hu
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - Emily Y. Park
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | | | - Ju-Chen Chia
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Rong Huang
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Avery E. Tucker
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - Madeline Clyne
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - Claire Castellano
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - Angie Kim
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - Daniel D. Chung
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | | | | | - Olena K. Vatamaniuk
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Jeeyon Jeong
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
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28
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Castro-Rodríguez R, Escudero V, Reguera M, Gil-Díez P, Quintana J, Prieto RI, Kumar RK, Brear E, Grillet L, Wen J, Mysore KS, Walker EL, Smith PMC, Imperial J, González-Guerrero M. Medicago truncatula Yellow Stripe-Like7 encodes a peptide transporter participating in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021. [PMID: 33797764 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.26.009159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Yellow Stripe-Like (YSL) proteins are a family of plant transporters that are typically involved in transition metal homeostasis. Three of the four YSL clades (I, II and IV) transport metals complexed with the non-proteinogenic amino acid nicotianamine or its derivatives. No such capability has been shown for any member of clade III, but the link between these YSLs and metal homeostasis could be masked by functional redundancy. We studied the role of the clade III YSL protein MtSYL7 in Medicago truncatula nodules. MtYSL7, which encodes a plasma membrane-bound protein, is mainly expressed in the pericycle and cortex cells of the root nodules. Yeast complementation assays revealed that MtSYL7 can transport short peptides. M. truncatula transposon insertion mutants with decreased expression of MtYSL7 had lower nitrogen fixation rates and showed reduced plant growth whether grown in symbiosis with rhizobia or not. YSL7 mutants accumulated more copper and iron in the nodules, which is likely to result from the increased expression of iron uptake and delivery genes in roots. Taken together, these data suggest that MtYSL7 plays an important role in the transition metal homeostasis of nodules and symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Castro-Rodríguez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Viviana Escudero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Reguera
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Gil-Díez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Quintana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rosa Isabel Prieto
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rakesh K Kumar
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ella Brear
- Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Louis Grillet
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, LLC., Ardmore, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Elsbeth L Walker
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Penelope M C Smith
- Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Juan Imperial
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel González-Guerrero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Castro-Rodríguez R, Escudero V, Reguera M, Gil-Díez P, Quintana J, Prieto RI, Kumar RK, Brear E, Grillet L, Wen J, Mysore KS, Walker EL, Smith PMC, Imperial J, González-Guerrero M. Medicago truncatula Yellow Stripe-Like7 encodes a peptide transporter participating in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1908-1920. [PMID: 33797764 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Yellow Stripe-Like (YSL) proteins are a family of plant transporters that are typically involved in transition metal homeostasis. Three of the four YSL clades (I, II and IV) transport metals complexed with the non-proteinogenic amino acid nicotianamine or its derivatives. No such capability has been shown for any member of clade III, but the link between these YSLs and metal homeostasis could be masked by functional redundancy. We studied the role of the clade III YSL protein MtSYL7 in Medicago truncatula nodules. MtYSL7, which encodes a plasma membrane-bound protein, is mainly expressed in the pericycle and cortex cells of the root nodules. Yeast complementation assays revealed that MtSYL7 can transport short peptides. M. truncatula transposon insertion mutants with decreased expression of MtYSL7 had lower nitrogen fixation rates and showed reduced plant growth whether grown in symbiosis with rhizobia or not. YSL7 mutants accumulated more copper and iron in the nodules, which is likely to result from the increased expression of iron uptake and delivery genes in roots. Taken together, these data suggest that MtYSL7 plays an important role in the transition metal homeostasis of nodules and symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Castro-Rodríguez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Viviana Escudero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Reguera
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Gil-Díez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Quintana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rosa Isabel Prieto
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rakesh K Kumar
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ella Brear
- Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Louis Grillet
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, LLC., Ardmore, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Elsbeth L Walker
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Penelope M C Smith
- Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Juan Imperial
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel González-Guerrero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Sheng H, Jiang Y, Rahmati M, Chia JC, Dokuchayeva T, Kavulych Y, Zavodna TO, Mendoza PN, Huang R, Smieshka LM, Miller J, Woll AR, Terek OI, Romanyuk ND, Piñeros M, Zhou Y, Vatamaniuk OK. YSL3-mediated copper distribution is required for fertility, seed size and protein accumulation in Brachypodium. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:655-676. [PMID: 33576792 PMCID: PMC8154065 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Addressing the looming global food security crisis requires the development of high-yielding crops. In agricultural soils, deficiency in the micronutrient copper significantly decreases grain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum), a globally important crop. In cereals, grain yield is determined by inflorescence architecture, flower fertility, grain size, and weight. Whether copper is involved in these processes, and how it is delivered to the reproductive organs is not well understood. We show that copper deficiency alters not only the grain set but also flower development in both wheat and its recognized model, Brachypodium distachyon. We then show that the Brachypodium yellow stripe-like 3 (YSL3) transporter localizes to the phloem, transports copper in frog (Xenopus laevis) oocytes, and facilitates copper delivery to reproductive organs and grains. Failure to deliver copper, but not iron, zinc, or manganese to these structures in the ysl3 CRISPR-Cas9 mutant results in delayed flowering, altered inflorescence architecture, reduced floret fertility, grain size, weight, and protein accumulation. These defects are rescued by copper supplementation and are complemented by YSL3 cDNA. This knowledge will help to devise sustainable approaches for improving grain yield in regions where soil quality is a major obstacle for crop production. Copper distribution by a phloem-localized transporter is essential for the transition to flowering, inflorescence architecture, floret fertility, size, weight, and protein accumulation in seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajin Sheng
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yulin Jiang
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Maryam Rahmati
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ju-Chen Chia
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tatyana Dokuchayeva
- Cornell Nutrient Analysis Laboratory, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yana Kavulych
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Biology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana-Olena Zavodna
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Patrick N Mendoza
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Rong Huang
- Cornell University, Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Louisa M Smieshka
- Cornell University, Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Julia Miller
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Arthur R Woll
- Cornell University, Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Olga I Terek
- Department of Biology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
| | - Nataliya D Romanyuk
- Department of Biology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
| | - Miguel Piñeros
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Olena K Vatamaniuk
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Author for communication:
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31
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Gavrin A, Loughlin PC, Brear E, Griffith OW, Bedon F, Suter Grotemeyer M, Escudero V, Reguera M, Qu Y, Mohd-Noor SN, Chen C, Osorio MB, Rentsch D, González-Guerrero M, Day DA, Smith PMC. Soybean Yellow Stripe-like 7 is a symbiosome membrane peptide transporter important for nitrogen fixation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:581-598. [PMID: 33619553 PMCID: PMC8154080 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form a symbiosis with rhizobia that convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia and provide it to the plant in return for a carbon and nutrient supply. Nodules, developed as part of the symbiosis, harbor rhizobia that are enclosed in a plant-derived symbiosome membrane (SM) to form an organelle-like structure called the symbiosome. In mature nodules exchanges between the symbionts occur across the SM. Here we characterize Yellow Stripe-like 7 (GmYSL7), a Yellow stripe-like family member localized on the SM in soybean (Glycine max) nodules. It is expressed specifically in infected cells with expression peaking soon after nitrogenase becomes active. Unlike most YSL family members, GmYSL7 does not transport metals complexed with phytosiderophores. Rather, it transports oligopeptides of between four and 12 amino acids. Silencing GmYSL7 reduces nitrogenase activity and blocks infected cell development so that symbiosomes contain only a single bacteroid. This indicates the substrate of YSL7 is required for proper nodule development, either by promoting symbiosome development directly or by preventing inhibition of development by the plant. RNAseq of nodules where GmYSL7 was silenced suggests that the plant initiates a defense response against rhizobia with genes encoding proteins involved in amino acid export downregulated and some transcripts associated with metal homeostasis altered. These changes may result from the decrease in nitrogen fixation upon GmYSL7 silencing and suggest that the peptide(s) transported by GmYSL7 monitor the functional state of the bacteroids and regulate nodule metabolism and transport processes accordingly. Further work to identify the physiological substrate for GmYSL7 will allow clarification of this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Gavrin
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Patrick C Loughlin
- School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ella Brear
- School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Oliver W Griffith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Frank Bedon
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | | | - Viviana Escudero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Crta, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Maria Reguera
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Crta, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Yihan Qu
- School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Siti N Mohd-Noor
- School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Chi Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Marina Borges Osorio
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Doris Rentsch
- IPS, Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manuel González-Guerrero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Crta, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - David A Day
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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32
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Bandyopadhyay T, Prasad M. IRONing out stress problems in crops: a homeostatic perspective. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:559-577. [PMID: 32770754 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is essential for plant growth and therefore plays a key role in influencing crop productivity worldwide. Apart from its central role in chlorophyll biosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation (electron transfer), it is an important constituent of many enzymes involved in primary metabolism. Fe has different accessibilities to the roots in the rhizosphere depending upon whether it is ferrous (soluble) or ferric (insoluble) oxidation stages, which in turn, determine two kinds of Fe uptake strategies employed by the plants. The reduction strategy is exclusively found in non-graminaceous plants wherein the ferrous Fe2+ is absorbed and translocated from the soil through specialized transporters. In contrast, the chelation strategy (widespread in graminaceous plants) relies on the formation of Fe (III)-chelate complex as the necessary requirement of Fe uptake. Once inside the cell, Fe is translocated, compartmentalized and stored through a common set of physiological processes involving many transporters and enzymes whose functions are controlled by underlying genetic components, so that a fine balance of Fe homeostasis is maintained. Recently, molecular and mechanistic aspects of the process involving the role of transcription factors, signaling components, and cis-acting elements have been obtained, which has enabled a much better understanding of its ecophysiology. This mini-review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of Fe transport in higher plants with particular emphasis on crops in the context of major agronomically important abiotic stresses. It also highlights outstanding questions on the regulation of Fe homeostasis and lists potentially useful genes/regulatory pathways that may be useful for subsequent crop improvement under the stresses discussed through either conventional or transgenic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Bashir K, Ahmad Z, Kobayashi T, Seki M, Nishizawa NK. Roles of subcellular metal homeostasis in crop improvement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2083-2098. [PMID: 33502492 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Improvement of crop production in response to rapidly changing environmental conditions is a serious challenge facing plant breeders and biotechnologists. Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) are essential micronutrients for plant growth and reproduction. These minerals are critical to several cellular processes including metabolism, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration. Regulating the uptake and distribution of these minerals could significantly improve plant growth and development, ultimately leading to increased crop production. Plant growth is limited by mineral deficiency, but on the other hand, excess Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn can be toxic to plants; therefore, their uptake and distribution must be strictly regulated. Moreover, the distribution of these metals among subcellular organelles is extremely important for maintaining optimal cellular metabolism. Understanding the mechanisms controlling subcellular metal distribution and availability would enable development of crop plants that are better adapted to challenging and rapidly changing environmental conditions. Here, we describe advances in understanding of subcellular metal homeostasis, with a particular emphasis on cellular Fe homeostasis in Arabidopsis and rice, and discuss strategies for regulating cellular metabolism to improve plant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurram Bashir
- Department of Biology, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore, Pakistan
- Plant Genomics Network Research Team, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro, Tsurumi Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Zarnab Ahmad
- Plant Genomics Network Research Team, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro, Tsurumi Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takanori Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- Plant Genomics Network Research Team, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro, Tsurumi Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
- Plant Epigenome Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoko K Nishizawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Distéfano AM, López GA, Setzes N, Marchetti F, Cainzos M, Cascallares M, Zabaleta E, Pagnussat GC. Ferroptosis in plants: triggers, proposed mechanisms, and the role of iron in modulating cell death. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2125-2135. [PMID: 32918080 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell death plays key roles during essential processes throughout the plant life cycle. It takes part in specific developmental programs and maintains homeostasis of the organism in response to unfavorable environments. Ferroptosis is a recently discovered iron-dependent cell death pathway characterized by the accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species. In plants, ferroptosis shares all the main hallmarks described in other systems. Those specific features include biochemical and morphological signatures that seem to be conserved among species. However, plant cells have specific metabolic pathways and a high degree of metabolic compartmentalization. Together with their particular morphology, these features add more complexity to the plant ferroptosis pathway. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in elucidating the roles of ferroptosis in plants, focusing on specific triggers, the main players, and underlying pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Mariana Distéfano
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Alejandro López
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Setzes
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Marchetti
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Cainzos
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Milagros Cascallares
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Zabaleta
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Carolina Pagnussat
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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35
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Zang J, Huo Y, Liu J, Zhang H, Liu J, Chen H. Maize YSL2 is required for iron distribution and development in kernels. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5896-5910. [PMID: 32687576 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient and plays an irreplaceable role in plant growth and development. Although its uptake and translocation are important biological processes, little is known about the molecular mechanism of Fe translocation within seed. Here, we characterized a novel small kernel mutant yellow stripe like 2 (ysl2) in maize (Zea mays). ZmYSL2 was predominantly expressed in developing endosperm and was found to encode a plasma membrane-localized metal-nicotianamine (NA) transporter ZmYSL2. Analysis of transporter activity revealed ZmYSL2-mediated Fe transport from endosperm to embryo during kernel development. Dysfunction of ZmYSL2 resulted in the imbalance of Fe homeostasis and abnormality of protein accumulation and starch deposition in the kernel. Significant changes of nitric oxide accumulation, mitochondrial Fe-S cluster content, and mitochondrial morphology indicated that the proper function of mitochondria was also affected in ysl2. Collectively, our study demonstrated that ZmYSL2 had a pivotal role in mediating Fe distribution within the kernel and kernel development in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqing Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huairen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huabang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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36
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Schmidt SB, Eisenhut M, Schneider A. Chloroplast Transition Metal Regulation for Efficient Photosynthesis. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:817-828. [PMID: 32673582 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants require sunlight, water, CO2, and essential nutrients to drive photosynthesis and fulfill their life cycle. The photosynthetic apparatus resides in chloroplasts and fundamentally relies on transition metals as catalysts and cofactors. Accordingly, chloroplasts are particularly rich in iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu). Owing to their redox properties, those metals need to be carefully balanced within the cell. However, the regulation of transition metal homeostasis in chloroplasts is poorly understood. With the availability of the arabidopsis genome information and membrane protein databases, a wider catalogue for searching chloroplast metal transporters has considerably advanced the study of transition metal regulation. This review provides an updated overview of the chloroplast transition metal requirements and the transporters involved for efficient photosynthesis in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel Birkelund Schmidt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marion Eisenhut
- Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Anja Schneider
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (Botanik), Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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37
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Kroh GE, Pilon M. Regulation of Iron Homeostasis and Use in Chloroplasts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3395. [PMID: 32403383 PMCID: PMC7247011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is essential for life because of its role in protein cofactors. Photosynthesis, in particular photosynthetic electron transport, has a very high demand for Fe cofactors. Fe is commonly limiting in the environment, and therefore photosynthetic organisms must acclimate to Fe availability and avoid stress associated with Fe deficiency. In plants, adjustment of metabolism, of Fe utilization, and gene expression, is especially important in the chloroplasts during Fe limitation. In this review, we discuss Fe use, Fe transport, and mechanisms of acclimation to Fe limitation in photosynthetic lineages with a focus on the photosynthetic electron transport chain. We compare Fe homeostasis in Cyanobacteria, the evolutionary ancestors of chloroplasts, with Fe homeostasis in green algae and in land plants in order to provide a deeper understanding of how chloroplasts and photosynthesis may cope with Fe limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marinus Pilon
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University Department of Biology, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
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38
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Wang M, Kawakami Y, Bhullar NK. Molecular Analysis of Iron Deficiency Response in Hexaploid Wheat. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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39
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Vigani G, Solti ÏDM, Thomine SB, Philippar K. Essential and Detrimental - an Update on Intracellular Iron Trafficking and Homeostasis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1420-1439. [PMID: 31093670 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts, mitochondria and vacuoles represent characteristic organelles of the plant cell, with a predominant function in cellular metabolism. Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis and therefore basic and essential for photoautotrophic growth of plants. Mitochondria produce energy during respiration and vacuoles act as internal waste and storage compartments. Moreover, chloroplasts and mitochondria are sites for the biosynthesis of various compounds of primary and secondary metabolism. For photosynthesis and energy generation, the internal membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria are equipped with electron transport chains. To perform proper electron transfer and several biosynthetic functions, both organelles contain transition metals and here iron is by far the most abundant. Although iron is thus essential for plant growth and development, it becomes toxic when present in excess and/or in its free, ionic form. The harmful effect of the latter is caused by the generation of oxidative stress. As a consequence, iron transport and homeostasis have to be tightly controlled during plant growth and development. In addition to the corresponding transport and homeostasis proteins, the vacuole plays an important role as an intracellular iron storage and release compartment at certain developmental stages. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge on iron transport and homeostasis in chloroplasts, mitochondria and vacuoles. In addition, we aim to integrate the physiological impact of intracellular iron homeostasis on cellular and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Vigani
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, via Quarello 15/A, Turin I, Italy
| | - Ï Dï M Solti
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, E�tv�s Lor�nd University, Budapest H, Hungary
| | - Sï Bastien Thomine
- Institut de Biologie Int�grative de la Cellule, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Katrin Philippar
- Plant Biology, Center for Human- and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Campus A2.4, Saarbr�cken D, Germany
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40
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Müller B, Kovács K, Pham HD, Kavak Y, Pechoušek J, Machala L, Zbořil R, Szenthe K, Abadía J, Fodor F, Klencsár Z, Solti Á. Chloroplasts preferentially take up ferric-citrate over iron-nicotianamine complexes in Brassica napus. PLANTA 2019; 249:751-763. [PMID: 30382344 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fe uptake machinery of chloroplasts prefers to utilise Fe(III)-citrate over Fe-nicotianamine complexes. Iron uptake in chloroplasts is a process of prime importance. Although a few members of their iron transport machinery were identified, the substrate preference of the system is still unknown. Intact chloroplasts of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) were purified and subjected to iron uptake studies using natural and artificial iron complexes. Fe-nicotianamine (NA) complexes were characterised by 5 K, 5 T Mössbauer spectrometry. Expression of components of the chloroplast Fe uptake machinery was also studied. Fe(III)-NA contained a minor paramagnetic Fe(II) component (ca. 9%), a paramagnetic Fe(III) component exhibiting dimeric or oligomeric structure (ca. 20%), and a Fe(III) complex, likely being a monomeric structure, which undergoes slow electronic relaxation at 5 K (ca. 61%). Fe(II)-NA contained more than one similar chemical Fe(II) environment with no sign of Fe(III) components. Chloroplasts preferred Fe(III)-citrate compared to Fe(III)-NA and Fe(II)-NA, but also to Fe(III)-EDTA and Fe(III)-o,o'EDDHA, and the Km value was lower for Fe(III)-citrate than for the Fe-NA complexes. Only the uptake of Fe(III)-citrate was light-dependent. Regarding the components of the chloroplast Fe uptake system, only genes of the reduction-based Fe uptake system showed high expression. Chloroplasts more effectively utilize Fe(III)-citrate, but hardly Fe-NA complexes in Fe uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Müller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Kovács
- Laboratory of Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hong-Diep Pham
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yusuf Kavak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jiři Pechoušek
- Departments of Experimental Physics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Machala
- Departments of Experimental Physics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Departments of Experimental Physics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kálmán Szenthe
- RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Ltd., Vár tér 2, E Building, Mosonmagyaróvár, 9200, Hungary
| | - Javier Abadía
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), P.O. Box 13034, 50080, Saragossa, Spain
| | - Ferenc Fodor
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Klencsár
- Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - Ádám Solti
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
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Kobayashi T, Nozoye T, Nishizawa NK. Iron transport and its regulation in plants. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 133:11-20. [PMID: 30385345 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for plants as well as other organisms, functioning in various cellular processes, including respiration, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and photosynthesis. Plants take up iron from soil in which iron solubility is extremely low especially under aerobic conditions at high-pH range. Therefore, plants have evolved efficient iron-uptake mechanisms. Because iron is prone to being precipitated and excess ionic iron is cytotoxic, plants also have sophisticated internal iron-transport mechanisms. These transport mechanisms comprise iron chelators including nicotianamine, mugineic acid family phytosiderophores and citrate, and various types of transporters of these chelators, iron-chelate complexes, or free iron ions. To maintain iron homeostasis, plants have developed mechanisms for regulating gene expression in response to iron availability. Expression of various genes involved in iron uptake and translocation is induced under iron deficiency by transcription factor networks and is negatively regulated by the ubiquitin ligase HRZ/BTS. This response is deduced to be mediated by cellular iron sensing as well as long-distance iron signaling. The ubiquitin ligase HRZ/BTS is a candidate intracellular iron sensor because it binds to iron and zinc, and its activity is affected by iron availability. The iron-excess response of plants is thought to be partially independent of the iron-deficiency response. In this review, we summarize and discuss extant knowledge of plant iron transport and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nozoye
- Center for Liberal Arts, Meiji Gakuin University, 1518 Kamikurata-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8539, Japan; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoko K Nishizawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Chen S, Liu Y, Deng Y, Liu Y, Dong M, Tian Y, Sun H, Li Y. Cloning and functional analysis of the VcCXIP4 and VcYSL6 genes as Cd-regulating genes in blueberry. Gene 2019; 686:104-117. [PMID: 30391441 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Blueberries (Vaccinium ssp.) show relatively high resistance to pollution and have been reported to successfully colonize acid and heavy metal-contaminated soils. Blueberries were subjected to cadmium stress using a simulated pot-culture method. The intact CDS regions of VcCXIP4 and VcYSL6 were obtained, VcCXIP4 was located in the nucleus, while VcYSL6 was located in the chloroplast. Both genes were constructed into a modified plant expression vector pCambia1301 for tobacco transformation with agrobacterium infection methods. Results showed that VcCXIP4 did not function alone in regulating cadmium (Cd) transport. Cd content of Cd in the leaves of VcYSL6 transgenic tobacco by 15.57% under high Cd concentration. Both, VcCXIP4 and VcYSL6 genes were up-regulated under Cd stress. Blueberry primarily accumulated excess Cd in the root, but Cd content in the fruit was almost independent of Cd content in the soil. Further, the effect of soil Cd content on fruit Cd content was not significant. VcCXIP4 is likely to interact with other proteins to regulate excess Cd in blueberry, while VcYSL6 is a Cd transporter required for excess Cd detoxification in blueberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Chen
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China; College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, PR China
| | - Yushan Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Yu Deng
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Mei Dong
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Youwen Tian
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Haiyue Sun
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
| | - Yadong Li
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
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Jain A, Dashner ZS, Connolly EL. Mitochondrial Iron Transporters (MIT1 and MIT2) Are Essential for Iron Homeostasis and Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1449. [PMID: 31850005 PMCID: PMC6889801 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential nutrient for virtually all organisms, where it functions in critical electron transfer processes, like those involved in respiration. Photosynthetic organisms have special requirements for Fe due to its importance in photosynthesis. While the importance of Fe for mitochondria- and chloroplast-localized processes is clear, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the trafficking of Fe to these compartments is not complete. Here, we describe the Arabidopsis mitochondrial iron transporters, MIT1 and MIT2, that belong to the mitochondrial carrier family (MCF) of transport proteins. MIT1 and MIT2 display considerable homology with known mitochondrial Fe transporters of other organisms. Expression of MIT1 or MIT2 rescues the phenotype of the yeast mrs3mrs4 mutant, which is defective in mitochondrial iron transport. Although the Arabidopsis mit1 and mit2 single mutants do not show any significant visible phenotypes, the double mutant mit1mit2 displays embryo lethality. Analysis of a mit1 -- /mit2 + - line revealed that MIT1 and MIT2 are essential for iron acquisition by mitochondria and proper mitochondrial function. In addition, loss of MIT function results in mislocalization of Fe, which in turn causes upregulation of the root high affinity Fe uptake pathway. Thus, MIT1 and MIT2 are required for the maintenance of both mitochondrial and whole plant Fe homeostasis, which, in turn, is important for the proper growth and development of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Zachary S. Dashner
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Erin L. Connolly
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Erin L. Connolly,
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Li J, Wang Y, Zheng L, Li Y, Zhou X, Li J, Gu D, Xu E, Lu Y, Chen X, Zhang W. The Intracellular Transporter AtNRAMP6 Is Involved in Fe Homeostasis in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1124. [PMID: 31608084 PMCID: PMC6757856 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (NRAMPs) have been shown to transport a wide range of divalent metal ions, such as manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), and Iron (Fe). Iron is an essential micronutrient for plants and Fe deficiency can lead to chlorosis or decreased biomass. AtNRAMP6 has demonstrated the capability to transport Cd, but its physiological function is currently unclear. This study demonstrates that AtNRAMP6 is localized to the Golgi/trans-Golgi network and plays an important role in intracellular Fe homeostasis in the flowering plant genus Arabidopsis. GUS tissue-specific expression revealed that AtNRAMP6 is highly expressed in the lateral roots and young leaves (three to four top leaves) of Arabidopsis. Moreover, knocking out AtNRAMP6 was shown to impair lateral root growth without having a differential effect on the main root under Fe-deficient conditions. Lastly, the expression of AtNRAMP6 was found to exacerbate the sensitivity of the yeast mutant Δccc1 to an excessive amount of Fe. These findings indicate that AtNRAMP6 plays an important role in the growth of Arabidopsis in Fe-deficient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyu Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Yuerong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueli Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjun Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongfang Gu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ending Xu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaping Lu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Chen, ; Wei Zhang,
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Chen, ; Wei Zhang,
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Zhang C, Shinwari KI, Luo L, Zheng L. OsYSL13 Is Involved in Iron Distribution in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3537. [PMID: 30423990 PMCID: PMC6274735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake and transport of iron (Fe) in plants are both important for plant growth and human health. However, little is known about the mechanism of Fe transport in plants, especially for crops. In the present study, the function of yellow stripe-like 13 (YSL13) in rice was analyzed. OsYSL13 was highly expressed in leaves, especially in leaf blades, whereas its expression was induced by Fe deficiency both in roots and shoots. Furthermore, the expression level of OsYSL13 was higher in older leaves than that in younger leaves. OsYSL13 was located in the plasma membrane. Metal measurement revealed that Fe concentrations were lower in the youngest leaf and higher in the older leaves of the osysl13 mutant under both Fe sufficiency and deficiency conditions, compared with the wild type and two complementation lines. Moreover, the Fe concentrations in the brown rice and seeds of the osysl13 mutant were also reduced. Opposite results were found in OsYSL13 overexpression lines. These results suggest that OsYSL13 is involved in Fe distribution in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | | | - Le Luo
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Luqing Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Zhang C, Lu W, Yang Y, Shen Z, Ma JF, Zheng L. OsYSL16 is Required for Preferential Cu Distribution to Floral Organs in Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2039-2051. [PMID: 29939322 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of copper (Cu) causes low fertility in many plant species, but the molecular mechanisms underlying distribution of Cu to the floral organs are poorly understood. Here, we found that a member of yellow-stripe like (YSL) family, YSL16 encoding the Cu-nicotianamine (Cu-NA) transporter, was highly expressed in the rachilla, with less expression in the palea and lemma of rice (Oryza sativa). β-Glucuronidase (GUS) staining of transgenic rice carrying the OsYSL16 promoter-GUS showed that OsYSL16 was mainly expressed in vascular bundles of the rachilla as well as the palea and lemma. Knockout of OsYSL16 resulted in decreased Cu distribution to the stamens, but increased distribution to the palea and lemma. A short-term (24 h) 65Cu labeling experiment confirmed increased Cu concentration of palea and lemma in the mutant. Furthermore, we found that redistribution of Cu from the palea and lemma was impaired in the osysl16 mutant after exposure to Cu-free solution. The osysl16 mutant showed low pollen germination, but this was rescued by addition of Cu in the medium. Our results indicate that OsYSL16 expressed in the vascular bundles of the rachilla is important for preferential distribution of Cu to the stamens, while OsYSL16 in vascular bundles of the palea and lemma is involved in Cu redistribution under Cu-limited conditions in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhui Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Luqing Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Marchand J, Heydarizadeh P, Schoefs B, Spetea C. Ion and metabolite transport in the chloroplast of algae: lessons from land plants. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2153-2176. [PMID: 29541792 PMCID: PMC5948301 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are endosymbiotic organelles and play crucial roles in energy supply and metabolism of eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms (algae and land plants). They harbor channels and transporters in the envelope and thylakoid membranes, mediating the exchange of ions and metabolites with the cytosol and the chloroplast stroma and between the different chloroplast subcompartments. In secondarily evolved algae, three or four envelope membranes surround the chloroplast, making more complex the exchange of ions and metabolites. Despite the importance of transport proteins for the optimal functioning of the chloroplast in algae, and that many land plant homologues have been predicted, experimental evidence and molecular characterization are missing in most cases. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about ion and metabolite transport in the chloroplast from algae. The main aspects reviewed are localization and activity of the transport proteins from algae and/or of homologues from other organisms including land plants. Most chloroplast transporters were identified in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, reside in the envelope and participate in carbon acquisition and metabolism. Only a few identified algal transporters are located in the thylakoid membrane and play role in ion transport. The presence of genes for putative transporters in green algae, red algae, diatoms, glaucophytes and cryptophytes is discussed, and roles in the chloroplast are suggested. A deep knowledge in this field is required because algae represent a potential source of biomass and valuable metabolites for industry, medicine and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Marchand
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molécules Santé, IUML, FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans University, 72000, Le Mans, France
| | - Parisa Heydarizadeh
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molécules Santé, IUML, FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans University, 72000, Le Mans, France
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molécules Santé, IUML, FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans University, 72000, Le Mans, France.
| | - Cornelia Spetea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Gomez-Casati DF, Busi MV, Pagani MA. Plant Frataxin in Metal Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1706. [PMID: 30519254 PMCID: PMC6258813 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Frataxin is a highly conserved protein from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Several functions related to iron metabolism have been postulated for this protein, including Fe-S cluster and heme synthesis, response to oxidative damage and oxidative phosphorylation. In plants, the presence of one or two isoforms of this protein with dual localization in mitochondria and chloroplasts has been reported. Frataxin deficiency affects iron metabolism in both organelles, leading to an impairment of mitochondrial respiration, and chlorophyll and photosynthetic electron transport deficiency in chloroplasts. In addition, plant frataxins can react with Cu2+ ions and dimerize, which causes the reduction of free Cu ions. This could provide an additional defense mechanism against the oxidation of Fe-S groups by Cu ions. While there is a consensus on the involvement of frataxin in iron homeostasis in most organisms, the interaction of plant frataxins with Cu ions, the presence of different isoforms, and/or the localization in two plant organelles suggest that this protein might have additional functions in vegetal tissues.
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Alejandro S, Cailliatte R, Alcon C, Dirick L, Domergue F, Correia D, Castaings L, Briat JF, Mari S, Curie C. Intracellular Distribution of Manganese by the Trans-Golgi Network Transporter NRAMP2 Is Critical for Photosynthesis and Cellular Redox Homeostasis. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:3068-3084. [PMID: 29180598 PMCID: PMC5757278 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants require trace levels of manganese (Mn) for survival, as it is an essential cofactor in oxygen metabolism, especially O2 production via photosynthesis and the disposal of superoxide radicals. These processes occur in specialized organelles, requiring membrane-bound intracellular transporters to partition Mn between cell compartments. We identified an Arabidopsis thaliana member of the NRAMP family of divalent metal transporters, NRAMP2, which functions in the intracellular distribution of Mn. Two knockdown alleles of NRAMP2 showed decreased activity of photosystem II and increased oxidative stress under Mn-deficient conditions, yet total Mn content remained unchanged. At the subcellular level, these phenotypes were associated with a loss of Mn content in vacuoles and chloroplasts. NRAMP2 was able to rescue the mitochondrial yeast mutant mtm1∆ In plants, NRAMP2 is a resident protein of the trans-Golgi network. NRAMP2 may act indirectly on downstream organelles by building up a cytosolic pool that is used to feed target compartments. Moreover, not only does the nramp2 mutant accumulate superoxide ions, but NRAMP2 can functionally replace cytosolic superoxide dismutase in yeast, indicating that the pool of Mn displaced by NRAMP2 is required for the detoxification of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Alejandro
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Rémy Cailliatte
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Carine Alcon
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Léon Dirick
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Domergue
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - David Correia
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Loren Castaings
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Briat
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Mari
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Curie
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, France
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50
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Senoura T, Sakashita E, Kobayashi T, Takahashi M, Aung MS, Masuda H, Nakanishi H, Nishizawa NK. The iron-chelate transporter OsYSL9 plays a role in iron distribution in developing rice grains. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 95:375-387. [PMID: 28871478 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rice OsYSL9 is a novel transporter for Fe(II)-nicotianamine and Fe(III)-deoxymugineic acid that is responsible for internal iron transport, especially from endosperm to embryo in developing seeds. Metal chelators are essential for safe and efficient metal translocation in plants. Graminaceous plants utilize specific ferric iron chelators, mugineic acid family phytosiderophores, to take up sparingly soluble iron from the soil. Yellow Stripe 1-Like (YSL) family transporters are responsible for transport of metal-phytosiderophores and structurally similar metal-nicotianamine complexes. Among the rice YSL family members (OsYSL) whose functions have not yet been clarified, OsYSL9 belongs to an uncharacterized subgroup containing highly conserved homologs in graminaceous species. In the present report, we showed that OsYSL9 localizes mainly to the plasma membrane and transports both iron(II)-nicotianamine and iron(III)-deoxymugineic acid into the cell. Expression of OsYSL9 was induced in the roots but repressed in the nonjuvenile leaves in response to iron deficiency. In iron-deficient roots, OsYSL9 was induced in the vascular cylinder but not in epidermal cells. Although OsYSL9-knockdown plants did not show a growth defect under iron-sufficient conditions, these plants were more sensitive to iron deficiency in the nonjuvenile stage compared with non-transgenic plants. At the grain-filling stage, OsYSL9 expression was strongly and transiently induced in the scutellum of the embryo and in endosperm cells surrounding the embryo. The iron concentration was decreased in embryos of OsYSL9-knockdown plants but was increased in residual parts of brown seeds. These results suggested that OsYSL9 is involved in iron translocation within plant parts and particularly iron translocation from endosperm to embryo in developing seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Senoura
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
- KUBIX Inc., 3-570 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Emi Sakashita
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Takanori Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Michiko Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomioya, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | - May Sann Aung
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masuda
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoko K Nishizawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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