1
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Jia T, Wang H, Cui S, Li Z, Shen Y, Li H, Xiao G. Cotton BLH1 and KNOX6 antagonistically modulate fiber elongation via regulation of linolenic acid biosynthesis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100887. [PMID: 38532644 PMCID: PMC11287173 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BEL1-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN (BLH) proteins are known to function in various plant developmental processes. However, the role of BLHs in regulating plant cell elongation is still unknown. Here, we identify a BLH gene, GhBLH1, that positively regulates fiber cell elongation. Combined transcriptomic and biochemical analyses reveal that GhBLH1 enhances linolenic acid accumulation to promote cotton fiber cell elongation by activating the transcription of GhFAD7A-1 via binding of the POX domain of GhBLH1 to the TGGA cis-element in the GhFAD7A-1 promoter. Knockout of GhFAD7A-1 in cotton significantly reduces fiber length, whereas overexpression of GhFAD7A-1 results in longer fibers. The K2 domain of GhKNOX6 directly interacts with the POX domain of GhBLH1 to form a functional heterodimer, which interferes with the transcriptional activation of GhFAD7A-1 via the POX domain of GhBLH1. Overexpression of GhKNOX6 leads to a significant reduction in cotton fiber length, whereas knockout of GhKNOX6 results in longer cotton fibers. An examination of the hybrid progeny of GhBLH1 and GhKNOX6 transgenic cotton lines provides evidence that GhKNOX6 negatively regulates GhBLH1-mediated cotton fiber elongation. Our results show that the interplay between GhBLH1 and GhKNOX6 modulates regulation of linolenic acid synthesis and thus contributes to plant cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Huiqin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Shiyan Cui
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zihan Li
- Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Yongcui Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Guanghui Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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2
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Byrne ME, Imlay E, Ridza NNB. Shaping leaves through TALE homeodomain transcription factors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3220-3232. [PMID: 38527334 PMCID: PMC11156807 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The first TALE homeodomain transcription factor gene to be described in plants was maize knotted1 (kn1). Dominant mutations in kn1 disrupt leaf development, with abnormal knots of tissue forming in the leaf blade. kn1 was found to be expressed in the shoot meristem but not in a peripheral region that gives rise to leaves. Furthermore, KN1 and closely related proteins were excluded from initiating and developing leaves. These findings were a prelude to a large body of work wherein TALE homeodomain proteins have been identified as vital regulators of meristem homeostasis and organ development in plants. KN1 homologues are widely represented across land plant taxa. Thus, studying the regulation and mechanistic action of this gene class has allowed investigations into the evolution of diverse plant morphologies. This review will focus on the function of TALE homeodomain transcription factors in leaf development in eudicots. Here, we discuss how TALE homeodomain proteins contribute to a spectrum of leaf forms, from the simple leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana to the compound leaves of Cardamine hirsuta and species beyond the Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Byrne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Eleanor Imlay
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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3
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He L, Liu Y, Mao Y, Wu X, Zheng X, Zhao W, Mo X, Wang R, Wu Q, Wang D, Li Y, Yang Y, Bai Q, Zhang X, Zhou S, Zhao B, Liu C, Liu Y, Tadege M, Chen J. GRAS transcription factor PINNATE-LIKE PENTAFOLIATA2 controls compound leaf morphogenesis in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1755-1776. [PMID: 38318972 PMCID: PMC11062474 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The milestone of compound leaf development is the generation of separate leaflet primordia during the early stages, which involves two linked but distinct morphogenetic events: leaflet initiation and boundary establishment for leaflet separation. Although some progress in understanding the regulatory pathways for each event have been made, it is unclear how they are intrinsically coordinated. Here, we identify the PINNATE-LIKE PENTAFOLIATA2 (PINNA2) gene encoding a newly identified GRAS transcription factor in Medicago truncatula. PINNA2 transcripts are preferentially detected at organ boundaries. Its loss-of-function mutations convert trifoliate leaves into a pinnate pentafoliate pattern. PINNA2 directly binds to the promoter region of the LEAFY orthologue SINGLE LEAFLET1 (SGL1), which encodes a key positive regulator of leaflet initiation, and downregulates its expression. Further analysis revealed that PINNA2 synergizes with two other repressors of SGL1 expression, the BEL1-like homeodomain protein PINNA1 and the C2H2 zinc finger protein PALMATE-LIKE PENTAFOLIATA1 (PALM1), to precisely define the spatiotemporal expression of SGL1 in compound leaf primordia, thereby maintaining a proper pattern of leaflet initiation. Moreover, we showed that the enriched expression of PINNA2 at the leaflet-to-leaflet boundaries is positively regulated by the boundary-specific gene MtNAM, which is essential for leaflet boundary formation. Together, these results unveil a pivotal role of the boundary-expressed transcription factor PINNA2 in regulating leaflet initiation, providing molecular insights into the coordination of intricate developmental processes underlying compound leaf pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ye Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yawen Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyuan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoling Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Weiyue Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Xiaoyu Mo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruoruo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinq Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongfa Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Youhan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yuanfan Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology and Centre for Invasion Biology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Quanzi Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Xiaojia Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Shaoli Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Baolin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changning Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology and Centre for Invasion Biology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
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4
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Lu Z, Zhang J, Wang H, Zhang K, Gu Z, Xu Y, Zhang J, Wang M, Han L, Xiang F, Zhou C. Rewiring of a KNOXI regulatory network mediated by UFO underlies the compound leaf development in Medicago truncatula. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2988. [PMID: 38582884 PMCID: PMC10998843 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47362-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Class I KNOTTED-like homeobox (KNOXI) genes are parts of the regulatory network that control the evolutionary diversification of leaf morphology. Their specific spatiotemporal expression patterns in developing leaves correlate with the degrees of leaf complexity between simple-leafed and compound-leafed species. However, KNOXI genes are not involved in compound leaf formation in several legume species. Here, we identify a pathway for dual repression of MtKNOXI function in Medicago truncatula. PINNATE-LIKE PENTAFOLIATA1 (PINNA1) represses the expression of MtKNOXI, while PINNA1 interacts with MtKNOXI and sequesters it to the cytoplasm. Further investigations reveal that UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS (MtUFO) is the direct target of MtKNOXI, and mediates the transition from trifoliate to pinnate-like pentafoliate leaves. These data suggest a new layer of regulation for morphological diversity in compound-leafed species, in which the conserved regulators of floral development, MtUFO, and leaf development, MtKNOXI, are involved in variation of pinnate-like compound leaves in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, 266199, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zhiqun Gu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yiteng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Min Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lu Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Fengning Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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5
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Sun X, Liu Z, Liu R, Bucher J, Zhao J, Visser RGF, Bonnema G. Transcriptomic analyses to summarize gene expression patterns that occur during leaf initiation of Chinese cabbage. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae059. [PMID: 38689699 PMCID: PMC11059812 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In Chinese cabbage, rosette leaves expose their adaxial side to the light converting light energy into chemical energy, acting as a source for the growth of the leafy head. In the leafy head, the outer heading leaves expose their abaxial side to the light while the inner leaves are shielded from the light and have become a sink organ of the growing Chinese cabbage plant. Interestingly, variation in several ad/abaxial polarity genes is associated with the typical leafy head morphotype. The initiation of leaf primordia and the establishment of leaf ad/abaxial polarity are essential steps in the initiation of marginal meristem activity leading to leaf formation. Understanding the molecular genetic mechanisms of leaf primordia formation, polar differentiation, and leaf expansion is thus relevant to understand leafy head formation. As Brassica's are mesa-hexaploids, many genes have multiple paralogues, complicating analysis of the genetic regulation of leaf development. In this study, we used laser dissection of Chinese cabbage leaf primordia and the shoot apical meristem (SAM) to compare gene expression profiles between both adaxial and abaxial sides and the SAM aiming to capture transcriptome changes underlying leaf primordia development. We highlight genes with roles in hormone pathways and transcription factors. We also assessed gene expression gradients along expanded leaf blades from the same plants to analyze regulatory links between SAM, leaf primordia and the expanding rosette leaf. The catalogue of differentially expressed genes provides insights in gene expression patterns involved in leaf development and form a starting point to unravel leafy head formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoXue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Ministry of Education of China-Hebei Province Joint Innovation Center for Efficient Green Vegetable Industry, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Zihan Liu
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Ministry of Education of China-Hebei Province Joint Innovation Center for Efficient Green Vegetable Industry, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Johan Bucher
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Ministry of Education of China-Hebei Province Joint Innovation Center for Efficient Green Vegetable Industry, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guusje Bonnema
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Jia P, Wang Y, Sharif R, Dong QL, Liu Y, Luan HA, Zhang XM, Guo SP, Qi GH. KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factors - Hubs in a plethora of networks: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126878. [PMID: 37703987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
KNOX (KNOTTED1-like HOMEOBOX) belongs to a class of important homeobox genes, which encode the homeodomain proteins binding to the specific element of target genes, and widely participate in plant development. Advancements in genetics and molecular biology research generate a large amount of information about KNOX genes in model and non-model plants, and their functions in different developmental backgrounds are gradually becoming clear. In this review, we summarize the known and presumed functions of the KNOX gene in plants, focusing on horticultural plants and crops. The classification and structural characteristics, expression characteristics and regulation, interacting protein factors, functions, and mechanisms of KNOX genes are systematically described. Further, the current research gaps and perspectives were discussed. These comprehensive data can provide a reference for the directional improvement of agronomic traits through KNOX gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jia
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China.
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Rahat Sharif
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qing-Long Dong
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Hao-An Luan
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Sup-Ping Guo
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Guo-Hui Qi
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China.
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7
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Liu Y, Yang Y, Wang R, Liu M, Ji X, He Y, Zhao B, Li W, Mo X, Zhang X, Gu Z, Pan B, Liu Y, Tadege M, Chen J, He L. Control of compound leaf patterning by MULTI-PINNATE LEAF1 (MPL1) in chickpea. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8088. [PMID: 38062032 PMCID: PMC10703836 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant lateral organs are often elaborated through repetitive formation of developmental units, which progress robustly in predetermined patterns along their axes. Leaflets in compound leaves provide an example of such units that are generated sequentially along the longitudinal axis, in species-specific patterns. In this context, we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying an acropetal mode of leaflet initiation in chickpea pinnate compound leaf patterning. By analyzing naturally occurring mutants multi-pinnate leaf1 (mpl1) that develop higher-ordered pinnate leaves with more than forty leaflets, we show that MPL1 encoding a C2H2-zinc finger protein sculpts a morphogenetic gradient along the proximodistal axis of the early leaf primordium, thereby conferring the acropetal leaflet formation. This is achieved by defining the spatiotemporal expression pattern of CaLEAFY, a key regulator of leaflet initiation, and also perhaps by modulating the auxin signaling pathway. Our work provides novel molecular insights into the sequential progression of leaflet formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Yuanfan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Ruoruo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingli Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaomin Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yexin He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Baolin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Wenju Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyu Mo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojia Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Zhijia Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA.
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China.
| | - Liangliang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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8
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Wang X, Zhang J, Chai M, Han L, Cao X, Zhang J, Kong Y, Fu C, Wang ZY, Mysore KS, Wen J, Zhou C. The role of Class Ⅱ KNOX family in controlling compound leaf patterning in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2279-2291. [PMID: 37526388 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Compound leaf development requires the coordination of genetic factors, hormones, and other signals. In this study, we explored the functions of Class Ⅱ KNOTTED-like homeobox (KNOXII) genes in the model leguminous plant Medicago truncatula. Phenotypic and genetic analyses suggest that MtKNOX4, 5 are able to repress leaflet formation, while MtKNOX3, 9, 10 are not involved in this developmental process. Further investigations have shown that MtKNOX4 represses the CK signal transduction, which is downstream of MtKNOXⅠ-mediated CK biosynthesis. Additionally, two boundary genes, FUSED COMPOUND LEAF1 (orthologue of Arabidopsis Class M KNOX) and NO APICAL MERISTEM (orthologue of Arabidopsis CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON), are necessary for MtKNOX4-mediated compound leaf formation. These findings suggest, that among the members of MtKNOXⅡ, MtKNOX4 plays a crucial role in integrating the CK pathway and boundary regulators, providing new insights into the roles of MtKNOXⅡ in regulating the elaboration of compound leaves in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Maofeng Chai
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lu Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiaohua Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yiming Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, 73401, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, 73401, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Wang H, Lu Z, Xu Y, Zhang J, Han L, Chai M, Wang ZY, Yang X, Lu S, Tong J, Xiao L, Wen J, Mysore KS, Zhou C. Roles of very long-chain fatty acids in compound leaf patterning in Medicago truncatula. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1751-1770. [PMID: 36617225 PMCID: PMC10022625 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticles are composed of hydrophobic cuticular waxes and cutin. Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are components of epidermal waxes and the plasma membrane and are involved in organ morphogenesis. By screening a barrelclover (Medicago truncatula) mutant population tagged by the transposable element of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cell type1 (Tnt1), we identified two types of mutants with unopened flower phenotypes, named unopened flower1 (uof1) and uof2. Both UOF1 and UOF2 encode enzymes that are involved in the biosynthesis of VLCFAs and cuticular wax. Comparative analysis of the mutants indicated that the mutation in UOF1, but not UOF2, leads to the increased number of leaflets in M. truncatula. UOF1 was specifically expressed in the outermost cell layer (L1) of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and leaf primordia. The uof1 mutants displayed defects in VLCFA-mediated plasma membrane integrity, resulting in the disordered localization of the PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) ortholog SMOOTH LEAF MARGIN1 (SLM1) in M. truncatula. Our work demonstrates that the UOF1-mediated biosynthesis of VLCFAs in L1 is critical for compound leaf patterning, which is associated with the polarization of the auxin efflux carrier in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Zhichao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yiteng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Lu Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Maofeng Chai
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Shiyou Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jianhua Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
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10
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Nandety RS, Wen J, Mysore KS. Medicago truncatula resources to study legume biology and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 3:219-224. [PMID: 38932916 PMCID: PMC11197554 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicago truncatula is a chosen model for legumes towards deciphering fundamental legume biology, especially symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Current genomic resources for M. truncatula include a completed whole genome sequence information for R108 and Jemalong A17 accessions along with the sparse draft genome sequences for other 226 M. truncatula accessions. These genomic resources are complemented by the availability of mutant resources such as retrotransposon (Tnt1) insertion mutants in R108 and fast neutron bombardment (FNB) mutants in A17. In addition, several M. truncatula databases such as small secreted peptides (SSPs) database, transporter protein database, gene expression atlas, proteomic atlas, and metabolite atlas are available to the research community. This review describes these resources and provide information regarding how to access these resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Sekhar Nandety
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, United States
- USDA-ARS, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND 58102, United States
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, United States
| | - Kirankumar S. Mysore
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States
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11
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Liu S, Magne K, Zhou J, Laude J, Dalmais M, Le Signor C, Bendahmane A, Thompson R, Couzigou JM, Ratet P. The transcriptional co-regulators NBCL1 and NBCL2 redundantly coordinate aerial organ development and root nodule identity in legumes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:194-213. [PMID: 36197099 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Medicago truncatula NODULE ROOT1 (MtNOOT1) and Pisum sativum COCHLEATA1 (PsCOCH1) are orthologous genes belonging to the NOOT-BOP-COCH-LIKE (NBCL) gene family which encodes key transcriptional co-regulators of plant development. In Mtnoot1 and Pscoch1 mutants, the development of stipules, flowers, and symbiotic nodules is altered. MtNOOT2 and PsCOCH2 represent the single paralogues of MtNOOT1 and PsCOCH1, respectively. In M. truncatula, MtNOOT1 and MtNOOT2 are both required for the establishment and maintenance of symbiotic nodule identity. In legumes, the role of NBCL2 in above-ground development is not known. To better understand the roles of NBCL genes in legumes, we used M. truncatula and P. sativum nbcl mutants, isolated a knockout mutant for the PsCOCH2 locus and generated Pscoch1coch2 double mutants in P. sativum. Our work shows that single Mtnoot2 and Pscoch2 mutants develop wild-type stipules, flowers, and symbiotic nodules. However, the number of flowers was increased and the pods and seeds were smaller compared to the wild type. Furthermore, in comparison to the corresponding nbcl1 single mutants, both the M. truncatula and P. sativum nbcl double mutants show a drastic alteration in stipule, inflorescence, flower, and nodule development. Remarkably, in both M. truncatula and P. sativum nbcl double mutants, stipules are transformed into a range of aberrant leaf-like structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbin Liu
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université de Paris, 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Kévin Magne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université de Paris, 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Jing Zhou
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, 31320, Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | - Juliette Laude
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université de Paris, 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marion Dalmais
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université de Paris, 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Christine Le Signor
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université de Paris, 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Richard Thompson
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Malo Couzigou
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, 31320, Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université de Paris, 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
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12
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Arabidopsis thaliana SHOOT MERISTEMLESS Substitutes for Medicago truncatula SINGLE LEAFLET1 to Form Complex Leaves and Petals. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214114. [PMID: 36430591 PMCID: PMC9697493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
LEAFY plant-specific transcription factors, which are key regulators of flower meristem identity and floral patterning, also contribute to meristem activity. Notably, in some legumes, LFY orthologs such as Medicago truncatula SINGLE LEAFLET (SGL1) are essential in maintaining an undifferentiated and proliferating fate required for leaflet formation. This function contrasts with most other species, in which leaf dissection depends on the reactivation of KNOTTED-like class I homeobox genes (KNOXI). KNOXI and SGL1 genes appear to induce leaf complexity through conserved downstream genes such as the meristematic and boundary CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON genes. Here, we compare in M. truncatula the function of SGL1 with that of the Arabidopsis thaliana KNOXI gene, SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (AtSTM). Our data show that AtSTM can substitute for SGL1 to form complex leaves when ectopically expressed in M. truncatula. The shared function between AtSTM and SGL1 extended to the major contribution of SGL1 during floral development as ectopic AtSTM expression could promote floral organ identity gene expression in sgl1 flowers and restore sepal shape and petal formation. Together, our work reveals a function for AtSTM in floral organ identity and a higher level of interchangeability between meristematic and floral identity functions for the AtSTM and SGL1 transcription factors than previously thought.
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13
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Zhang J, Wang X, Han L, Zhang J, Xie Y, Li J, Wang ZY, Wen J, Mysore KS, Zhou C. The formation of stipule requires the coordinated actions of the legume orthologs of Arabidopsis BLADE-ON-PETIOLE and LEAFY. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1512-1528. [PMID: 36031740 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stipule morphology is a classical botanical key character used in plant identification. Stipules are considerably diverse in size, function and architecture, such as leaf-like stipules, spines or tendrils. However, the molecular mechanism that regulates stipule identity remains largely unknown. We isolated mutants with abnormal stipules. The mutated gene encodes the NODULE ROOT1 (MtNOOT1), which is the ortholog of BLADE-ON-PETIOLE (BOP) in Medicago truncatula. We also obtained mutants of MtNOOT2, the homolog of MtNOOT1, but they do not show obvious defects in stipules. The mtnoot1 mtnoot2 double mutant shows a higher proportion of transformation from stipules to leaflet-like stipules than the single mutants, suggesting that they redundantly determine stipule identity. Further investigations show that MtNOOTs control stipule initiation together with SINGLE LEAFLET1 (SGL1), which functions in development of lateral leaflets. Increasing SGL1 activity in mtnoot1 mtnoot2 is sufficient for the transformation of stipules to leaves. Moreover, MtNOOTs inhibit SGL1 expression during stipule development, which is probably conserved in legume species. Our study proposes a genetic regulatory model for stipule development, specifically with regard to the MtNOOTs-SGL1 module, which functions in two phases of stipule development, first in the control of stipule initiation and second in stipule patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lu Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yangyang Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jie Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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14
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The Identification and Characterization of the KNOX Gene Family as an Active Regulator of Leaf Development in Trifolium repens. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101778. [PMID: 36292663 PMCID: PMC9601826 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaves are the primary and critical feed for herbivores. They directly determine the yield and quality of legume forage. Trifolium repens (T. repens) is an indispensable legume species, widely cultivated in temperate pastures due to its nutritional value and nitrogen fixation. Although the leaves of T. repens are typical trifoliate, they have unusual patterns to adapt to herbivore feeding. The number of leaflets in T. repens affects its production and utilization. The KNOX gene family encodes transcriptional regulators that are vital in regulating and developing leaves. Identification and characterization of TrKNOX gene family as an active regulator of leaf development in T. repens were studied. A total of 21 TrKNOX genes were identified from the T. repens genome database and classified into three subgroups (Class I, Class II, and Class M) based on phylogenetic analysis. Nineteen of the genes identified had four conserved domains, except for KNOX5 and KNOX9, which belong to Class M. Varying expression levels of TrKNOX genes were observed at different developmental stages and complexities of leaves. KNOX9 was observed to upregulate the leaf complexity of T. repens. Research on TrKNOX genes could be novel and further assist in exploring their functions and cultivating high-quality T. repens varieties.
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15
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Du L, Adkins S, Xu M. Leaf Development in Medicago truncatula. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071203. [PMID: 35885986 PMCID: PMC9321518 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Forage yield is largely dependent on leaf development, during which the number of leaves, leaflets, leaf size, and shape are determined. In this mini-review, we briefly summarize recent studies of leaf development in Medicago truncatula, a model plant for legumes, with a focus on factors that could affect biomass of leaves. These include: floral development and related genes, lateral organ boundary genes, auxin biosynthesis, transportation and signaling genes, and WOX related genes.
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16
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Nakayama H, Leichty AR, Sinha NR. Molecular mechanisms underlying leaf development, morphological diversification, and beyond. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2534-2548. [PMID: 35441681 PMCID: PMC9252486 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The basic mechanisms of leaf development have been revealed through a combination of genetics and intense analyses in select model species. The genetic basis for diversity in leaf morphology seen in nature is also being unraveled through recent advances in techniques and technologies related to genomics and transcriptomics, which have had a major impact on these comparative studies. However, this has led to the emergence of new unresolved questions about the mechanisms that generate the diversity of leaf form. Here, we provide a review of the current knowledge of the fundamental molecular genetic mechanisms underlying leaf development with an emphasis on natural variation and conserved gene regulatory networks involved in leaf development. Beyond that, we discuss open questions/enigmas in the area of leaf development, how recent technologies can best be deployed to generate a unified understanding of leaf diversity and its evolution, and what untapped fields lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Nakayama
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Aaron R Leichty
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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17
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Sun R, Peng Z, Li S, Mei H, Xu Y, Yang W, Lu Z, Wang H, Zhang J, Zhou C. Developmental Analysis of Compound Leaf Development in Arachis hypogaea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:749809. [PMID: 35222458 PMCID: PMC8866456 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.749809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are the primary photosynthetic structures, while photosynthesis is the direct motivation of crop yield formation. As a legume plant, peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is one of the most economically essential crops as well as an important source of edible oil and protein. The leaves of A. hypogaea are in the tetrafoliate form, which is different from the trifoliate leaf pattern of Medicago truncatula, a model legume species. In A. hypogaea, an even-pinnate leaf with a pair of proximal and distal leaflets was developed; however, only a single terminal leaflet and a pair of lateral leaflets were formed in the odd-pinnate leaf in M. truncatula. In this study, the development of compound leaf in A. hypogaea was investigated. Transcriptomic profiles revealed that the common and unique differentially expressed genes were identified in a proximal leaflet and a distal leaflet, which provided a research route to understand the leaf development in A. hypogaea. Then, a naturally occurring mutant line with leaf developmental defects in A. hypogaea was obtained, which displayed a pentafoliate form with an extra terminal leaflet. The characterization of the mutant indicated that cytokinin and class I KNOTTED-LIKE HOMEOBOX were involved in the control of compound leaf pattern in A. hypogaea. These results expand our knowledge and provide insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the formation of different compound leaf patterns among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenying Peng
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongyao Mei
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yiteng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenying Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhichao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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18
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Mo X, He L, Liu Y, Wang D, Zhao B, Chen J. The Genetic Control of the Compound Leaf Patterning in Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:749989. [PMID: 35095943 PMCID: PMC8792858 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.749989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Simple and compound which are the two basic types of leaves are distinguished by the pattern of the distribution of blades on the petiole. Compared to simple leaves comprising a single blade, compound leaves have multiple blade units and exhibit more complex and diverse patterns of organ organization, and the molecular mechanisms underlying their pattern formation are receiving more and more attention in recent years. Studies in model legume Medicago truncatula have led to an improved understanding of the genetic control of the compound leaf patterning. This review is an attempt to summarize the current knowledge about the compound leaf morphogenesis of M. truncatula, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms involved in pattern formation. It also includes some comparisons of the molecular mechanisms between leaf morphogenesis of different model species and offers useful information for the molecular design of legume crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Mo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liangliang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ye Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dongfa Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Baolin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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19
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Challa KR, Rath M, Sharma AN, Bajpai AK, Davuluri S, Acharya KK, Nath U. Active suppression of leaflet emergence as a mechanism of simple leaf development. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1264-1275. [PMID: 34312497 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperm leaves show extensive shape diversity and are broadly divided into two forms; simple leaves with intact lamina and compound leaves with lamina dissected into leaflets. The mechanistic basis of margin dissection and leaflet initiation has been inferred primarily by analysing compound-leaf architecture, and thus whether the intact lamina of simple leaves has the potential to initiate leaflets upon endogenous gene inactivation remains unclear. Here, we show that the CINCINNATA-like TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS (CIN-TCP) transcription factors activate the class II KNOTTED1-LIKE (KNOX-II) genes and the CIN-TCP and KNOX-II proteins together redundantly suppress leaflet initiation in simple leaves. Simultaneous downregulation of CIN-TCP and KNOX-II in Arabidopsis leads to the reactivation of the stemness genes KNOX-I and CUPSHAPED COTYLEDON (CUC) and triggers ectopic organogenesis, eventually converting the simple lamina to a super-compound form that appears to initiate leaflets indefinitely. Thus, a conserved developmental mechanism promotes simple leaf architecture in which CIN-TCP-KNOX-II forms a strong differentiation module that suppresses the KNOX-I-CUC network and leaflet initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Reddy Challa
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Monalisha Rath
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Anurag N Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | | | - Utpal Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.
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20
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Wang H, Kong F, Zhou C. From genes to networks: The genetic control of leaf development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1181-1196. [PMID: 33615731 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Substantial diversity exists for both the size and shape of the leaf, the main photosynthetic organ of flowering plants. The two major forms of leaf are simple leaves, in which the leaf blade is undivided, and compound leaves, which comprise several leaflets. Leaves form at the shoot apical meristem from a group of undifferentiated cells, which first establish polarity, then grow and differentiate. Each of these processes is controlled by a combination of transcriptional regulators, microRNAs and phytohormones. The present review documents recent advances in our understanding of how these various factors modulate the development of both simple leaves (focusing mainly on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana) and compound leaves (focusing mainly on the model legume species Medicago truncatula).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266101, China
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21
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Coordinating the morphogenesis-differentiation balance by tweaking the cytokinin-gibberellin equilibrium. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009537. [PMID: 33901177 PMCID: PMC8102002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis and differentiation are important stages in organ development and shape determination. However, how they are balanced and tuned during development is not fully understood. In the compound leaved tomato, an extended morphogenesis phase allows for the initiation of leaflets, resulting in the compound form. Maintaining a prolonged morphogenetic phase in early stages of compound-leaf development in tomato is dependent on delayed activity of several factors that promote differentiation, including the CIN-TCP transcription factor (TF) LA, the MYB TF CLAU and the plant hormone Gibberellin (GA), as well as on the morphogenesis-promoting activity of the plant hormone cytokinin (CK). Here, we investigated the genetic regulation of the morphogenesis-differentiation balance by studying the relationship between LA, CLAU, TKN2, CK and GA. Our genetic and molecular examination suggest that LA is expressed earlier and more broadly than CLAU and determines the developmental context of CLAU activity. Genetic interaction analysis indicates that LA and CLAU likely promote differentiation in parallel genetic pathways. These pathways converge downstream on tuning the balance between CK and GA. Comprehensive transcriptomic analyses support the genetic data and provide insights into the broader molecular basis of differentiation and morphogenesis processes in plants. Morphogenesis and differentiation are crucial steps in the formation and shaping of organs in both plants and animals. A wide array of transcription factors and hormones were shown to act together to support morphogenesis or promote differentiation. However, a comprehensive molecular and genetic understating of how morphogenesis and differentiation are coordinated during development is still missing. We addressed these questions in the context of the development of the tomato compound leaf, for which many regulators have been described. Investigating the coordination among these different actors, we show that several discrete genetic pathways promote differentiation. Downstream of these separate pathways, two important plant hormones, cytokinin and gibberellin, act antagonistically to tweak the morphogenesis-differentiation balance.
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22
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Israeli A, Ben-Herzel O, Burko Y, Shwartz I, Ben-Gera H, Harpaz-Saad S, Bar M, Efroni I, Ori N. Coordination of differentiation rate and local patterning in compound-leaf development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3558-3572. [PMID: 33259078 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The variability in leaf form in nature is immense. Leaf patterning occurs by differential growth, taking place during a limited window of morphogenetic activity at the leaf marginal meristem. While many regulators have been implicated in the designation of the morphogenetic window and in leaf patterning, how these effectors interact to generate a particular form is still not well understood. We investigated the interaction among different effectors of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) compound-leaf development, using genetic and molecular analyses. Mutations in the tomato auxin response factor SlARF5/SlMP, which normally promotes leaflet formation, suppressed the increased leaf complexity of mutants with extended morphogenetic window. Impaired activity of the NAC/CUC transcription factor GOBLET (GOB), which specifies leaflet boundaries, also reduced leaf complexity in these backgrounds. Analysis of genetic interactions showed that the patterning factors SlMP, GOB and the MYB transcription factor LYRATE (LYR) coordinately regulate leaf patterning by modulating in parallel different aspects of leaflet formation and shaping. This work places an array of developmental regulators in a morphogenetic context. It reveals how organ-level differentiation rate and local growth are coordinated to sculpture an organ. These concepts are applicable to the coordination of pattering and differentiation in other species and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Israeli
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ori Ben-Herzel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yogev Burko
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ido Shwartz
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Hadas Ben-Gera
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Unit of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, PO Box 102, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Smadar Harpaz-Saad
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Idan Efroni
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Naomi Ori
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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23
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Yang T, Li Y, Liu Y, He L, Liu A, Wen J, Mysore KS, Tadege M, Chen J. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase WFL is involved in lateral organ development and cuticular wax synthesis in Medicago truncatula. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:193-204. [PMID: 33037987 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase involved in biosynthesis of very long chain fatty acids and cuticular wax plays a vital role in aerial organ development in M. truncatula. Cuticular wax is composed of very long chain fatty acids and their derivatives. Defects in cuticular wax often result in organ fusion, but little is known about the role of cuticular wax in compound leaf and flower development in Medicago truncatula. In this study, through an extensive screen of a Tnt1 retrotransposon insertion population in M. truncatula, we identified four mutant lines, named wrinkled flower and leaf (wfl) for their phenotype. The phenotype of the wfl mutants is caused by a Tnt1 insertion in Medtr3g105550, encoding 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS), which functions as a rate-limiting enzyme in very long chain fatty acid elongation. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR showed that WFL was broadly expressed in aerial organs of the wild type, such as leaves, floral organs, and the shoot apical meristem, but was expressed at lower levels in roots. In situ hybridization showed a similar expression pattern, mainly detecting the WFL transcript in epidermal cells of the shoot apical meristem, leaf primordia, and floral organs. The wfl mutant leaves showed sparser epicuticular wax crystals on the surface and increased water permeability compared with wild type. Further analysis showed that in wfl leaves, the percentage of C20:0, C22:0, and C24:0 fatty acids was significantly increased, the amount of cuticular wax was markedly reduced, and wax constituents were altered compared to the wild type. The reduced formation of cuticular wax and wax composition changes on the leaf surface might lead to the developmental defects observed in the wfl mutants. These findings suggest that WFL plays a key role in cuticular wax formation and in the late stage of leaf and flower development in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianquan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
| | - Youhan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Liangliang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Aizhong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resource Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
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24
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Zhao B, He L, Jiang C, Liu Y, He H, Bai Q, Zhou S, Zheng X, Wen J, Mysore KS, Tadege M, Liu Y, Liu R, Chen J. Lateral Leaflet Suppression 1 (LLS1), encoding the MtYUCCA1 protein, regulates lateral leaflet development in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:613-628. [PMID: 32170762 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In species with compound leaves, the positions of leaflet primordium initiation are associated with local peaks of auxin accumulation. However, the role of auxin during the late developmental stages and outgrowth of compound leaves remains largely unknown. Using genome resequencing approaches, we identified insertion sites at four alleles of the LATERAL LEAFLET SUPPRESSION1 (LLS1) gene, encoding the auxin biosynthetic enzyme YUCCA1 in Medicago truncatula. Linkage analysis and complementation tests showed that the lls1 mutant phenotypes were caused by the Tnt1 insertions that disrupted the LLS1 gene. The transcripts of LLS1 can be detected in primordia at early stages of leaf initiation and later in the basal regions of leaflets, and finally in vein tissues at late leaf developmental stages. Vein numbers and auxin content are reduced in the lls1-1 mutant. Analysis of the lls1 sgl1 and lls1 palm1 double mutants revealed that SGL1 is epistatic to LLS1, and LLS1 works with PALM1 in an independent pathway to regulate the growth of lateral leaflets. Our work demonstrates that the YUCCA1/YUCCA4 subgroup plays very important roles in the outgrowth of lateral leaflets during compound leaf development of M. truncatula, in addition to leaf venation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Liangliang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, 20 East 2nd Ring South, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Ye Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- School of life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Hua He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Quanzi Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shaoli Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoling Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | | | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Renyi Liu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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26
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Zhu Y, Wagner D. Plant Inflorescence Architecture: The Formation, Activity, and Fate of Axillary Meristems. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a034652. [PMID: 31308142 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The above-ground plant body in different plant species can have very distinct forms or architectures that arise by recurrent redeployment of a finite set of building blocks-leaves with axillary meristems, stems or branches, and flowers. The unique architectures of plant inflorescences in different plant families and species, on which this review focuses, determine the reproductive success and yield of wild and cultivated plants. Major contributors to the inflorescence architecture are the activity and developmental trajectories adopted by axillary meristems, which determine the degree of branching and the number of flowers formed. Recent advances in genetic and molecular analyses in diverse flowering plants have uncovered both common regulatory principles and unique players and/or regulatory interactions that underlie inflorescence architecture. Modulating activity of these regulators has already led to yield increases in the field. Additional insight into the underlying regulatory interactions and principles will not only uncover how their rewiring resulted in altered plant form, but will also enhance efforts at optimizing plant architecture in desirable ways in crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Doris Wagner
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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27
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Sun L, Gill US, Nandety RS, Kwon S, Mehta P, Dickstein R, Udvardi MK, Mysore KS, Wen J. Genome-wide analysis of flanking sequences reveals that Tnt1 insertion is positively correlated with gene methylation in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:1106-1119. [PMID: 30776165 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
From a single transgenic line harboring five Tnt1 transposon insertions, we generated a near-saturated insertion population in Medicago truncatula. Using thermal asymmetric interlaced-polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing, we recovered 388 888 flanking sequence tags (FSTs) from 21 741 insertion lines in this population. FST recovery from 14 Tnt1 lines using the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and/or Tnt1-capture sequencing approaches suggests an average of 80 insertions per line, which is more than the previous estimation of 25 insertions. Analysis of the distribution pattern and preference of Tnt1 insertions showed that Tnt1 is overall randomly distributed throughout the M. truncatula genome. At the chromosomal level, Tnt1 insertions occurred on both arms of all chromosomes, with insertion frequency negatively correlated with the GC content. Based on 174 546 filtered FSTs that show exact insertion locations in the M. truncatula genome version 4.0 (Mt4.0), 0.44 Tnt1 insertions occurred per kb, and 19 583 genes contained Tnt1 with an average of 3.43 insertions per gene. Pathway and gene ontology analyses revealed that Tnt1-inserted genes are significantly enriched in processes associated with 'stress', 'transport', 'signaling' and 'stimulus response'. Surprisingly, gene groups with higher methylation frequency were more frequently targeted for insertion. Analysis of 19 583 Tnt1-inserted genes revealed that 59% (1265) of 2144 transcription factors, 63% (765) of 1216 receptor kinases and 56% (343) of 616 nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat genes harbored at least one Tnt1 insertion, compared with the overall 38% of Tnt1-inserted genes out of 50 894 annotated genes in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sun
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Upinder S Gill
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | | | - Soonil Kwon
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Perdeep Mehta
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Rebecca Dickstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Michael K Udvardi
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | | | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
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28
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Dolgikh AV, Kirienko AN, Tikhonovich IA, Foo E, Dolgikh EA. The DELLA Proteins Influence the Expression of Cytokinin Biosynthesis and Response Genes During Nodulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:432. [PMID: 31024597 PMCID: PMC6465611 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The key event that initiates nodule organogenesis is the perception of bacterial signal molecules, the Nod factors, triggering a complex of responses in epidermal and cortical cells of the root. The Nod factor signaling pathway interacts with plant hormones, including cytokinins and gibberellins. Activation of cytokinin signaling through the homeodomain-containing transcription factors KNOX is essential for nodule formation. The main regulators of gibberellin signaling, the DELLA proteins are also involved in regulation of nodule formation. However, the interaction between the cytokinin and gibberellin signaling pathways is not fully understood. Here, we show in Pisum sativum L. that the DELLA proteins can activate the expression of KNOX and BELL transcription factors involved in regulation of cytokinin metabolic and response genes. Consistently, pea la cry-s (della1 della2) mutant showed reduced ability to upregulate expression of some cytokinin metabolic genes during nodulation. Our results suggest that DELLA proteins may regulate cytokinin metabolism upon nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V. Dolgikh
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna N. Kirienko
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor A. Tikhonovich
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Eloise Foo
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Elena A. Dolgikh
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, St. Petersburg, Russia
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29
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Jiao K, Li X, Su S, Guo W, Guo Y, Guan Y, Hu Z, Shen Z, Luo D. Genetic control of compound leaf development in the mungbean ( Vigna radiata L.). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:23. [PMID: 30729013 PMCID: PMC6355865 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Many studies suggest that there are distinct regulatory processes controlling compound leaf development in different clades of legumes. Loss of function of the LEAFY (LFY) orthologs results in a reduction of leaf complexity to different degrees in inverted repeat-lacking clade (IRLC) and non-IRLC species. To further understand the role of LFY orthologs and the molecular mechanism in compound leaf development in non-IRLC plants, we studied leaf development in unifoliate leaf (un) mutant, a classical mutant of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), which showed a complete conversion of compound leaves into simple leaves. Our analysis revealed that UN encoded the mungbean LFY ortholog (VrLFY) and played a significant role in leaf development. In situ RNA hybridization results showed that STM-like KNOXI genes were expressed in compound leaf primordia in mungbean. Furthermore, increased leaflet number in heptafoliate leaflets1 (hel1) mutants was demonstrated to depend on the function of VrLFY and KNOXI genes in mungbean. Our results suggested that HEL1 is a key factor coordinating distinct processes in the control of compound leaf development in mungbean and its related non-IRLC legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyuan Jiao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shihao Su
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wuxiu Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yafang Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yining Guan
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhubing Hu
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Da Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Gou J, Debnath S, Sun L, Flanagan A, Tang Y, Jiang Q, Wen J, Wang Z. From model to crop: functional characterization of SPL8 in M. truncatula led to genetic improvement of biomass yield and abiotic stress tolerance in alfalfa. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:951-962. [PMID: 28941083 PMCID: PMC5866946 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomass yield, salt tolerance and drought tolerance are important targets for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) improvement. Medicago truncatula has been developed into a model plant for alfalfa and other legumes. By screening a Tnt1 retrotransposon-tagged M. truncatula mutant population, we identified three mutants with enhanced branching. Branch development determines shoot architecture which affects important plant functions such as light acquisition, resource use and ultimately impacts biomass production. Molecular analyses revealed that the mutations were caused by Tnt1 insertions in the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 8 (SPL8) gene. The M. truncatula spl8 mutants had increased biomass yield, while overexpression of SPL8 in M. truncatula suppressed branching and reduced biomass yield. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that SPL8 inhibited branching by directly suppressing axillary bud formation. Based on the M. truncatula SPL8 sequence, alfalfa SPL8 (MsSPL8) was cloned and transgenic alfalfa plants were produced. MsSPL8 down-regulated or up-regulated alfalfa plants exhibited similar phenotypes to the M. truncatula mutants or overexpression lines, respectively. Specifically, the MsSPL8 down-regulated alfalfa plants showed up to 43% increase in biomass yield in the first harvest. The impact was even more prominent in the second harvest, with up to 86% increase in biomass production compared to the control. Furthermore, down-regulation of MsSPL8 led to enhanced salt and drought tolerance in transgenic alfalfa. Results from this research offer a valuable approach to simultaneously improve biomass production and abiotic stress tolerance in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Gou
- Noble Research InstituteArdmoreOKUSA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC)Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTNUSA
| | | | - Liang Sun
- Noble Research InstituteArdmoreOKUSA
| | - Amy Flanagan
- Noble Research InstituteArdmoreOKUSA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC)Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTNUSA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Noble Research InstituteArdmoreOKUSA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC)Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTNUSA
| | | | | | - Zeng‐Yu Wang
- Noble Research InstituteArdmoreOKUSA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC)Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTNUSA
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31
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Garmier M, Gentzbittel L, Wen J, Mysore KS, Ratet P. Medicago truncatula: Genetic and Genomic Resources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2:318-349. [PMID: 33383982 DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Medicago truncatula was chosen by the legume community, along with Lotus japonicus, as a model plant to study legume biology. Since then, numerous resources and tools have been developed for M. truncatula. These include, for example, its genome sequence, core ecotype collections, transformation/regeneration methods, extensive mutant collections, and a gene expression atlas. This review aims to describe the different genetic and genomic tools and resources currently available for M. truncatula. We also describe how these resources were generated and provide all the information necessary to access these resources and use them from a practical point of view. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Garmier
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Laurent Gentzbittel
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | - Pascal Ratet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
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32
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Di Giacomo E, Laffont C, Sciarra F, Iannelli MA, Frugier F, Frugis G. KNAT3/4/5-like class 2 KNOX transcription factors are involved in Medicago truncatula symbiotic nodule organ development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:822-837. [PMID: 27582377 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of KNOX genes in legume root nodule organogenesis. Class 1 KNOX homeodomain transcription factors (TFs) are involved in plant shoot development and leaf shape diversity. Class 2 KNOX genes are less characterized, even though an antagonistic function relative to class 1 KNOXs was recently proposed. In silico expression data and further experimental validation identified in the Medicago truncatula model legume three class 2 KNOX genes, belonging to the KNAT3/4/5-like subclass (Mt KNAT3/4/5-like), as expressed during nodulation from early stages. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing and overexpression studies were used to unravel a function for KNOX TFs in nodule development. Mt KNAT3/4/5-like genes encoded four highly homologous proteins showing overlapping expression patterns during nodule organogenesis, suggesting functional redundancy. Simultaneous reduction of Mt KNAT3/4/5-like genes indeed led to an increased formation of fused nodule organs, and decreased the expression of the MtEFD (Ethylene response Factor required for nodule Differentiation) TF and its direct target MtRR4, a cytokinin response gene. Class 2 KNOX TFs therefore regulate legume nodule development, potentially through the MtEFD/MtRR4 cytokinin-related regulatory module, and may control nodule organ boundaries and shape like class 2 KNOX function in leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Di Giacomo
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), Operative Unit of Rome, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29300-00015, Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy
| | - Carole Laffont
- Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Diderot, Univ d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Gif sur Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Francesca Sciarra
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), Operative Unit of Rome, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29300-00015, Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy
| | - Maria Adelaide Iannelli
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), Operative Unit of Rome, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29300-00015, Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Diderot, Univ d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Gif sur Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Giovanna Frugis
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), Operative Unit of Rome, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29300-00015, Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy
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Abstract
Physical dormancy of seed is an adaptive trait that widely exists in higher plants. This kind of dormancy is caused by a water-impermeable layer that blocks water and oxygen from the surrounding environment and keeps embryos in a viable status for a long time. Most of the work on hardseededness has focused on morphological structure and phenolic content of seed coat. The molecular mechanism underlying physical dormancy remains largely elusive. By screening a large number of Tnt1 retrotransposon-tagged Medicago truncatula lines, we identified nondormant seed mutants from this model legume species. Unlike wild-type hard seeds exhibiting physical dormancy, the mature mutant seeds imbibed water quickly and germinated easily, without the need for scarification. Microscopic observations of cross sections showed that the mutant phenotype was caused by a dysfunctional palisade cuticle layer in the seed coat. Chemical analysis found differences in lipid monomer composition between the wild-type and mutant seed coats. Genetic and molecular analyses revealed that a class II KNOTTED-like homeobox (KNOXII) gene, KNOX4, was responsible for the loss of physical dormancy in the seeds of the mutants. Microarray and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses identified CYP86A, a gene associated with cutin biosynthesis, as one of the downstream target genes of KNOX4 This study elucidated a novel molecular mechanism of physical dormancy and revealed a new role of class II KNOX genes. Furthermore, KNOX4-like genes exist widely in seed plants but are lacking in nonseed species, indicating that KNOX4 may have diverged from the other KNOXII genes during the evolution of seed plants.
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Azarakhsh M, Kirienko AN, Zhukov VA, Lebedeva MA, Dolgikh EA, Lutova LA. KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX 3: a new regulator of symbiotic nodule development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:7181-95. [PMID: 26351356 PMCID: PMC4765789 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
KNOX transcription factors (TFs) regulate different aspects of plant development essentially through their effects on phytohormone metabolism. In particular, KNOX TF SHOOTMERISTEMLESS activates the cytokinin biosynthesis ISOPENTENYL TRANSFERASE (IPT) genes in the shoot apical meristem. However, the role of KNOX TFs in symbiotic nodule development and their possible effects on phytohormone metabolism during nodulation have not been studied to date. Cytokinin is a well-known regulator of nodule development, playing the key role in the regulation of cell division during nodule primordium formation. Recently, the activation of IPT genes was shown to take place during nodulation. Therefore, it was hypothesized that KNOX TFs may regulate nodule development and activate cytokinin biosynthesis upon nodulation. This study analysed the expression of different KNOX genes in Medicago truncatula Gaertn. and Pisum sativum L. Among them, the KNOX3 gene was upregulated in response to rhizobial inoculation in both species. pKNOX3::GUS activity was observed in developing nodule primordium. KNOX3 ectopic expression caused the formation of nodule-like structures on transgenic root without bacterial inoculation, a phenotype similar to one described previously for legumes with constitutive activation of the cytokinin receptor. Furthermore, in transgenic roots with MtKNOX3 knockdown, downregulation of A-type cytokinin response genes was found, as well as the MtIPT3 and LONELYGUY2 (MtLOG2) gene being involved in cytokinin activation. Taken together, these findings suggest that KNOX3 gene is involved in symbiotic nodule development and may regulate cytokinin biosynthesis/activation upon nodule development in legume plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Azarakhsh
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St Petersburg State University, 199034, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - A N Kirienko
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - V A Zhukov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - M A Lebedeva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St Petersburg State University, 199034, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - E A Dolgikh
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - L A Lutova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St Petersburg State University, 199034, St Petersburg, Russia
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Shu Y, Tao Y, Wang S, Huang L, Yu X, Wang Z, Chen M, Gu W, Ma H. GmSBH1, a homeobox transcription factor gene, relates to growth and development and involves in response to high temperature and humidity stress in soybean. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1927-37. [PMID: 26205508 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1840-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE GmSBH1 involves in response to high temperature and humidity stress. Homeobox transcription factors are key switches that control plant development processes. Glycine max H1 Sbh1 (GmSBH1) was the first homeobox gene isolated from soybean. In the present study, the full ORF of GmSBH1 was isolated, and the encoded protein was found to be a typical class I KNOX homeobox transcription factor. Subcellular localization and transcriptional activation assays showed that GmSBH1 is a nuclear protein and possesses transcriptional activation activity in the homeodomain. The KNOX1 domain was found to play a clear role in suppressing the transcriptional activation activity of GmSBH1. GmSBH1 showed different expression levels among different soybean tissues and was involved in response to high temperature and humidity (HTH) stress in developing soybean seeds. The overexpression of GmSBH1 in Arabidopsis altered leaf and stoma phenotypes and enhanced seed tolerance to HTH stress. Overall, our results indicated that GmSBH1 is involved in growth, development, and enhances tolerance to pre-harvest seed deterioration caused by HTH stress in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Yuan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xingwang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhankui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weihong Gu
- Animal and Plant Introduction and Research Center, Shanghai Agricultural Academy, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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36
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Yruela I. Plant development regulation: Overview and perspectives. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 182:62-78. [PMID: 26056993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant development, as occur in other eukaryotes, is conducted through a complex network of hormones, transcription factors, enzymes and micro RNAs, among other cellular components. They control developmental processes such as embryo, apical root and shoot meristem, leaf, flower, or seed formation, among others. The research in these topics has been very active in last decades. Recently, an explosion of new data concerning regulation mechanisms as well as the response of these processes to environmental changes has emerged. Initially, most of investigations were carried out in the model eudicot Arabidopsis but currently data from other plant species are available in the literature, although they are still limited. The aim of this review is focused on summarize the main molecular actors involved in plant development regulation in diverse plant species. A special attention will be given to the major families of genes and proteins participating in these regulatory mechanisms. The information on the regulatory pathways where they participate will be briefly cited. Additionally, the importance of certain structural features of such proteins that confer ductility and flexibility to these mechanisms will also be reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Yruela
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputacióon y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Mariano Esquillor, Edificio I+D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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37
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Bar M, Ori N. Compound leaf development in model plant species. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 23:61-9. [PMID: 25449728 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves develop in accordance with a common basic program, which is flexibly adjusted to the species, developmental stage and environment. Two key stages of leaf development are morphogenesis and differentiation. In the case of compound leaves, the morphogenesis stage is prolonged as compared to simple leaves, allowing for the initiation of leaflets. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of how plant hormones and transcriptional regulators modulate compound leaf development, yielding a substantial diversity of leaf forms, focusing on four model compound leaf organisms: cardamine (Cardamine hirsuta), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), medicago (Medicago truncatula) and pea (Pisum sativum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bar
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naomi Ori
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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38
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Nakayama H, Nakayama N, Seiki S, Kojima M, Sakakibara H, Sinha N, Kimura S. Regulation of the KNOX-GA gene module induces heterophyllic alteration in North American lake cress. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:4733-48. [PMID: 25516600 PMCID: PMC4311196 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.130229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants show leaf form alteration in response to changes in the surrounding environment, and this phenomenon is called heterophylly. Although heterophylly is seen across plant species, the regulatory mechanisms involved are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying heterophylly in Rorippa aquatica (Brassicaceae), also known as North American lake cress. R. aquatica develops pinnately dissected leaves in submerged conditions, whereas it forms simple leaves with serrated margins in terrestrial conditions. We found that the expression levels of KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX1) orthologs changed in response to changes in the surrounding environment (e.g., change of ambient temperature; below or above water) and that the accumulation of gibberellin (GA), which is thought to be regulated by KNOX1 genes, also changed in the leaf primordia. We further demonstrated that exogenous GA affects the complexity of leaf form in this species. Moreover, RNA-seq revealed a relationship between light intensity and leaf form. These results suggest that regulation of GA level via KNOX1 genes is involved in regulating heterophylly in R. aquatica. The mechanism responsible for morphological diversification of leaf form among species may also govern the variation of leaf form within a species in response to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Nakayama
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakayama
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, United Kingdom
| | - Sumer Seiki
- Teacher Education Department, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94117-1080
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Neelima Sinha
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Seisuke Kimura
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
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