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Mehlhorn D, Wallmeroth N, Berendzen KW, Grefen C. 2 in 1 Vectors Improve in Planta BiFC and FRET Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2772:149-168. [PMID: 38411812 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3710-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play vital roles in all subcellular processes, and a number of tools have been developed for their detection and analysis. Each method has its unique set of benefits and drawbacks that need to be considered prior application. In fact, researchers are spoilt for choice when it comes to deciding which method to use for the initial detection of a PPI and which to corroborate the findings. With constant improvements in microscope development, the possibilities of techniques to study PPIs in vivo, and in real time, are continuously enhanced and expanded. Here, we describe three common approaches, their recent improvements incorporating a 2-in-1 cloning approach, and their application in plant cell biology: ratiometric bimolecular fluorescence complementation (rBiFC), FRET acceptor photobleaching (FRET-AB), and fluorescent lifetime imaging (FRET-FLIM), using Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and Arabidopsis thaliana cell culture protoplasts as transient expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Mehlhorn
- Molecular & Cellular Botany, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Niklas Wallmeroth
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kenneth W Berendzen
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Asseck LY, Wallmeroth N, Grefen C. ER Membrane Protein Interactions Using the Split-Ubiquitin System (SUS). Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2772:207-219. [PMID: 38411816 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3710-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play fundamental roles in all cellular processes. Especially membrane proteins facilitate a range of important biological functions in stimuli perception, signalling, and transport. Here we describe a detailed protocol for the yeast mating-based Split-Ubiquitin System (mbSUS) to study PPIs of ER membrane proteins in vivo. In contrast to the prominent yeast two hybrid, mbSUS enables analysis of full-length membrane proteins in their native cellular context. The system is based on the ubiquitin proteasome pathway leading to the release of an artificial transcription factor followed by activation of reporter genes to visualize PPIs. The mating-based approach is suitable for both small- and large-scale interaction studies. Additionally, we describe protocols to apply the recently established SUS Bridge assay (SUB), which is optimized for the detection of ternary protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Yasmin Asseck
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Wallmeroth
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Fan T, Fan Y, Yang Y, Qian D, Niu Y, An L, Xiang Y. SEC1A and SEC6 synergistically regulate pollen tube polar growth. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36951316 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tube polar growth is a key physiological activity for angiosperms to complete double fertilization, which is highly dependent on the transport of polar substances mediated by secretory vesicles. The exocyst and Sec1/Munc18 (SM) proteins are involved in the regulation of the tethering and fusion of vesicles and plasma membranes, but the molecular mechanism by which they regulate pollen tube polar growth is still unclear. In this study, we found that loss of function of SEC1A, a member of the SM protein family in Arabidopsis thaliana, resulted in reducing pollen tube growth and a significant increase in pollen tube width. SEC1A was diffusely distributed in the pollen tube cytoplasm, and was more concentrated at the tip of the pollen tube. Through co-immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry screening, protein interaction analysis and in vivo microscopy, we found that SEC1A interacted with the exocyst subunit SEC6, and they mutually affected the distribution and secretion rate at the tip of the pollen tube. Meanwhile, the functional loss of SEC1A and SEC6 significantly affected the distribution of the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex member SYP125 at the tip of the pollen tube, and led to the disorder of pollen tube cell wall components. Genetic analysis revealed that the pollen tube-related phenotype of the sec1a sec6 double mutant was significantly enhanced compared with their respective single mutants. Therefore, we speculated that SEC1A and SEC6 cooperatively regulate the fusion of secretory vesicles and plasma membranes in pollen tubes, thereby affecting the length and the width of pollen tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuemin Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yang Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dong Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yue Niu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lizhe An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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4
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Shi Y, Luo C, Xiang Y, Qian D. Rab GTPases, tethers, and SNAREs work together to regulate Arabidopsis cell plate formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1120841. [PMID: 36844074 PMCID: PMC9950755 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1120841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell plates are transient structures formed by the fusion of vesicles at the center of the dividing plane; furthermore, these are precursors to new cell walls and are essential for cytokinesis. Cell plate formation requires a highly coordinated process of cytoskeletal rearrangement, vesicle accumulation and fusion, and membrane maturation. Tethering factors have been shown to interact with the Ras superfamily of small GTP binding proteins (Rab GTPases) and soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), which are essential for cell plate formation during cytokinesis and are fundamental for maintaining normal plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis thaliana, members of the Rab GTPases, tethers, and SNAREs are localized in cell plates, and mutations in the genes encoding these proteins result in typical cytokinesis-defective phenotypes, such as the formation of abnormal cell plates, multinucleated cells, and incomplete cell walls. This review highlights recent findings on vesicle trafficking during cell plate formation mediated by Rab GTPases, tethers, and SNAREs.
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5
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Yun HS, Sul WJ, Chung HS, Lee JH, Kwon C. Secretory membrane traffic in plant-microbe interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:53-59. [PMID: 36089820 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense responses include the extracellular release of defense-related molecules, such as pathogenesis-related proteins and secondary metabolites, as well as cell wall materials. This primarily depends on the trafficking of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane, where they discharge their contents into the apoplastic space via soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor-assisted exocytosis. However, some pathogenic and symbiotic microbes have developed strategies to manipulate host plant exocytic pathways. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which plant exocytic pathways function in immunity and how microbes have evolved to manipulate those pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sup Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Woo Jun Sul
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Korea
| | - Hoo Sun Chung
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Ghent University, Global Campus, Incheon, 21985, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Chian Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Korea
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6
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Karnik R, Blatt MR. Analyzing Protein-Protein Interactions Using the Split-Ubiquitin System. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2690:23-36. [PMID: 37450134 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3327-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The split-ubiquitin technology was developed over 20 years ago as an alternative to Gal4-based, yeast-two-hybrid methods to identify interacting protein partners. With the introduction of mating-based methods for split-ubiquitin screens, the approach has gained broad popularity because of its exceptionally high transformation efficiency, utility in working with full-length membrane proteins, and positive selection with little interference from spurious interactions. Recent advances now extend these split-ubiquitin methods to the analysis of interactions between otherwise soluble proteins and tripartite protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Karnik
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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7
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Baena G, Xia L, Waghmare S, Karnik R. SNARE SYP132 mediates divergent traffic of plasma membrane H+-ATPase AHA1 and antimicrobial PR1 during bacterial pathogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1639-1661. [PMID: 35348763 PMCID: PMC9237740 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The vesicle trafficking SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS132 (SYP132) drives hormone-regulated endocytic traffic to suppress the density and function of plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPases. In response to bacterial pathogens, it also promotes secretory traffic of antimicrobial pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. These seemingly opposite actions of SYP132 raise questions about the mechanistic connections between the two, likely independent, membrane trafficking pathways intersecting plant growth and immunity. To study SYP132 and associated trafficking of PM H+-ATPase 1 (AHA1) and PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEIN1 (PR1) during pathogenesis, we used the virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) bacteria for infection of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. SYP132 overexpression suppressed bacterial infection in plants through the stomatal route. However, bacterial infection was enhanced when bacteria were infiltrated into leaf tissue to bypass stomatal defenses. Tracking time-dependent changes in native AHA1 and SYP132 abundance, cellular distribution, and function, we discovered that bacterial pathogen infection triggers AHA1 and SYP132 internalization from the plasma membrane. AHA1 bound to SYP132 through its regulatory SNARE Habc domain, and these interactions affected PM H+-ATPase traffic. Remarkably, using the Arabidopsis aha1 mutant, we discovered that AHA1 is essential for moderating SYP132 abundance and associated secretion of PR1 at the plasma membrane for pathogen defense. Thus, we show that during pathogenesis SYP132 coordinates AHA1 with opposing effects on the traffic of AHA1 and PR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Baena
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lingfeng Xia
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sakharam Waghmare
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rucha Karnik
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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8
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Cui X, Wang S, Huang Y, Ding X, Wang Z, Zheng L, Bi Y, Ge F, Zhu L, Yuan M, Yalovsky S, Fu Y. Arabidopsis SYP121 acts as an ROP2 effector in the regulation of root hair tip growth. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1008-1023. [PMID: 35488430 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tip growth is an extreme form of polarized cell expansion that occurs in all eukaryotic kingdoms to generate highly elongated tubular cells with specialized functions, including fungal hyphae, animal neurons, plant pollen tubes, and root hairs (RHs). RHs are tubular structures that protrude from the root epidermis to facilitate water and nutrient uptake, microbial interactions, and plant anchorage. RH tip growth requires polarized vesicle targeting and active exocytosis at apical growth sites. However, how apical exocytosis is spatially and temporally controlled during tip growth remains elusive. Here, we report that the Qa-Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) SYP121 acts as an effector of Rho of Plants 2 (ROP2), mediating the regulation of RH tip growth. We show that active ROP2 promotes SYP121 targeting to the apical plasma membrane. Moreover, ROP2 directly interacts with SYP121 and promotes the interaction between SYP121 and the R-SNARE VAMP722 to form a SNARE complex, probably by facilitating the release of the Sec1/Munc18 protein SEC11, which suppresses the function of SYP121. Thus, the ROP2-SYP121 pathway facilitates exocytic trafficking during RH tip growth. Our study uncovers a direct link between an ROP GTPase and vesicular trafficking and a new mechanism for the control of apical exocytosis, whereby ROP GTPase signaling spatially regulates SNARE complex assembly and the polar distribution of a Q-SNARE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankui Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaohui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuening Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lidan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yujing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fanghui Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shaul Yalovsky
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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9
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Luo X, Yin M, He Y. Molecular Genetic Understanding of Photoperiodic Regulation of Flowering Time in Arabidopsis and Soybean. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:466. [PMID: 35008892 PMCID: PMC8745532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The developmental switch from a vegetative phase to reproduction (flowering) is essential for reproduction success in flowering plants, and the timing of the floral transition is regulated by various environmental factors, among which seasonal day-length changes play a critical role to induce flowering at a season favorable for seed production. The photoperiod pathways are well known to regulate flowering time in diverse plants. Here, we summarize recent progresses on molecular mechanisms underlying the photoperiod control of flowering in the long-day plant Arabidopsis as well as the short-day plant soybean; furthermore, the conservation and diversification of photoperiodic regulation of flowering in these two species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Luo
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang 261325, China
| | - Mengnan Yin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China;
| | - Yuehui He
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang 261325, China
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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10
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Lefoulon C. The bare necessities of plant K+ channel regulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2092-2109. [PMID: 34618033 PMCID: PMC8644596 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K+) channels serve a wide range of functions in plants from mineral nutrition and osmotic balance to turgor generation for cell expansion and guard cell aperture control. Plant K+ channels are members of the superfamily of voltage-dependent K+ channels, or Kv channels, that include the Shaker channels first identified in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). Kv channels have been studied in depth over the past half century and are the best-known of the voltage-dependent channels in plants. Like the Kv channels of animals, the plant Kv channels are regulated over timescales of milliseconds by conformational mechanisms that are commonly referred to as gating. Many aspects of gating are now well established, but these channels still hold some secrets, especially when it comes to the control of gating. How this control is achieved is especially important, as it holds substantial prospects for solutions to plant breeding with improved growth and water use efficiencies. Resolution of the structure for the KAT1 K+ channel, the first channel from plants to be crystallized, shows that many previous assumptions about how the channels function need now to be revisited. Here, I strip the plant Kv channels bare to understand how they work, how they are gated by voltage and, in some cases, by K+ itself, and how the gating of these channels can be regulated by the binding with other protein partners. Each of these features of plant Kv channels has important implications for plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Lefoulon
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
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11
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Kim S, Kim H, Park K, Cho DJ, Kim MK, Kwon C, Yun HS. Synaptotagmin 5 Controls SYP132-VAMP721/722 Interaction for Arabidopsis Immunity to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000. Mol Cells 2021; 44:670-679. [PMID: 34504049 PMCID: PMC8490205 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicle-associated membrane proteins 721 and 722 (VAMP721/722) are secretory vesicle-localized arginine-conserved soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (R-SNAREs) to drive exocytosis in plants. They are involved in diverse physiological processes in plants by interacting with distinct plasma membrane (PM) syntaxins. Here, we show that synaptotagmin 5 (SYT5) is involved in plant defense against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) DC3000 by regulating SYP132-VAMP721/722 interactions. Calcium-dependent stimulation of in vitro SYP132-VAMP722 interaction by SYT5 and reduced in vivo SYP132-VAMP721/722 interaction in syt5 plants suggest that SYT5 regulates the interaction between SYP132 and VAMP721/722. We interestingly found that disease resistance to Pst DC3000 bacterium but not to Erysiphe pisi fungus is compromised in syt5 plants. Since SYP132 plays an immune function to bacteria, elevated growth of surface-inoculated Pst DC3000 in VAMP721/722-deficient plants suggests that SYT5 contributes to plant immunity to Pst DC3000 by promoting the SYP132-VAMP721/722 immune secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohong Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Hyeran Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Keunchun Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Da Jeong Cho
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Chian Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Hye Sup Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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12
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Zhang B, Xia L, Zhang Y, Wang H, Karnik R. Tri-SUS: a yeast split-ubiquitin assay to examine protein interactions governed by a third binding partner. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:285-289. [PMID: 33721898 PMCID: PMC8133544 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The yeast Tri-SUS system can be used to study tripartite protein–protein interactions between bait and prey protein pairs by modulation of expression of their binding partner
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China 030006
| | - Lingfeng Xia
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yaxian Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China 030006
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China 030006
| | - Rucha Karnik
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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13
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Liu X, Bourgault R, Galli M, Strable J, Chen Z, Feng F, Dong J, Molina I, Gallavotti A. The FUSED LEAVES1-ADHERENT1 regulatory module is required for maize cuticle development and organ separation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:388-402. [PMID: 32738820 PMCID: PMC7754373 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
All aerial epidermal cells in land plants are covered by the cuticle, an extracellular hydrophobic layer that provides protection against abiotic and biotic stresses and prevents organ fusion during development. Genetic and morphological analysis of the classic maize adherent1 (ad1) mutant was combined with genome-wide binding analysis of the maize MYB transcription factor FUSED LEAVES1 (FDL1), coupled with transcriptional profiling of fdl1 mutants. We show that AD1 encodes an epidermally-expressed 3-KETOACYL-CoA SYNTHASE (KCS) belonging to a functionally uncharacterized clade of KCS enzymes involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis. Wax analysis in ad1 mutants indicates that AD1 functions in the formation of very-long-chain wax components. We demonstrate that FDL1 directly binds to CCAACC core motifs present in AD1 regulatory regions to activate its expression. Over 2000 additional target genes of FDL1, including many involved in cuticle formation, drought response and cell wall organization, were also identified. Our results identify a regulatory module of cuticle biosynthesis in maize that is conserved across monocots and eudicots, and highlight previously undescribed factors in lipid metabolism, transport and signaling that coordinate organ development and cuticle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ08854‐8020USA
| | - Richard Bourgault
- Department of BiologyAlgoma UniversitySault Ste. MarieONP6A 2G4Canada
| | - Mary Galli
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ08854‐8020USA
| | - Josh Strable
- School of Integrative Plant SciencePlant Biology SectionCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Zongliang Chen
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ08854‐8020USA
| | - Fan Feng
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ08854‐8020USA
| | - Jiaqiang Dong
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ08854‐8020USA
| | - Isabel Molina
- Department of BiologyAlgoma UniversitySault Ste. MarieONP6A 2G4Canada
| | - Andrea Gallavotti
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ08854‐8020USA
- Department of Plant BiologyRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNJ08901USA
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14
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Liu X, Bourgault R, Galli M, Strable J, Chen Z, Feng F, Dong J, Molina I, Gallavotti A. The FUSED LEAVES1-ADHERENT1 regulatory module is required for maize cuticle development and organ separation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:388-402. [PMID: 32738820 DOI: 10.1101/2020.02.11.943787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
All aerial epidermal cells in land plants are covered by the cuticle, an extracellular hydrophobic layer that provides protection against abiotic and biotic stresses and prevents organ fusion during development. Genetic and morphological analysis of the classic maize adherent1 (ad1) mutant was combined with genome-wide binding analysis of the maize MYB transcription factor FUSED LEAVES1 (FDL1), coupled with transcriptional profiling of fdl1 mutants. We show that AD1 encodes an epidermally-expressed 3-KETOACYL-CoA SYNTHASE (KCS) belonging to a functionally uncharacterized clade of KCS enzymes involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis. Wax analysis in ad1 mutants indicates that AD1 functions in the formation of very-long-chain wax components. We demonstrate that FDL1 directly binds to CCAACC core motifs present in AD1 regulatory regions to activate its expression. Over 2000 additional target genes of FDL1, including many involved in cuticle formation, drought response and cell wall organization, were also identified. Our results identify a regulatory module of cuticle biosynthesis in maize that is conserved across monocots and eudicots, and highlight previously undescribed factors in lipid metabolism, transport and signaling that coordinate organ development and cuticle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA
| | - Richard Bourgault
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Mary Galli
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA
| | - Josh Strable
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Zongliang Chen
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA
| | - Fan Feng
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA
| | - Jiaqiang Dong
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA
| | - Isabel Molina
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Andrea Gallavotti
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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15
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Gu X, Brennan A, Wei W, Guo G, Lindsey K. Vesicle Transport in Plants: A Revised Phylogeny of SNARE Proteins. Evol Bioinform Online 2020; 16:1176934320956575. [PMID: 33116351 PMCID: PMC7573729 DOI: 10.1177/1176934320956575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication systems within and between plant cells involve the transfer of ions and molecules between compartments, and are essential for development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. This in turn requires the regulated movement and fusion of membrane systems with their associated cargo. Recent advances in genomics has provided new resources with which to investigate the evolutionary relationships between membrane proteins across plant species. Members of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are known to play important roles in vesicle trafficking across plant, animal and microbial species. Using recent public expression and transcriptomic data from 9 representative green plants, we investigated the evolution of the SNARE classes and linked protein changes to functional specialization (expression patterns). We identified an additional 3 putative SNARE genes in the model plant Arabidopsis. We found that all SNARE classes have expanded in number to a greater or lesser degree alongside the evolution of multicellularity, and that within-species expansions are also common. These gene expansions appear to be associated with the accumulation of amino acid changes and with sub-functionalization of SNARE family members to different tissues. These results provide an insight into SNARE protein evolution and functional specialization. The work provides a platform for hypothesis-building and future research into the precise functions of these proteins in plant development and responses to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Gu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Adrian Brennan
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Wenbin Wei
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Guangqin Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keith Lindsey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
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16
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Larson ER, Ortmannová J, Donald NA, Alvim J, Blatt MR, Žárský V. Synergy among Exocyst and SNARE Interactions Identifies a Functional Hierarchy in Secretion during Vegetative Growth. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2951-2963. [PMID: 32699172 PMCID: PMC7474273 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle exocytosis underpins signaling and development in plants and is vital for cell expansion. Vesicle tethering and fusion are thought to occur sequentially, with tethering mediated by the exocyst and fusion driven by assembly of soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins from the vesicle membrane (R-SNAREs or vesicle-associated membrane proteins [VAMPs]) and the target membrane (Q-SNAREs). Interactions between exocyst and SNARE protein complexes are known, but their functional consequences remain largely unexplored. We now identify a hierarchy of interactions leading to secretion in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Mating-based split-ubiquitin screens and in vivo Förster resonance energy transfer analyses showed that exocyst EXO70 subunits bind preferentially to cognate plasma membrane SNAREs, notably SYP121 and VAMP721. The exo70A1 mutant affected SNARE distribution and suppressed vesicle traffic similarly to the dominant-negative truncated protein SYP121ΔC, which blocks secretion at the plasma membrane. These phenotypes are consistent with the epistasis of exo70A1 in the exo70A1 syp121 double mutant, which shows decreased growth similar to exo70A1 single mutants. However, the exo70A1 vamp721 mutant showed a strong, synergy, suppressing growth and cell expansion beyond the phenotypic sum of the two single mutants. These data are best explained by a hierarchy of SNARE recruitment to the exocyst at the plasma membrane, dominated by the R-SNARE and plausibly with the VAMP721 longin domain as a nexus for binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Larson
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jitka Ortmannová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Naomi A Donald
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Alvim
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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17
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Liu L, Zhang Y, Yu H. Florigen trafficking integrates photoperiod and temperature signals in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:1385-1398. [PMID: 32729982 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The transition to flowering is the most dramatic phase change in flowering plants and is crucial for reproductive success. A complex regulatory network in plants has evolved to perceive and integrate the endogenous and environmental signals. These signals perceived, including day length and temperature, converge to regulate FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), which encodes a mobile stimulus required for floral induction in Arabidopsis. Despite the discovery of modulation of FT messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by ambient temperature, whether the trafficking of FT protein is controlled in response to changes in growth temperature is so far unknown. Here, we show that FT transport from companion cells to sieve elements is controlled in a temperature-dependent manner. This process is mediated by multiple C2 domain and transmembrane region proteins (MCTPs) and a soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE). Our findings suggest that ambient temperatures regulate both FT mRNA expression and FT protein trafficking to prevent precocious flowering at low temperatures and ensure plant reproductive success under favorable environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
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18
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MARTINIÈRE A, MOREAU P. Complex roles of Rabs and SNAREs in the secretory pathway and plant development: a never‐ending story. J Microsc 2020; 280:140-157. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. MARTINIÈRE
- Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro BPMP Montpellier France
| | - P. MOREAU
- UMR 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory CNRS and University of Bordeaux, INRAE Bordeaux Villenave d'Ornon France
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19
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Rodriguez-Furlan C, Minina EA, Hicks GR. Remove, Recycle, Degrade: Regulating Plasma Membrane Protein Accumulation. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:2833-2854. [PMID: 31628169 PMCID: PMC6925004 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between plant cells and the environment rely on modulation of protein receptors, transporters, channels, and lipids at the plasma membrane (PM) to facilitate intercellular communication, nutrient uptake, environmental sensing, and directional growth. These functions are fine-tuned by cellular pathways maintaining or reducing particular proteins at the PM. Proteins are endocytosed, and their fate is decided between recycling and degradation to modulate localization, abundance, and activity. Selective autophagy is another pathway regulating PM protein accumulation in response to specific conditions or developmental signals. The mechanisms regulating recycling, degradation, and autophagy have been studied extensively, yet we are just now addressing their regulation and coordination. Here, we (1) provide context concerning regulation of protein accumulation, recycling, or degradation by overviewing endomembrane trafficking; (2) discuss pathways regulating recycling and degradation in terms of cellular roles and cargoes; (3) review plant selective autophagy and its physiological significance; (4) focus on two decision-making mechanisms: regulation of recycling versus degradation of PM proteins and coordination between autophagy and vacuolar degradation; and (5) identify future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rodriguez-Furlan
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92506
| | - Elena A Minina
- Uppsala Bio Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Glenn R Hicks
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92506
- Uppsala Bio Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
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20
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Waghmare S, Lefoulon C, Zhang B, Liliekyte E, Donald N, Blatt MR. K + Channel-SEC11 Binding Exchange Regulates SNARE Assembly for Secretory Traffic. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:1096-1113. [PMID: 31548266 PMCID: PMC6836825 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell expansion requires that ion transport and secretory membrane traffic operate in concert. Evidence from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) indicates that such coordination is mediated by physical interactions between subsets of so-called SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) proteins, which drive the final stages of vesicle fusion, and K+ channels, which facilitate uptake of the cation to maintain cell turgor pressure as the cell expands. However, the sequence of SNARE binding with the K+ channels and its interweaving within the events of SNARE complex assembly for exocytosis remains unclear. We have combined protein-protein interaction and electrophysiological analyses to resolve the binding interactions of the hetero-oligomeric associations. We find that the RYxxWE motif, located within the voltage sensor of the K+ channels, is a nexus for multiple SNARE interactions. Of these, K+ channel binding and its displacement of the regulatory protein SEC11 is critical to prime the Qa-SNARE SYP121. Our results indicate a stabilizing role for the Qbc-SNARE SNAP33 in the Qa-SNARE transition to SNARE complex assembly with the R-SNARE VAMP721. They also suggest that, on its own, the R-SNARE enters an anomalous binding mode with the channels, possibly as a fail-safe measure to ensure a correct binding sequence. Thus, we suggest that SYP121 binding to the K+ channels serves the role of a primary trigger to initiate assembly of the secretory machinery for exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakharam Waghmare
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Cecile Lefoulon
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Edita Liliekyte
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Donald
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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21
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Liu L, Li C, Teo ZWN, Zhang B, Yu H. The MCTP-SNARE Complex Regulates Florigen Transport in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:2475-2490. [PMID: 31439803 PMCID: PMC6790074 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple flowering pathways in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) converge on the transcriptional regulation of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), encoding a mobile floral stimulus that moves from leaves to the shoot apex. Despite our progress in understanding FT movement, the mechanisms underlying its transport along the endoplasmic reticulum-plasmalemma pathway in phloem companion cells remain largely unclear. Here, we show that the plasma membrane-resident syntaxin-like glutamine-soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor protein attachment protein receptor (Q-SNARE), SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS121 (SYP121), interacts with QUIRKY (QKY), a member of the family of multiple C2 domain and transmembrane region proteins (MCTPs), to mediate FT transport in Arabidopsis. QKY and SYP121 coordinately regulate FT movement to the plasmalemma through the endosomal trafficking pathway and are required for FT export from companion cells to sieve elements, thus affecting FT transport through the phloem to the shoot apical meristem. These findings suggest that MCTP-SNARE complex-mediated endosomal trafficking is essential for the export of florigen from phloem companion cells to sieve elements to induce flowering.plantcell;31/10/2475/FX1F1fx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Biological Sciences and Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhi Wei Norman Teo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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22
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Xia L, Mar Marquès-Bueno M, Bruce CG, Karnik R. Unusual Roles of Secretory SNARE SYP132 in Plasma Membrane H +-ATPase Traffic and Vegetative Plant Growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:837-858. [PMID: 30926657 PMCID: PMC6548232 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane proton (H+)-ATPases of plants generate steep electrochemical gradients and activate osmotic solute uptake. H+-ATPase-mediated proton pumping orchestrates cellular homeostasis and is a prerequisite for plastic cell expansion and plant growth. All evidence suggests that the population of H+-ATPase proteins at the plasma membrane reflects a balance of their roles in exocytosis, endocytosis, and recycling. Auxin governs both traffic and activation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase proteins already present at the membrane. As in other eukaryotes, in plants, SNARE-mediated membrane traffic influences the density of several proteins at the plasma membrane. Even so, H+-ATPase traffic, its relationship with SNAREs, and its regulation by auxin have remained enigmatic. Here, we identify the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Qa-SNARE SYP132 (Syntaxin of Plants132) as a key factor in H+-ATPase traffic and demonstrate its association with endocytosis. SYP132 is a low-abundant, secretory SNARE that primarily localizes to the plasma membrane. We find that SYP132 expression is tightly regulated by auxin and that augmented SYP132 expression reduces the amount of H+-ATPase proteins at the plasma membrane. The physiological consequences of SYP132 overexpression include reduced apoplast acidification and suppressed vegetative growth. Thus, SYP132 plays unexpected and vital roles in auxin-regulated H+-ATPase traffic and associated functions at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Xia
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Mar Marquès-Bueno
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Graham Bruce
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rucha Karnik
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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23
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Zhang B, Karnik R, Alvim J, Donald N, Blatt MR. Dual Sites for SEC11 on the SNARE SYP121 Implicate a Binding Exchange during Secretory Traffic. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:228-239. [PMID: 30850468 PMCID: PMC6501095 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) proteins facilitate vesicle traffic through their assembly in a heteromeric complex that drives membrane fusion. Much of vesicle traffic at the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plasma membrane is subject to the Sec1/Munc18 protein SEC11, which, along with plasma membrane K+ channels, selectively binds with the SNARE SYP121 to regulate its assembly in complex. How SEC11 binding is coordinated with the K+ channels is poorly understood, as both SEC11 and the channels are thought to compete for the same SNARE binding site. Here, we identify a second binding motif within the N terminus of SYP121 and demonstrate that this motif affects SEC11 binding independently of the F9xRF motif that is shared with the K+ channels. This second, previously unrecognized motif is centered on residues R20R21 of SYP121 and is essential for SEC11 interaction with SYP121. Mutation of the R20R21 motif blocked vesicle traffic without uncoupling the effects of SYP121 on solute and K+ uptake associated with the F9xRF motif; the mutation also mimicked the effects on traffic block observed on coexpression of the dominant-negative SEC11Δ149 fragment. We conclude that the R20R21 motif represents a secondary site of interaction for the Sec1/Munc18 protein during the transition of SYP121 from the occluded to the open conformation that leads to SNARE complex assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rucha Karnik
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Alvim
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Donald
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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24
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Richardson LGL. Two Is Better than One: Dual SEC11 Binding Sites Regulate SYP121-Mediated Vesicle Trafficking. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:16-17. [PMID: 31053676 PMCID: PMC6501116 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn G L Richardson
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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25
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Abstract
The in vivo analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is a critical factor for gaining insights into cellular mechanisms and their biological functions. To that end, a constantly growing number of genetic tools has been established, some of which are using baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a model organism. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the yeast mating-based split-ubiquitin system (mbSUS) to study binary interactions among or with full-length membrane proteins in their native subcellular environment. The system is based on the reassembly of two autonomously non-functional ubiquitin moieties attached to proteins of interest (POIs) into a native-like molecule followed by the release of a transcription factor. Upon its nuclear import, the activation of reporter gene expression gives a visual output via growth on interaction-selective media. Additionally, we apply a modification of the classical split-ubiquitin technique called CytoSUS that detects interactions of non-membrane/soluble proteins in their full-length form via translational fusion of an ER membrane anchor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Yasmin Asseck
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, ZMBP-Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Grefen
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, ZMBP-Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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26
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Uemura T, Nakano RT, Takagi J, Wang Y, Kramer K, Finkemeier I, Nakagami H, Tsuda K, Ueda T, Schulze-Lefert P, Nakano A. A Golgi-Released Subpopulation of the Trans-Golgi Network Mediates Protein Secretion in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:519-532. [PMID: 30545905 PMCID: PMC6426420 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal coordination of protein trafficking among organelles is essential for eukaryotic cells. The post-Golgi interface, including the trans-Golgi network (TGN), is a pivotal hub for multiple trafficking pathways. The Golgi-released independent TGN (GI-TGN) is a compartment described only in plant cells, and its cellular and physiological roles remain elusive. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS (SYP) 4 group Qa-SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide) membrane fusion proteins are shared components of TGN and GI-TGN and regulate secretory and vacuolar transport. Here we reveal that GI-TGNs mediate the transport of the R-SNARE VESICLE-ASSOCIATED MEMBRANE PROTEIN (VAMP) 721 to the plasma membrane. In interactions with a nonadapted powdery mildew pathogen, the SYP4 group of SNAREs is required for the dynamic relocation of VAMP721 to plant-fungus contact sites via GI-TGNs, thereby facilitating complex formation with its cognate SNARE partner PENETRATION1 to restrict pathogen entry. Furthermore, quantitative proteomic analysis of leaf apoplastic fluid revealed constitutive and pathogen-inducible secretion of cell wall-modification enzymes in a SYP4- and VAMP721-dependent manner. Hence, the GI-TGN acts as a transit compartment between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane. We propose a model in which the GA-TGN matures into the GI-TGN and then into secretory vesicles by increasing the abundance of VAMP721-dependent secretory pathway components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Uemura
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryohei Thomas Nakano
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Junpei Takagi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Kramer
- Protein Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Protein Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Protein Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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27
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Struk S, Jacobs A, Sánchez Martín-Fontecha E, Gevaert K, Cubas P, Goormachtig S. Exploring the protein-protein interaction landscape in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:387-409. [PMID: 30156707 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) represent an essential aspect of plant systems biology. Identification of key protein players and their interaction networks provide crucial insights into the regulation of plant developmental processes and into interactions of plants with their environment. Despite the great advance in the methods for the discovery and validation of PPIs, still several challenges remain. First, the PPI networks are usually highly dynamic, and the in vivo interactions are often transient and difficult to detect. Therefore, the properties of the PPIs under study need to be considered to select the most suitable technique, because each has its own advantages and limitations. Second, besides knowledge on the interacting partners of a protein of interest, characteristics of the interaction, such as the spatial or temporal dynamics, are highly important. Hence, multiple approaches have to be combined to obtain a comprehensive view on the PPI network present in a cell. Here, we present the progress in commonly used methods to detect and validate PPIs in plants with a special emphasis on the PPI features assessed in each approach and how they were or can be used for the study of plant interactions with their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Struk
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anse Jacobs
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elena Sánchez Martín-Fontecha
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pilar Cubas
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Bellato M, De Marchi D, Gualtieri C, Sauta E, Magni P, Macovei A, Pasotti L. A Bioinformatics Approach to Explore MicroRNAs as Tools to Bridge Pathways Between Plants and Animals. Is DNA Damage Response (DDR) a Potential Target Process? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1535. [PMID: 31850028 PMCID: PMC6901925 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs, highly-conserved small RNAs, act as key regulators of many biological functions in both plants and animals by post-transcriptionally regulating gene expression through interactions with their target mRNAs. The microRNA research is a dynamic field, in which new and unconventional aspects are emerging alongside well-established roles in development and stress adaptation. A recent hypothesis states that miRNAs can be transferred from one species to another and potentially target genes across distant species. Here, we propose to look into the trans-kingdom potential of miRNAs as a tool to bridge conserved pathways between plant and human cells. To this aim, a novel multi-faceted bioinformatic analysis pipeline was developed, enabling the investigation of common biological processes and genes targeted in plant and human transcriptome by a set of publicly available Medicago truncatula miRNAs. Multiple datasets, including miRNA, gene, transcript and protein sequences, expression profiles and genetic interactions, were used. Three different strategies were employed, namely a network-based pipeline, an alignment-based pipeline, and a M. truncatula network reconstruction approach, to study functional modules and to evaluate gene/protein similarities among miRNA targets. The results were compared in order to find common features, e.g., microRNAs targeting similar processes. Biological processes like exocytosis and response to viruses were common denominators in the investigated species. Since the involvement of miRNAs in the regulation of DNA damage response (DDR)-associated pathways is barely explored, especially in the plant kingdom, a special attention is given to this aspect. Hereby, miRNAs predicted to target genes involved in DNA repair, recombination and replication, chromatin remodeling, cell cycle and cell death were identified in both plants and humans, paving the way for future interdisciplinary advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bellato
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematical Modelling, and Synthetic Biology, Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering—Centre for Health Technology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide De Marchi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematical Modelling, and Synthetic Biology, Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering—Centre for Health Technology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carla Gualtieri
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Sauta
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematical Modelling, and Synthetic Biology, Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering—Centre for Health Technology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Magni
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematical Modelling, and Synthetic Biology, Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering—Centre for Health Technology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anca Macovei
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Anca Macovei, ; Lorenzo Pasotti,
| | - Lorenzo Pasotti
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematical Modelling, and Synthetic Biology, Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering—Centre for Health Technology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Anca Macovei, ; Lorenzo Pasotti,
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29
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Julkowska MM. Spot the Difference: Distinct Cargo-Specific Functionality of Two Closely Related SNAREs. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:1432-1433. [PMID: 30530760 PMCID: PMC6288743 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Julkowska
- King Abdullah University for Science and Technology, PO Box 4700, 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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30
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Waghmare S, Lileikyte E, Karnik R, Goodman JK, Blatt MR, Jones AME. SNAREs SYP121 and SYP122 Mediate the Secretion of Distinct Cargo Subsets. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:1679-1688. [PMID: 30348815 PMCID: PMC6288737 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) proteins drive vesicle fusion and contribute to homoeostasis, pathogen defense, cell expansion, and growth in plants. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), two homologous Qa-SNAREs, SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS121 (SYP121) and SYP122, facilitate the majority of secretory traffic to the plasma membrane, and the single mutants are indistinguishable from wild-type plants in the absence of stress, implying a redundancy in their functions. Nonetheless, several studies suggest differences among the secretory cargo of these SNAREs. To address this issue, we conducted an analysis of the proteins secreted by cultured wild-type, syp121, and syp122 mutant Arabidopsis seedlings. Here, we report that a number of cargo proteins were associated differentially with traffic mediated by SYP121 and SYP122. The data also indicated important overlaps between the SNAREs. Therefore, we conclude that the two Qa-SNAREs mediate distinct but complementary secretory pathways during vegetative plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakharam Waghmare
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Edita Lileikyte
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rucha Karnik
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer K Goodman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M E Jones
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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31
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Zhang B, Karnik R, Donald N, Blatt MR. A GPI Signal Peptide-Anchored Split-Ubiquitin (GPS) System for Detecting Soluble Bait Protein Interactions at the Membrane. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:13-17. [PMID: 30037807 PMCID: PMC6130019 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bait fusion proteins with a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol signal sequence anchor enable effective split ubiquitin screening for interactions with otherwise soluble membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rucha Karnik
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Donald
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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32
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Herrmann A, Livanos P, Lipka E, Gadeyne A, Hauser MT, Van Damme D, Müller S. Dual localized kinesin-12 POK2 plays multiple roles during cell division and interacts with MAP65-3. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:e46085. [PMID: 30002118 PMCID: PMC6123660 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesins are versatile nano-machines that utilize variable non-motor domains to tune specific motor microtubule encounters. During plant cytokinesis, the kinesin-12 orthologs, PHRAGMOPLAST ORIENTING KINESIN (POK)1 and POK2, are essential for rapid centrifugal expansion of the cytokinetic apparatus, the phragmoplast, toward a pre-selected cell plate fusion site at the cell cortex. Here, we report on the spatio-temporal localization pattern of POK2, mediated by distinct protein domains. Functional dissection of POK2 domains revealed the association of POK2 with the site of the future cell division plane and with the phragmoplast during cytokinesis. Accumulation of POK2 at the phragmoplast midzone depends on its functional POK2 motor domain and is fine-tuned by its carboxy-terminal region that also directs POK2 to the division site. Furthermore, POK2 likely stabilizes the phragmoplast midzone via interaction with the conserved microtubule-associated protein MAP65-3/PLEIADE, a well-established microtubule cross-linker. Collectively, our results suggest that dual localized POK2 plays multiple roles during plant cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvid Herrmann
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology - Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pantelis Livanos
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology - Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Lipka
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology - Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Astrid Gadeyne
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie-Theres Hauser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sabine Müller
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology - Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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33
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Mehlhorn DG, Wallmeroth N, Berendzen KW, Grefen C. 2in1 Vectors Improve In Planta BiFC and FRET Analyses. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1691:139-158. [PMID: 29043675 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7389-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play vital roles in all subcellular processes and a number of tools have been developed for their detection and analysis. Each method has its unique set of benefits and drawbacks that need to be considered prior to their application. In fact, researchers are spoilt for choice when it comes to deciding which method to use for the initial detection of a PPI, and which to corroborate the findings. With constant improvements in microscope development, the possibilities of techniques to study PPIs in vivo, and in real time, are continuously enhanced, and expanded. Here, we describe three common approaches, their recent improvements incorporating a 2in1-cloning approach, and their application in plant cell biology: ratiometric Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (rBiFC), FRET Acceptor Photobleaching (FRET-AB), and Fluorescent Lifetime Imaging (FRET-FLIM), using Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and Arabidopsis thaliana cell culture protoplasts as transient expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar G Mehlhorn
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Wallmeroth
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kenneth W Berendzen
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Grefen
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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34
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Functional diversification of Arabidopsis SEC1-related SM proteins in cytokinetic and secretory membrane fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6309-6314. [PMID: 29844177 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1722611115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sec1/Munc18 (SM) proteins contribute to membrane fusion by interacting with Qa-SNAREs or nascent trans-SNARE complexes. Gymnosperms and the basal angiosperm Amborella have only a single SEC1 gene related to the KEULE gene in Arabidopsis However, the genomes of most angiosperms including Arabidopsis encode three SEC1-related SM proteins of which only KEULE has been functionally characterized as interacting with the cytokinesis-specific Qa-SNARE KNOLLE during cell-plate formation. Here we analyze the closest paralog of KEULE named SEC1B. In contrast to the cytokinesis defects of keule mutants, sec1b mutants are homozygous viable. However, the keule sec1b double mutant was nearly gametophytically lethal, displaying collapsed pollen grains, which suggests substantial overlap between SEC1B and KEULE functions in secretion-dependent growth. SEC1B had a strong preference for interaction with the evolutionarily ancient Qa-SNARE SYP132 involved in secretion and cytokinesis, whereas KEULE interacted with both KNOLLE and SYP132. This differential interaction with Qa-SNAREs is likely conferred by domains 1 and 2a of the two SM proteins. Comparative analysis of all four possible combinations of the relevant SEC1 Qa-SNARE double mutants revealed that in cytokinesis, the interaction of SEC1B with KNOLLE plays no role, whereas the interaction of KEULE with KNOLLE is prevalent and functionally as important as the interactions of both SEC1B and KEU with SYP132 together. Our results suggest that functional diversification of the two SEC1-related SM proteins during angiosperm evolution resulted in enhanced interaction of SEC1B with Qa-SNARE SYP132, and thus a predominant role of SEC1B in secretion.
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35
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Asseck LY, Wallmeroth N, Grefen C. ER Membrane Protein Interactions Using the Split-Ubiquitin System (SUS). Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1691:191-203. [PMID: 29043679 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7389-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play fundamental roles in all cellular processes. Especially membrane proteins facilitate a range of important biological functions in stimuli perception, signaling, and transport. Here we describe a detailed protocol for the yeast mating-based Split-Ubiquitin System (mbSUS) to study PPIs of ER membrane proteins in vivo. In contrast to the prominent Yeast Two-Hybrid, mbSUS enables analysis of full-length membrane proteins in their native cellular context. The system is based on the ubiquitin proteasome pathway leading to the release of an artificial transcription factor followed by activation of reporter genes to visualize PPIs. The mating-based approach is suitable for both small- and large-scale interaction studies. Additionally, we describe protocols to apply the recently established SUS Bridge assay (SUB) which is optimized for the detection of ternary protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Yasmin Asseck
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Wallmeroth
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Grefen
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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36
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Larson ER, Van Zelm E, Roux C, Marion-Poll A, Blatt MR. Clathrin Heavy Chain Subunits Coordinate Endo- and Exocytic Traffic and Affect Stomatal Movement. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:708-720. [PMID: 28830938 PMCID: PMC5619909 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The current model for vesicular traffic to and from the plasma membrane is accepted, but the molecular requirements for this coordination are not well defined. We have identified the hot ABA-deficiency suppressor1 mutant, which has a stomatal function defect, as a clathrin heavy chain1 (CHC1) mutant allele and show that it has a decreased rate of endocytosis and growth defects that are shared with other chc1 mutant alleles. We used chc1 alleles and the related chc2 mutant as tools to investigate the effects that clathrin defects have on secretion pathways and plant growth. We show that secretion and endocytosis at the plasma membrane are sensitive to CHC1 and CHC2 function in seedling roots and that chc mutants have physiological defects in stomatal function and plant growth that have not been described previously. These findings suggest that clathrin supports specific functions in multiple cell types. Stomata movement and gas exchange are altered in chc mutants, indicating that clathrin is important for stomatal regulation. The aberrant function of chc mutant stomata is consistent with the growth phenotypes observed under different water and light conditions, which also are similar to those of the secretory SNARE mutant, syp121 The syp121 and chc mutants have impaired endocytosis and exocytosis compared with the wild type, indicating a link between SYP121-dependent secretion and clathrin-dependent endocytosis at the plasma membrane. Our findings provide evidence that clathrin and SYP121 functions are important for the coordination of endocytosis and exocytosis and have an impact on stomatal function, gas exchange, and vegetative growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Larson
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Van Zelm
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Graduate School of Life and Earth Sciences, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Camille Roux
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Annie Marion-Poll
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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37
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Zhong G, Zhu Q, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang H. Once for All: A Novel Robust System for Co-expression of Multiple Chimeric Fluorescent Fusion Proteins in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1071. [PMID: 28676815 PMCID: PMC5476739 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins have been employed as a powerful tool to reveal the subcellular localizations and dynamics of proteins in living cells. Co-expression of a fluorescent fusion protein with well-known organelle markers in the same cell is especially useful in revealing its spatial and temporal functions of the protein in question. However, the conventional methods for co-expressing multiple fluorescent tagged proteins in plants have the drawbacks of low expression efficiency, variations in the expression level and time-consuming genetic crossing. Here, we have developed a novel robust system that allows for high-efficient co-expression of multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in plants in a time-saving fashion. This system takes advantage of employing a single expression vector which consists of multiple semi-independent expressing cassettes for the protein co-expression thereby overcoming the limitations of using multiple independent expressing plasmids. In addition, it is a highly manipulable DNA assembly system, in which modification and recombination of DNA molecules are easily achieved through an optimized one-step assembly reaction. By employing this effective system, we demonstrated that co-expression of two chimeric fluorescent fusion reporter proteins of vacuolar sorting receptor and secretory carrier membrane protein gave rise to their perspective subcellular localizations in plants via both transient expression and stable transformation. Thus, we believed that this technical advance represents a promising approach for multi-color-protein co-expression in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guitao Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Qinlong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yingxin Li
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yaoguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
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38
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Zhang B, Karnik R, Waghmare S, Donald N, Blatt MR. VAMP721 Conformations Unmask an Extended Motif for K+ Channel Binding and Gating Control. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:536-551. [PMID: 27821719 PMCID: PMC5210753 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins play a major role in membrane fusion and contribute to cell expansion, signaling, and polar growth in plants. The SNARE SYP121 of Arabidopsis thaliana that facilitates vesicle fusion at the plasma membrane also binds with, and regulates, K+ channels already present at the plasma membrane to affect K+ uptake and K+-dependent growth. Here, we report that its cognate partner VAMP721, which assembles with SYP121 to drive membrane fusion, binds to the KAT1 K+ channel via two sites on the protein, only one of which contributes to channel-gating control. Binding to the VAMP721 SNARE domain suppressed channel gating. By contrast, interaction with the amino-terminal longin domain conferred specificity on VAMP721 binding without influencing gating. Channel binding was defined by a linear motif within the longin domain. The SNARE domain is thought to wrap around this structure when not assembled with SYP121 in the SNARE complex. Fluorescence lifetime analysis showed that mutations within this motif, which suppressed channel binding and its effects on gating, also altered the conformational displacement between the VAMP721 SNARE and longin domains. The presence of these two channel-binding sites on VAMP721, one also required for SNARE complex assembly, implies a well-defined sequence of events coordinating K+ uptake and the final stages of vesicle traffic. It suggests that binding begins with VAMP721, and subsequently with SYP121, thereby coordinating K+ channel gating during SNARE assembly and vesicle fusion. Thus, our findings also are consistent with the idea that the K+ channels are nucleation points for SNARE complex assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rucha Karnik
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sakharam Waghmare
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Donald
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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39
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Karnik R, Waghmare S, Zhang B, Larson E, Lefoulon C, Gonzalez W, Blatt MR. Commandeering Channel Voltage Sensors for Secretion, Cell Turgor, and Volume Control. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:81-95. [PMID: 27818003 PMCID: PMC5224186 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Control of cell volume and osmolarity is central to cellular homeostasis in all eukaryotes. It lies at the heart of the century-old problem of how plants regulate turgor, mineral and water transport. Plants use strongly electrogenic H+-ATPases, and the substantial membrane voltages they foster, to drive solute accumulation and generate turgor pressure for cell expansion. Vesicle traffic adds membrane surface and contributes to wall remodelling as the cell grows. Although a balance between vesicle traffic and ion transport is essential for cell turgor and volume control, the mechanisms coordinating these processes have remained obscure. Recent discoveries have now uncovered interactions between conserved subsets of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins that drive the final steps in secretory vesicle traffic and ion channels that mediate in inorganic solute uptake. These findings establish the core of molecular links, previously unanticipated, that coordinate cellular homeostasis and cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Karnik
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sakharam Waghmare
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ben Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Emily Larson
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Cécile Lefoulon
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Wendy Gonzalez
- Centro de Bioinformatica y Simulacion Molecular, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 721, Talca, Chile
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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40
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Uemura T. Physiological Roles of Plant Post-Golgi Transport Pathways in Membrane Trafficking. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2013-2019. [PMID: 27649735 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is the fundamental system through which proteins are sorted to their correct destinations in eukaryotic cells. Key regulators of this system include RAB GTPases and soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs). Interestingly, the numbers of RAB GTPases and SNAREs involved in post-Golgi transport pathways in plant cells are larger than those in animal and yeast cells, suggesting that plants have evolved unique and complex post-Golgi transport pathways. The trans-Golgi network (TGN) is an important organelle that acts as a sorting station in the post-Golgi transport pathways of plant cells. The TGN also functions as the early endosome, which is the first compartment to receive endocytosed proteins. Several endocytosed proteins on the plasma membrane (PM) are initially targeted to the TGN/EE, then recycled back to the PM or transported to the vacuole for degradation. The recycling and degradation of the PM localized proteins is essential for the development and environmental responses in plant. The present review describes the post-Golgi transport pathways that show unique physiological functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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41
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Stöckle D, Herrmann A, Lipka E, Lauster T, Gavidia R, Zimmermann S, Müller S. Putative RopGAPs impact division plane selection and interact with kinesin-12 POK1. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16120. [PMID: 27501519 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell shape is defined by the surrounding cell walls in plants. Thus, spatial control over cell division planes and cell expansion polarity are essential to maintain cell morphology. In eukaryotes, cell polarity and expansion are controlled by Rho GTPase signalling, regulating cytoskeletal reorganization and vesicle trafficking(1). However, until now, Rho signalling was not implicated in mitotic events in plants. Here, we report a pair of putative Rho GTPase activating proteins (RhoGAPs) that interact with the mitosis-specific kinesin-12 POK1, a core component of the cortical division zone/site (CDZ/CDS) that is required for division plane maintenance in Arabidopsis(2-4). The designated pleckstrin homology GAPs (PHGAPs) are cytoplasmic and plasma membrane associated in interphase, but during mitosis they additionally localize to the CDZ/CDS in a POK-dependent manner. In contrast to pok1 pok2 mutants, phgap1 phgap2 double mutants show moderate cell wall positioning defects as a consequence of inaccurate positioning of the cortical division zone marker POK1. We conclude that loss of PHGAP function interferes with division plane selection in proliferative cell divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Stöckle
- Developmental Genetics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arvid Herrmann
- Developmental Genetics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Lipka
- Developmental Genetics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Theresa Lauster
- Developmental Genetics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Richard Gavidia
- Developmental Genetics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Steffi Zimmermann
- Developmental Genetics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Müller
- Developmental Genetics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Xing S, Wallmeroth N, Berendzen KW, Grefen C. Techniques for the Analysis of Protein-Protein Interactions in Vivo. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:727-58. [PMID: 27208310 PMCID: PMC4902627 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Identifying key players and their interactions is fundamental for understanding biochemical mechanisms at the molecular level. The ever-increasing number of alternative ways to detect protein-protein interactions (PPIs) speaks volumes about the creativity of scientists in hunting for the optimal technique. PPIs derived from single experiments or high-throughput screens enable the decoding of binary interactions, the building of large-scale interaction maps of single organisms, and the establishment of cross-species networks. This review provides a historical view of the development of PPI technology over the past three decades, particularly focusing on in vivo PPI techniques that are inexpensive to perform and/or easy to implement in a state-of-the-art molecular biology laboratory. Special emphasis is given to their feasibility and application for plant biology as well as recent improvements or additions to these established techniques. The biology behind each method and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed in detail, as are the design, execution, and evaluation of PPI analysis. We also aim to raise awareness about the technological considerations and the inherent flaws of these methods, which may have an impact on the biological interpretation of PPIs. Ultimately, we hope this review serves as a useful reference when choosing the most suitable PPI technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Xing
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Wallmeroth
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kenneth W Berendzen
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Grefen
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Kim H, Kwon H, Kim S, Kim MK, Botella MA, Yun HS, Kwon C. Synaptotagmin 1 Negatively Controls the Two Distinct Immune Secretory Pathways to Powdery Mildew Fungi in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1133-41. [PMID: 27016097 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PEN1, one of the plasma membrane (PM) syntaxins, comprises an immune exocytic pathway by forming the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex with SNAP33 and VAMP721/722 in plants. Although this secretory pathway is also involved in plant growth and development, how plants control their exocytic activity is as yet poorly understood. Since constitutive PEN1 cycling between the PM and endocytosed vesicles is critical for its immune activity, we studied here the relationship of PEN1 to synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1) that is known to regulate endocytosis at the PM. Interestingly, syt1 plants showed enhanced disease resistance to the Arabidopsis-adapted Golovinomyces orontii fungus, and elevated protein but not transcript levels of PEN1 Calcium-dependent promotion of PEN1-SYT1 interaction suggests that SYT1 controls defense activities of the PEN1-associated secretory pathway by post-translationally modulating PEN1. Increased PEN1-SYT1 interaction and inhibited PEN1 SNARE complex induction by G. orontii additionally suggest that the adaption of phytopathogens to host plants might partly result from effective suppression of the PEN1-related secretory pathway. Further genetic analyses revealed that SYT1 also regulates the atypical peroxisomal myrosinase PEN2-associated secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeran Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 305-811, Korea These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Hyeokjin Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701, Korea These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Soohong Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701, Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701, Korea
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular y Bioquimica, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Hye Sup Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Chian Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701, Korea
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Steiner A, Müller L, Rybak K, Vodermaier V, Facher E, Thellmann M, Ravikumar R, Wanner G, Hauser MT, Assaad FF. The Membrane-Associated Sec1/Munc18 KEULE is Required for Phragmoplast Microtubule Reorganization During Cytokinesis in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:528-540. [PMID: 26700031 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinesis, the partitioning of the cytoplasm following nuclear division, requires extensive coordination between membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal dynamics. In plants, the onset of cytokinesis is characterized by the assembly of a bipolar microtubule array, the phragmoplast, and of a transient membrane compartment, the cell plate. Little is known about the coordination between membrane deposition at the cell plate and the dynamics of phragmoplast microtubules. In this study, we monitor the localization dynamics of microtubule and membrane markers throughout cytokinesis. Our spatiotemporal resolution is consistent with the general view that microtubule dynamics drive membrane movements. Nonetheless, we provide evidence for active sorting at the cell plate and show that this is, at least in part, mediated by the TRAPPII tethering complex. We also characterize phragmoplast microtubule organization and cell plate formation in a suite of cytokinesis-defective mutants. Of four mutant lines with defects in phragmoplast microtubule organization, only mor1 microtubule-associated mutants exhibited aberrant cell plates. Conversely, the mutants with the strongest impairment in phragmoplast microtubule reorganization are keule alleles, which have a primary defect in membrane fusion. Our findings identify the SEC1/Munc18 protein KEULE as a central regulatory node in the coordination of membrane and microtubule dynamics during plant cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Steiner
- Botany Department, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Street 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Lin Müller
- Botany Department, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Street 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Rybak
- Botany Department, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Street 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Vera Vodermaier
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Facher
- Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximillians Universität, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martha Thellmann
- Botany Department, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Street 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Raksha Ravikumar
- Botany Department, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Street 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wanner
- Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximillians Universität, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Hauser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Farhah F Assaad
- Botany Department, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Street 4, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Grefen C, Karnik R, Larson E, Lefoulon C, Wang Y, Waghmare S, Zhang B, Hills A, Blatt MR. A vesicle-trafficking protein commandeers Kv channel voltage sensors for voltage-dependent secretion. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15108. [PMID: 27250541 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Growth in plants depends on ion transport for osmotic solute uptake and secretory membrane trafficking to deliver material for wall remodelling and cell expansion. The coordination of these processes lies at the heart of the question, unresolved for more than a century, of how plants regulate cell volume and turgor. Here we report that the SNARE protein SYP121 (SYR1/PEN1), which mediates vesicle fusion at the Arabidopsis plasma membrane, binds the voltage sensor domains (VSDs) of K(+) channels to confer a voltage dependence on secretory traffic in parallel with K(+) uptake. VSD binding enhances secretion in vivo subject to voltage, and mutations affecting VSD conformation alter binding and secretion in parallel with channel gating, net K(+) concentration, osmotic content and growth. These results demonstrate a new and unexpected mechanism for secretory control, in which a subset of plant SNAREs commandeer K(+) channel VSDs to coordinate membrane trafficking with K(+) uptake for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Grefen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rucha Karnik
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Emily Larson
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Cécile Lefoulon
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sakharam Waghmare
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ben Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Adrian Hills
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Hecker A, Wallmeroth N, Peter S, Blatt MR, Harter K, Grefen C. Binary 2in1 Vectors Improve in Planta (Co)localization and Dynamic Protein Interaction Studies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:776-87. [PMID: 25971551 PMCID: PMC4741326 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence-based protein-protein interaction techniques are vital tools for understanding in vivo cellular functions on a mechanistic level. However, only under the condition of highly efficient (co)transformation and accumulation can techniques such as Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) realize their potential for providing highly accurate and quantitative interaction data. FRET as a fluorescence-based method unifies several advantages, such as measuring in an in vivo environment, real-time context, and the ability to include transient interactions as well as detecting the mere proximity of proteins. Here, we introduce a novel vector set that incorporates the benefit of the recombination-based 2in1 cloning system with the latest state-of-the-art fluorescent proteins for optimal coaccumulation and FRET output studies. We demonstrate its utility across a range of methods. Merging the 2in1 cloning system with new-generation FRET fluorophore pairs allows for enhanced detection, speeds up the preparation of clones, and enables colocalization studies and the identification of meaningful protein-protein interactions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hecker
- University of Tübingen, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology-Plant Physiology (A.H., K.H.), Centre for Plant Molecular Biology-Developmental Genetics (N.W., C.G.), and Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie (S.P.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany; andUniversity of Glasgow, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (M.R.B.)
| | - Niklas Wallmeroth
- University of Tübingen, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology-Plant Physiology (A.H., K.H.), Centre for Plant Molecular Biology-Developmental Genetics (N.W., C.G.), and Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie (S.P.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany; andUniversity of Glasgow, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (M.R.B.)
| | - Sébastien Peter
- University of Tübingen, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology-Plant Physiology (A.H., K.H.), Centre for Plant Molecular Biology-Developmental Genetics (N.W., C.G.), and Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie (S.P.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany; andUniversity of Glasgow, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (M.R.B.)
| | - Michael R Blatt
- University of Tübingen, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology-Plant Physiology (A.H., K.H.), Centre for Plant Molecular Biology-Developmental Genetics (N.W., C.G.), and Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie (S.P.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany; andUniversity of Glasgow, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (M.R.B.)
| | - Klaus Harter
- University of Tübingen, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology-Plant Physiology (A.H., K.H.), Centre for Plant Molecular Biology-Developmental Genetics (N.W., C.G.), and Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie (S.P.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany; andUniversity of Glasgow, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (M.R.B.)
| | - Christopher Grefen
- University of Tübingen, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology-Plant Physiology (A.H., K.H.), Centre for Plant Molecular Biology-Developmental Genetics (N.W., C.G.), and Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie (S.P.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany; andUniversity of Glasgow, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (M.R.B.)
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Zhang B, Karnik R, Wang Y, Wallmeroth N, Blatt MR, Grefen C. The Arabidopsis R-SNARE VAMP721 Interacts with KAT1 and KC1 K+ Channels to Moderate K+ Current at the Plasma Membrane. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1697-717. [PMID: 26002867 PMCID: PMC4498211 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor protein attachment protein receptor) proteins drive vesicle traffic, delivering membrane and cargo to target sites within the cell and at its surface. They contribute to cell homeostasis, morphogenesis, and pathogen defense. A subset of SNAREs, including the Arabidopsis thaliana SNARE SYP121, are known also to coordinate solute uptake via physical interactions with K(+) channels and to moderate their gating at the plasma membrane. Here, we identify a second subset of SNAREs that interact to control these K(+) channels, but with opposing actions on gating. We show that VAMPs (vesicle-associated membrane proteins), which target vesicles to the plasma membrane, also interact with and suppress the activities of the inward-rectifying K(+) channels KAT1 and KC1. Interactions were evident in yeast split-ubiquitin assays, they were recovered in vivo by ratiometric bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and they were sensitive to mutation of a single residue, Tyr-57, within the longin domain of VAMP721. Interaction was also recovered on exchange of the residue at this site in the homolog VAMP723, which normally localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and otherwise did not interact. Functional analysis showed reduced channel activity and alterations in voltage sensitivity that are best explained by a physical interaction with the channel gates. These actions complement those of SYP121, a cognate SNARE partner of VAMP721, and lead us to propose that the channel interactions reflect a "hand-off" in channel control between the two SNARE proteins that is woven together with vesicle fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rucha Karnik
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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