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Filipecki M, Żurczak M, Matuszkiewicz M, Święcicka M, Kurek W, Olszewski J, Koter MD, Lamont D, Sobczak M. Profiling the Proteome of Cyst Nematode-Induced Syncytia on Tomato Roots. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212147. [PMID: 34830029 PMCID: PMC8625192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyst nematodes are important herbivorous pests in agriculture that obtain nutrients through specialized root structures termed syncytia. Syncytium initiation, development, and functioning are a research focus because syncytia are the primary interface for molecular interactions between the host plant and parasite. The small size and complex development (over approximately two weeks) of syncytia hinder precise analyses, therefore most studies have analyzed the transcriptome of infested whole-root systems or syncytia-containing root segments. Here, we describe an effective procedure to microdissect syncytia induced by Globodera rostochiensis from tomato roots and to analyze the syncytial proteome using mass spectrometry. As little as 15 mm2 of 10-µm-thick sections dissected from 30 syncytia enabled the identification of 100–200 proteins in each sample, indicating that mass-spectrometric methods currently in use achieved acceptable sensitivity for proteome profiling of microscopic samples of plant tissues (approximately 100 µg). Among the identified proteins, 48 were specifically detected in syncytia and 7 in uninfected roots. The occurrence of approximately 50% of these proteins in syncytia was not correlated with transcript abundance estimated by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis. The functional categories of these proteins confirmed that protein turnover, stress responses, and intracellular trafficking are important components of the proteome dynamics of developing syncytia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Filipecki
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ż.); (M.M.); (M.D.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-5932171
| | - Marek Żurczak
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ż.); (M.M.); (M.D.K.)
| | - Mateusz Matuszkiewicz
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ż.); (M.M.); (M.D.K.)
| | - Magdalena Święcicka
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ś.); (W.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Wojciech Kurek
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ś.); (W.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Jarosław Olszewski
- Veterinary Research Centre, Centre for Biomedicine Research, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute for Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marek Daniel Koter
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ż.); (M.M.); (M.D.K.)
| | - Douglas Lamont
- ‘FingerPrints’ Proteomics Facility, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ś.); (W.K.); (M.S.)
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Collins CA, LaMontagne ED, Anderson JC, Ekanayake G, Clarke AS, Bond LN, Salamango DJ, Cornish PV, Peck SC, Heese A. EPSIN1 Modulates the Plasma Membrane Abundance of FLAGELLIN SENSING2 for Effective Immune Responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1762-1775. [PMID: 32094305 PMCID: PMC7140936 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) provides a critical interface between plant cells and their environment to control cellular responses. To perceive the bacterial flagellin peptide flg22 for effective defense signaling, the immune receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) needs to be at its site of function, the PM, in the correct abundance. However, the intracellular machinery that controls PM accumulation of FLS2 remains largely undefined. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) clathrin adaptor EPSIN1 (EPS1) is implicated in clathrin-coated vesicle formation at the trans-Golgi network (TGN), likely aiding the transport of cargo proteins from the TGN for proper location; but EPS1's impact on physiological responses remains elusive. Here, we identify EPS1 as a positive regulator of flg22 signaling and pattern-triggered immunity against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000. We provide evidence that EPS1 contributes to modulating the PM abundance of defense proteins for effective immune signaling because in eps1, impaired flg22 signaling correlated with reduced PM accumulation of FLS2 and its coreceptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE1 (BAK1). The eps1 mutant also exhibited reduced responses to the pathogen/damage-associated molecular patterns elf26 and AtPep1, which are perceived by the coreceptor BAK1 and cognate PM receptors. Furthermore, quantitative proteomics of enriched PM fractions revealed that EPS1 was required for proper PM abundance of a discrete subset of proteins with different cellular functions. In conclusion, our study expands the limited understanding of the physiological roles of EPSIN family members in plants and provides novel insight into the TGN-associated clathrin-coated vesicle trafficking machinery that impacts plant PM-derived defense processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina A Collins
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Erica D LaMontagne
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Jeffrey C Anderson
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Gayani Ekanayake
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Alexander S Clarke
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Lauren N Bond
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Daniel J Salamango
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Peter V Cornish
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Scott C Peck
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Antje Heese
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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Yan Q, Rogan CJ, Anderson JC. Development of a Pseudomonas syringae- Arabidopsis Suspension Cell Infection System for Investigating Host Metabolite-Dependent Regulation of Type III Secretion and Pattern-Triggered Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:527-539. [PMID: 30431399 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-18-0295-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The importance of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in plant defense has been clearly established through genetic studies of mutants lacking functional pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and signaling components downstream of PRR activation. Despite extensive knowledge of PRR-mediated signaling responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), little is known about which of these responses, if any, are directly responsible for limiting bacterial growth. In this work, we established a protocol for coculturing the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Arabidopsis suspension cells. The system closely mirrors infection processes that occur in leaves, with bacteria relying on the type III secretion system (T3SS) for maximal growth and PAMP-induced plant defenses effectively limiting bacterial growth. To demonstrate the utility of this system, we investigated the molecular basis of PAMP-induced growth inhibition and discovered that T3SS-associated genes are inhibited when DC3000 is cocultured with PAMP-treated plant suspension cells. To determine the underlying mechanism of decreased T3SS gene expression, we performed metabolomics and biochemical analyses of suspension cell exudates and identified 14 metabolites that significantly increased or decreased following PAMP treatment. Citric acid, a known inducer of T3SS gene expression in DC3000, was among several organic acids decreased in exudates from PAMP-treated plant cells. Exogenous addition of citric acid increased T3SS gene expression and partially recovered growth of DC3000 in the presence of PAMP-treated cells, indicating that a portion of PAMP-induced defense in this system is decreased extracellular release of this metabolite. We envision that the well-defined infection conditions of this coculture system will be valuable for quantitative studies of type III effector delivery by P. syringae. Furthermore, this system provides a unique 'top-down' approach to unravel the molecular basis of PTI against P. syringae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Conner J Rogan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey C Anderson
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
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Yu C, Wu Q, Sun C, Tang M, Sun J, Zhan Y. The Phosphoproteomic Response of Okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Seedlings to Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061262. [PMID: 30871161 PMCID: PMC6470868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil salinization is a major environmental stresses that seriously threatens land use efficiency and crop yields worldwide. Although the overall response of plants to NaCl has been well studied, the contribution of protein phosphorylation to the detoxification and tolerance of NaCl in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) seedlings is unclear. The molecular bases of okra seedlings’ responses to 300 mM NaCl stress are discussed in this study. Using a combination of affinity enrichment, tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling and high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis, a large-scale phosphoproteome analysis was performed in okra. A total of 4341 phosphorylation sites were identified on 2550 proteins, of which 3453 sites of 2268 proteins provided quantitative information. We found that 91 sites were upregulated and 307 sites were downregulated in the NaCl/control comparison group. Subsequently, we performed a systematic bioinformatics analysis including gene ontology annotation, domain annotation, subcellular localization, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway annotation. The latter revealed that the differentially expressed proteins were most strongly associated with ‘photosynthesis antenna proteins’ and ‘RNA degradation’. These differentially expressed proteins probably play important roles in salt stress responses in okra. The results should help to increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant post-translational modifications in response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenliang Yu
- Institute of Agricultural Equipment, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Qinqfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Chendong Sun
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Mengling Tang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Junwei Sun
- College of modern science and technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Yihua Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Sun L, Qin J, Wang K, Zhang J. Expansion of pathogen recognition specificity in plants using pattern recognition receptors and artificially designed decoys. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:797-805. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bentham A, Burdett H, Anderson PA, Williams SJ, Kobe B. Animal NLRs provide structural insights into plant NLR function. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:827-702. [PMID: 27562749 PMCID: PMC5378188 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant immune system employs intracellular NLRs (nucleotide binding [NB], leucine-rich repeat [LRR]/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain [NOD]-like receptors) to detect effector proteins secreted into the plant cell by potential pathogens. Activated plant NLRs trigger a range of immune responses, collectively known as the hypersensitive response (HR), which culminates in death of the infected cell. Plant NLRs show structural and functional resemblance to animal NLRs involved in inflammatory and innate immune responses. Therefore, knowledge of the activation and regulation of animal NLRs can help us understand the mechanism of action of plant NLRs, and vice versa. SCOPE This review provides an overview of the innate immune pathways in plants and animals, focusing on the available structural and biochemical information available for both plant and animal NLRs. We highlight the gap in knowledge between the animal and plant systems, in particular the lack of structural information for plant NLRs, with crystal structures only available for the N-terminal domains of plant NLRs and an integrated decoy domain, in contrast to the more complete structures available for animal NLRs. We assess the similarities and differences between plant and animal NLRs, and use the structural information on the animal NLR pair NAIP/NLRC4 to derive a plausible model for plant NLR activation. CONCLUSIONS Signalling by cooperative assembly formation (SCAF) appears to operate in most innate immunity pathways, including plant and animal NLRs. Our proposed model of plant NLR activation includes three key steps: (1) initially, the NLR exists in an inactive auto-inhibited state; (2) a combination of binding by activating elicitor and ATP leads to a structural rearrangement of the NLR; and (3) signalling occurs through cooperative assembly of the resistosome. Further studies, structural and biochemical in particular, will be required to provide additional evidence for the different features of this model and shed light on the many existing variations, e.g. helper NLRs and NLRs containing integrated decoys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bentham
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hayden Burdett
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Peter A. Anderson
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Simon J. Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Fahad S, Nie L, Khan FA, Chen Y, Hussain S, Wu C, Xiong D, Jing W, Saud S, Khan FA, Li Y, Wu W, Khan F, Hassan S, Manan A, Jan A, Huang J. Disease resistance in rice and the role of molecular breeding in protecting rice crops against diseases. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 36:1407-20. [PMID: 24658743 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rice diseases (bacterial, fungal, or viral) threaten food productivity. Host resistance is the most efficient, environmentally friendly method to cope with such diverse pathogens. Quantitative resistance conferred by quantitative trait loci (QTLs) is a valuable resource for rice disease resistance improvement. Although QTLs confer partial but durable resistance to many pathogen species in different crop plants, the molecular mechanisms of quantitative disease resistance remain mostly unknown. Quantitative resistance and non-host resistance are types of broad-spectrum resistance, which are mediated by resistance (R) genes. Because R genes activate different resistance pathways, investigating the genetic spectrum of resistance may lead to minimal losses from harmful diseases. Genome studies can reveal interactions between different genes and their pathways and provide insight into gene functions. Protein–protein interaction (proteomics) studies using molecular and bioinformatics tools may further enlighten our understanding of resistance phenomena.
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8
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Shankar A, Agrawal N, Sharma M, Pandey A, Pandey GK. Role of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in Plants. Curr Genomics 2015; 16:224-36. [PMID: 26962298 PMCID: PMC4765517 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666150424234300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is a crucial regulatory mechanism that controls many biological processes in eukaryotes. In plants, phosphorylation events primarily occur on serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues, while in certain cases, it was also discovered on tyrosine (Tyr) residues. In contrary to plants, extensive reports on Tyr phosphorylation regulating a large numbers of biological processes exist in animals. Despite of such prodigious function in animals, Tyr phosphorylation is a least studied mechanism of protein regulation in plants. Recently, various chemical analytical procedures have strengthened the view that Tyr phosphorylation is equally prevalent in plants as in animals. However, regardless of Tyr phosphorylation events occuring in plants, no evidence could be found for the existence of gene encoding for Tyr phosphorylation i.e. the typical Tyr kinases. Various methodologies have suggested that plant responses to stress signals and developmental processes involved modifications in protein Tyr phosphorylation. Correspondingly, various reports have established the role of PTPs (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases) in the dephosphorylation and inactivation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) hence, in the regulation of MAPK signaling cascade. Besides this, many dual specificity protein phosphatases (DSPs) are also known to bind starch and regulate starch metabolism through reversible phosphorylation. Here, we are emphasizing the significant progress on protein Tyr phosphatases to understand the role of these enzymes in the regulation of post-translational modification in plant physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Girdhar K. Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India
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Kumar A, Bimolata W, Kannan M, Kirti PB, Qureshi IA, Ghazi IA. Comparative proteomics reveals differential induction of both biotic and abiotic stress response associated proteins in rice during Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae infection. Funct Integr Genomics 2015; 15:425-437. [PMID: 25648443 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial blight disease in rice and brutally affects the yield up to 50 % of total production. Here, we report a comparative proteomics analysis of total foliar protein isolated from infected rice leaves of susceptible Pusa Basmati 1 (PB1) and resistant Oryza longistaminata genotypes. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) approaches identified 29 protein spots encoding unique proteins from both the genotypes. Identified proteins belonged to a large number of biological and molecular functions related to biotic and abiotic stress proteins which are potentially involved during Xoo infection. Biotic and abiotic stress-related proteins were induced during Xoo infection, indicating the activation of common stress pathway during bacterial blight infection. Candidate genes conferring tolerance against bacterial blight, which include germin-like protein, putative r40c1, cyclin-dependent kinase C, Ent-isokaur-15-ene synthase and glutathione-dependent dehydroascorbate reductase 1 (GSH-DHAR1), were also induced, with germin-like proteins induced only in the resistant rice genotype O. longistaminata. Energy, metabolism and hypothetical proteins were common among both the genotypes. Further, host defence/stress-related proteins were mostly expressed in resistant genotype O. longistaminata, indicating possible co-evolution of the pathogen and the wild rice, O. longistaminata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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Cao YR, Chen HW, Li ZG, Tao JJ, Ma B, Zhang WK, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Tobacco ankyrin protein NEIP2 interacts with ethylene receptor NTHK1 and regulates plant growth and stress responses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:803-18. [PMID: 25634961 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that regulates many processes involved in plant growth, development and stress responses. Previously, we found that the tobacco ethylene receptor NTHK1 (Nicotiana tabacum histidine kinase 1) promotes seedling growth and affects plant salt stress responses. In this study, NTHK1 ethylene receptor-interacting protein 2 (NEIP2) was identified and further characterized in relation to these processes. NEIP2 contains three ankyrin repeats that mediate an interaction with NTHK1 as demonstrated by yeast two-hybrid, glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays. NTHK1 phosphorylates NEIP2 in vitro. Salt stress and ethylene treatment induce NEIP2 accumulation in the first few hours and then the NEIP2 can be phosphorylated in planta. The overexpression of NTHK1 enhances NEIP2 accumulation in the presence of ethylene and salt stress. NEIP2 overexpression promotes plant growth but reduces ethylene responses, which is consistent with the functions of NTHK1. Additionally, NEIP2 improves plant performance under salt and oxidative stress. These results suggest that ethylene-induced NEIP2 probably acts as a brake to reduce ethylene response but resumes growth through interaction with NTHK1. Manipulation of NEIP2 may be beneficial for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Rong Cao
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China These authors contributed equally to this work. Present address: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Hao-Wei Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Zhi-Gang Li
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jian-Jun Tao
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wan-Ke Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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11
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Kang S, Yang F, Li L, Chen H, Chen S, Zhang J. The Arabidopsis transcription factor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ETHYL METHANESULFONATE-SUPPRESSOR1 is a direct substrate of MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE6 and regulates immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1076-86. [PMID: 25609555 PMCID: PMC4348755 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.250985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by plant pattern recognition receptors to activate PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), as well as other cytoplasmic kinases, integrate upstream immune signals and, in turn, dissect PTI signaling via different substrates to regulate defense responses. However, only a few direct substrates of these signaling kinases have been identified. Here, we show that PAMP perception enhances phosphorylation of BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ETHYL METHANESULFONATE-SUPPRESSOR1 (BES1), a transcription factor involved in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway, through pathogen-induced MAPKs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). BES1 interacts with MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE6 (MPK6) and is phosphorylated by MPK6. bes1 loss-of-function mutants display compromised resistance to bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000. BES1 S286A/S137A double mutation (BES1(SSAA)) impairs PAMP-induced phosphorylation and fails to restore bacterial resistance in bes1 mutant, indicating a positive role of BES1 phosphorylation in plant immunity. BES1 is phosphorylated by glycogen synthase kinase3 (GSK3)-like kinase BR-insensitive2 (BIN2), a negative regulator of BR signaling. BR perception inhibits BIN2 activity, allowing dephosphorylation of BES1 to regulate plant development. However, BES1(SSAA) does not affect BR-mediated plant growth, suggesting differential residue requirements for the modulation of BES1 phosphorylation in PTI and BR signaling. Our study identifies BES1 as a unique direct substrate of MPK6 in PTI signaling. This finding reveals MAPK-mediated BES1 phosphorylation as another BES1 modulation mechanism in plant cell signaling, in addition to GSK3-like kinase-mediated BES1 phosphorylation and F box protein-mediated BES1 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (S.K., F.Y., J.Z.);University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (F.Y.); National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China (L.L., S.C.); andState Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China (H.C.)
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (S.K., F.Y., J.Z.);University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (F.Y.); National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China (L.L., S.C.); andState Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China (H.C.)
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (S.K., F.Y., J.Z.);University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (F.Y.); National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China (L.L., S.C.); andState Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China (H.C.)
| | - Huamin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (S.K., F.Y., J.Z.);University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (F.Y.); National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China (L.L., S.C.); andState Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China (H.C.)
| | - She Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (S.K., F.Y., J.Z.);University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (F.Y.); National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China (L.L., S.C.); andState Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China (H.C.)
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (S.K., F.Y., J.Z.);University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (F.Y.); National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China (L.L., S.C.); andState Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China (H.C.)
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Kumar A, Bimolata W, Kannan M, Kirti PB, Qureshi IA, Ghazi IA. Comparative proteomics reveals differential induction of both biotic and abiotic stress response associated proteins in rice during Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae infection. Funct Integr Genomics 2015; 15:425-37. [PMID: 25648443 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial blight disease in rice and brutally affects the yield up to 50 % of total production. Here, we report a comparative proteomics analysis of total foliar protein isolated from infected rice leaves of susceptible Pusa Basmati 1 (PB1) and resistant Oryza longistaminata genotypes. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) approaches identified 29 protein spots encoding unique proteins from both the genotypes. Identified proteins belonged to a large number of biological and molecular functions related to biotic and abiotic stress proteins which are potentially involved during Xoo infection. Biotic and abiotic stress-related proteins were induced during Xoo infection, indicating the activation of common stress pathway during bacterial blight infection. Candidate genes conferring tolerance against bacterial blight, which include germin-like protein, putative r40c1, cyclin-dependent kinase C, Ent-isokaur-15-ene synthase and glutathione-dependent dehydroascorbate reductase 1 (GSH-DHAR1), were also induced, with germin-like proteins induced only in the resistant rice genotype O. longistaminata. Energy, metabolism and hypothetical proteins were common among both the genotypes. Further, host defence/stress-related proteins were mostly expressed in resistant genotype O. longistaminata, indicating possible co-evolution of the pathogen and the wild rice, O. longistaminata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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Klemptner RL, Sherwood JS, Tugizimana F, Dubery IA, Piater LA. Ergosterol, an orphan fungal microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP). MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:747-61. [PMID: 24528492 PMCID: PMC6638689 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens continue to pose a significant threat to crop production and food supply. The early stages of plant-fungus interactions are mostly mediated by microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) molecules, perceived by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Currently, the identified fungal MAMP molecules include chitin, chitosan, β-glucans, elicitins and ergosterol. Although the molecular battles between host plants and infecting fungal phytopathogens have been studied extensively, many aspects still need to be investigated to obtain a holistic understanding of the intrinsic mechanisms, which is paramount in combating fungal plant diseases. Here, an overview is given of the most recent findings concerning an 'orphan' fungal MAMP molecule, ergosterol, and we present what is currently known from a synopsis of different genes, proteins and metabolites found to play key roles in induced immune responses in plant-fungus interactions. Clearly, integrative investigations are still needed to provide a comprehensive systems-based understanding of the dynamics associated with molecular mechanisms in plant-ergosterol interactions and associated host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn L Klemptner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
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Functionally redundant RXLR effectors from Phytophthora infestans act at different steps to suppress early flg22-triggered immunity. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004057. [PMID: 24763622 PMCID: PMC3999189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome sequences of several economically important phytopathogenic oomycetes have revealed the presence of large families of so-called RXLR effectors. Functional screens have identified RXLR effector repertoires that either compromise or induce plant defense responses. However, limited information is available about the molecular mechanisms underlying the modes of action of these effectors in planta. The perception of highly conserved pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs), such as flg22, triggers converging signaling pathways recruiting MAP kinase cascades and inducing transcriptional re-programming, yielding a generic anti-microbial response. We used a highly synchronizable, pathogen-free protoplast-based assay to identify a set of RXLR effectors from Phytophthora infestans (PiRXLRs), the causal agent of potato and tomato light blight that manipulate early stages of flg22-triggered signaling. Of thirty-three tested PiRXLR effector candidates, eight, called Suppressor of early Flg22-induced Immune response (SFI), significantly suppressed flg22-dependent activation of a reporter gene under control of a typical MAMP-inducible promoter (pFRK1-Luc) in tomato protoplasts. We extended our analysis to Arabidopsis thaliana, a non-host plant species of P. infestans. From the aforementioned eight SFI effectors, three appeared to share similar functions in both Arabidopsis and tomato by suppressing transcriptional activation of flg22-induced marker genes downstream of post-translational MAP kinase activation. A further three effectors interfere with MAMP signaling at, or upstream of, the MAP kinase cascade in tomato, but not in Arabidopsis. Transient expression of the SFI effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana enhances susceptibility to P. infestans and, for the most potent effector, SFI1, nuclear localization is required for both suppression of MAMP signaling and virulence function. The present study provides a framework to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying the manipulation of host MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI) by P. infestans and to understand the basis of host versus non-host resistance in plants towards P. infestans. Phytophthora species are among the most devastating crop pathogens worldwide. P. infestans is a pathogen of tomato and potato plants. The genome of P. infestans has been sequenced, revealing the presence of a large number of host-targeting RXLR effector proteins that are thought to manipulate cellular activities to the benefit of the pathogen. One step toward disease management comprises understanding the molecular basis of host susceptibility. In this paper, we used a protoplast-based system to analyze a subset of P. infestans RXLR (PiRXLR) effectors that interfere with plant immunity initiated by the recognition of microbial patterns (MAMP-triggered immunity - MTI). We identified PiRXLR effectors that suppress different stages early in the signaling cascade leading to MTI in tomato. By conducting a comparative functional analysis, we found that some of these effectors attenuate early MTI signaling in Arabidopsis, a plant that is not colonized by P. infestans. The PiRXLR effectors localize to different sub-cellular compartments, consistent with their ability to suppress different steps of the MTI signaling pathway. We conclude that the effector complement of P. infestans contains functional redundancy in the context of suppressing early signal transduction and gene activation associated with plant immunity.
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Ban Y, Kobayashi Y, Hara T, Hamada T, Hashimoto T, Takeda S, Hattori T. α-tubulin is rapidly phosphorylated in response to hyperosmotic stress in rice and Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:848-58. [PMID: 23628996 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
By using high-resolution two-dimensional PAGE followed by phosphoprotein-specific staining and peptide mass fingerprint analysis along with other assays, we found that α-tubulin is phosphorylated in response to hyperosmotic stress in rice and Arabidopsis. The onset of the phosphorylation response was as early as 2 min after hyperosmotic stress treatment, and a major proportion of α-tubulin was phosphorylated after 60 min in root tissues. However, the phosphorylated form of α-tubulin was readily dephosphorylated upon stress removal. The phosphorylation site was identified as Thr349 by comprehensive mutagenesis of serine/threonine residues in a rice α-tubulin isoform followed by evaluation in cultured cell protoplasts. This residue is located at the surface for the interaction with β-tubulin in polymerized α-β tubulin dimers and has been proposed to be directly involved in this interaction. Thus, α-tubulin phosphorylation was considered to occur on free tubulin dimers in response to hyperosmotic stress. The incorporation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-α-tubulin into cortical microtubules was completely inhibited in transgenic Arabidopsis when Thr349 was substituted with glutamate or aspartate. Using transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing GFP-α-tubulin, we found that hyperosmotic stress causes extensive cortical microtubule depolymerization. Microtubule-destabilizing treatments such as propyzamide or oryzalin and temperature stresses resulted in α-tubulin phosphorylation, whereas hyperosmotic stress-induced α-tubulin phosphorylation was partially inhibited by taxol, which stabilizes microtubules. These results and the three-dimensional location of the phosphorylation site suggested that microtubules are depolymerized in response to hyperosmotic stress via α-tubulin phosphorylation. Together, the results of the present study reveal a novel mechanism that globally regulates the microtubule polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Ban
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Jiang Y, Chen X, Ding X, Wang Y, Chen Q, Song WY. The XA21 binding protein XB25 is required for maintaining XA21-mediated disease resistance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 23206229 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant genomes encode a large number of proteins that potentially function as immune receptors in the defense against pathogen invasion. As a well-characterized receptor kinase consisting of 23 tandem leucine-rich repeats, a transmembrane domain and a serine/threonine kinase, the rice (Oryza sativa) protein XA21 confers resistance to a broad spectrum of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) races that cause bacterial blight disease. We report here that XA21 binding protein 25 (XB25) belongs to the plant-specific ankyrin-repeat (PANK) family. XB25 physically interacts, in vitro, with the transmembrane domain of XA21 through its N-terminal binding to transmembrane and positively charged domain (BTMP) repeats. In addition, XB25 associates with XA21 in planta. The downregulation of Xb25 results in reduced levels of XA21 and compromised XA21-mediated disease resistance at the adult stage. Moreover, the accumulation of XB25 is induced by Xoo infection. Taken together, these results indicate that XB25 is required for maintaining XA21-mediated disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Rampitsch C, Bykova NV. The beginnings of crop phosphoproteomics: exploring early warning systems of stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:144. [PMID: 22783265 PMCID: PMC3387783 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This review examines why a knowledge of plant protein phosphorylation events is important in devising strategies to protect crops from both biotic and abiotic stresses, and why proteomics should be included when studying stress pathways. Most of the achievements in elucidating phospho-signaling pathways in biotic and abiotic stress are reported from model systems: while these are discussed, this review attempts mainly to focus on work done with crops, with examples of achievements reported from rice, maize, wheat, grape, Brassica, tomato, and soy bean after cold acclimation, hormonal and oxidative hydrogen peroxide treatment, salt stress, mechanical wounding, or pathogen challenge. The challenges that remain to transfer this information into a format that can be used to protect crops against biotic and abiotic stresses are enormous. The tremendous increase in the speed and ease of DNA sequencing is poised to reveal the whole genomes of many crop species in the near future, which will facilitate phosphoproteomics and phosphogenomics research.
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Ali F, Yan J. Disease resistance in maize and the role of molecular breeding in defending against global threat. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 54:134-51. [PMID: 22333113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2012.01105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Diseases are a potential threat to global food security but plants have evolved an extensive array of methodologies to cope with the invading pathogens. Non-host resistance and quantitative resistance are broad spectrum forms of resistance, and all kinds of resistances are controlled by extremely diverse genes called "R-genes". R-genes follow different mechanisms to defend plants and PAMP-induced defenses in susceptible host plants are referred to as basal resistance. Genetic and phenotypic diversity are vital in maize (Zea mays L.); as such, genome wide association study (GWAS) along with certain other methodologies can explore the maximum means of genetic diversity. Exploring the complete genetic architecture to manipulate maize genetically reduces the losses from hazardous diseases. Genomic studies can reveal the interaction between different genes and their pathways. By confirming the specific role of these genes and protein-protein interaction (proteomics) via advanced molecular and bioinformatics tools, we can shed a light on the most complicated and abstruse phenomena of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Ali
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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20
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Sun W, Cao Y, Jansen Labby K, Bittel P, Boller T, Bent AF. Probing the Arabidopsis flagellin receptor: FLS2-FLS2 association and the contributions of specific domains to signaling function. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:1096-113. [PMID: 22388452 PMCID: PMC3336135 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.095919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flagellin sensing2 (FLS2) is a transmembrane receptor kinase that activates antimicrobial defense responses upon binding of bacterial flagellin or the flagellin-derived peptide flg22. We find that some Arabidopsis thaliana FLS2 is present in FLS2-FLS2 complexes before and after plant exposure to flg22. flg22 binding capability is not required for FLS2-FLS2 association. Cys pairs flank the extracellular leucine rich repeat (LRR) domain in FLS2 and many other LRR receptors, and we find that the Cys pair N-terminal to the FLS2 LRR is required for normal processing, stability, and function, possibly due to undescribed endoplasmic reticulum quality control mechanisms. By contrast, disruption of the membrane-proximal Cys pair does not block FLS2 function, instead increasing responsiveness to flg22, as indicated by a stronger oxidative burst. There was no evidence for intermolecular FLS2-FLS2 disulfide bridges. Truncated FLS2 containing only the intracellular domain associates with full-length FLS2 and exerts a dominant-negative effect on wild-type FLS2 function that is dependent on expression level but independent of the protein kinase capacity of the truncated protein. FLS2 is insensitive to disruption of multiple N-glycosylation sites, in contrast with the related receptor EF-Tu receptor that can be rendered nonfunctional by disruption of single glycosylation sites. These and additional findings more precisely define the molecular mechanisms of FLS2 receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yangrong Cao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Kristin Jansen Labby
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Pascal Bittel
- Botanisches Institut der Universität Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Botanisches Institut der Universität Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew F. Bent
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Address correspondence to
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Rampitsch C, Bykova NV. Proteomics and plant disease: Advances in combating a major threat to the global food supply. Proteomics 2012; 12:673-90. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Plant Root Secretions and Their Interactions with Neighbors. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23047-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Ptcorp gene induced by cold stress was identified by proteomic analysis in leaves of Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:5859-66. [PMID: 22205537 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A proteomic approach was employed to investigate the cold stress-responsive proteins in trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.), which is a well-known cold tolerant citrus relative and widely used as rootstock in China. Two-year-old potted seedlings were exposed to freezing temperature (-6°C) for 50 min (nonlethal) and 80 min (lethal), and the total proteins were isolated from leaves of the treated plants. Nine differentially accumulated proteins over 2-fold changes in abundance were identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Among these proteins, a resistance protein induced by the nonlethal cold treatment (protein spot #2 from P. trifoliata) was selected as target sequence for degenerated primer design. By using the designed primers, a PCR product of about 700 bp size was amplified from P. trifoliata genomic DNA, which was further cloned and sequenced. A nucleotide sequence of 676 bp was obtained and named Ptcorp. Blast retrieval showed that Ptcorp shared 88% homology with an EST of cold acclimated Bluecrop (Vaccinium corymbosum) library (Accession number: CF811080), indicating that Ptcorp had association with cold acclimation. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that Ptcorp gene was up-regulated by cold stress which was consistent with the former result of protein expression profile. As the resistance protein (NBS-LRR disease resistance protein family) gene was up-regulated by cold stress in trifoliate orange and satsuma mandarin, it may imply that NBS-LRR genes might be associated with cold resistance in citrus.
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Nawrocki A, Thorup-Kristensen K, Jensen ON. Quantitative proteomics by 2DE and MALDI MS/MS uncover the effects of organic and conventional cropping methods on vegetable products. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2810-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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25
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Serna-Sanz A, Parniske M, Peck SC. Phosphoproteome analysis of Lotus japonicus roots reveals shared and distinct components of symbiosis and defense. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:932-7. [PMID: 21446788 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-10-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots form an intracellular symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria while maintaining the capacity for defending themselves against bacterial pathogens. To investigate the molecular relationship between these opposing cellular responses, we compared changes in the root phosphoproteome of the legume Lotus japonicus occurring within minutes after perception of nodulation factor (NF), a symbiotic signaling molecule, to those elicited by flagellin peptide (flg22), a conserved pathogen-associated peptide motif present in flagellar protein of a wide range of bacteria. Phosphoproteins were visualized by autoradiography of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels after in vivo labeling with 33P-orthophosphate. Comparisons of NF- and flg22-induced phosphoprotein patterns revealed signal-specific responses but also a surprisingly large overlap. Specificity of the responses was observed because the NF receptor kinases NFR1 and NFR5 were both required for NF- but not for flg22-mediated changes in the phosphoproteome. Moreover, NF did not stimulate an oxidative burst or activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, two common markers for early defense responses that were induced by flg22. Inhibitor studies revealed that phosphorylation of at least some of the proteins in response to NF requires phospholipase D (PLD) whereas regulation of the flg22 phosphoproteome is PLD-independent. Although plant signal transduction during symbiosis and defense utilizes distinct components, phosphorylation of overlapping sets of proteins is achieved.
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Rolfe BG, Mathesius U, Djordjevic M, Weinman J, Hocart C, Weiller G, Bauer WD. Proteomic analysis of legume-microbe interactions. Comp Funct Genomics 2011; 4:225-8. [PMID: 18629116 PMCID: PMC2447403 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2003] [Accepted: 02/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Barry G Rolfe
- Genomic Interactions Group The Australian National University GPO Box 475 ACT Canberra 2601 Australia
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27
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Anderson JC, Bartels S, González Besteiro MA, Shahollari B, Ulm R, Peck SC. Arabidopsis MAP Kinase Phosphatase 1 (AtMKP1) negatively regulates MPK6-mediated PAMP responses and resistance against bacteria. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 67:258-68. [PMID: 21447069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A primary component of plant defense is the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by plasma membrane-localized pathogen recognition receptors. PAMP perception results in rapid and transient activation of phosphorylation-dependent signaling pathways that lead to a wide array of defense-related responses, including extensive changes in gene expression. In Arabidopsis, several kinases, including the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) MPK6 and MPK3, are rapidly activated after PAMP treatment, and are thought to positively regulate a wide array of defense-related responses. In contrast, negative regulation of PAMP responses by downstream phosphatases remains poorly understood. Here we report the identification of Arabidopsis MAP Kinase Phosphatase 1 (MKP1) as a negative regulator of diverse PAMP responses, including activation of MPK6 and MPK3, transient production of extracellular reactive oxygen species, accumulation of a subset of PAMP-regulated transcripts, and inhibition of seedling growth. In agreement with the enhanced PAMP response phenotypes observed in the mkp1 mutant, we found that mkp1 seedlings and adult plants are more resistant to the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000. Further genetic analysis revealed that MPK6, but not MPK3, is required for the mkp1-dependent increase in resistance to Pto and enhanced PAMP-induced growth inhibition observed in mkp1 seedlings. Together, our data support a role for MKP1 as a negative regulator of MPK6-mediated PAMP responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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28
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Ghelis T. Signal processing by protein tyrosine phosphorylation in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:942-51. [PMID: 21628997 PMCID: PMC3257767 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.7.15261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a reversible post-translational modification controlling many biological processes. Most phosphorylation occurs on serine and threonine, and to a less extend on tyrosine (Tyr). In animals, Tyr phosphorylation is crucial for the regulation of many responses such as growth or differentiation. Only recently with the development of mass spectrometry, it has been reported that Tyr phosphorylation is as important in plants as in animals. The genes encoding protein Tyr kinases and protein Tyr phosphatases have been identified in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Putative substrates of these enzymes, and thus Tyr-phosphorylated proteins have been reported by proteomic studies based on accurate mass spectrometry analysis of the phosphopeptides and phosphoproteins. Biochemical approaches, pharmacology and genetic manipulations have indicated that responses to stress and developmental processes involve changes in protein Tyr phosphorylation. The aim of this review is to present an update on Tyr phosphorylation in plants in order to better assess the role of this post-translational modification in plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanos Ghelis
- UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, UR5 EAC 7180 CNRS, Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, Paris, France.
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Day B, Henty JL, Porter KJ, Staiger CJ. The pathogen-actin connection: a platform for defense signaling in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2011; 49:483-506. [PMID: 21495845 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton, a dynamic network of cytoplasmic polymers, plays a central role in numerous fundamental processes, such as development, reproduction, and cellular responses to biotic and abiotic stimuli. As a platform for innate immune responses in mammalian cells, the actin cytoskeleton is a central component in the organization and activation of host defenses, including signaling and cellular repair. In plants, our understanding of the genetic and biochemical responses in both pathogen and host that are required for virulence and resistance has grown enormously. Additional advances in live-cell imaging of cytoskeletal dynamics have markedly altered our view of actin turnover in plants. In this review, we outline current knowledge of host resistance following pathogen perception, both in terms of the genetic interactions that mediate defense signaling, as well as the biochemical and cellular processes that are required for defense signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Day
- Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1311, USA.
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Rosenqvist H, Ye J, Jensen ON. Analytical strategies in mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 753:183-213. [PMID: 21604124 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-148-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoproteomics, the systematic study of protein phosphorylation events and cell signaling networks in cells and tissues, is a rapidly evolving branch of functional proteomics. Current phosphoproteomics research provides a large toolbox of strategies and protocols that may assist researchers to reveal key regulatory events and phosphorylation-mediated processes in the cell and in whole organisms. We present an overview of sensitive and robust analytical methods for phosphopeptide analysis, including calcium phosphate precipitation and affinity enrichment methods such as IMAC and TiO(2). We then discuss various tandem mass spectrometry approaches for phosphopeptide sequencing and quantification, and we consider aspects of phosphoproteome data analysis and interpretation. Efficient integration of these stages of phosphoproteome analysis is highly important to ensure a successful outcome of large-scale experiments for studies of phosphorylation-mediated protein regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Rosenqvist
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
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31
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Zhou Y, Gao F, Li X, Zhang J, Zhang G. Alterations in phosphoproteome under salt stress in Thellungiella roots. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-4116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Zhang J, Zhou JM. Plant immunity triggered by microbial molecular signatures. MOLECULAR PLANT 2010; 3:783-93. [PMID: 20713980 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssq035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) are recognized by host cell surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to activate plant immunity. PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) constitutes the first layer of plant immunity that restricts pathogen proliferation. PTI signaling components often are targeted by various Pseudomonas syringae virulence effector proteins, resulting in diminished plant defenses and increased bacterial virulence. Some of the proteins targeted by pathogen effectors have evolved to sense the effector activity by associating with cytoplasmic immune receptors classically known as resistance proteins. This allows plants to activate a second layer of immunity termed effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Recent studies on PTI regulation and P. syringae effector targets have uncovered new components in PTI signaling. Although MAP kinase (MAPK) cascades have been considered crucial for PTI, emerging evidence indicates that a MAPK-independent pathway also plays an important role in PTI signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China.
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33
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Proteomic analysis of wheat embryos with 2-DE and liquid-phase chromatography (ProteomeLab PF-2D) — A wider perspective of the proteome. J Proteomics 2010; 73:1707-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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34
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Lan P, Yeh WB, Tsai CW, Lin NS. A unique glycine-rich motif at the N-terminal region of Bamboo mosaic virus coat protein is required for symptom expression. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:903-14. [PMID: 20521953 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-23-7-0903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The coat proteins (CP) of many plant viruses are multifunctional proteins. We used N-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry analysis to identify a truncated form of the Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) CP missing the N-terminal 35 amino acids (N35). The N35 region is unique in the potexviruses by its containing a glycine-rich motif (GRM) not present in databases but highly conserved among BaMV isolates. Results from site-directed mutagenesis and deletion mutational analysis showed that loss of this region converted necrotic local lesions to chlorotic local lesions on Chenopodium quinoa leaves. Furthermore, this region is required for successful development of mosaic symptoms on Nicotiana benthamiana leaves but is dispensable for BaMV replication and cell-to-cell and long-distance movement as well as virion assembly. This unique GRM-containing region of BaMV CP may be a symptom determinant in specific hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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35
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Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in proteomics: Past, present and future. J Proteomics 2010; 73:2064-77. [PMID: 20685252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis has been instrumental in the birth and developments of proteomics, although it is no longer the exclusive separation tool used in the field of proteomics. In this review, a historical perspective is made, starting from the days where two-dimensional gels were used and the word proteomics did not even exist. The events that have led to the birth of proteomics are also recalled, ending with a description of the now well-known limitations of two-dimensional gels in proteomics. However, the often-underestimated advantages of two-dimensional gels are also underlined, leading to a description of how and when to use two-dimensional gels for the best in a proteomics approach. Taking support of these advantages (robustness, resolution, and ability to separate entire, intact proteins), possible future applications of this technique in proteomics are also mentioned.
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36
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Straus MR, Rietz S, Ver Loren van Themaat E, Bartsch M, Parker JE. Salicylic acid antagonism of EDS1-driven cell death is important for immune and oxidative stress responses in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 62:628-40. [PMID: 20163553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as signals in the responses of plants to stress. Arabidopsis Enhanced Disease Susceptibility1 (EDS1) regulates defense and cell death against biotrophic pathogens and controls cell death propagation in response to chloroplast-derived ROS. Arabidopsis Nudix hydrolase7 (nudt7) mutants are sensitized to photo-oxidative stress and display EDS1-dependent enhanced resistance, salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and initiation of cell death. Here we explored the relationship between EDS1, EDS1-regulated SA and ROS by examining gene expression profiles, photo-oxidative stress and resistance phenotypes of nudt7 mutants in combination with eds1 and the SA-biosynthetic mutant, sid2. We establish that EDS1 controls steps downstream of chloroplast-derived O(2)(*-) that lead to SA-assisted H(2)O(2) accumulation as part of a mechanism limiting cell death. A combination of EDS1-regulated SA-antagonized and SA-promoted processes is necessary for resistance to host-adapted pathogens and for a balanced response to photo-oxidative stress. In contrast to SA, the apoplastic ROS-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase RbohD promotes initiation of cell death during photo-oxidative stress. Thus, chloroplastic O(2)(*-) signals are processed by EDS1 to produce counter-balancing activities of SA and RbohD in the control of cell death. Our data strengthen the idea that EDS1 responds to the status of O(2)(*-) or O(2)(*-)-generated molecules to coordinate cell death and defense outputs. This activity may enable the plant to respond flexibly to different biotic and abiotic stresses in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco R Straus
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
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37
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Ferrari S. Biological elicitors of plant secondary metabolites: mode of action and use in the production of nutraceutics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 698:152-66. [PMID: 21520710 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many secondary metabolites of interest for human health and nutrition are produced by plants when they are under attack of microbial pathogens or insects. Treatment with elicitors derived from phytopathogens can be an effective strategy to increase the yield of specific metabolites obtained from plant cell cultures. Understanding how plant cells perceive microbial elicitors and how this perception leads to the accumulation of secondary metabolites, may help us improve the production of nutraceutics in terms of quantity and of quality of the compounds. The knowledge gathered in the past decades on elicitor perception and transduction is now being combined to high-throughput methodologies, such as transcriptomics and metabolomics, to engineer plant cells that produce compounds of interest at industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ferrari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy.
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Böttner S, Iven T, Carsjens CS, Dröge-Laser W. Nuclear accumulation of the ankyrin repeat protein ANK1 enhances the auxin-mediated transcription accomplished by the bZIP transcription factors BZI-1 and BZI-2. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 58:914-26. [PMID: 19220790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor BZI-1 has been implicated in auxin-mediated gene regulation. Yeast two-hybrid analysis has led to the identification of two BZI-1 protein interaction partners: the heterodimerizing bZIP factor BZI-2 and an ankyrin repeat domain protein, ANK1. Analysis in transgenic plants confirms that low levels of functional BZI-1, BZI-2 and ANK1 result in reduced auxin responses. This finding indicates that the three proteins act in the same functional context. The in vivo interaction of ANK1 and BZI-1 has been confirmed by protoplast two-hybrid analysis, as well as by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) studies. Whereas YFP-BZI-1 has been found to be localized in the nucleus, YFP-ANK1 resides in the cytosol. Nevertheless, the inhibition of nuclear export with the inhibitor leptomycin B (LMB) and the co-expression with BZI-1, as well as treatment with auxin, results in the accumulation of YFP-ANK1 in the nucleus. Whereas BZI-1 is a weak activator, BZI-1/BZI-2 heterodimers efficiently support transcription. Importantly, conditions that lead to the accumulation of ANK1 in the nucleus, such as the expression of an ANK1 protein fused to a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) or auxin treatment, lead to a significant enhancement of BZI-1/BZI-2-mediated transcription. We therefore propose a mechanism in which the nuclear accumulation of ANK1 enhances BZI-1/BZI-2-mediated transcription in an auxin-dependent manner, presumably facilitated by protein-protein interaction. In summary, this study defines novel components in auxin-dependent signalling and transcriptional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Böttner
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut, Universität Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Trapphoff T, Beutner C, Niehaus K, Colditz F. Induction of distinct defense-associated protein patterns in Aphanomyces euteiches (Oomycota)-elicited and -inoculated Medicago truncatula cell-suspension cultures: a proteome and phosphoproteome approach. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:421-36. [PMID: 19271957 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-4-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive proteomic approach was applied to investigate molecular events occurring upon inoculation of Medicago truncatula cell-suspension cultures with the oomycete root pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches. Establishment of an inoculation assay in the cell cultures allowed a direct comparison between proteins induced by elicitation with a crude culture extract of the oomycete and by inoculation with A. euteiches zoospores representing the natural infection carrier. Oxidative burst assays revealed responsiveness of the cell cultures for perception of elicitation and inoculation signals. The plant "elicitation proteome" resembles the "inoculation proteome" in early incubation stages and includes proteins induced following initial oxidative burst and defense reactions, but also proteins involved in the antioxidative system. However, approximately 2 days after incubation, the inoculation proteome differs drastically from the proteome of elicited cultures, where a cessation of responses assignable to A. euteiches elicitation occurred. The specific protein induction patterns of zoospore-inoculated cells appeared consistent with the protein induction identified in recent studies for an A. euteiches infection in planta and consist of three functional groups: i) pathogenesis-related proteins, ii) proteins associated with secondary phenylpropanoid or phytoalexin metabolism, and, particularly, iii) proteins assigned to carbohydrate metabolism and energy-related cellular processes. Phosphoproteomic analyses revealed consistent and specific activation of these defense-related pathways already at very early timepoints of inoculation, providing evidence that the identified protein profiles are representative for an established A. euteiches infection of M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Trapphoff
- University of Bielefeld, Department 7, Proteome and Metabolome Research, Germany
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40
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Feng B, Li L, Zhou X, Stanley B, Ma H. Analysis of the Arabidopsis floral proteome: detection of over 2 000 proteins and evidence for posttranslational modifications. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 51:207-23. [PMID: 19200160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The proteome of the Arabidopsis flower has not been extensively studied previously. Here, we report a proteomic analysis of the wild type Arabidopsis flower. Using both two-dimensional electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (2-DGE/MS) and multi-dimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT) approaches, we identified 2,446 proteins. Although a single experiment or analysis uncovered only a subset of the proteins we identified, a combination of multiple experiments and analyses facilitated the detection of a greater number of proteins. When proteins are grouped according to RNA expression levels revealed by microarray experiments, we found that proteins encoded by genes with relatively high levels of expression were detected with greater frequencies. On the other hand, at the level of the individual gene/protein, there was not a good correlation between protein spot intensity and microarray values. We also obtained strong evidence for post-translational modification from 2-DGE and MudPIT data. We detected proteins that are annotated to function in protein synthesis, folding, modification, and degradation, as well as the presence of regulatory proteins such as transcription factors and protein kinases. Finally, sequence and evolutionary analysis of genes for active methyl group metabolisms suggests that these genes are highly conserved. Our results allow the formulation of hypotheses regarding post-translational regulation of proteins in the flower, providing new understanding about Arabidopsis flower development and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baomin Feng
- Department of Biology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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41
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Boller T, Felix G. A renaissance of elicitors: perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns and danger signals by pattern-recognition receptors. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 60:379-406. [PMID: 19400727 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1907] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are molecular signatures typical of whole classes of microbes, and their recognition plays a key role in innate immunity. Endogenous elicitors are similarly recognized as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). This review focuses on the diversity of MAMPs/DAMPs and on progress to identify the corresponding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in plants. The two best-characterized MAMP/PRR pairs, flagellin/FLS2 and EF-Tu/EFR, are discussed in detail and put into a phylogenetic perspective. Both FLS2 and EFR are leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs). Upon treatment with flagellin, FLS2 forms a heteromeric complex with BAK1, an LRR-RK that also acts as coreceptor for the brassinolide receptor BRI1. The importance of MAMP/PRR signaling for plant immunity is highlighted by the finding that plant pathogens use effectors to inhibit PRR complexes or downstream signaling events. Current evidence indicates that MAMPs, DAMPs, and effectors are all perceived as danger signals and induce a stereotypic defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boller
- Botanisches Institut, Universität Basel, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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42
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Whiteman SA, Serazetdinova L, Jones AME, Sanders D, Rathjen J, Peck SC, Maathuis FJM. Identification of novel proteins and phosphorylation sites in a tonoplast enriched membrane fraction of Arabidopsis thaliana. Proteomics 2008; 8:3536-47. [PMID: 18686298 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200701104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant vacuoles play essential roles in many physiological processes, particularly in mineral nutrition, turgor provision and cellular signalling. The vacuolar membrane, the tonoplast, contains many membrane transporters that are critical in the execution of these processes. However, although increasing knowledge is available about the identity of proteins involved in these processes very little is known about the regulation of tonoplast transporters. By studying the phosphoproteome of tonoplast-enriched membranes, we identified 66 phosphorylation sites on 58 membrane proteins. Amongst these, 31 sites were identified in 28 membrane transporters of various families including tonoplast anion transporters of the CLC family, potassium transporters of the KUP family, tonoplast sugar transporters and ABC transporters. In a number of cases, the detected sites were well conserved across isoforms of one family pointing to common mechanisms of regulation. In other cases, isoform-unique sites were present, suggesting regulatory mechanisms tailored to the function of individual proteins. These results provide the basis for future studies to elucidate the mechanistic regulation of tonoplast membrane transporters.
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43
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Anderson JC, Peck SC. A simple and rapid technique for detecting protein phosphorylation using one-dimensional isoelectric focusing gels and immunoblot analysis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 55:881-885. [PMID: 18466305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report a technique for detecting protein phosphorylation that involves isoelectric focusing in a vertical mini-gel format followed by immunoblot detection of the target protein. This method uses standard protein gel equipment, allows sensitive detection of protein phosphorylation when phosphospecific antibodies are not available, and provides a stoichiometric measure of phosphorylation. We demonstrate the application of this method for observing phosphorylation of an Arabidopsis thaliana protein in response to biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
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44
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Mehta A, Brasileiro ACM, Souza DSL, Romano E, Campos MA, Grossi-de-Sá MF, Silva MS, Franco OL, Fragoso RR, Bevitori R, Rocha TL. Plant-pathogen interactions: what is proteomics telling us? FEBS J 2008; 275:3731-46. [PMID: 18616468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, several studies have been performed to analyse plant-pathogen interactions. Recently, functional genomic strategies, including proteomics and transcriptomics, have contributed to the effort of defining gene and protein function and expression profiles. Using these 'omic' approaches, pathogenicity- and defence-related genes and proteins expressed during phytopathogen infections have been identified and enormous datasets have been accumulated. However, the understanding of molecular plant-pathogen interactions is still an intriguing area of investigation. Proteomics has dramatically evolved in the pursuit of large-scale functional assignment of candidate proteins and, by using this approach, several proteins expressed during phytopathogenic interactions have been identified. In this review, we highlight the proteins expressed during plant-virus, plant-bacterium, plant-fungus and plant-nematode interactions reported in proteomic studies, and discuss these findings considering the advantages and limitations of current proteomic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Mehta
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Brazil.
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45
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Radfar A, Diez A, Bautista JM. Chloroquine mediates specific proteome oxidative damage across the erythrocytic cycle of resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:2034-42. [PMID: 18397762 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine hinders malaria control in endemic areas. Current hypotheses on the action mechanism of chloroquine evoke its ultimate interference with the parasite's oxidative defence systems. Through carbonyl derivatization by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and proteomics, we compared oxidatively modified proteins across the parasite's intraerythrocytic stages in untreated and transiently IC(50) chloroquine-treated cultures of the chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum strain Dd2. Functional plasmodial protein groups found to be most oxidatively damaged were among those central to the parasite's physiological processes, including protein folding, proteolysis, energy metabolism, signal transduction, and pathogenesis. While an almost constant number of oxidized proteins was detected across the P. falciparum life cycle, chloroquine treatment led to increases in both the extent of protein oxidation and the number of proteins oxidized as the intraerythrocytic cycle progressed to mature stages. Our data provide new insights into early molecular effects produced by chloroquine in the parasite, as well as into the normal protein-oxidation modifications along the parasite cycle. Oxidized proteins involved in the particular parasite drug-response suggest that chloroquine causes specific oxidative stress, sharing common features with eukaryotic cells. Targeting these processes might provide ways of combating chloroquine-resistance and developing new antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Radfar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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46
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Ostronoff LK, Kremmer E, Fermín ML, Fragío C, Mysliwietz J, Kolb HJ, Tejero C. Canine stem cell factor augments expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 by CD34 cells. Cytotherapy 2008; 10:193-202. [PMID: 18368598 DOI: 10.1080/14653240701827407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine models have proved to be predictive of clinical findings in human bone marrow (BM) transplantation; consequently, the utilization of dogs is an excellent tool for supporting therapeutic purposes. Considering the role of growth factors in homing and mobilization of hematopoietic progenitors, the aim of this work was to evaluate whether canine stem cell factor (cSCF) contributes to matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 secretion by CD34 cells. METHODS The study was carried out in a cell population selected by immunomagnetic techniques using the anti-canine CD34 monoclonal antibody (MAb) 3B4 produced by us. Secretion of MMP-9 was evaluated by zymography. RESULTS Analyzes of canine CD34(+) cells guaranteed that the MAb 3B4 was optimum for selecting a subset population with defined characteristics of primitive hematopoietic cells. The isolated cells were able to proliferate onto irradiated pre-established stroma, giving rise to mature neutrophils. There was also a 20-fold enrichment in the long-term culture-initiating cell content when the isolated population was added to irradiated cultures, with respect to the starting mononuclear cell population. DISCUSSION We have provided the first evidence that canine BM CD34(+) cells constitutively express MMP-9 and the role of cSCF in up-regulating the secretion of this enzyme. The fact that cSCF augments expression of MMP-9 together with the ability of the isolated CD34(+)cells to proliferate onto irradiated pre-established stroma enables further investigations to determine whether the secretion of MMP-9 mediated by cSCF is one of the factors that enhance migration, homing and repopulation of primitive hemopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Ostronoff
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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47
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Aki T, Shigyo M, Nakano R, Yoneyama T, Yanagisawa S. Nano scale proteomics revealed the presence of regulatory proteins including three FT-Like proteins in phloem and xylem saps from rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 49:767-90. [PMID: 18372294 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The main physiological roles of phloem and xylem in higher plants involve the transport of water, nutrients and metabolites. They are also involved, however, in whole plant events including stress responses and long-distance signaling. Phloem and xylem saps therefore include a variety of proteins. In this study, we have performed a shotgun analysis of the proteome of phloem and xylem saps from rice, taking advantage of the complete and available genomic information for this plant. Xylem sap was prepared using the root pressure method, whereas phloem sap was prepared with a unique method with the assistance of planthoppers to ensure the robustness of the detected proteins. The technical difficulties caused by the very limited availability of rice samples were overcome by the use of nano-flow liquid chromatography linked to a mass spectrometer. We identified 118 different proteins and eight different peptides in xylem sap, and 107 different proteins and five different peptides in phloem sap. Signal transduction proteins, putative transcription factors and stress response factors as well as metabolic enzymes were identified in these saps. Interestingly, we found the presence of three TERMINAL FLOWER 1/FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)-like proteins in phloem sap. The detected FT-like proteins were not rice Hd3a (OsFTL2) itself that acted as a non-cell-autonomous signal for flowering control, but they were members of distinct subfamilies of the FT family with differential expression patterns. These results imply that proteomics on a nano scale is a potent tool for investigation of biological processes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Aki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
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48
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Wan J, Zhang XC, Neece D, Ramonell KM, Clough S, Kim SY, Stacey MG, Stacey G. A LysM receptor-like kinase plays a critical role in chitin signaling and fungal resistance in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:471-81. [PMID: 18263776 PMCID: PMC2276435 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.107.056754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, a polymer of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, is found in fungal cell walls but not in plants. Plant cells can perceive chitin fragments (chitooligosaccharides) leading to gene induction and defense responses. We identified a LysM receptor-like protein (LysM RLK1) required for chitin signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. The mutation in this gene blocked the induction of almost all chitooligosaccharide-responsive genes and led to more susceptibility to fungal pathogens but had no effect on infection by a bacterial pathogen. Additionally, exogenously applied chitooligosaccharides enhanced resistance against both fungal and bacterial pathogens in the wild-type plants but not in the mutant. Together, our data indicate that LysM RLK1 is essential for chitin signaling in plants (likely as part of the receptor complex) and is involved in chitin-mediated plant innate immunity. The LysM RLK1-mediated chitin signaling pathway is unique, but it may share a conserved downstream pathway with the FLS2/flagellin- and EFR/EF-Tu-mediated signaling pathways. Additionally, our work suggests a possible evolutionary relationship between the chitin and Nod factor perception mechanisms due to the similarities between their potential receptors and between the signal molecules perceived by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Wan
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Deng Z, Zhang X, Tang W, Oses-Prieto JA, Suzuki N, Gendron JM, Chen H, Guan S, Chalkley RJ, Peterman TK, Burlingame AL, Wang ZY. A proteomics study of brassinosteroid response in Arabidopsis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:2058-71. [PMID: 17848588 PMCID: PMC2966871 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700123-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant steroid hormones brassinosteroids (BRs) play an important role in a wide range of developmental and physiological processes. How BR signaling regulates diverse processes remains unclear. To understand the molecular details of BR responses, we performed a proteomics study of BR-regulated proteins in Arabidopsis using two-dimensional DIGE coupled with LC-MS/MS. We identified 42 BR-regulated proteins, which are predicted to play potential roles in BR regulation of specific cellular processes, such as signaling, cytoskeleton rearrangement, vesicle trafficking, and biosynthesis of hormones and vitamins. Analyses of the BR-insensitive mutant bri1-116 and BR-hypersensitive mutant bzr1-1D identified five proteins (PATL1, PATL2, THI1, AtMDAR3, and NADP-ME2) affected both by BR treatment and in the mutants, suggesting their importance in BR action. Selected proteins were further studied using insertion knock-out mutants or immunoblotting. Interestingly about 80% of the BR-responsive proteins were not identified in previous microarray studies, and direct comparison between protein and RNA changes in BR mutants revealed a very weak correlation. RT-PCR analysis of selected genes revealed gene-specific kinetic relationships between RNA and protein responses. Furthermore BR-regulated posttranslational modification of BiP2 protein was detected as spot shifts in two-dimensional DIGE. This study provides novel insights into the molecular networks that link BR signaling to specific cellular and physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Deng
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Xin Zhang
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco CA 94143
| | - Wenqiang Tang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Juan A Oses-Prieto
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco CA 94143
| | - Nagi Suzuki
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco CA 94143
| | - Joshua M Gendron
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Huanjing Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Shenheng Guan
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco CA 94143
| | - Robert J. Chalkley
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco CA 94143
| | - T. Kaye Peterman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481
| | - Alma L. Burlingame
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco CA 94143
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA 94305
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305. Phone: 650-325-1521 ext 205. Fax: 650-325-6857
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Chinchilla D, Boller T, Robatzek S. Flagellin signalling in plant immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 598:358-71. [PMID: 17892224 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-71767-8_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Chinchilla
- Basel-Zurich-Plant Science Center, Botanical Institute, University Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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