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Aghdam MS, Razavi F, Jia H. TOR and SnRK1 signaling pathways manipulation for improving postharvest fruits and vegetables marketability. Food Chem 2024; 456:139987. [PMID: 38852461 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
During postharvest life, intracellular sugar insufficiency accompanied by insufficient intracellular ATP and NADPH supply, intracellular ROS overaccumulation along with intracellular ABA accumulation arising from water shortage could be responsible for accelerating fruits and vegetables deterioration through promoting SnRK1 and SnRK2 signaling pathways while preventing TOR signaling pathway. By TOR and SnRK1 signaling pathways manipulation, sufficient intracellular ATP and NADPH providing, supporting phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins accumulation accompanied by improving DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS scavenging capacity by enhancing phenylpropanoid pathway activity, stimulating endogenous salicylic acid accumulation and NPR1-TGA-PRs signaling pathway, enhancing fatty acids biosynthesis, elongation and unsaturation, suppressing intracellular ROS overaccumulation, and promoting endogenous sucrose accumulation could be responsible for chilling injury palliating, fungal decay alleviating, senescence delaying and sensory and nutritional quality preservation in fruits and vegetables. Therefore, TOR and SnRK1 signaling pathways manipulation during postharvest shelf life by employing eco-friendly approaches such as exogenous trehalose and ATP application or engaging biotechnological approaches such as genome editing CRISPR-Cas9 or sprayable double-stranded RNA-based RNA interference would be applicable for improving fruits and vegetables marketability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhang Razavi
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Haifeng Jia
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
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2
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Li C, Zhang X, Gao W, Liang S, Wang S, Zhang X, Wang J, Yao J, Li Y, Liu Y. The chromosome-level Elaeagnus mollis genome and transcriptomes provide insights into genome evolution, glycerolipid and vitamin E biosynthesis in seeds. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 281:136273. [PMID: 39370078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 09/29/2024] [Accepted: 10/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Elaeagnus mollis, which has seeds with high lipid and vitamin E contents, is a valuable woody oil plant with potential for utilization. Currently, the biosynthesis and regulation mechanism of glycerolipids and vitamin E are still unknown in E. mollis. Here, we present the chromosome-level reference genome of E. mollis (scaffold N50: ~40.66Mbp, genome size: ~591.48Mbp) by integrating short-read, long-read, and Hi-C sequencing platforms. A total of 36,796 protein-coding sequences, mainly located on 14 proto-chromosomes, were predicted. Additionally, two whole genome duplication (WGD) events were suggested to have occurred ~54.07 and ~35.06 million years ago (MYA), with Elaeagnaceae plants probably experiencing both WGD events. Furthermore, the long terminal retrotransposons in E. mollis were active ~0.23MYA, and one of them was inferred to insert into coding sequence of the negative regulatory lipid synthesis gene, EMF2. Through transcriptomic and metabonomic analysis, key genes contributing to the high lipid and vitamin E levels of E. mollis seeds were identified, while miRNA regulation was also considered. This comprehensive work on the E. mollis genome not only provides a solid theoretical foundation and experimental basis for the efficient utilization of seed lipids and vitamin E, but also contributes to the exploration of new genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changle Li
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xianzhi Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Weilong Gao
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuoqing Liang
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shengshu Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Yao
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongquan Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yulin Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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3
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Bhati KK, Luong AM, Dittrich-Domergue F, D'Andrea S, Moreau P, Batoko H. Possible crosstalk between the Arabidopsis TSPO-related protein and the transcription factor WRINKLED1. Biochimie 2024; 224:62-70. [PMID: 38734125 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This study uncovers a regulatory interplay between WRINKLED1 (WRI1), a master transcription factor for glycolysis and lipid biosynthesis, and Translocator Protein (TSPO) expression in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. We identified potential WRI1-responsive elements upstream of AtTSPO through bioinformatics, suggesting WRI1's involvement in regulating TSPO expression. Our analyses showed a significant reduction in AtTSPO levels in wri1 mutant seeds compared to wild type, establishing a functional link between WRI1 and TSPO. This connection extends to the coordination of seed development and lipid metabolism, with both WRI1 and AtTSPO levels decreasing post-imbibition, indicating their roles in seed physiology. Further investigations into TSPO's impact on fatty acid synthesis revealed that TSPO misexpression alters WRI1's post-translational modifications and significantly enhances seed oil content. Additionally, we noted a decrease in key reserve proteins, including 12 S globulin and oleosin 1, in seeds with TSPO misexpression, suggesting a novel energy storage strategy in these lines. Our findings reveal a sophisticated network involving WRI1 and AtTSPO, highlighting their crucial contributions to seed development, lipid metabolism, and the modulation of energy storage mechanisms in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Kumar Bhati
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), University of Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, L7.07.14, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ai My Luong
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), University of Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, L7.07.14, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Franziska Dittrich-Domergue
- CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sabine D'Andrea
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Patrick Moreau
- CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Henri Batoko
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), University of Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, L7.07.14, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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4
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Clews AC, Ulch BA, Jesionowska M, Hong J, Mullen RT, Xu Y. Variety of Plant Oils: Species-Specific Lipid Biosynthesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:845-862. [PMID: 37971406 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant oils represent a large group of neutral lipids with important applications in food, feed and oleochemical industries. Most plants accumulate oils in the form of triacylglycerol within seeds and their surrounding tissues, which comprises three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. Different plant species accumulate unique fatty acids in their oils, serving a range of applications in pharmaceuticals and oleochemicals. To enable the production of these distinctive oils, select plant species have adapted specialized oil metabolism pathways, involving differential gene co-expression networks and structurally divergent enzymes/proteins. Here, we summarize some of the recent advances in our understanding of oil biosynthesis in plants. We compare expression patterns of oil metabolism genes from representative species, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Ricinus communis (castor bean), Linum usitatissimum L. (flax) and Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) to showcase the co-expression networks of relevant genes for acyl metabolism. We also review several divergent enzymes/proteins associated with key catalytic steps of unique oil accumulation, including fatty acid desaturases, diacylglycerol acyltransferases and oleosins, highlighting their structural features and preference toward unique lipid substrates. Lastly, we briefly discuss protein interactomes and substrate channeling for oil biosynthesis and the complex regulation of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C Clews
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brandon A Ulch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Monika Jesionowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jun Hong
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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5
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Li G, Zhao Y. The critical roles of three sugar-related proteins (HXK, SnRK1, TOR) in regulating plant growth and stress responses. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae099. [PMID: 38863993 PMCID: PMC11165164 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Sugar signaling is one of the most critical regulatory signals in plants, and its metabolic network contains multiple regulatory factors. Sugar signal molecules regulate cellular activities and organism development by combining with other intrinsic regulatory factors and environmental inputs. HXK, SnRK1, and TOR are three fundamental proteins that have a pivotal role in the metabolism of sugars in plants. HXK, being the initial glucose sensor discovered in plants, is renowned for its multifaceted characteristics. Recent investigations have unveiled that HXK additionally assumes a significant role in plant hormonal signaling and abiotic stress. SnRK1 serves as a vital regulator of growth under energy-depleted circumstances, whereas TOR, a large protein, acts as a central integrator of signaling pathways that govern cell metabolism, organ development, and transcriptome reprogramming in response to diverse stimuli. Together, these two proteins work to sense upstream signals and modulate downstream signals to regulate cell growth and proliferation. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of research on these three proteins, particularly on TOR and SnRK1. Furthermore, studies have found that these three proteins not only regulate sugar signaling but also exhibit certain signal crosstalk in regulating plant growth and development. This review provides a comprehensive overview and summary of the basic functions and regulatory networks of these three proteins. It aims to serve as a reference for further exploration of the interactions between these three proteins and their involvement in co-regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshuo Li
- College of Enology and Horticulture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Enology and Horticulture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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6
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Yan Y, Wang P, He J, Shi H. KIN10-mediated HB16 protein phosphorylation and self-association improve cassava disease resistance by transcriptional activation of lignin biosynthesis genes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 38768314 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Cassava bacterial blight significantly affects cassava yield worldwide, while major cassava cultivars are susceptible to this disease. Therefore, it is crucial to identify cassava disease resistance gene networks and defence molecules for the genetic improvement of cassava cultivars. In this study, we found that MeHB16 transcription factor as a differentially expressed gene in cassava cultivars with contrasting disease resistance, positively modulated disease resistance by modulating defence molecule lignin accumulation. Further investigation showed that MeHB16 physically interacted with itself via the leucine-Zippe domain (L-Zip), which was necessary for the transcriptional activation of downstream lignin biosynthesis genes. In addition, protein kinase MeKIN10 directly interacted with MeHB16 to promote its phosphorylation at Ser6, which in turn enhanced MeHB16 self-association and downstream lignin biosynthesis. In summary, this study revealed the molecular network of MeKIN10-mediated MeHB16 protein phosphorylation improved cassava bacterial blight resistance by fine-tuning lignin biosynthesis and provides candidate genes and the defence molecule for improving cassava disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Hainan province, China
| | - Peng Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Hainan province, China
| | - Jiaoyan He
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Hainan province, China
| | - Haitao Shi
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Hainan province, China
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7
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Blanford J, Zhai Z, Baer MD, Guo G, Liu H, Liu Q, Raugei S, Shanklin J. Molecular mechanism of trehalose 6-phosphate inhibition of the plant metabolic sensor kinase SnRK1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn0895. [PMID: 38758793 PMCID: PMC11100557 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn0895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
SUCROSE-NON-FERMENTING1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE1 (SnRK1), a central plant metabolic sensor kinase, phosphorylates its target proteins, triggering a global shift from anabolism to catabolism. Molecular modeling revealed that upon binding of KIN10 to GEMINIVIRUS REP-INTERACTING KINASE1 (GRIK1), KIN10's activation T-loop reorients into GRIK1's active site, enabling its phosphorylation and activation. Trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) is a proxy for cellular sugar status and a potent inhibitor of SnRK1. T6P binds to KIN10, a SnRK1 catalytic subunit, weakening its affinity for GRIK1. Here, we investigate the molecular details of T6P inhibition of KIN10. Molecular dynamics simulations and in vitro phosphorylation assays identified and validated the T6P binding site on KIN10. Under high-sugar conditions, T6P binds to KIN10, blocking the reorientation of its activation loop and preventing its phosphorylation and activation by GRIK1. Under these conditions, SnRK1 maintains only basal activity levels, minimizing phosphorylation of its target proteins, thereby facilitating a general shift from catabolism to anabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantana Blanford
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Zhiyang Zhai
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Marcel D. Baer
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Gongrui Guo
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Simone Raugei
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - John Shanklin
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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8
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Yang T, Huang Y, Liao L, Wang S, Zhang H, Pan J, Huang Y, Li X, Chen D, Liu T, Lu X, Wu Y. Sucrose-associated SnRK1a1-mediated phosphorylation of Opaque2 modulates endosperm filling in maize. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:788-806. [PMID: 38615195 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
During maize endosperm filling, sucrose not only serves as a source of carbon skeletons for storage-reserve synthesis but also acts as a stimulus to promote this process. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying sucrose and endosperm filling are poorly understood. In this study, we found that sucrose promotes the expression of endosperm-filling hub gene Opaque2 (O2), coordinating with storage-reserve accumulation. We showed that the protein kinase SnRK1a1 can attenuate O2-mediated transactivation, but sucrose can release this suppression. Biochemical assays revealed that SnRK1a1 phosphorylates O2 at serine 41 (S41), negatively affecting its protein stability and transactivation ability. We observed that mutation of SnRK1a1 results in larger seeds with increased kernel weight and storage reserves, while overexpression of SnRK1a1 causes the opposite effect. Overexpression of the native O2 (O2-OE), phospho-dead (O2-SA), and phospho-mimetic (O2-SD) variants all increased 100-kernel weight. Although O2-SA seeds exhibit smaller kernel size, they have higher accumulation of starch and proteins, resulting in larger vitreous endosperm and increased test weight. O2-SD seeds display larger kernel size but unchanged levels of storage reserves and test weight. O2-OE seeds show elevated kernel dimensions and nutrient storage, like a mixture of O2-SA and O2-SD seeds. Collectively, our study discovers a novel regulatory mechanism of maize endosperm filling. Identification of S41 as a SnRK1-mediated phosphorylation site in O2 offers a potential engineering target for enhancing storage-reserve accumulation and yield in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yunqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Longyu Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongcai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Di Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Institute of Molecular Breeding for Maize, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoduo Lu
- Institute of Molecular Breeding for Maize, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yongrui Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Sun J, Liu H, Blanford JK, Cai Y, Zhai Z, Shanklin J. GRIK phosphorylates and activates KIN10 which also promotes its degradation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1375471. [PMID: 38590740 PMCID: PMC10999582 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1375471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The sensor kinase Sucrose Non-fermenting-1-Related Kinase 1 (SnRK1) plays a central role in energy and metabolic homeostasis. KIN10 is a major catalytic (α) kinase subunit of SnRK1 regulated by transcription, posttranslational modification, targeted protein degradation, and its subcellular localization. Geminivirus Rep Interacting Kinase 1 and 2 (GRIK1 and 2) are immediate upstream kinases of KIN10. In the transient protein expression assays carried out in Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) leaves, GRIK1 not only phosphorylates KIN10 but also simultaneously initiates its degradation. Posttranslational GRIK-mediated KIN10 degradation is dependent on both GRIK kinase activity and phosphorylation of the KIN10 T-loop. KIN10 proteins are significantly enriched in the grik1-1 grik2-1 double mutant, consistent with the transient assays in N. benthamiana. Interestingly. Among the enriched KIN10 proteins from grik1-1 grik2-1, is a longer isoform, putatively derived by alternative splicing which is barely detectable in wild-type plants. The reduced stability of KIN10 upon phosphorylation and activation by GRIK represents a mechanism that enables the KIN10 activity to be rapidly reduced when the levels of intracellular sugar/energy are restored to their set point, representing an important homeostatic control that prevents a metabolic overreaction to low-sugar conditions. Since GRIKs are activating kinases of KIN10, KIN10s in the grik1 grik2 double null mutant background remain un-phosphorylated, with only their basal level of activity, are more stable, and therefore increase in abundance, which also explains the longer isoform KIN10L which is a minor isoform in wild type is clearly detected in the grik1 grik2 double mutant.
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10
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Broucke E, Dang TTV, Li Y, Hulsmans S, Van Leene J, De Jaeger G, Hwang I, Wim VDE, Rolland F. SnRK1 inhibits anthocyanin biosynthesis through both transcriptional regulation and direct phosphorylation and dissociation of the MYB/bHLH/TTG1 MBW complex. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1193-1213. [PMID: 37219821 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved an extensive specialized secondary metabolism. The colorful flavonoid anthocyanins, for example, not only stimulate flower pollination and seed dispersal, but also protect different tissues against high light, UV and oxidative stress. Their biosynthesis is highly regulated by environmental and developmental cues and induced by high sucrose levels. Expression of the biosynthetic enzymes involved is controlled by a transcriptional MBW complex, comprising (R2R3) MYB- and bHLH-type transcription factors and the WD40 repeat protein TTG1. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is not only useful, but also carbon- and energy-intensive and non-vital. Consistently, the SnRK1 protein kinase, a metabolic sensor activated in carbon- and energy-depleting stress conditions, represses anthocyanin biosynthesis. Here we show that Arabidopsis SnRK1 represses MBW complex activity both at the transcriptional and post-translational level. In addition to repressing expression of the key transcription factor MYB75/PAP1, SnRK1 activity triggers MBW complex dissociation, associated with loss of target promoter binding, MYB75 protein degradation and nuclear export of TTG1. We also provide evidence for direct interaction with and phosphorylation of multiple MBW complex proteins. These results indicate that repression of expensive anthocyanin biosynthesis is an important strategy to save energy and redirect carbon flow to more essential processes for survival in metabolic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Broucke
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thi Tuong Vi Dang
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Yi Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sander Hulsmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Van Leene
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ildoo Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Van den Ende Wim
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Rolland
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Yang Y, Kong Q, Tee WT, Li Y, Low PM, Patra B, Guo L, Yuan L, Ma W. Transcription factor bZIP52 modulates Arabidopsis seed oil biosynthesis through interaction with WRINKLED1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:2628-2639. [PMID: 37148285 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation mediated by combinatorial interaction of transcription factors (TFs) is a key molecular mechanism modulating plant development and metabolism. Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) TFs play important roles in various plant developmental and physiological processes. However, their involvement in fatty acid biosynthesis is largely unknown. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) WRINKLED1 (WRI1) is a pivotal TF in regulation of plant oil biosynthesis and interacts with other positive and negative regulators. In this study, we identified two bZIP TFs, bZIP21 and bZIP52, as interacting partners of AtWRI1 by yeast-two-hybrid (Y2H)-based screening of an Arabidopsis TF library. We found that coexpression of bZIP52, but not bZIP21, with AtWRI1 reduced AtWRI1-mediated oil biosynthesis in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The AtWRI1-bZIP52 interaction was further verified by Y2H, in vitro pull-down, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing bZIP52 showed reduced seed oil accumulation, while the CRISPR/Cas9-edited bzip52 knockout mutant exhibited increased seed oil accumulation. Further analysis revealed that bZIP52 represses the transcriptional activity of AtWRI1 on the fatty acid biosynthetic gene promoters. Together, our findings suggest that bZIP52 represses fatty acid biosynthesis genes through interaction with AtWRI1, resulting in a reduction of oil production. Our work reports a previously uncharacterized regulatory mechanism that enables fine-tuning of seed oil biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Que Kong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Wan Ting Tee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yuqing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pui Man Low
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Barunava Patra
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Wei Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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12
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Huang C, Li Y, Wang K, Xi J, Wang H, Zhu D, Jiang C, Si X, Shi D, Wang S, Li X, Huang J. WRINKLED1 Positively Regulates Oil Biosynthesis in Carya cathayensis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:6763-6774. [PMID: 37014130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Hickory (Carya cathayensis Sarg.) is a kind of important woody oil tree species, and its nut has high nutritional value. Previous gene coexpression analysis showed that WRINKLED1 (WRI1) may be a core regulator during embryo oil accumulation in hickory. However, its specific regulatory mechanism on hickory oil biosynthesis has not been investigated. Herein, two hickory orthologs of WRI1 (CcWRI1A and CcWRI1B) containing two AP2 domains with AW-box binding sites and three intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) but lacking the PEST motif in the C-terminus were characterized. They are nucleus-located and have self-activated ability. The expression of these two genes was tissue-specific and relatively high in the developing embryo. Notably, CcWRI1A and CcWRI1B can restore the low oil content, shrinkage phenotype, composition of fatty acid, and expression of oil biosynthesis pathway genes of Arabidopsis wri1-1 mutant seeds. Additionally, CcWRI1A/B were shown to modulate the expression of some fatty acid biosynthesis genes in the transient expression system of nonseed tissues. Transcriptional activation analysis further indicated that CcWRI1s directly activated the expression of SUCROSE SYNTHASE2 (SUS2), PYRUVATE KINASE β SUBUNIT 1 (PKP-β1), and BIOTIN CARBOXYL CARRIER PROTEIN2 (BCCP2) involved in oil biosynthesis. These results suggest that CcWRI1s can promote oil synthesis by upregulating some late glycolysis- and fatty acid biosynthesis-related genes. This work reveals the positive function of CcWRI1s in oil accumulation and provides a potential target for improving plant oil by bioengineering technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Ketao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Jianwei Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Dongmei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Chenyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Xiaolin Si
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Duanshun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Song Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
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13
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Avidan O, Moraes TA, Mengin V, Feil R, Rolland F, Stitt M, Lunn JE. In vivo protein kinase activity of SnRK1 fluctuates in Arabidopsis rosettes during light-dark cycles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:387-408. [PMID: 36725081 PMCID: PMC10152665 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose-nonfermenting 1 (SNF1)-related kinase 1 (SnRK1) is a central hub in carbon and energy signaling in plants, and is orthologous with SNF1 in yeast and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in animals. Previous studies of SnRK1 relied on in vitro activity assays or monitoring of putative marker gene expression. Neither approach gives unambiguous information about in vivo SnRK1 activity. We have monitored in vivo SnRK1 activity using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) reporter lines that express a chimeric polypeptide with an SNF1/SnRK1/AMPK-specific phosphorylation site. We investigated responses during an equinoctial diel cycle and after perturbing this cycle. As expected, in vivo SnRK1 activity rose toward the end of the night and rose even further when the night was extended. Unexpectedly, although sugars rose after dawn, SnRK1 activity did not decline until about 12 h into the light period. The sucrose signal metabolite, trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P), has been shown to inhibit SnRK1 in vitro. We introduced the SnRK1 reporter into lines that harbored an inducible trehalose-6-phosphate synthase construct. Elevated Tre6P decreased in vivo SnRK1 activity in the light period, but not at the end of the night. Reporter polypeptide phosphorylation was sometimes negatively correlated with Tre6P, but a stronger and more widespread negative correlation was observed with glucose-6-phosphate. We propose that SnRK1 operates within a network that controls carbon utilization and maintains diel sugar homeostasis, that SnRK1 activity is regulated in a context-dependent manner by Tre6P, probably interacting with further inputs including hexose phosphates and the circadian clock, and that SnRK1 signaling is modulated by factors that act downstream of SnRK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Avidan
- Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Thiago A Moraes
- Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Virginie Mengin
- Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Regina Feil
- Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Filip Rolland
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Stitt
- Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - John E Lunn
- Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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14
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Zhai Z, Blanford JK, Cai Y, Sun J, Liu H, Shi H, Schwender J, Shanklin J. CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 8 positively regulates oil synthesis by activating WRINKLED1 transcription. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:724-736. [PMID: 36683527 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 8 (CDK8), a component of the kinase module of the Mediator complex in Arabidopsis, is involved in many processes, including flowering, plant defense, drought, and energy stress responses. Here, we investigated cdk8 mutants and CDK8-overexpressing lines to evaluate whether CDK8 also plays a role in regulating lipid synthesis, an energy-demanding anabolism. Quantitative lipid analysis demonstrated significant reductions in lipid synthesis rates and lipid accumulation in developing siliques and seedlings of cdk8, and conversely, elevated lipid contents in wild-type seed overexpressing CDK8. Transactivation assays show that CDK8 is necessary for maximal transactivation of the master seed oil activator WRINKLED1 (WRI1) by the seed maturation transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3, supporting a direct regulatory role of CDK8 in oil synthesis. Thermophoretic studies show GEMINIVIRUS REP INTERACTING KINASE1, an activating kinase of KIN10 (a catalytic subunit of SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING1-RELATED KINASE1), physically interacts with CDK8, resulting in its phosphorylation and degradation in the presence of KIN10. This work defines a mechanism whereby, once activated, KIN10 downregulates WRI1 expression and suppresses lipid synthesis via promoting the degradation of CDK8. The KIN10-CDK8-dependent regulation of lipid synthesis described herein is additional to our previously reported KIN10-dependent phosphorylation and degradation of WRI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Zhai
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 463, 50 Bell Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Jantana K Blanford
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 463, 50 Bell Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Yingqi Cai
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 463, 50 Bell Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 463, 50 Bell Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 463, 50 Bell Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Hai Shi
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 463, 50 Bell Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Jorg Schwender
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 463, 50 Bell Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - John Shanklin
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 463, 50 Bell Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
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15
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Xie L, Hu J, Yan Z, Li X, Wei S, Xu R, Yang W, Gu H, Zhang Q. Tree peony transcription factor PrWRI1 enhances seed oil accumulation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:127. [PMID: 36882682 PMCID: PMC9990299 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND WRINKLED1 (WRI1) encodes a transcription factor, belonging to the APETALA2 (AP2) family, and plays a key role in regulating plant oil biosynthesis. As a newly woody oil crop, tree peony (Paeonia rockii) was notable for the abundant unsaturated fatty acids in its seed oil. However, the role of WRI1 during the accumulation of P. rockii seeds oil remains largely unknown. RESULTS In this study, a new member of the WRI1 family was isolated from P. rockii and was named PrWRI1. The ORF of PrWRI1 consisted of 1269 nucleotides, encoding a putative protein of 422 amino acids, and was highly expressed in immature seeds. Subcellular localization analysis in onion inner epidermal cells showed that PrWRI1 was located at the nucleolus. Ectopic overexpression of PrWRI1 could significantly increase the total fatty acid content in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue and even PUFAs in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Furthermore, the transcript levels of most genes related to fatty acids (FA) synthesis and triacylglycerol (TAG) assembly were also up-regulated in transgenic Arabidopsis seeds. CONCLUSIONS Together, PrWRI1 could push carbon flow to FA biosynthesis and further enhance the TAG amount in seeds with a high proportion of PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihang Xie
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Jiayuan Hu
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenguo Yan
- Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering, MARA, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Xinyao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Sailong Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Ruilin Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Weizong Yang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shannxi, China
| | - Huihui Gu
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shannxi, China.
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16
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Liang Y, Yu X, Anaokar S, Shi H, Dahl WB, Cai Y, Luo G, Chai J, Cai Y, Mollá‐Morales A, Altpeter F, Ernst E, Schwender J, Martienssen RA, Shanklin J. Engineering triacylglycerol accumulation in duckweed (Lemna japonica). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:317-330. [PMID: 36209479 PMCID: PMC9884027 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Duckweeds are amongst the fastest growing of higher plants, making them attractive high-biomass targets for biofuel feedstock production. Their fronds have high rates of fatty acid synthesis to meet the demand for new membranes, but triacylglycerols (TAG) only accumulate to very low levels. Here we report on the engineering of Lemna japonica for the synthesis and accumulation of TAG in its fronds. This was achieved by expression of an estradiol-inducible cyan fluorescent protein-Arabidopsis WRINKLED1 fusion protein (CFP-AtWRI1), strong constitutive expression of a mouse diacylglycerol:acyl-CoA acyltransferase2 (MmDGAT), and a sesame oleosin variant (SiOLE(*)). Individual expression of each gene increased TAG accumulation by 1- to 7-fold relative to controls, while expression of pairs of these genes increased TAG by 7- to 45-fold. In uninduced transgenics containing all three genes, TAG accumulation increased by 45-fold to 3.6% of dry weight (DW) without severely impacting growth, and by 108-fold to 8.7% of DW after incubation on medium containing 100 μm estradiol for 4 days. TAG accumulation was accompanied by an increase in total fatty acids of up to three-fold to approximately 15% of DW. Lipid droplets from fronds of all transgenic lines were visible by confocal microscopy of BODIPY-stained fronds. At a conservative 12 tonnes (dry matter) per acre and 10% (DW) TAG, duckweed could produce 350 gallons of oil/acre/year, approximately seven-fold the yield of soybean, and similar to that of oil palm. These findings provide the foundation for optimizing TAG accumulation in duckweed and present a new opportunity for producing biofuels and lipidic bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxue Liang
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | - Xiao‐Hong Yu
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | - Sanket Anaokar
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | - Hai Shi
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | | | - Yingqi Cai
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | - Guangbin Luo
- Agronomy Department, Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Jin Chai
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | - Yuanheng Cai
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | | | - Fredy Altpeter
- Agronomy Department, Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Evan Ernst
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNYUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteCold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNYUSA
| | - Jorg Schwender
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | - Robert A. Martienssen
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNYUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteCold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNYUSA
| | - John Shanklin
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
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17
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Feng X, Meng Q, Zeng J, Yu Q, Xu D, Dai X, Ge L, Ma W, Liu W. Genome-wide identification of sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase genes in maize and their responses to abiotic stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1087839. [PMID: 36618673 PMCID: PMC9815513 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1087839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Protein kinases play an important role in plants in response to environmental changes through signal transduction. As a large family of protein kinases, sucrose non-fermenting-1 (SNF1)-related kinases (SnRKs) were found and functionally verified in many plants. Nevertheless, little is known about the SnRK family of Zea mays. Methods Evolutionary relationships, chromosome locations, gene structures, conserved motifs, and cis-elements in promoter regions were systematically analyzed. Besides, tissue-specific and stress-induced expression patterns of ZmSnRKs were determined. Finally, functional regulatory networks between ZmSnRKs and other proteins or miRNAs were constructed. Results and Discussion In total, 60 SnRK genes located on 10 chromosomes were discovered in maize. ZmSnRKs were classified into three subfamilies (ZmSnRK1, ZmSnRK2, and ZmSnRK3), consisting of 4, 14, and 42 genes, respectively. Gene structure analysis showed that 33 of the 42 ZmSnRK3 genes contained only one exon. Most ZmSnRK genes contained at least one ABRE, MBS, and LTR cis-element and a few ZmSnRK genes had AuxRR-core, P-box, MBSI, and SARE ciselements in their promoter regions. The Ka:Ks ratio of 22 paralogous ZmSnRK gene pairs revealed that the ZmSnRK gene family had experienced a purifying selection. Meanwhile, we analyzed the expression profiles of ZmSnRKs, and they exhibited significant differences in various tissues and abiotic stresses. In addition, A total of eight ZmPP2Cs, which can interact with ZmSnRK proteins, and 46 miRNAs, which can target 24 ZmSnRKs, were identified. Generally, these results provide valuable information for further function verification of ZmSnRKs, and improve our understanding of the role of ZmSnRKs in the climate resilience of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Feng
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Quan Meng
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianbin Zeng
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Yu
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dengan Xu
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuehuan Dai
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Ge
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wujun Ma
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wenxing Liu
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- The Key Laboratory of the Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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18
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Peixoto B, Baena-González E. Management of plant central metabolism by SnRK1 protein kinases. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7068-7082. [PMID: 35708960 PMCID: PMC9664233 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING1 (SNF1)-RELATED KINASE 1 (SnRK1) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase with key roles in plant stress responses. SnRK1 is activated when energy levels decline during stress, reconfiguring metabolism and gene expression to favour catabolism over anabolism, and ultimately to restore energy balance and homeostasis. The capacity to efficiently redistribute resources is crucial to cope with adverse environmental conditions and, accordingly, genetic manipulations that increase SnRK1 activity are generally associated with enhanced tolerance to stress. In addition to its well-established function in stress responses, an increasing number of studies implicate SnRK1 in the homeostatic control of metabolism during the regular day-night cycle and in different organs and developmental stages. Here, we review how the genetic manipulation of SnRK1 alters central metabolism in several plant species and tissue types. We complement this with studies that provide mechanistic insight into how SnRK1 modulates metabolism, identifying changes in transcripts of metabolic components, altered enzyme activities, or direct regulation of enzymes or transcription factors by SnRK1 via phosphorylation. We identify patterns of response that centre on the maintenance of sucrose levels, in an analogous manner to the role described for its mammalian orthologue in the control of blood glucose homeostasis. Finally, we highlight several knowledge gaps and technical limitations that will have to be addressed in future research aiming to fully understand how SnRK1 modulates metabolism at the cellular and whole-plant levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Peixoto
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal and GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
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19
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Gutierrez-Beltran E, Crespo JL. Compartmentalization, a key mechanism controlling the multitasking role of the SnRK1 complex. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7055-7067. [PMID: 35861169 PMCID: PMC9664234 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1), the plant ortholog of mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase/fungal (yeast) Sucrose Non-Fermenting 1 (AMPK/SNF1), plays a central role in metabolic responses to reduced energy levels in response to nutritional and environmental stresses. SnRK1 functions as a heterotrimeric complex composed of a catalytic α- and regulatory β- and βγ-subunits. SnRK1 is a multitasking protein involved in regulating various cellular functions, including growth, autophagy, stress response, stomatal development, pollen maturation, hormone signaling, and gene expression. However, little is known about the mechanism whereby SnRK1 ensures differential execution of downstream functions. Compartmentalization has been recently proposed as a new key mechanism for regulating SnRK1 signaling in response to stimuli. In this review, we discuss the multitasking role of SnRK1 signaling associated with different subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose L Crespo
- Instituto de Bioquimica Vegetal y Fotosintesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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20
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Trejo‐Fregoso R, Rodríguez I, Ávila A, Juárez‐Díaz JA, Rodríguez‐Sotres R, Martínez‐Barajas E, Coello P. Phosphorylation of S11 in PHR1 negatively controls its transcriptional activity. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13831. [PMID: 36444477 PMCID: PMC10107491 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to phosphate starvation (-Pi) are very well characterized at the biochemical and molecular levels. The expression of thousands of genes is modified under this stress condition, depending on the action of Phosphate starvation response 1 (PHR1). Existing data indicate that neither the PHR1 transcript nor the quantity or localization of its protein increase during nutrient stress, raising the question of how its activity is regulated. Here, we present data showing that SnRK1 kinase is able to phosphorylate some phosphate starvation response proteins (PSRs), including PHR1. Based on a model of the three-dimensional structure of the catalytic subunit SnRK1α1, docking simulations predicted the binding modes of peptides from PHT1;8, PHO1 and PHR1 with SnRK1. PHR1 recombinant protein interacted in vitro with the catalytic subunits SnRK1α1 and SnRK1α2. A BiFC assay corroborated the in vivo interaction between PHR1 and SnRK1α1 in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Analysis of phosphorylated residues suggested the presence of one phosphorylated site containing the SnRK1 motif at S11, and mutation in this residue disrupted the incorporation of 32 P, suggesting that it is a major phosphorylation site. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay results indicated that the binding of PHR1 to P1BS motifs was not influenced by phosphorylation. Importantly, transient expression assays in Arabidopsis protoplasts showed a decrease in PHR1 activity in contrast with the S11A mutant, suggesting a role for Ser11 as a negative regulatory phosphorylation site. Taken together, these findings suggest that phosphorylation of PHR1 at Ser11 is a mechanism to control the PHR1-mediated adaptive response to -Pi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iván Rodríguez
- Departamento de BioquímicaFacultad de Química, UNAM. Cd. MxMexico CityMexico
| | - Alejandra Ávila
- Departamento de BioquímicaFacultad de Química, UNAM. Cd. MxMexico CityMexico
| | | | | | | | - Patricia Coello
- Departamento de BioquímicaFacultad de Química, UNAM. Cd. MxMexico CityMexico
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21
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Li Z, Zhou Y, Liang H, Li Q, Jiang Y, Duan X, Jiang G. MaMYB13 is involved in response to chilling stress via activating expression of VLCFAs and phenylpropanoids biosynthesis-related genes in postharvest banana fruit. Food Chem 2022; 405:134957. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Yang Y, Kong Q, Lim ARQ, Lu S, Zhao H, Guo L, Yuan L, Ma W. Transcriptional regulation of oil biosynthesis in seed plants: Current understanding, applications, and perspectives. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100328. [PMID: 35605194 PMCID: PMC9482985 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce and accumulate triacylglycerol (TAG) in their seeds as an energy reservoir to support the processes of seed germination and seedling development. Plant seed oils are vital not only for the human diet but also as renewable feedstocks for industrial use. TAG biosynthesis consists of two major steps: de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in the plastids and TAG assembly in the endoplasmic reticulum. The latest advances in unraveling transcriptional regulation have shed light on the molecular mechanisms of plant oil biosynthesis. We summarize recent progress in understanding the regulatory mechanisms of well-characterized and newly discovered transcription factors and other types of regulators that control plant fatty acid biosynthesis. The emerging picture shows that plant oil biosynthesis responds to developmental and environmental cues that stimulate a network of interacting transcriptional activators and repressors, which in turn fine-tune the spatiotemporal regulation of the pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Que Kong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Audrey R Q Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Shaoping Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Wei Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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23
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Wang H, Han C, Wang JG, Chu X, Shi W, Yao L, Chen J, Hao W, Deng Z, Fan M, Bai MY. Regulatory functions of cellular energy sensor SnRK1 for nitrate signalling through NLP7 repression. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:1094-1107. [PMID: 36050463 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The coordinated metabolism of carbon and nitrogen is essential for optimal plant growth and development. Nitrate is an important molecular signal for plant adaptation to a changing environment, but how nitrate regulates plant growth under carbon deficiency conditions remains unclear. Here we show that the evolutionarily conserved energy sensor SnRK1 negatively regulates the nitrate signalling pathway. Nitrate promoted plant growth and downstream gene expression, but such effects were repressed when plants were grown under carbon deficiency conditions. Mutation of KIN10, the α-catalytic subunit of SnRK1, partially suppressed the inhibitory effects of carbon deficiency on nitrate-mediated plant growth. KIN10 phosphorylated NLP7, the master regulator of the nitrate signalling pathway, to promote its cytoplasmic localization and degradation. Furthermore, nitrate depletion induced KIN10 accumulation, whereas nitrate treatment promoted KIN10 degradation. Such KIN10-mediated NLP7 regulation allows carbon and nitrate availability to control optimal nitrate signalling and ensures the coordination of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jia-Gang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Xiaoqian Chu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Wen Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lianmei Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiping Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ming-Yi Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
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24
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Qiao Z, Kong Q, Tee WT, Lim ARQ, Teo MX, Olieric V, Low PM, Yang Y, Qian G, Ma W, Gao YG. Molecular basis of the key regulator WRINKLED1 in plant oil biosynthesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq1211. [PMID: 36001661 PMCID: PMC9401623 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable oils are not only major components of human diet but also vital for industrial applications. WRINKLED1 (WRI1) is a pivotal transcription factor governing plant oil biosynthesis, but the underlying DNA-binding mechanism remains incompletely understood. Here, we resolved the structure of Arabidopsis WRI1 (AtWRI1) with its cognate double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), revealing two antiparallel β sheets in the tandem AP2 domains that intercalate into the adjacent major grooves of dsDNA to determine the sequence recognition specificity. We showed that AtWRI1 represented a previously unidentified structural fold and DNA-binding mode. Mutations of the key residues interacting with DNA element affected its binding affinity and oil biosynthesis when these variants were transiently expressed in tobacco leaves. Seed oil content was enhanced in stable transgenic wri1-1 expressing an AtWRI1 variant (W74R). Together, our findings offer a structural basis explaining WRI1 recognition and binding of DNA and suggest an alternative strategy to increase oil yield in crops through WRI1 bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Qiao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Que Kong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Wan Ting Tee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Audrey R. Q. Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Miao Xuan Teo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Vincent Olieric
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Pui Man Low
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yuzhou Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Guoliang Qian
- College of Plant Protection (Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wei Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Corresponding author. (Y.-G.G.); (W.M.)
| | - Yong-Gui Gao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Corresponding author. (Y.-G.G.); (W.M.)
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25
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Zhou Y, Li Z, Zhu H, Jiang Y, Jiang G, Qu H. Energy homeostasis mediated by the LcSnRK1α-LcbZIP1/3 signaling pathway modulates litchi fruit senescence. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:698-712. [PMID: 35634876 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellular energy status is a key factor deciding the switch-on of the senescence of horticultural crops. Despite the established significance of the conserved energy master regulator sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) in plant development, its working mechanism and related signaling pathway in the regulation of fruit senescence remain enigmatic. Here, we demonstrate that energy deficit accelerates fruit senescence, whereas exogenous ATP treatment delays it. The transient suppression of LcSnRK1α in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit inhibited the expression of energy metabolism-related genes, while its ectopic expression in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) promoted ripening and a high energy level. Biochemical analyses revealed that LcSnRK1α interacted with and phosphorylated the transcription factors LcbZIP1 and LcbZIP3, which directly bound to the promoters to activate the expression of DARK-INDUCIBLE 10 (LcDIN10), ASPARAGINE SYNTHASE 1 (LcASN1), and ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHASE (LcANS), thereby fine-tuning the metabolic reprogramming to ensure energy and redox homeostasis. Altogether, these observations reveal a post-translational modification mechanism by which LcSnRK1α-mediated phosphorylation of LcbZIP1 and LcbZIP3 regulates the expression of metabolic reprogramming-related genes, consequently modulating litchi fruit senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guoxiang Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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26
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Huang R, Liu M, Gong G, Wu P, Bai M, Qin H, Wang G, Liao H, Wang X, Li Y, Wu H, Wang X, Yang C, Schubert D, Zhang S. BLISTER promotes seed maturation and fatty acid biosynthesis by interacting with WRINKLED1 to regulate chromatin dynamics in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2242-2265. [PMID: 35262735 PMCID: PMC9134064 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
WRINKLED1 (WRI1) is an important transcription factor that regulates seed oil biosynthesis. However, how WRI1 regulates gene expression during this process remains poorly understood. Here, we found that BLISTER (BLI) is expressed in maturing Arabidopsis thaliana seeds and acts as an interacting partner of WRI1. bli mutant seeds showed delayed maturation, a wrinkled seed phenotype, and reduced oil content, similar to the phenotypes of wri1. In contrast, BLI overexpression resulted in enlarged seeds and increased oil content. Gene expression and genetic analyses revealed that BLI plays a role in promoting the expression of WRI1 targets involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and regulates seed maturation together with WRI1. BLI is recruited by WRI1 to the AW boxes in the promoters of fatty acid biosynthesis genes. BLI shows a mutually exclusive interaction with the Polycomb-group protein CURLY LEAF (CLF) or the chromatin remodeling factor SWITCH/SUCROSE NONFERMENTING 3B (SWI3B), which facilitates gene expression by modifying nucleosomal occupancy and histone modifications. Together, these data suggest that BLI promotes the expression of fatty acid biosynthesis genes by interacting with WRI1 to regulate chromatin dynamics, leading to increased fatty acid production. These findings provide insights into the roles of the WRI1-BLI-CLF-SWI3B module in mediating seed maturation and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guanping Gong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Pingzhi Wu
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mei Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongting Qin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Guohe Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Huimei Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xiaoxiu Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yanqun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Daniel Schubert
- Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
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27
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Gomez-Cano F, Chu YH, Cruz-Gomez M, Abdullah HM, Lee YS, Schnell DJ, Grotewold E. Exploring Camelina sativa lipid metabolism regulation by combining gene co-expression and DNA affinity purification analyses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:589-606. [PMID: 35064997 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Camelina (Camelina sativa) is an annual oilseed plant that is gaining momentum as a biofuel cover crop. Understanding gene regulatory networks is essential to deciphering plant metabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism. Here, we take advantage of a growing collection of gene expression datasets to predict transcription factors (TFs) associated with the control of Camelina lipid metabolism. We identified approximately 350 TFs highly co-expressed with lipid-related genes (LRGs). These TFs are highly represented in the MYB, AP2/ERF, bZIP, and bHLH families, including a significant number of homologs of well-known Arabidopsis lipid and seed developmental regulators. After prioritizing the top 22 TFs for further validation, we identified DNA-binding sites and predicted target genes for 16 out of the 22 TFs tested using DNA affinity purification followed by sequencing (DAP-seq). Enrichment analyses of targets supported the co-expression prediction for most TF candidates, and the comparison to Arabidopsis revealed some common themes, but also aspects unique to Camelina. Within the top potential lipid regulators, we identified CsaMYB1, CsaABI3AVP1-2, CsaHB1, CsaNAC2, CsaMYB3, and CsaNAC1 as likely involved in the control of seed fatty acid elongation and CsaABI3AVP1-2 and CsabZIP1 as potential regulators of the synthesis and degradation of triacylglycerols (TAGs), respectively. Altogether, the integration of co-expression data and DNA-binding assays permitted us to generate a high-confidence and short list of Camelina TFs involved in the control of lipid metabolism during seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Gomez-Cano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, Room 212, Biochemistry Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824-6473, USA
| | - Yi-Hsuan Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, Room 212, Biochemistry Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824-6473, USA
| | - Mariel Cruz-Gomez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, Room 212, Biochemistry Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824-6473, USA
| | - Hesham M Abdullah
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, Room 166, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1312, USA
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt
| | - Yun Sun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, Room 212, Biochemistry Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824-6473, USA
| | - Danny J Schnell
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, Room 166, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1312, USA
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, Room 212, Biochemistry Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824-6473, USA
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28
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Lim ARQ, Kong Q, Singh SK, Guo L, Yuan L, Ma W. Sunflower WRINKLED1 Plays a Key Role in Transcriptional Regulation of Oil Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063054. [PMID: 35328473 PMCID: PMC8951541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is one of the most important oilseed crops worldwide. However, the transcriptional regulation underlying oil accumulation in sunflower is not fully understood. WRINKLED1 (WRI1) is an essential transcription factor governing oil accumulation in plant cells. Here, we identify and characterize a sunflower ortholog of WRI1 (HaWRI1), which is highly expressed in developing seeds. Transient production of HaWRI1 stimulated substantial oil accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, fatty acid quantification, and gene expression analysis demonstrate that HaWRI1 acts as a pivotal transcription factor controlling the expression of genes involved in late glycolysis and fatty acid biosynthesis. HaWRI1 directly binds to the cis-element, AW-box, in the promoter of biotin carboxyl carrier protein isoform 2 (BCCP2). In addition, we characterize an 80 amino-acid C-terminal domain of HaWRI1 that is crucial for transactivation. Moreover, seed-specific overexpression of HaWRI1 in Arabidopsis plants leads to enhanced seed oil content as well as upregulation of the genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. Taken together, our work demonstrates that HaWRI1 plays a pivotal role in the transcriptional control of seed oil accumulation, providing a potential target for bioengineering sunflower oil yield improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey R. Q. Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (A.R.Q.L.); (Q.K.)
| | - Que Kong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (A.R.Q.L.); (Q.K.)
| | - Sanjay K. Singh
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (S.K.S.); (L.Y.)
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (S.K.S.); (L.Y.)
| | - Wei Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (A.R.Q.L.); (Q.K.)
- Correspondence:
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29
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Matiolli CC, Soares RC, Alves HLS, Abreu IA. Turning the Knobs: The Impact of Post-translational Modifications on Carbon Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:781508. [PMID: 35087551 PMCID: PMC8787203 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.781508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants rely on the carbon fixed by photosynthesis into sugars to grow and reproduce. However, plants often face non-ideal conditions caused by biotic and abiotic stresses. These constraints impose challenges to managing sugars, the most valuable plant asset. Hence, the precise management of sugars is crucial to avoid starvation under adverse conditions and sustain growth. This review explores the role of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in the modulation of carbon metabolism. PTMs consist of chemical modifications of proteins that change protein properties, including protein-protein interaction preferences, enzymatic activity, stability, and subcellular localization. We provide a holistic view of how PTMs tune resource distribution among different physiological processes to optimize plant fitness.
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Salmeron-Santiago IA, Martínez-Trujillo M, Valdez-Alarcón JJ, Pedraza-Santos ME, Santoyo G, Pozo MJ, Chávez-Bárcenas AT. An Updated Review on the Modulation of Carbon Partitioning and Allocation in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Plants. Microorganisms 2021; 10:75. [PMID: 35056524 PMCID: PMC8781679 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate biotrophs that supply mineral nutrients to the host plant in exchange for carbon derived from photosynthesis. Sucrose is the end-product of photosynthesis and the main compound used by plants to translocate photosynthates to non-photosynthetic tissues. AMF alter carbon distribution in plants by modifying the expression and activity of key enzymes of sucrose biosynthesis, transport, and/or catabolism. Since sucrose is essential for the maintenance of all metabolic and physiological processes, the modifications addressed by AMF can significantly affect plant development and stress responses. AMF also modulate plant lipid biosynthesis to acquire storage reserves, generate biomass, and fulfill its life cycle. In this review we address the most relevant aspects of the influence of AMF on sucrose and lipid metabolism in plants, including its effects on sucrose biosynthesis both in photosynthetic and heterotrophic tissues, and the influence of sucrose on lipid biosynthesis in the context of the symbiosis. We present a hypothetical model of carbon partitioning between plants and AMF in which the coordinated action of sucrose biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism plays a role in the generation of hexose gradients to supply carbon to AMF, and to control the amount of carbon assigned to the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan J. Valdez-Alarcón
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58880, Mexico;
| | - Martha E. Pedraza-Santos
- Facultad de Agrobiología “Presidente Juárez”, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Uruapan 60170, Mexico;
| | - Gustavo Santoyo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico;
| | - María J. Pozo
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana T. Chávez-Bárcenas
- Facultad de Agrobiología “Presidente Juárez”, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Uruapan 60170, Mexico;
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31
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Transcriptomic Analysis of the Pistacia vera (L.) Fruits Enable the Identification of Genes and Hormone-Related Gene Linked to Inflorescence Bud Abscission. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:genes13010060. [PMID: 35052400 PMCID: PMC8774834 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pistacia vera (L.) is an alternate bearing species. The tree produces axillary inflorescence buds every year. Still, they abscise in “ON” overloaded shoots, causing a limited production in the following “OFF” year, causing a significant and unfavorable production fluctuation. In this work, we carried out de novo discovery and transcriptomic analysis in fruits of “ON” and “OFF” shoots of the cultivar Bianca. We also investigated whether the fruit signaling pathway and hormone biosynthesis directly or indirectly linked to the premature fall of the inflorescence buds causing alternate bearing. We identified 1536 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in fruits of “ON” vs. “OFF” shoots, which are involved primarily in sugar metabolism, plant hormone pathways and transcription factors. The premature bud abscission linked to the phenomenon is attributable to a lack of nutrients (primarily sugar) and the possible competition between the same branches’ sinks (fruits vs. inflorescence buds). Hormone pathways are involved as a response to signals degradation and remobilization of carbon and nutrients due to the strengthening of the developing embryos. Genes of the secondary metabolism and transcription factors are also involved in tailoring the individual branches response to the nutritional stress and sink competition. Crosstalk among sugar and various hormone-related genes, e.g., ethylene, auxin, ABA and cytokinin, were determined. The discovery of putative biomarkers like callose synthase 5, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, NAD(P)-linked oxidoreductase and MIOX2, Jasmonate, and salicylic acid-related genes can help to design precision farming practices to mitigate the alternate bearing phenomenon to increase farming profitability. The aim of the analysis is to provide insight into the gene expression profiling of the fate of “ON” and “OFF” fruits associated with the alternate bearing in the pistachio.
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Wang P, Yan Y, Bai Y, Dong Y, Wei Y, Zeng H, Shi H. Phosphorylation of RAV1/2 by KIN10 is essential for transcriptional activation of CAT6/7, which underlies oxidative stress response in cassava. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110119. [PMID: 34910906 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Related to ABI3/VP1 (RAV) transcription factors have important roles in plant stress responses; however, it is unclear whether RAVs regulates oxidative stress response in cassava (Manihot esculenta). In this study, we report that MeRAV1/2 positively regulate oxidative stress resistance and catalase (CAT) activity in cassava. Consistently, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) identifies three MeCATs that are differentially expressed in MeRAV1/2-silenced cassava leaves. Interestingly, MeCAT6 and MeCAT7 are identified as direct transcriptional targets of MeRAV1/2 via binding to their promoters. In addition, protein kinase MeKIN10 directly interacts with MeRAV1/2 to phosphorylate them at Ser45 and Ser44 residues, respectively, to promote their direct transcriptional activation on MeCAT6 and MeCAT7. Site mutation of MeRAV1S45A or MeRAV2S44A has no significant effect on the activities of MeCAT6 and MeCAT7 promoters or on oxidative stress resistance. In summary, this study demonstrates that the phosphorylation of MeRAV1/2 by MeKIN10 is essential for its direct transcriptional activation of MeCAT6/7 in response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yujing Bai
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yabin Dong
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yunxie Wei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Hongqiu Zeng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Haitao Shi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.
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Jamsheer K M, Kumar M, Srivastava V. SNF1-related protein kinase 1: the many-faced signaling hub regulating developmental plasticity in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6042-6065. [PMID: 33693699 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Snf1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) is the plant homolog of the heterotrimeric AMP-activated protein kinase/sucrose non-fermenting 1 (AMPK/Snf1), which works as a major regulator of growth under nutrient-limiting conditions in eukaryotes. Along with its conserved role as a master regulator of sugar starvation responses, SnRK1 is involved in controlling the developmental plasticity and resilience under diverse environmental conditions in plants. In this review, through mining and analyzing the interactome and phosphoproteome data of SnRK1, we are highlighting its role in fundamental cellular processes such as gene regulation, protein synthesis, primary metabolism, protein trafficking, nutrient homeostasis, and autophagy. Along with the well-characterized molecular interaction in SnRK1 signaling, our analysis highlights several unchartered regions of SnRK1 signaling in plants such as its possible communication with chromatin remodelers, histone modifiers, and inositol phosphate signaling. We also discuss potential reciprocal interactions of SnRK1 signaling with other signaling pathways and cellular processes, which could be involved in maintaining flexibility and homeostasis under different environmental conditions. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the SnRK1 signaling network in plants and suggests many novel directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Jamsheer K
- Amity Food & Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Amity Food & Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Vibha Srivastava
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Beathard C, Mooney S, Al-Saharin R, Goyer A, Hellmann H. Characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana R2R3 S23 MYB Transcription Factors as Novel Targets of the Ubiquitin Proteasome-Pathway and Regulators of Salt Stress and Abscisic Acid Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:629208. [PMID: 34489986 PMCID: PMC8417012 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.629208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rapid response to environmental changes and abiotic stress to coordinate developmental programs is critical for plants. To accomplish this, plants use the ubiquitin proteasome pathway as a flexible and efficient mechanism to control protein stability and to direct cellular reactions. Here, we show that all three members of the R2R3 S23 MYB transcription factor subfamily, MYB1, MYB25, and MYB109, are degraded by the 26S proteasome, likely facilitated by a CUL3-based E3 ligase that uses MATH-BTB/POZ proteins as substrate adaptors. A detailed description of MYB1, MYB25, and MYB109 expression shows their nuclear localization and specific tissue specific expression patterns. It further demonstrates that elevated expression of MYB25 reduces sensitivities toward abscisic acid, osmotic and salt stress in Arabidopsis, while downregulation of all S23 members results in hypersensitivities. Transcriptional profiling in root and shoot of seedlings overexpressing MYB25 shows that the transcription factor widely affects cellular stress pathways related to biotic and abiotic stress control. Overall, the work extends our knowledge on proteins targeted by CUL3-based E3 ligases that use MATH-BTB/POZ proteins as substrate adaptors and provides first information on all members of the MYB S23 subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Beathard
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Sutton Mooney
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Raed Al-Saharin
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Applied Biology, Tafila Technical University, At-Tafilah, Jordan
| | - Aymeric Goyer
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston, OR, United States
| | - Hanjo Hellmann
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Abstract
Nutrients are vital to life through intertwined sensing, signaling, and metabolic processes. Emerging research focuses on how distinct nutrient signaling networks integrate and coordinate gene expression, metabolism, growth, and survival. We review the multifaceted roles of sugars, nitrate, and phosphate as essential plant nutrients in controlling complex molecular and cellular mechanisms of dynamic signaling networks. Key advances in central sugar and energy signaling mechanisms mediated by the evolutionarily conserved master regulators HEXOKINASE1 (HXK1), TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR), and SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE1 (SNRK1) are discussed. Significant progress in primary nitrate sensing, calcium signaling, transcriptome analysis, and root-shoot communication to shape plant biomass and architecture are elaborated. Discoveries on intracellular and extracellular phosphate signaling and the intimate connections with nitrate and sugar signaling are examined. This review highlights the dynamic nutrient, energy, growth, and stress signaling networks that orchestrate systemwide transcriptional, translational, and metabolic reprogramming, modulate growth and developmental programs, and respond to environmental cues. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA; ,
| | - Kun-Hsiang Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA; , .,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, and Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jen Sheen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA; ,
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36
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Larkin P, Zhou X, Liu Q, Reynolds K, Vanhercke T, Ral J, Li Z, Wu X, Yu R, Luo J, Newberry M, Howitt C. A transcriptional journey from sucrose to endosperm oil bodies in triple transgene oily wheat grain. J Cereal Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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37
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Huang R, Liu M, Gong G, Wu P, Patra B, Yuan L, Qin H, Wang X, Wang G, Liao H, Gao L, Yang C, Li H, Zhang S. The Pumilio RNA-binding protein APUM24 regulates seed maturation by fine-tuning the BPM-WRI1 module in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1240-1259. [PMID: 33729679 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Pumilio RNA-binding proteins participate in messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation and translational repression, but their roles in plant development are largely unclear. Here, we show that Arabidopsis PUMILIO PROTEIN24 (APUM24), an atypical Pumilio-homology domain-containing protein, plays an important part in regulating seed maturation, a major stage of plant development. APUM24 is strongly expressed in maturing seeds. Reducing APUM24 expression resulted in abnormal seed maturation, wrinkled seeds, and lower seed oil contents, and APUM24 knockdown resulted in lower levels of WRINKLED 1 (WRI1), a key transcription factor controlling seed oil accumulation, and lower expression of WRI1 target genes. APUM24 reduces the mRNA stability of BTB/POZMATH (BPM) family genes, thus decreasing BPM protein levels. BPM is responsible for the 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of WRI1 and has important functions in plant growth and development. The 3' untranslated regions of BPM family genes contain putative Pumilio response elements (PREs), which are bound by APUM24. Reduced BPM or increased WRI1 expression rescued the deficient seed maturation of apum24-2 knockdown mutants, and APUM24 overexpression resulted in increased seed size and weight. Therefore, APUM24 is crucial to seed maturation through its action as a positive regulator fine-tuning the BPM-WRI1 module, making APUM24 a promising target for breeding strategies to increase crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Mengling Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Guanping Gong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Pingzhi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Barunava Patra
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40546, USA
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40546, USA
| | - Hongting Qin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Guohe Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Huimei Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Hongqing Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Shengchun Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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Behera JR, Rahman MM, Bhatia S, Shockey J, Kilaru A. Functional and Predictive Structural Characterization of WRINKLED2, A Unique Oil Biosynthesis Regulator in Avocado. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:648494. [PMID: 34168663 PMCID: PMC8218904 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.648494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
WRINKLED1 (WRI1), a member of the APETALA2 (AP2) class of transcription factors regulates fatty acid biosynthesis and triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in plants. Among the four known Arabidopsis WRI1 paralogs, only WRI2 was unable to complement and restore fatty acid content in wri1-1 mutant seeds. Avocado (Persea americana) mesocarp, which accumulates 60-70% dry weight oil content, showed high expression levels for orthologs of WRI2, along with WRI1 and WRI3, during fruit development. While the role of WRI1 as a master regulator of oil biosynthesis is well-established, the function of WRI1 paralogs is poorly understood. Comprehensive and comparative in silico analyses of WRI1 paralogs from avocado (a basal angiosperm) with higher angiosperms Arabidopsis (dicot), maize (monocot) revealed distinct features. Predictive structural analyses of the WRI orthologs from these three species revealed the presence of AP2 domains and other highly conserved features, such as intrinsically disordered regions associated with predicted PEST motifs and phosphorylation sites. Additionally, avocado WRI proteins also contained distinct features that were absent in the nonfunctional Arabidopsis ortholog AtWRI2. Through transient expression assays, we demonstrated that both avocado WRI1 and WRI2 are functional and drive TAG accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. We predict that the unique features and activities of ancestral PaWRI2 were likely lost in orthologous genes such as AtWRI2 during evolution and speciation, leading to at least partial loss of function in some higher eudicots. This study provides us with new targets to enhance oil biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti R. Behera
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Md. Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Shina Bhatia
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Jay Shockey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Aruna Kilaru
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
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Zhai Z, Liu H, Shanklin J. Ectopic Expression of OLEOSIN 1 and Inactivation of GBSS1 Have a Synergistic Effect on Oil Accumulation in Plant Leaves. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10030513. [PMID: 33803467 PMCID: PMC8000217 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During the transformation of wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis thaliana, a T-DNA containing OLEOSIN-GFP (OLE1-GFP) was inserted by happenstance within the GBSS1 gene, resulting in significant reduction in amylose and increase in leaf oil content in the transgenic line (OG). The synergistic effect on oil accumulation of combining gbss1 with the expression of OLE1-GFP was confirmed by transforming an independent gbss1 mutant (GABI_914G01) with OLE1-GFP. The resulting OLE1-GFP/gbss1 transgenic lines showed higher leaf oil content than the individual OLE1-GFP/WT or single gbss1 mutant lines. Further stacking of the lipogenic factors WRINKLED1, Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase (DGAT1), and Cys-OLEOSIN1 (an engineered sesame OLEOSIN1) in OG significantly elevated its oil content in mature leaves to 2.3% of dry weight, which is 15 times higher than that in WT Arabidopsis. Inducible expression of the same lipogenic factors was shown to be an effective strategy for triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation without incurring growth, development, and yield penalties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Zhai
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (J.S.); Tel.: +1-631-344-5360 (Z.Z.); +1-631-344-3414 (J.S.)
| | | | - John Shanklin
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (J.S.); Tel.: +1-631-344-5360 (Z.Z.); +1-631-344-3414 (J.S.)
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40
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Wang B, Zhao X, Zhao Y, Shanklin J, Zhao Q, Liu CJ. Arabidopsis SnRK1 negatively regulates phenylpropanoid metabolism via Kelch domain-containing F-box proteins. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3345-3359. [PMID: 33253431 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoid metabolism represents a substantial metabolic sink for photosynthetically fixed carbon. The evolutionarily conserved Sucrose Non-Fermenting Related Kinase 1 (SnRK1) is a major metabolic sensor that reprograms metabolism upon carbon deprivation. However, it is not clear if and how the SnRK1-mediated sugar signaling pathway controls phenylpropanoid metabolism. Here, we show that Arabidopsis SnRK1 negatively regulates phenylpropanoid biosynthesis via a group of Kelch domain-containing F-box (KFB) proteins that are responsible for the ubiquitination and degradation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). Downregulation of AtSnRK1 significantly promoted the accumulation of soluble phenolics and lignin polymers and drastically increased PAL cellular accumulation but only slightly altered its transcription level. Co-expression of SnRK1α with PAL in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves resulted in the severe attenuation of the latter's protein level, but protein interaction assays suggested PAL is not a direct substrate of SnRK1. Furthermore, up or downregulation of AtSnRK1 positively affected KFBPALs gene expression, and energy starvation upregulated KFBPAL expression, which partially depends on AtSnRK1. Collectively, our study reveals that SnRK1 negatively regulates phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and KFBPALs act as regulatory components of the SnRK1 signaling network, transcriptionally regulated by SnRK1 and subsequently mediate proteasomal degradation of PAL in response to the cellular carbon availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xianhai Zhao
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Yunjun Zhao
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - John Shanklin
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Qiao Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
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Liu X, Singh SK, Patra B, Liu Y, Wang B, Wang J, Pattanaik S, Yuan L. Protein phosphatase NtPP2C2b and MAP kinase NtMPK4 act in concert to modulate nicotine biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1661-1676. [PMID: 33258946 PMCID: PMC7921305 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatases (PPs) and protein kinases (PKs) regulate numerous developmental, defense, and phytohormone signaling processes in plants. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism governing biosynthesis of specialized metabolites, such as alkaloids, by the combined effects of PPs and PKs, is insufficiently understood. Here, we report the characterization of a group B protein phosphatase type 2C, NtPP2C2b, that likely acts upstream of the NICOTINE2 locus APETALA 2/Ethylene Response Factors (AP2/ERFs), to regulate nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco. Similar to the nicotine pathway genes, NtPP2C2b is highly expressed in roots and induced by jasmonic acid (JA). Overexpression of NtPP2C2b in transgenic hairy roots or stable transgenic tobacco plants repressed nicotine pathway gene expression and reduced nicotine accumulation. Additionally, transient overexpression of NtPP2C2b, together with the NtERF221, repressed transactivation of the quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase promoter in tobacco cells. We further demonstrate that the JA-responsive tobacco mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 4 interacts with NtPP2C2b in yeast and plant cells. Conditional overexpression of NtMPK4 in tobacco hairy roots up-regulated nicotine pathway gene expression and increased nicotine accumulation. Our findings suggest that a previously uncharacterized PP-PK module acts to modulate alkaloid biosynthesis, highlighting the importance of post-translational control in the biosynthesis of specialized plant metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, University Drive, Lexington, KY USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar Singh
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, University Drive, Lexington, KY USA
| | - Barunava Patra
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, University Drive, Lexington, KY USA
| | - Yongliang Liu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, University Drive, Lexington, KY USA
| | - Bingwu Wang
- Tobacco Breeding Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinsheng Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Sitakanta Pattanaik
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, University Drive, Lexington, KY USA
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, University Drive, Lexington, KY USA
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Anaokar S, Liu H, Keereetaweep J, Zhai Z, Shanklin J. Mobilizing Vacuolar Sugar Increases Vegetative Triacylglycerol Accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:708902. [PMID: 34456949 PMCID: PMC8388850 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.708902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetically derived sugars provide carbon skeletons for metabolism and carbon signals that favor anabolism. The amount of sugar available for fatty acid (FA) and triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis depends on sugar compartmentation, transport, and demands from competing pathways. We are exploring the influence of sugar partitioning between the vacuole and cytoplasm on FA synthesis in Arabidopsis by building on our previous finding that reduced leaf sugar export in the sucrose-proton symporter2 (suc2) mutant, in combination with impaired starch synthesis in the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (adg1) mutant, accumulates higher sugar levels and increased total FA and TAG compared to the wild type parent. Here we sought to relocalize sugar from the vacuole to the cytoplasm to drive additional FA/TAG synthesis and growth. Arabidopsis suc2 adg1 was therefore crossed with tonoplast monosaccharide transporter mutants tmt1 and tmt2 and overexpression of the sucrose/proton cotransporter SUC4 in which tmt1 tmt2 impairs sugar transport to the vacuole from the cytoplasm and SUC4 overexpression enhances sugar transport in the reverse direction from the vacuole to the cytoplasm. A resulting homozygous suc2 adg1 tmt1 tmt2 SUC4 line was used to test the hypothesis that increased intracellular carbon supply in the form of sugars would increase both FA and TAG accumulation. The data shows that relative to suc2 adg1, suc2 adg1 tmt1 tmt2 SUC4 significantly increases leaf total FA content by 1.29-fold to 10.9% of dry weight and TAG by 2.4-fold to 2.88%, supporting the hypothesis that mobilizing vacuolar sugar is a valid strategy for increasing vegetative oil accumulation.
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43
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Zhai Z, Keereetaweep J, Liu H, Feil R, Lunn JE, Shanklin J. Expression of a Bacterial Trehalose-6-phosphate Synthase otsA Increases Oil Accumulation in Plant Seeds and Vegetative Tissues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:656962. [PMID: 33777087 PMCID: PMC7988188 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.656962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that exogenous trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) treatment stabilized WRINKLED1 (WRI1), a master transcriptional regulator of fatty acid (FA) synthesis and increased total FA content in Brassica napus (B. napus) embryo suspension cell culture. Here, we explore Arabidopsis lines heterologously expressing the Escherichia coli T6P synthase (otsA) or T6P phosphatase (otsB) to refine our understanding regarding the role of T6P in regulating fatty acid synthesis both in seeds and vegetative tissues. Arabidopsis 35S:otsA transgenic seeds showed an increase of 13% in fatty acid content compared to those of wild type (WT), while seeds of 35:otsB transgenic seeds showed a reduction of 12% in fatty acid content compared to WT. Expression of otsB significantly reduced the level of WRI1 and expression of its target genes in developing seeds. Like Arabidopsis seeds constitutively expressing otsA, transient expression of otsA in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves resulted in strongly elevated levels of T6P. This was accompanied by an increase of 29% in de novo fatty acid synthesis rate, a 2.3-fold increase in triacylglycerol (TAG) and a 20% increase in total fatty acid content relative to empty vector (EV) controls. Taken together, these data support the heterologous expression of otsA as an approach to increasing TAG accumulation in plant seeds and vegetative tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Zhai
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
| | | | - Hui Liu
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - John E. Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - John Shanklin
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: John Shanklin,
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Zhai Z, Keereetaweep J, Liu H, Xu C, Shanklin J. The Role of Sugar Signaling in Regulating Plant Fatty Acid Synthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:643843. [PMID: 33828577 PMCID: PMC8020596 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.643843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthates such as glucose, sucrose, and some of their derivatives play dual roles as metabolic intermediates and signaling molecules that influence plant cell metabolism. Such sugars provide substrates for de novo fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis. However, compared with the well-defined examples of sugar signaling in starch and anthocyanin synthesis, until recently relatively little was known about the role of signaling in regulating FA and lipid biosynthesis. Recent research progress shows that trehalose 6-phosphate and 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) play direct signaling roles in the regulation of FA biosynthesis by modulating transcription factor stability and enzymatic activities involved in FA biosynthesis. Specifically, mechanistic links between sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1)-mediated trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) sensing and its regulation by phosphorylation of WRI1 stability, diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) enzyme activity, and of 2-OG-mediated relief of inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) activity by protein PII are exemplified in detail in this review.
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Kong Q, Yang Y, Low PM, Guo L, Yuan L, Ma W. The function of the WRI1-TCP4 regulatory module in lipid biosynthesis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1812878. [PMID: 32880205 PMCID: PMC7588184 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1812878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific TCP transcription factors play pivotal roles in various processes of plant growth and development. However, little is known regarding the functions of TCPs in plant oil biosynthesis. Our recent work showed that TCP4 mediates oil production via interaction with WRINKLED1 (WRI1), an essential transcription factor governing plant fatty acid biosynthesis. Arabidopsis WRI1 (AtWRI1) physically interacts with multiple TCPs, including TCP4, TCP10, and TCP24. Transient co-expression of AtWRI1 with TCP4, but not TCP10 or TCP24, represses oil accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Increased TCP4 in transgenic plants overexpressing a miR319-resistant TCP4 (rTCP4) decreased the expression of AtWRI1 target genes. The tcp4 knockout mutant, the jaw-D mutant with significant reduction of TCP4 expression, and a tcp2 tcp4 tcp10 triple mutant, display increased seed oil contents compared to the wild-type Arabidopsis. The APETALA2 (AP2) transcription factor WRI1 is characterized by regulating fatty acid biosynthesis through cross-family interactions with multiple transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational regulators. The interacting regulator modules control the range of AtWRI1 transcriptional activity, allowing spatiotemporal modulation of lipid production. Interaction of TCP4 with AtWRI1, which results in a reduction of AtWRI1 activity, represents a newly discovered mechanism that enables the fine-tuning of plant oil biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Que Kong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuzhou Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pui Man Low
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Wei Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- CONTACT Wei Ma School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore637551, Singapore
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Kong Q, Singh SK, Mantyla JJ, Pattanaik S, Guo L, Yuan L, Benning C, Ma W. TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR4 Interacts with WRINKLED1 to Mediate Seed Oil Biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:658-665. [PMID: 32663164 PMCID: PMC7536675 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cross-family transcription factor (TF) interactions play critical roles in the regulation of plant developmental and metabolic pathways. WRINKLED1 (WRI1) is a key TF governing oil biosynthesis in plants. However, little is known about WRI1-interacting factors and their roles in oil biosynthesis. We screened a TF library using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) WRI1 (AtWRI1) as bait in yeast two-hybrid assays and identified three TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) family TFs, namely TCP4, TCP10, and TCP24, as AtWRI1-interacting partners. The physical interaction between AtWRI1 and TCPs was further validated using bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. TCPs play important roles in various plant developmental processes; however, their involvement in fatty acid biosynthesis was not previously known. Coexpression of TCP4, but not TCP10 or TCP24, with AtWRI1 reduced AtWRI1-mediated oil biosynthesis in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Transcriptomic analysis in transgenic Arabidopsis plants with enhanced TCP4 activity engineered by expressing rTCP4 (i.e. miR319-resistant TCP4) revealed that AtWRI1 target genes were significantly repressed. TCP4 expression is strongly correlated with AtWRI1 during embryo development. A tcp4 loss-of-function mutant, the jaw-D mutant with a strong reduction of TCP4 expression, and a tcp2 tcp4 tcp10 triple mutant accumulated more seed oil than wild-type Arabidopsis. In addition, TCP4 repressed the AtWRI1-mediated transactivation of the promoters of fatty acid biosynthetic genes. Collectively, our findings suggest that TCP4 represses fatty acid biosynthetic gene expression through interaction with AtWRI1, leading to a reduction of AtWRI1-mediated seed oil accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Que Kong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sanjay K Singh
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546
| | - Jenny J Mantyla
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sitakanta Pattanaik
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546
| | - Christoph Benning
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Wei Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Li C, Qi W, Liang Z, Yang X, Ma Z, Song R. A SnRK1- ZmRFWD3-Opaque2 Signaling Axis Regulates Diurnal Nitrogen Accumulation in Maize Seeds. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2823-2841. [PMID: 32699171 PMCID: PMC7474302 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Zeins are the predominant storage proteins in maize (Zea mays) seeds, while Opaque2 (O2) is a master transcription factor for zein-encoding genes. How the activity of O2 is regulated and responds to external signals is yet largely unknown. Here, we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase ZmRFWD3 interacts with O2 and positively regulates its activity by enhancing its nuclear localization. Ubiquitination of O2 enhances its interaction with maize importin1, the α-subunit of Importin-1 in maize, thus enhancing its nuclear localization ability. We further show that ZmRFWD3 can be phosphorylated by a Suc-responsive protein kinase, ZmSnRK1, which leads to its degradation. We demonstrated that the activity of O2 responds to Suc levels through the ZmSnRK1-ZmRFWD3-O2 signaling axis. Intriguingly, we found that Suc levels, as well as ZmRFWD3 levels and the cytonuclear distribution of O2, exhibit diurnal patterns in developing endosperm, leading to the diurnal transcription of O2-regulated zein genes. Loss of function in ZmRFWD3 disrupts the diurnal patterns of O2 cytonuclear distribution and zein biosynthesis, and consequently changes the C/N ratio in mature seeds. We therefore identify a SnRK1-ZmRFWD3-O2 signaling axis that transduces source-to-sink signals and coordinates C and N assimilation in developing maize seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zeyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rentao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Han X, Zhang L, Zhao L, Xue P, Qi T, Zhang C, Yuan H, Zhou L, Wang D, Qiu J, Shen QH. SnRK1 Phosphorylates and Destabilizes WRKY3 to Enhance Barley Immunity to Powdery Mildew. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100083. [PMID: 33367247 PMCID: PMC7747994 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants recognize pathogens and activate immune responses, which usually involve massive transcriptional reprogramming. The evolutionarily conserved kinase, Sucrose non-fermenting-related kinase 1 (SnRK1), functions as a metabolic regulator that is essential for plant growth and stress responses. Here, we identify barley SnRK1 and a WRKY3 transcription factor by screening a cDNA library. SnRK1 interacts with WRKY3 in yeast, as confirmed by pull-down and luciferase complementation assays. Förster resonance energy transfer combined with noninvasive fluorescence lifetime imaging analysis indicates that the interaction occurs in the barley nucleus. Transient expression and virus-induced gene silencing analyses indicate that WRKY3 acts as a repressor of disease resistance to the Bgh fungus. Barley plants overexpressing WRKY3 have enhanced fungal microcolony formation and sporulation. Phosphorylation assays show that SnRK1 phosphorylates WRKY3 mainly at Ser83 and Ser112 to destabilize the repressor, and WRKY3 non-phosphorylation-null mutants at these two sites are more stable than the wild-type protein. SnRK1-overexpressing barley plants display enhanced disease resistance to Bgh. Transient expression of SnRK1 reduces fungal haustorium formation in barley cells, which probably requires SnRK1 nuclear localization and kinase activity. Together, these findings suggest that SnRK1 is directly involved in plant immunity through phosphorylation and destabilization of the WRKY3 repressor, revealing a new regulatory mechanism of immune derepression in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lifang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengya Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongbo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinlong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian-Hua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding author
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Abstract
In plants, lipids function in a variety of ways. Lipids are a major component of biological membranes and are used as a compact energy source for seed germination. Fatty acids, the major lipids in plants, are synthesized in plastid and assembled by glycerolipids or triacylglycerols in endoplasmic reticulum. The metabolism of fatty acids and triacylglycerols is well studied in most Arabidopsis model plants by forward and reverse genetics methods. However, research on the diverse functions of lipids in plants, including various crops, has yet to be completed. The papers of this Special Issue cover the core of the field of plant lipid research on the role of galactolipids in the chloroplast biogenesis from etioplasts and the role of acyltransferases and transcription factors involved in fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis. This information will contribute to the expansion of plant lipid research.
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Baena-González E, Lunn JE. SnRK1 and trehalose 6-phosphate - two ancient pathways converge to regulate plant metabolism and growth. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 55:52-59. [PMID: 32259743 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
SUCROSE-NON-FERMENTING1-RELATED KINASE1 (SnRK1) belongs to a family of protein kinases that originated in the earliest eukaryotes and plays a central role in energy and metabolic homeostasis. Trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) is the intermediate of trehalose biosynthesis, and has even more ancient roots, being found in all three domains of life - Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. In plants, the function of SnRK1 has diverged from its orthologues in fungi and animals, evolving new roles in signalling of nutrient status and abiotic stress. Tre6P has also acquired a novel function in plants as a signal and homeostatic regulator of sucrose, the dominant sugar in plant metabolism. These two ancient pathways have converged in a unique way in plants, enabling them to coordinate their metabolism, growth, and development with their environment, which is essential for their autotrophic and sessile lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Baena-González
- Plant Stress Signaling, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - John Edward Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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