1
|
Li Y, Wei CM, Li XY, Meng DC, Gu ZJ, Qu SP, Huang MJ, Huang HQ. De novo transcriptome sequencing of Impatiens uliginosa and the analysis of candidate genes related to spur development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:553. [PMID: 36456926 PMCID: PMC9713998 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spur, a structure capable of producing and storing nectar, not only plays a vital role in the pollination process but also promotes the rapid diversification of some plant lineages, which is considered a key innovation in plants. Spur is the focus of many studies, such as evolution and ecological hypothesis, but the current understanding of spur development is limited. High-throughput sequencing of Impatiens uliginosa was carried out to study the molecular mechanism of its spur development, which is believed to provide some insights into the spur development of Impatiens. RESULTS Transcriptomic sequencing and analysis were performed on spurs and limbs of I. uliginosa at three developmental stages. A total of 47.83 Gb of clean data were obtained, and 49,716 unigene genes were assembled. After comparison with NR, Swiss-Prot, Pfam, COG, GO and KEGG databases, a total of 27,686 genes were annotated successfully. Through comparative analysis, 19,356 differentially expressed genes were found and enriched into 208 GO terms and 146 KEGG pathways, among which plant hormone signal transduction was the most significantly enriched pathway. One thousand thirty-two transcription factors were identified, which belonged to 33 TF families such as MYB, bHLH and TCP. Twenty candidate genes that may be involved in spur development were screened and verified by qPCR, such as SBP, IAA and ABP. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptome data of different developmental stages of spurs were obtained, and a series of candidate genes related to spur development were identified. The importance of genes related to cell cycle, cell division, cell elongation and hormones in spur development was clarified. This study provided valuable information and resources for understanding the molecular mechanism of spur development in Impatiens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture (State Forestry and Grassland Administration), Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, Research and Development Center of Landscape Plants and Horticulture Flowers, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224 Yunnan China
| | - Chun-Mei Wei
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture (State Forestry and Grassland Administration), Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, Research and Development Center of Landscape Plants and Horticulture Flowers, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224 Yunnan China
| | - Xin-Yi Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture (State Forestry and Grassland Administration), Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, Research and Development Center of Landscape Plants and Horticulture Flowers, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224 Yunnan China
| | - Dan-Chen Meng
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture (State Forestry and Grassland Administration), Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, Research and Development Center of Landscape Plants and Horticulture Flowers, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224 Yunnan China
| | - Zhi-Jia Gu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Su-Ping Qu
- Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650205 Yunnan China
| | - Mei-Juan Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture (State Forestry and Grassland Administration), Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, Research and Development Center of Landscape Plants and Horticulture Flowers, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224 Yunnan China
| | - Hai-Quan Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture (State Forestry and Grassland Administration), Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, Research and Development Center of Landscape Plants and Horticulture Flowers, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224 Yunnan China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yin Y, Li J, Guo B, Li L, Ma G, Wu K, Yang F, Zhu G, Fang L, Zeng S. Exogenous GA 3 promotes flowering in Paphiopedilum callosum (Orchidaceae) through bolting and lateral flower development regulation. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac091. [PMID: 35795390 PMCID: PMC9249578 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Paphiopedilum orchids have a high ornamental value, and their flower abundance and timing are both key horticultural traits regulated by phytohormones. All one-flowered Paphiopedilum have additional lateral buds in the apical bract that fail to develop. In this study, an exogenous gibberellin (GA3) application promoted flowering of Pathiopedilum callosum by inducing its early bolting instead of the floral transition of dominant flowers. Applying GA3 effectively promoted lateral flower differentiation, resulting in a two-flowered inflorescence. GA-promoted lateral flower formation involved GA interacting with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and cytokinins (CTKs), given the decreased CTK content and downregulated expression of CTK synthesis genes, the increased IAA content and downregulated expression of IAA degradation, and the upregulated expression of transport genes. Further, GA acted via PcDELLA, PcTCP15, and PcXTH9 expressed in stage 5 to promote bolting, and via expression of PcAP3, PcPI, and PcSEP to promote flowering. This study provides insight into mechanisms regulating flower development of P. callosum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ji Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Beiyi Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Guohua Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Kunlin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Fengxi Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Genfa Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
De Coninck T, Gistelinck K, Janse van Rensburg HC, Van den Ende W, Van Damme EJM. Sweet Modifications Modulate Plant Development. Biomolecules 2021; 11:756. [PMID: 34070047 PMCID: PMC8158104 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant development represents a continuous process in which the plant undergoes morphological, (epi)genetic and metabolic changes. Starting from pollination, seed maturation and germination, the plant continues to grow and develops specialized organs to survive, thrive and generate offspring. The development of plants and the interplay with its environment are highly linked to glycosylation of proteins and lipids as well as metabolism and signaling of sugars. Although the involvement of these protein modifications and sugars is well-studied, there is still a long road ahead to profoundly comprehend their nature, significance, importance for plant development and the interplay with stress responses. This review, approached from the plants' perspective, aims to focus on some key findings highlighting the importance of glycosylation and sugar signaling for plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tibo De Coninck
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.C.); (K.G.)
| | - Koen Gistelinck
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.C.); (K.G.)
| | - Henry C. Janse van Rensburg
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (H.C.J.v.R.); (W.V.d.E.)
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (H.C.J.v.R.); (W.V.d.E.)
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.C.); (K.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jing D, Chen W, Hu R, Zhang Y, Xia Y, Wang S, He Q, Guo Q, Liang G. An Integrative Analysis of Transcriptome, Proteome and Hormones Reveals Key Differentially Expressed Genes and Metabolic Pathways Involved in Flower Development in Loquat. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5107. [PMID: 32698310 PMCID: PMC7404296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flower development is a vital developmental process in the life cycle of woody perennials, especially fruit trees. Herein, we used transcriptomic, proteomic, and hormone analyses to investigate the key candidate genes/proteins in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) at the stages of flower bud differentiation (FBD), floral bud elongation (FBE), and floral anthesis (FA). Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways of hormone signal transduction and starch and sucrose metabolism. Importantly, the DEGs of hormone signal transduction were significantly involved in the signaling pathways of auxin, gibberellins (GAs), cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid. Meanwhile, key floral integrator genes FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1) and floral meristem identity genes SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING LIKE (SPL), LEAFY (LFY), APETALA1 (AP1), and AP2 were significantly upregulated at the FBD stage. However, key floral organ identity genes AGAMOUS (AG), AP3, and PISTILLATA (PI) were significantly upregulated at the stages of FBE and FA. Furthermore, transcription factors (TFs) such as bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix), NAC (no apical meristem (NAM), Arabidopsis transcription activation factor (ATAF1/2) and cup-shaped cotyledon (CUC2)), MYB_related (myeloblastosis_related), ERF (ethylene response factor), and C2H2 (cysteine-2/histidine-2) were also significantly differentially expressed. Accordingly, comparative proteomic analysis of differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) and combined enrichment of DEGs and DAPs showed that starch and sucrose metabolism was also significantly enriched. Concentrations of GA3 and zeatin were high before the FA stage, but ABA concentration remained high at the FA stage. Our results provide abundant sequence resources for clarifying the underlying mechanisms of the flower development in loquat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danlong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (D.J.); (W.C.); (Y.X.); (S.W.); (Q.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (D.J.); (W.C.); (Y.X.); (S.W.); (Q.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ruoqian Hu
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (D.J.); (W.C.); (Y.X.); (S.W.); (Q.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shuming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (D.J.); (W.C.); (Y.X.); (S.W.); (Q.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qiao He
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (D.J.); (W.C.); (Y.X.); (S.W.); (Q.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qigao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (D.J.); (W.C.); (Y.X.); (S.W.); (Q.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Guolu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (D.J.); (W.C.); (Y.X.); (S.W.); (Q.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Debernardi JM, Greenwood JR, Jean Finnegan E, Jernstedt J, Dubcovsky J. APETALA 2-like genes AP2L2 and Q specify lemma identity and axillary floral meristem development in wheat. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:171-187. [PMID: 31494998 PMCID: PMC6972666 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The spikelet is the basic unit of the grass inflorescence. In tetraploid (Triticum turgidum) and hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum), the spikelet is a short indeterminate branch with two proximal sterile bracts (glumes) followed by a variable number of florets, each including a bract (lemma) with an axillary flower. Varying levels of miR172 and/or its target gene Q (AP2L5) result in gradual transitions of glumes to lemmas, and vice versa. Here, we show that AP2L5 and its related paralog AP2L2 play critical and redundant roles in the specification of axillary floral meristems and lemma identity. AP2L2, also targeted by miR172, displayed similar expression profiles to AP2L5 during spikelet development. Loss-of-function mutants in both homeologs of AP2L2 (henceforth ap2l2) developed normal spikelets, but ap2l2 ap2l5 double mutants generated spikelets with multiple empty bracts before transitioning to florets. The coordinated nature of these changes suggest an early role of these genes in floret development. Moreover, the flowers of ap2l2 ap2l5 mutants showed organ defects in paleas and lodicules, including the homeotic conversion of lodicules into carpels. Mutations in the miR172 target site of AP2L2 were associated with reduced plant height, more compact spikes, promotion of lemma-like characters in glumes and smaller lodicules. Taken together, our results show that the balance in the expression of miR172 and AP2-like genes is crucial for the correct development of spikelets and florets, and that this balance has been altered during the process of wheat and barley (Hordeum vulgare) domestication. The manipulation of this regulatory module provides an opportunity to modify spikelet architecture and improve grain yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Debernardi
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseMD20815USA
| | | | | | - Judy Jernstedt
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Jorge Dubcovsky
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseMD20815USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nambeesan SU, Mattoo AK, Handa AK. Nexus Between Spermidine and Floral Organ Identity and Fruit/Seed Set in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1033. [PMID: 31608074 PMCID: PMC6774279 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) constituting putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) are ubiquitous in all organisms and play essential roles in the growth and developmental processes in living organisms, including plants. Evidences obtained through genetic, biochemical, and transgenic approaches suggest a tight homeostasis for cellular PA levels. Altered cellular PA homeostasis is associated with abnormal phenotypes. However, the mechanisms involved for these abnormalities are not yet fully understood, nor is it known whether cellular ratios of different polyamines play any role(s) in specific plant processes. We expressed a yeast spermidine synthase gene (ySpdSyn) under a constitutive promoter CaMV35S in tomato and studied the different phenotypes that developed. The constitutive expression of ySpdSyn resulted in variable flower phenotypes in independent transgenic lines, some of which lacked fruit and seed set. Quantification of PA levels in the developing flowers showed that the transgenic plants without fruit and seed set had significantly reduced Spd levels as well as low Spd/Put ratio compared to the transgenic lines with normal fruit and seed set. Transcript levels of SlDELLA, GA-20oxidase-1, and GA-3oxidase-2, which impact gibberellin (GA) metabolism and signaling, were significantly reduced in bud tissue of transgenic lines that lacked fruit and seed set. These findings indicate that PAs, particularly Spd, impact floral organ identity and fruit set in tomato involving GA metabolism and signaling. Furthermore, we suggest that a nexus exists between PA ratios and developmental programs in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Autar K. Mattoo
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Avtar K. Handa
- Center of Plant Biology, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kang J, Zhang T, Guo T, Ding W, Long R, Yang Q, Wang Z. Isolation and Functional Characterization of MsFTa, a FLOWERING LOCUS T Homolog from Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081968. [PMID: 31013631 PMCID: PMC6514984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of hay and seeds of alfalfa, an important legume forage for the diary industry worldwide, is highly related to flowering time, which has been widely reported to be integrated by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). However, the function of FT(s) in alfalfa is largely unknown. Here, we identified MsFTa, an FT ortholog in alfalfa, and characterized its role in flowering regulation. MsFTa shares the conserved exon/intron structure of FTs, and the deduced MsFTa is 98% identical to MtFTa1 in Medicago trucatula. MsFTa was diurnally regulated with a peak before the dark period, and was preferentially expressed in leaves and floral buds. Transient expression of MsFTa-GFP fusion protein demonstrated its localization in the nucleus and cytoplasm. When ectopically expressed, MsFTa rescued the late-flowering phenotype of ft mutants from Arabidopsis and M. trucatula. MsFTa over-expression plants of both Arabidopsis and M. truncatula flowered significantly earlier than the non-transgenic controls under long day conditions, indicating that exogenous MsFTa strongly accelerated flowering. Hence, MsFTa functions positively in flowering promotion, suggesting that MsFTa may encode a florigen that acts as a key regulator in the flowering pathway. This study provides an effective candidate gene for optimizing alfalfa flowering time by genetically manipulating the expression of MsFTa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Kang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tao Guo
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wang Ding
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ruicai Long
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qingchuan Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Plackett ARG, Powers SJ, Phillips AL, Wilson ZA, Hedden P, Thomas SG. The early inflorescence of Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrates positional effects in floral organ growth and meristem patterning. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2018; 31:171-191. [PMID: 29264708 PMCID: PMC5940708 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-017-0320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Linear modelling approaches detected significant gradients in organ growth and patterning across early flowers of the Arabidopsis inflorescence and uncovered evidence of new roles for gibberellin in floral development. Most flowering plants, including the genetic model Arabidopsis thaliana, produce multiple flowers in sequence from a reproductive shoot apex to form a flower spike (inflorescence). The development of individual flowers on an Arabidopsis inflorescence has typically been considered as highly stereotypical and uniform, but this assumption is contradicted by the existence of mutants with phenotypes visible in early flowers only. This phenomenon is demonstrated by mutants partially impaired in the biosynthesis of the phytohormone gibberellin (GA), in which floral organ growth is retarded in the first flowers to be produced but has recovered spontaneously by the 10th flower. We presently lack systematic data from multiple flowers across the Arabidopsis inflorescence to explain such changes. Using mutants of the GA 20-OXIDASE (GA20ox) GA biosynthesis gene family to manipulate endogenous GA levels, we investigated the dynamics of changing floral organ growth across the early Arabidopsis inflorescence (flowers 1-10). Modelling of floral organ lengths identified a significant, GA-independent gradient of increasing stamen length relative to the pistil in the wild-type inflorescence that was separable from other, GA-dependent effects. It was also found that the first flowers exhibited unstable organ patterning in contrast to later flowers and that this instability was prolonged by exogenous GA treatment. These findings indicate that the development of individual flowers is influenced by hitherto unknown factors acting across the inflorescence and also suggest novel functions for GA in floral patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R G Plackett
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK.
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
| | - Stephen J Powers
- Department of Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Andy L Phillips
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Zoe A Wilson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peter Hedden
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Stephen G Thomas
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pérez-Ruiz RV, García-Ponce B, Marsch-Martínez N, Ugartechea-Chirino Y, Villajuana-Bonequi M, de Folter S, Azpeitia E, Dávila-Velderrain J, Cruz-Sánchez D, Garay-Arroyo A, Sánchez MDLP, Estévez-Palmas JM, Álvarez-Buylla ER. XAANTAL2 (AGL14) Is an Important Component of the Complex Gene Regulatory Network that Underlies Arabidopsis Shoot Apical Meristem Transitions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:796-813. [PMID: 25636918 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, multiple genes involved in shoot apical meristem (SAM) transitions have been characterized, but the mechanisms required for the dynamic attainment of vegetative, inflorescence, and floral meristem (VM, IM, FM) cell fates during SAM transitions are not well understood. Here we show that a MADS-box gene, XAANTAL2 (XAL2/AGL14), is necessary and sufficient to induce flowering, and its regulation is important in FM maintenance and determinacy. xal2 mutants are late flowering, particularly under short-day (SD) condition, while XAL2 overexpressing plants are early flowering, but their flowers have vegetative traits. Interestingly, inflorescences of the latter plants have higher expression levels of LFY, AP1, and TFL1 than wild-type plants. In addition we found that XAL2 is able to bind the TFL1 regulatory regions. On the other hand, the basipetal carpels of the 35S::XAL2 lines lose determinacy and maintain high levels of WUS expression under SD condition. To provide a mechanistic explanation for the complex roles of XAL2 in SAM transitions and the apparently paradoxical phenotypes of XAL2 and other MADS-box (SOC1, AGL24) overexpressors, we conducted dynamic gene regulatory network (GRN) and epigenetic landscape modeling. We uncovered a GRN module that underlies VM, IM, and FM gene configurations and transition patterns in wild-type plants as well as loss and gain of function lines characterized here and previously. Our approach thus provides a novel mechanistic framework for understanding the complex basis of SAM development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rigoberto V Pérez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior s/no, Junto al Jardín Botánico, and Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior s/no, Junto al Jardín Botánico, and Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Nayelli Marsch-Martínez
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior s/no, Junto al Jardín Botánico, and Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Yamel Ugartechea-Chirino
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior s/no, Junto al Jardín Botánico, and Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Mitzi Villajuana-Bonequi
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior s/no, Junto al Jardín Botánico, and Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Km. 9.6 Carretera Irapuato - León, AP 629, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Eugenio Azpeitia
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior s/no, Junto al Jardín Botánico, and Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México D.F., Mexico
| | - José Dávila-Velderrain
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior s/no, Junto al Jardín Botánico, and Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México D.F., Mexico
| | - David Cruz-Sánchez
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior s/no, Junto al Jardín Botánico, and Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior s/no, Junto al Jardín Botánico, and Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México D.F., Mexico
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior s/no, Junto al Jardín Botánico, and Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Juan M Estévez-Palmas
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior s/no, Junto al Jardín Botánico, and Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Elena R Álvarez-Buylla
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior s/no, Junto al Jardín Botánico, and Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México D.F., Mexico; University of California, 431 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Orozco-Arroyo G, Paolo D, Ezquer I, Colombo L. Networks controlling seed size in Arabidopsis. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2015; 28:17-32. [PMID: 25656951 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-015-0255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Key message: Overview of seed size control. Human and livestock nutrition is largely based on calories derived from seeds, in particular cereals and legumes. Unveiling the control of seed size is therefore of remarkable importance in the frame of developing new strategies for crop improvement. The networks controlling the development of the seed coat, the endosperm and the embryo, as well as their interplay, have been described in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of the current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms controlling seed size in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Orozco-Arroyo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Albert EV, Kavai-ool UN, Ezhova TA. Studying the role of FASCIATA5 gene in the regulation of flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Russ J Dev Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s106236041501004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
12
|
Li Q, Shao J, Tang S, Shen Q, Wang T, Chen W, Hong Y. Wrinkled1 Accelerates Flowering and Regulates Lipid Homeostasis between Oil Accumulation and Membrane Lipid Anabolism in Brassica napus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1015. [PMID: 26635841 PMCID: PMC4652056 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Wrinkled1 (WRI1) belongs to the APETALA2 transcription factor family; it is unique to plants and is a central regulator of oil synthesis in Arabidopsis. The effects of WRI1 on comprehensive lipid metabolism and plant development were unknown, especially in crop plants. This study found that BnWRI1 in Brassica napus accelerated flowering and enhanced oil accumulation in both seeds and leaves without leading to a visible growth inhibition. BnWRI1 decreased storage carbohydrates and increased soluble sugars to facilitate the carbon flux to lipid anabolism. BnWRI1 is localized to the nucleus and directly binds to the AW-box at proximal upstream regions of genes involved in fatty acid (FA) synthesis and lipid assembly. The overexpression (OE) of BnWRI1 resulted in the up-regulation of genes involved in glycolysis, FA synthesis, lipid assembly, and flowering. Lipid profiling revealed increased galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the leaves of OE plants, whereas it exhibited a reduced level of the galactolipids DGDG and MGDG and increased levels of PC, phosphatidylethanolamide, and oil [triacylglycerol (TAG)] in the siliques of OE plants during the early seed development stage. These results suggest that BnWRI1 is important for homeostasis among TAG, membrane lipids and sugars, and thus facilitates flowering and oil accumulation in B. napus.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ma X, Shao C, Jin Y, Wang H, Meng Y. Long non-coding RNAs: a novel endogenous source for the generation of Dicer-like 1-dependent small RNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana. RNA Biol 2014; 11:373-90. [PMID: 24717238 DOI: 10.4161/rna.28725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological relevance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is emerging. Whether the lncRNAs could form structured precursors for small RNAs (sRNAs) production remains elusive. Here, 172 713 DCL1 (Dicer-like 1)-dependent sRNAs were identified in Arabidopsis. Except for the sRNAs mapped onto the microRNA precursors, the remaining ones led us to investigate their originations. Intriguingly, 65 006 sRNAs found their loci on 5891 lncRNAs. These sRNAs were sent to AGO (Argonaute) enrichment analysis. As a result, 1264 sRNAs were enriched in AGO1, which were then subjected to target prediction. Based on degradome sequencing data, 109 transcripts were validated to be targeted by 96 sRNAs. Besides, 44 lncRNAs were targeted by 23 sRNAs. To further support the origination of the DCL1-dependent sRNAs from lncRNAs, we searched for the degradome-based cleavage signals at either ends of the sRNA loci, which were supposed to be produced during DCL1-mediated processing of the long-stem structures. As a result, 63 612 loci were supported by degradome signatures. Among these loci, 6606 reside within the dsRNA-seq (double-stranded RNA sequencing) read-covered regions of 100 nt or longer. These regions were subjected to secondary structure prediction. And, 43 regions were identified to be capable of forming highly complementary long-stem structures. We proposed that these local long-stem structures could be recognized by DCL1 for cropping, thus serving as the sRNA precursors. We hope that our study could inspire more research efforts to study on the biological roles of the lncRNAs in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Ma
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chaogang Shao
- College of Life Sciences; Huzhou Teachers College; Huzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yongfeng Jin
- Institute of Biochemistry; College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huizhong Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yijun Meng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wellmer F, Graciet E, Riechmann JL. Specification of floral organs in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1-9. [PMID: 24277279 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Floral organs are specified by the activities of a small group of transcriptional regulators, the floral organ identity factors. Extensive genetic and molecular analyses have shown that these proteins act as master regulators of flower development, and function not only in organ identity determination but also during organ morphogenesis. Although it is now well established that these transcription factors act in higher order protein complexes in the regulation of transcription, the gene expression programmes controlled by them have remained largely elusive. Only recently, detailed insights into their functions have been obtained through the combination of a wide range of experimental methods, including transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Here, we review the progress that has been made in the characterization of the floral organ identity factors from the main model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and we discuss what is known about the processes acting downstream of these regulators. We further outline open questions, which we believe need to be addressed to obtain a more complete view of the molecular processes that govern floral organ development and specification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wellmer
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Krogan NT, Hogan K, Long JA. APETALA2 negatively regulates multiple floral organ identity genes in Arabidopsis by recruiting the co-repressor TOPLESS and the histone deacetylase HDA19. Development 2012. [PMID: 23034631 DOI: 10.1242/dev.085407dev.085407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The development and coordination of complex tissues in eukaryotes requires precise spatial control of fate-specifying genes. Although investigations of such control have traditionally focused on mechanisms of transcriptional activation, transcriptional repression has emerged as being equally important in the establishment of gene expression territories. In the angiosperm flower, specification of lateral organ fate relies on the spatial regulation of the ABC floral organ identity genes. Our understanding of how the boundaries of these expression domains are controlled is not complete. Here, we report that the A-class organ identity gene APETALA2 (AP2), which is known to repress the C-class gene AGAMOUS, also regulates the expression borders of the B-class genes APETALA3 and PISTILLATA, and the E-class gene SEPALLATA3. We show that AP2 represses its target genes by physically recruiting the co-repressor TOPLESS and the histone deacetylase HDA19. These results demonstrate that AP2 plays a broad role in flower development by controlling the expression domains of numerous floral organ identity genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naden T Krogan
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Krogan NT, Hogan K, Long JA. APETALA2 negatively regulates multiple floral organ identity genes in Arabidopsis by recruiting the co-repressor TOPLESS and the histone deacetylase HDA19. Development 2012; 139:4180-90. [PMID: 23034631 DOI: 10.1242/dev.085407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development and coordination of complex tissues in eukaryotes requires precise spatial control of fate-specifying genes. Although investigations of such control have traditionally focused on mechanisms of transcriptional activation, transcriptional repression has emerged as being equally important in the establishment of gene expression territories. In the angiosperm flower, specification of lateral organ fate relies on the spatial regulation of the ABC floral organ identity genes. Our understanding of how the boundaries of these expression domains are controlled is not complete. Here, we report that the A-class organ identity gene APETALA2 (AP2), which is known to repress the C-class gene AGAMOUS, also regulates the expression borders of the B-class genes APETALA3 and PISTILLATA, and the E-class gene SEPALLATA3. We show that AP2 represses its target genes by physically recruiting the co-repressor TOPLESS and the histone deacetylase HDA19. These results demonstrate that AP2 plays a broad role in flower development by controlling the expression domains of numerous floral organ identity genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naden T Krogan
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Alvarez-Buylla ER, Benítez M, Corvera-Poiré A, Chaos Cador Á, de Folter S, Gamboa de Buen A, Garay-Arroyo A, García-Ponce B, Jaimes-Miranda F, Pérez-Ruiz RV, Piñeyro-Nelson A, Sánchez-Corrales YE. Flower development. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2010; 8:e0127. [PMID: 22303253 PMCID: PMC3244948 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flowers are the most complex structures of plants. Studies of Arabidopsis thaliana, which has typical eudicot flowers, have been fundamental in advancing the structural and molecular understanding of flower development. The main processes and stages of Arabidopsis flower development are summarized to provide a framework in which to interpret the detailed molecular genetic studies of genes assigned functions during flower development and is extended to recent genomics studies uncovering the key regulatory modules involved. Computational models have been used to study the concerted action and dynamics of the gene regulatory module that underlies patterning of the Arabidopsis inflorescence meristem and specification of the primordial cell types during early stages of flower development. This includes the gene combinations that specify sepal, petal, stamen and carpel identity, and genes that interact with them. As a dynamic gene regulatory network this module has been shown to converge to stable multigenic profiles that depend upon the overall network topology and are thus robust, which can explain the canalization of flower organ determination and the overall conservation of the basic flower plan among eudicots. Comparative and evolutionary approaches derived from Arabidopsis studies pave the way to studying the molecular basis of diverse floral morphologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena R. Alvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Mariana Benítez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Adriana Corvera-Poiré
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Álvaro Chaos Cador
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Alicia Gamboa de Buen
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Jaimes-Miranda
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto V. Pérez-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Alma Piñeyro-Nelson
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Yara E. Sánchez-Corrales
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Causier B, Schwarz-Sommer Z, Davies B. Floral organ identity: 20 years of ABCs. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 21:73-9. [PMID: 19883777 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the early successes of the application of molecular genetics to study plant development was the discovery of a series of genes that act together, in an apparently simple combinatorial model, to specify the identity of the different organs of a flower. Widely known as the ABC model, this framework for understanding has been investigated and modified over the course of the last two decades. The cast list of genes has been defined and, as other chapters in this volume will show, great progress has been made in understanding how they are regulated, how they act together, what they do and how they have contributed to the evolution of the flower in its varied forms. In this introductory review to the volume we will review the derivation and elaboration of the most current version of the ABC model, highlighting the modifications that have been necessary to ensure it fits the available experimental data. We will highlight the remaining difficulties in fitting the current model to the experimental data and propose a further modification to enable it to regain its applicability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry Causier
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Thompson BE, Bartling L, Whipple C, Hall DH, Sakai H, Schmidt R, Hake S. bearded-ear encodes a MADS box transcription factor critical for maize floral development. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:2578-90. [PMID: 19749152 PMCID: PMC2768933 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.067751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Although many genes that regulate floral development have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, relatively few are known in the grasses. In normal maize (Zea mays), each spikelet produces an upper and lower floral meristem, which initiate floral organs in a defined phyllotaxy before being consumed in the production of an ovule. The bearded-ear (bde) mutation affects floral development differently in the upper and lower meristem. The upper floral meristem initiates extra floral organs that are often mosaic or fused, while the lower floral meristem initiates additional floral meristems. We cloned bde by positional cloning and found that it encodes zea agamous3 (zag3), a MADS box transcription factor in the conserved AGAMOUS-LIKE6 clade. Mutants in the maize homolog of AGAMOUS, zag1, have a subset of bde floral defects. bde zag1 double mutants have a severe ear phenotype, not observed in either single mutant, in which floral meristems are converted to branch-like meristems, indicating that bde and zag1 redundantly promote floral meristem identity. In addition, BDE and ZAG1 physically interact. We propose a model in which BDE functions in at least three distinct complexes to regulate floral development in the maize ear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth E. Thompson
- Plant Gene Expression Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service and Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California-Berkeley, Albany, California 94710
| | - Linnea Bartling
- Plant Gene Expression Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service and Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California-Berkeley, Albany, California 94710
| | - Clint Whipple
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Darren H. Hall
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Hajime Sakai
- Dupont Crop Genetics, Experimental Station E353, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Sarah Hake
- Plant Gene Expression Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service and Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California-Berkeley, Albany, California 94710
- Address correspondence to
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Brock MT, Stinchcombe JR, Weinig C. Indirect effects of FRIGIDA: floral trait (co)variances are altered by seasonally variable abiotic factors associated with flowering time. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:1826-38. [PMID: 19583697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive timing is a critical life-history event that could influence the (co)variation of traits developing later in ontogeny by regulating exposure to seasonally variable factors. In a field experiment with Arabidopsis thaliana, we explore whether allelic variation at a flowering-time gene of major effect (FRIGIDA) affects (co)variation of floral traits by regulating exposure to photoperiod, temperature, and moisture levels. We detect a positive latitudinal cline in floral organ size among plants with putatively functional FRI alleles. Statistically controlling for bolting day removes the cline, suggesting that seasonal abiotic variation affects floral morphology. Both photoperiod and precipitation at bolting correlate positively with the length of petals, stamens, and pistils. Additionally, floral (co)variances differ significantly across FRI backgrounds, such that the sign of some floral-trait correlations reverses. Subsequent experimental manipulations of photoperiod and water availability demonstrate direct effects of these abiotic factors on floral traits. In sum, these results highlight how the timing of life-history events can affect the expression of traits developing later in ontogeny, and provide some of the first empirical evidence for the effects of major genes on evolutionary potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Brock
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Adrian J, Torti S, Turck F. From decision to commitment: the molecular memory of flowering. MOLECULAR PLANT 2009; 2:628-642. [PMID: 19825644 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssp031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
During the floral transition the shoot apical meristem changes its identity from a vegetative to an inflorescence state. This change in identity can be promoted by external signals, such as inductive photoperiod conditions or vernalization, and is accompanied by changes in expression of key developmental genes. The change in meristem identity is usually not reversible, even if the inductive signal occurs only transiently. This implies that at least some of the key genes must possess an intrinsic memory of the newly acquired expression state that ensures irreversibility of the process. In this review, we discuss different molecular scenarios that may underlie a molecular memory of gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Adrian
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Stefano Torti
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Franziska Turck
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Filardo F, Robertson M, Singh DP, Parish RW, Swain SM. Functional analysis of HvSPY, a negative regulator of GA response, in barley aleurone cells and Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2009; 229:523-537. [PMID: 19011896 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
SPINDLY (SPY) is an important regulator of plant development, and consists of an N-half tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain containing 10 TPR motifs and a C-half catalytic domain, similar to O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) of animals. The best characterised role of SPY is a negative regulator of GA signalling, and all known spy alleles have been isolated based on increased GA response. Of the eight alleles that directly affect the TPR domain, all alter TPRs 6, 8 and/or 9. To test the hypothesis that a subset of TPRs, including 6, 8 and 9, are both essential and sufficient for the regulation of GA response, we overexpressed the full-length barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) SPY protein (HvSPY) and several deletion mutants in barley aleurone cells and in Arabidopsis wild type (WT) and spy-4 plants. Transient assays in barley aleurone cells, that also express endogenous HvSPY, demonstrated that introduced HvSPY and HvTPR inhibited GA(3)-induced alpha-amylase expression. With the exception of HvSPYDelta1-5, the other deletion proteins were partially active in the barley assay, including HvSPYDelta6-9 which lacks TPRs 6, 8 and 9. In Arabidopsis, analysis of seed germination under a range of conditions revealed that 35S:HvSPY increased seed dormancy. Hvspy-2, which lacks parts of the eighth and ninth TPRs, was able to partially complement all aspects of the spy-4 phenotype. In the presence of AtSPY, 35S:HvTPR caused some phenotypes consistent with a decrease in GA signalling, including increased seed sensitivity to paclobutrazol and delayed flowering. These plants also possessed distorted leaf morphology and altered epidermal cell shape. Thus, despite genetic analysis demonstrating that TPRs 6, 8 and 9 are required for regulation of GA signalling, our results suggest that these TPRs are neither absolutely essential nor sufficient for SPY activity.
Collapse
|
23
|
Lu XC, He Y, Chen M, Tian S, Bai SN. Daylength responses of various morphogenetic events after panicle initiation in late japonica rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2008; 10:365-73. [PMID: 18426483 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant morphogenesis is an intimate cooperation between environmental signals and a genetically-encoded developmental programme. Although all stages subsequent to floral induction may be influenced by daylength, the information available has come from diverse species during different morphogenetic events. This makes it difficult to investigate how photoperiodic signalling is integrated into various steps of the developmental programme. Here, we report that, in late japonica rice lines, morphogenetic events, including 12th leaf, axis of the main panicle, awn of the glum, anthers, elongation rate of internodes, and pollen fertility of the photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile (PGMS) rice, are significantly affected by daylength after panicle initiation. These data indicate that daylength affects many morphologic events, and that changes in morphology are mainly determined by the characteristics of the events themselves. These findings lay a foundation for future investigations into how potentially common photoperiodic signalling system(s) are integrated with diversified developmental events. In addition, we discussed the essential nature of PGMS rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X-C Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
The maize tasselseed4 microRNA controls sex determination and meristem cell fate by targeting Tasselseed6/indeterminate spikelet1. Nat Genet 2007; 39:1517-21. [PMID: 18026103 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2007.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In maize (Zea mays), sex determination occurs through abortion of female carpels in the tassel and arrest of male stamens in the ear. The Tasselseed6 (Ts6) and tasselseed4 (ts4) mutations permit carpel development in the tassel while increasing meristem branching, showing that sex determination and acquisition of meristem fate share a common pathway. We show that ts4 encodes a mir172 microRNA that targets APETALA2 floral homeotic transcription factors. Three lines of evidence suggest that indeterminate spikelet1 (ids1), an APETALA2 gene required for spikelet meristem determinacy, is a key target of ts4. First, loss of ids1 suppresses the ts4 sex determination and branching defects. Second, Ts6 mutants phenocopy ts4 and possess mutations in the microRNA binding site of ids1. Finally, IDS1 protein is expressed more broadly in ts4 mutants compared to wild type. Our results demonstrate that sexual identity in maize is acquired by limiting floral growth through negative regulation of the floral homeotic pathway.
Collapse
|
25
|
Roxrud I, Lid SE, Fletcher JC, Schmidt EDL, Opsahl-Sorteberg HG. GASA4, one of the 14-member Arabidopsis GASA family of small polypeptides, regulates flowering and seed development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 48:471-83. [PMID: 17284469 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcm016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Members of the plant-specific gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis (GASA) gene family play roles in hormone response, defense and development. We have identified six new Arabidopsis GASA genes, bringing the total number of family members to 14. Here we show that these genes all encode small polypeptides that share the common structural features of an N-terminal putative signal sequence, a highly divergent intermediate region and a conserved 60 amino acid C-terminal domain containing 12 conserved cysteine residues. Analysis of promoter::GUS (beta-glucuronidase) transgenic plants representing six different GASA loci reveals that the promoters are activated in a variety of stage- and tissue-specific patterns during development, indicating that the GASA genes are involved in diverse processes. Characterization of GASA4 shows that the promoter is active in the shoot apex region, developing flowers and developing embryos. Phenotypic analyses of GASA4 loss-of-function and gain-of-function lines indicate that GASA4 regulates floral meristem identity and also positively affects both seed size and total seed yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Roxrud
- Genetwister Technologies BV, PO Box 193, NL-6700 AD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Trevaskis B, Tadege M, Hemming MN, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES, Sheldon C. Short vegetative phase-like MADS-box genes inhibit floral meristem identity in barley. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 143:225-35. [PMID: 17114273 PMCID: PMC1761976 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.090860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the functions of Short Vegetative Phase (SVP)-like MADS-box genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare) indicated a role in determining meristem identity. Three SVP-like genes are expressed in vegetative tissues of barley: Barley MADS1 (BM1), BM10, and Vegetative to Reproductive Transition gene 2. These genes are induced by cold but are repressed during floral development. Ectopic expression of BM1 inhibited spike development and caused floral reversion in barley, with florets at the base of the spike replaced by tillers. Head emergence was delayed in plants that ectopically express BM1, primarily by delayed development after the floral transition, but expression levels of the barley VRN1 gene (HvVRN1) were not affected. Ectopic expression of BM10 inhibited spike development and caused partial floral reversion, where florets at the base of the spike were replaced by inflorescence-like structures, but did not affect heading date. Floral reversion occurred more frequently when BM1 and BM10 ectopic expression lines were grown in short-day conditions. BM1 and BM10 also inhibited floral development and caused floral reversion when expressed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We conclude that SVP-like genes function to suppress floral meristem identity in winter cereals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Trevaskis
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Division of Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capitol Territory 2601, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Guan CM, Zhu SS, Li XG, Zhang XS. Hormone-regulated inflorescence induction and TFL1 expression in Arabidopsis callus in vitro. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2006; 25:1133-7. [PMID: 16676184 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-006-0165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2005] [Revised: 03/26/2006] [Accepted: 04/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To study hormone-regulated inflorescence development, we established the in vitro regeneration system of Arabidopsis inflorescences in the presence of cytokinin and auxin. Media containing a combination of thidiazuron (TDZ) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were used to induce callus formation. Higher frequencies of calli were obtained by using the inflorescence stems as explants. After transferring the calli to media containing a combination of zeatin and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the inflorescences were induced from the calli. The morphology of regenerated inflorescences was similar to that of inflorescences in plants; however, flowers of regenerated inflorescences often lacked a few floral organs. Furthermore, TFL1, a gene involved in floral transition in Arabidopsis, was activated during the inflorescence induction. Our results suggest that the TFL1 gene plays an important role in hormone-regulated inflorescence formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Guan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Würschum T, Gross-Hardt R, Laux T. APETALA2 regulates the stem cell niche in the Arabidopsis shoot meristem. THE PLANT CELL 2006; 18:295-307. [PMID: 16387832 PMCID: PMC1356540 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.038398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Postembryonic organ formation in higher plants relies on the activity of stem cell niches in shoot and root meristems where differentiation of the resident cells is repressed by signals from surrounding cells. We searched for mutations affecting stem cell maintenance and isolated the semidominant l28 mutant, which displays premature termination of the shoot meristem and differentiation of the stem cells. Allele competition experiments suggest that l28 is a dominant-negative allele of the APETALA2 (AP2) gene, which previously has been implicated in floral patterning and seed development. Expression of both WUSCHEL (WUS) and CLAVATA3 (CLV3) genes, which regulate stem cell maintenance in the wild type, were disrupted in l28 shoot apices from early stages on. Unlike in floral patterning, AP2 mRNA is active in the center of the shoot meristem and acts via a mechanism independent of AGAMOUS, which is a repressor of WUS and stem cell maintenance in the floral meristem. Genetic analysis shows that termination of the primary shoot meristem in l28 mutants requires an active CLV signaling pathway, indicating that AP2 functions in stem cell maintenance by modifying the WUS-CLV3 feedback loop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Würschum
- Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jofuku KD, Omidyar PK, Gee Z, Okamuro JK. Control of seed mass and seed yield by the floral homeotic gene APETALA2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:3117-22. [PMID: 15708974 PMCID: PMC549499 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409893102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
APETALA2 (AP2) is best known for its role in the regulation of flower meristem and flower organ identity and development in Arabidopsis. We show here that AP2 also plays an important role in determining seed size, seed weight, and the accumulation of seed oil and protein. We demonstrate genetically that AP2 acts through the maternal sporophyte and endosperm genomes to control seed weight and seed yield. Thus, AP2 functions outside the boundaries of flower meristem and flower organ development to affect agronomically relevant traits in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Diane Jofuku
- Biology Board, Sinsheimer Laboratories, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Photoperiod has been known to regulate flowering time in many plant species. In Arabidopsis, genes in the long day (LD) pathway detect photoperiod and promote flowering under LD. It was previously reported that clavata2 (clv2) mutants grown under short day (SD) conditions showed suppression of the flower meristem defects, namely the accumulation of stem cells and the resulting production of extra floral organs. Detailed analysis of this phenomenon presented here demonstrates that the suppression is a true photoperiodic response mediated by the inactivation of the LD pathway under SD. Inactivation of the LD pathway was sufficient to suppress the clv2 defects under LD, and activation of the LD pathway under SD conditions restored clv2 phenotypes. These results reveal a novel role of photoperiod in flower meristem development in Arabidopsis. Flower meristem defects of clv1 and clv3 mutants are also suppressed under SD, and 35S:CO enhanced the defects of clv3, indicating that the LD pathway works independently from the CLV genes. A model is proposed to explain the interactions between photoperiod and the CLV genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Jeong
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yu H, Ito T, Zhao Y, Peng J, Kumar P, Meyerowitz EM. Floral homeotic genes are targets of gibberellin signaling in flower development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:7827-32. [PMID: 15128937 PMCID: PMC419691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0402377101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) are a class of plant hormones involved in the regulation of flower development in Arabidopsis. The GA-deficient ga1-3 mutant shows retarded growth of all floral organs, especially abortive stamen development that results in complete male sterility. Until now, it has not been clear how GA regulates the late-stage development of floral organs after the establishment of their identities within floral meristems. Various combinations of null mutations of DELLA proteins can gradually rescue floral defects in ga1-3. In particular, the synergistic effect of rga-t2 and rgl2-1 can substantially restore flower development in ga1-3. We find that the transcript levels of floral homeotic genes APETALA3 (AP3), PISTILLATA (PI), and AGAMOUS (AG) are immediately upregulated in young flowers of ga1-3 upon GA treatment. Using a steroid-inducible activation of RGA, we further demonstrated that these floral homeotic genes are transcriptionally repressed by RGA activity in young flowers whereas the expression of LEAFY (LFY) and APETALA1 (AP1) is not substantially affected. In addition, we observed the partial rescue of floral defects in ga1-3 by overexpression of AG. Our results indicate that GA promotes the expression of floral homeotic genes by antagonizing the effects of DELLA proteins, thereby allowing continued flower development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jack T. Molecular and genetic mechanisms of floral control. THE PLANT CELL 2004; 16 Suppl:S1-S17. [PMID: 15020744 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.017038.s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jack
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jack
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Boutilier K, Offringa R, Sharma VK, Kieft H, Ouellet T, Zhang L, Hattori J, Liu CM, van Lammeren AAM, Miki BLA, Custers JBM, van Lookeren Campagne MM. Ectopic expression of BABY BOOM triggers a conversion from vegetative to embryonic growth. THE PLANT CELL 2002; 14:1737-1749. [PMID: 12172019 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.001941.tissue] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation and maintenance of the embryonic pathway in plants are largely unknown. To obtain more insight into these processes, we used subtractive hybridization to identify genes that are upregulated during the in vitro induction of embryo development from immature pollen grains of Brassica napus (microspore embryogenesis). One of the genes identified, BABY BOOM (BBM), shows similarity to the AP2/ERF family of transcription factors and is expressed preferentially in developing embryos and seeds. Ectopic expression of BBM in Arabidopsis and Brassica led to the spontaneous formation of somatic embryos and cotyledon-like structures on seedlings. Ectopic BBM expression induced additional pleiotropic phenotypes, including neoplastic growth, hormone-free regeneration of explants, and alterations in leaf and flower morphology. The expression pattern of BBM in developing seeds combined with the BBM overexpression phenotype suggests a role for this gene in promoting cell proliferation and morphogenesis during embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Boutilier
- Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Boutilier K, Offringa R, Sharma VK, Kieft H, Ouellet T, Zhang L, Hattori J, Liu CM, van Lammeren AAM, Miki BLA, Custers JBM, van Lookeren Campagne MM. Ectopic expression of BABY BOOM triggers a conversion from vegetative to embryonic growth. THE PLANT CELL 2002; 14:1737-49. [PMID: 12172019 PMCID: PMC151462 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.001941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2002] [Accepted: 04/29/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation and maintenance of the embryonic pathway in plants are largely unknown. To obtain more insight into these processes, we used subtractive hybridization to identify genes that are upregulated during the in vitro induction of embryo development from immature pollen grains of Brassica napus (microspore embryogenesis). One of the genes identified, BABY BOOM (BBM), shows similarity to the AP2/ERF family of transcription factors and is expressed preferentially in developing embryos and seeds. Ectopic expression of BBM in Arabidopsis and Brassica led to the spontaneous formation of somatic embryos and cotyledon-like structures on seedlings. Ectopic BBM expression induced additional pleiotropic phenotypes, including neoplastic growth, hormone-free regeneration of explants, and alterations in leaf and flower morphology. The expression pattern of BBM in developing seeds combined with the BBM overexpression phenotype suggests a role for this gene in promoting cell proliferation and morphogenesis during embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Boutilier
- Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hase Y, Tanaka A, Baba T, Watanabe H. FRL1 is required for petal and sepal development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 24:21-32. [PMID: 11029701 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel flower mutant, frl1 (frill 1) was isolated in Arabidopsis thaliana. The frl1 mutant has serrated petals and sepals but the other floral and vegetative organs appear to be normal. To analyse the role of the FRL1 gene, morphological, cytological and double mutant analyses were carried out. The frl1 flower had broader petals and sepals as compared with the wild-type. The distal region of frl1 petals contained fewer epidermal cells but their size was variable and generally larger than that in the wild-type. However, no significant difference was found in the basal region. Observations of the early petal development revealed that the morphology of the developing frl1 petal was normal until the middle of stage 9, but the frl1 phenotype became apparent in stages later than 10. Furthermore, larger nuclei with varied sizes were observed in the distal region of frl1 petals, but not in this region in wild-type petals. This strongly suggests that abnormal endo-reduplication had occurred. These observations indicate that the frl1 mutation affects the number of cell divisions and the subsequent cell expansion during the late stage of petal lamina formation, and that FRL1 might be maintaining the mitotic state or suppressing the transition to the endo-reduplication cycle. Double mutants with the homeotic mutants apetala3-1 and agamous showed additive phenotypes. Ectopic petals in the third whorl of fr11 ag flowers were serrated, indicating that the FRL1 gene acts in petal and sepal development in an organ-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Hase
- Plant Resources Laboratory, Department of Radiation Research for Environment and Resources, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ito T, Meyerowitz EM. Overexpression of a gene encoding a cytochrome P450, CYP78A9, induces large and seedless fruit in arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2000; 12:1541-50. [PMID: 11006330 PMCID: PMC149068 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.12.9.1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2000] [Accepted: 06/20/2000] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
An activation tagging screen in which the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S enhancer was inserted randomly into an Arabidopsis genome homozygous for the floral homeotic mutation apetala2-1 (ap2-1) resulted in a line (28-5) with extraordinarily wide, heart-shaped ovaries. The ovary of the 28-5 ap2-1 mutant shows an oval shape because of increased numbers of enlarged cells. When the ap2-1 mutation is crossed out of the genetic background, more elongated rather than wider fruits are obtained. Normally, Arabidopsis fruits will develop to a normal size only when the ovules are present and fertilized. In the 28-5 single mutant, the siliques keep growing despite failure of fertilization and can reach nearly normal size. When wild-type pollen was used to pollinate the mutant pistil, the pollinated 28-5 silique became >10% longer and 40% wider than a wild-type silique, although producing very few seeds. The enhancer insertion in line 28-5 acts by hyperactivating a cytochrome P450 gene, CYP78A9. The pistil of 28-5 ap2-1 mutant flowers shows a structure similar to that of Capsella bursa-pastoris, a distant mustard relative of Arabidopsis, suggesting that the processes regulated by the CYP78A9-encoded protein may be involved in evolutionary control of carpel shape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Ito
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang X, Li Q, Li X, Bai S, Lu W. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of HAG1 in the floral organs of Hyacinthus orientalis L. SCIENCE IN CHINA. SERIES C, LIFE SCIENCES 2000; 43:395-401. [PMID: 18726343 DOI: 10.1007/bf02879304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/1999] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
HAG1 gene was isolated from the floral organs of Hyacinthus orientalis L. by using RT-PCR. Sequence analysis showed that this gene was homologous to AGAMOUS. Northern hybridization indicated that HAG1 was specifically expressed in floral organs using 3' end of HAG1 as a probe. Further, transcript of this gene was not detected in differentiating tepals induced by lower concentration of hormones, however, it was detected in differentiating stemans by higher concentration of hormones in vitro. It is possible that there is a close relationship between the concentration of hormones, homeotic genes and identities of floral organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Davis SJ, Kurepa J, Vierstra RD. The Arabidopsis thaliana HY1 locus, required for phytochrome-chromophore biosynthesis, encodes a protein related to heme oxygenases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:6541-6. [PMID: 10339624 PMCID: PMC26918 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.11.6541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/1999] [Accepted: 03/22/1999] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hy1 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana fail to make the phytochrome-chromophore phytochromobilin and therefore are deficient in a wide range of phytochrome-mediated responses. Because this defect can be rescued by feeding seedlings biliverdin IXalpha, it is likely that the mutations affect an enzyme that converts heme to this phytochromobilin intermediate. By a combination of positional cloning and candidate-gene isolation, we have identified the HY1 gene and found it to be related to cyanobacterial, algal, and animal heme oxygenases. Three independent alleles of hy1 contain DNA lesions within the HY1 coding region, and a genomic sequence spanning the HY1 locus complements the hy1-1 mutation. HY1 is a member of a gene family and is expressed in a variety of A. thaliana tissues. Based on its homology, we propose that HY1 encodes a higher-plant heme oxygenase, designated AtHO1, responsible for catalyzing the reaction that opens the tetrapyrrole ring of heme to generate biliverdin IXalpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Davis
- Laboratory of Genetics and the Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pouteau S, Tooke F, Battey N. Quantitative control of inflorescence formation in impatiens balsamina. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 118:1191-201. [PMID: 9847093 PMCID: PMC34735 DOI: 10.1104/pp.118.4.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/1998] [Accepted: 08/28/1998] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the process of inflorescence formation in Impatiens balsamina by studying the architecture of the plant under different photoperiod treatments. Floral reversion under noninductive conditions in this species is caused by the lack of persistence of the induced state in the leaf. This can be used to control the amount of inductive signal and to examine its quantitative influence on morphological changes in the plant. The floral transition was characterized by a continuum of variation at the level of meristem identity, primordium initiation, and floral organ identity. This continuum was enhanced during reversion, suggesting that the establishment of a continuum partly reflects limiting amounts of inductive signal exported from the leaf to the meristem. The transcription patterns of two homologs of genes involved in the control of floral meristem identity, Imp-FLO and Imp-FIM, were similar in terminal and axillary flowers and may be associated with the continuum exhibited by I. balsamina. By analyzing the fate of axillary meristem primordia initiated before and after the beginning of the inductive period, we showed that de novo initiation of axillary meristem primordia by the evoked meristem is not required and that primordia initiated before evocation can adopt different fates, depending on the amount of inductive signal. The influence of age and/or position on primordium responsiveness to the inductive signal is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Pouteau
- Department of Horticulture, Plant Science Laboratories, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AS, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
AP2 (APETALA2) and EREBPs (ethylene-responsive element binding proteins) are the prototypic members of a family of transcription factors unique to plants, whose distinguishing characteristic is that they contain the so-called AP2 DNA-binding domain. AP2/ REBP genes form a large multigene family, and they play a variety of roles throughout the plant life cycle: from being key regulators of several developmental processes, like floral organ identity determination or control of leaf epidermal cell identity, to forming part of the mechanisms used by plants to respond to various types of biotic and environmental stress. The molecular and biochemical characteristics of the AP2/EREBP transcription factors and their diverse functions are reviewed here, and this multigene family is analyzed within the context of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome sequence project.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Riechmann
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lozano R, Angosto T, Gomez P, Payan C, Capel J, Huijser P, Salinas J, Martinez-Zapater JM. Tomato flower abnormalities induced by low temperatures are associated with changes of expression of MADS-Box genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 117:91-100. [PMID: 9576778 PMCID: PMC35026 DOI: 10.1104/pp.117.1.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/1997] [Accepted: 02/16/1998] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flower and fruit development in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ) were severely affected when plants were grown at low temperatures, displaying homeotic and meristic transformations and alterations in the fusion pattern of the organs. Most of these homeotic transformations modified the identity of stamens and carpels, giving rise to intermediate organs. Complete homeotic transformations were rarely found and always affected organs of the reproductive whorls. Meristic transformations were also commonly observed in the reproductive whorls, which developed with an excessive number of organs. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that meristic transformations take place very early in the development of the flower and are related to a significant increase in the floral meristem size. However, homeotic transformations should occur later during the development of the organ primordia. Steady-state levels of transcripts corresponding to tomato MADS-box genes TM4, TM5, TM6, and TAG1 were greatly increased by low temperatures and could be related to these flower abnormalities. Moreover, in situ hybridization analyses showed that low temperatures also altered the stage-specific expression of TM4.
Collapse
|
43
|
Blazquez MA, Green R, Nilsson O, Sussman MR, Weigel D. Gibberellins promote flowering of arabidopsis by activating the LEAFY promoter. THE PLANT CELL 1998; 10:791-800. [PMID: 9596637 PMCID: PMC144373 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.10.5.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The gibberellin class of plant hormones has been implicated in the control of flowering in several species. In Arabidopsis, severe reduction of endogenous gibberellins delays flowering in long days and prevents flowering in short days. We have investigated how the differential effects of gibberellins on flowering correlate with expression of LEAFY, a floral meristem identity gene. We have found that the failure of gibberellin-deficient ga1-3 mutants to flower in short days was paralleled by the absence of LEAFY promoter induction. A causal connection between these two events was confirmed by the ability of a constitutively expressed LEAFY transgene to restore flowering to ga1-3 mutants in short days. In contrast to short days, impairment of gibberellin biosynthesis caused merely a reduction of LEAFY expression when plants were grown in long days or with sucrose in the dark. As a first step toward identifying other small molecules that might regulate flowering, we have developed a rapid in vitro assay for LEAFY promoter activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MA Blazquez
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Sexual reproduction in higher plants occurs within the flower, which develops from the floral meristem, a specialized form of lateral meristems. The decision to become a floral meristem is highly regulated, and several genes controlling this process have been isolated. Some of these genes were shown to promote the floral fate precociously and ectopically when expressed constitutively. Furthermore, studies indicate the commitment to the floral fate is not a single switch, but a condition acquired progressively. Finally, genes controlling flowering time, at least in part, act through the floral-meristem-identity genes, and such interactions occur at multiple levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ma
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, NY 11724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ruiz-García L, Madueño F, Wilkinson M, Haughn G, Salinas J, Martínez-Zapater JM. Different roles of flowering-time genes in the activation of floral initiation genes in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 1997; 9:1921-34. [PMID: 9401118 PMCID: PMC157047 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.9.11.1921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We have analyzed double mutants that combine late-flowering mutations at four flowering-time loci (FVE, FPA, FWA, and FT) with mutations at the LEAFY (LFY), APETALA1 (AP1), and TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) loci involved in the floral initiation process (FLIP). Double mutants between ft-1 or fwa-1 and lfy-6 completely lack flowerlike structures, indicating that both FWA and FT act redundantly with LFY to control AP1. Moreover, the phenotypes of ft-1 ap1-1 and fwa-1 ap1-1 double mutants are reminiscent of the phenotype of ap1-1 cal-1 double mutants, suggesting that FWA and FT could also be involved in the control of other FLIP genes. Such extreme phenotypes were not observed in double mutants between fve-2 or fpa-1 and lfy-6 ap1-1. Each of these showed a phenotype similar to that of ap1-1 or lfy-6 mutants grown under noninductive photoperiods, suggesting a redundant interaction with FLIP genes. Finally, the phenotype of double mutants combining the late-flowering mutations with tfl1-2 were also consistent with the different roles of flowering-time genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Ruiz-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Virología Vegetal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
|