1
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Maltezopoulos T, Brinker F, Dietrich F, Freund W, Grünert J, Jastrow UF, Kujala N, Laksman J, Liu J, Tiedtke K, Tschentscher T. Hard X-ray operation of X-ray gas monitors at the European XFEL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:681-689. [PMID: 38838164 PMCID: PMC11226157 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752400331x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
X-ray gas monitors (XGMs) are operated at the European XFEL for non-invasive single-shot pulse energy measurements and average beam-position monitoring. The underlying measurement principle is the photo-ionization of rare gas atoms at low gas pressures and the detection of the photo-ions and photo-electrons created. These are essential for tuning and sustaining self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) operation, machine radiation safety, and sorting single-shot experimental data according to pulse energy. In this paper, the first results from XGM operation at photon energies up to 30 keV are presented, which are far beyond the original specification of this device. Here, the Huge Aperture MultiPlier (HAMP) is used for single-shot pulse energy measurements since the standard X-ray gas monitor detectors (XGMDs) do not provide a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio, even at the highest operating gas pressures. A single-shot correlation coefficient of 0.98 is measured between consecutive XGMs operated with HAMP, which is as good as measuring with the standard XGMD detectors. An intra-train non-linearity of the HAMP signal is discovered, and operation parameters to mitigate this effect are studied. The upper repetition rate limit of HAMP operation at 2.25 MHz is also determined. Finally, the possibilities and limits for future XGM operation at photon energies up to 50 keV are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Brinker
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYNotkestrasse 8522607HamburgGermany
| | | | | | - Jan Grünert
- European XFELHolzkoppel 422869SchenefeldGermany
| | - Ulf Fini Jastrow
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYNotkestrasse 8522607HamburgGermany
| | | | | | - Jia Liu
- European XFELHolzkoppel 422869SchenefeldGermany
| | - Kai Tiedtke
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYNotkestrasse 8522607HamburgGermany
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2
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Boesenberg U, Ansaldi G, Bartmann A, Batchelor L, Brausse F, Hallmann J, Jo W, Kim C, Klein B, Lobato I, Lu W, Möller J, Petrov I, Rodriguez-Fernandez A, Schmidt A, Scholz M, Shayduk R, Sukharnikov K, Zozulya A, Madsen A. X-ray beam diagnostics at the MID instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:596-604. [PMID: 38587894 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577524001279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The Materials Imaging and Dynamics (MID) instrument at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility (EuXFEL) is equipped with a multipurpose diagnostic end-station (DES) at the end of the instrument. The imager unit in DES is a key tool for aligning the beam to a standard trajectory and for adjusting optical elements such as focusing lenses or the split-and-delay line. Furthermore, the DES features a bent-diamond-crystal spectrometer to disperse the spectrum of the direct beam to a line detector. This enables pulse-resolved characterization of the EuXFEL spectrum to provide X-ray energy calibration, and the spectrometer is particularly useful in commissioning special modes of the accelerator. Together with diamond-based intensity monitors, the imager and spectrometer form the DES unit which also contains a heavy-duty beamstop at the end of the MID instrument. Here, we describe the setup in detail and provide exemplary beam diagnostic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Boesenberg
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Gabriele Ansaldi
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartmann
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Lewis Batchelor
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Felix Brausse
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Jörg Hallmann
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Wonhyuk Jo
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Chan Kim
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Birthe Klein
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Iker Lobato
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Wei Lu
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Johannes Möller
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Ilia Petrov
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Schmidt
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Markus Scholz
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Roman Shayduk
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Alexey Zozulya
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Anders Madsen
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
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3
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Lima FA, Otte F, Vakili M, Ardana-Lamas F, Biednov M, Dall’Antonia F, Frankenberger P, Gawelda W, Gelisio L, Han H, Huang X, Jiang Y, Kloos M, Kluyver T, Knoll M, Kubicek K, Bermudez Macias IJ, Schulz J, Turkot O, Uemura Y, Valerio J, Wang H, Yousef H, Zalden P, Khakhulin D, Bressler C, Milne C. Experimental capabilities for liquid jet samples at sub-MHz rates at the FXE Instrument at European XFEL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:1168-1182. [PMID: 37860937 PMCID: PMC10624029 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523008159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The Femtosecond X-ray Experiments (FXE) instrument at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL) provides an optimized platform for investigations of ultrafast physical, chemical and biological processes. It operates in the energy range 4.7-20 keV accommodating flexible and versatile environments for a wide range of samples using diverse ultrafast X-ray spectroscopic, scattering and diffraction techniques. FXE is particularly suitable for experiments taking advantage of the sub-MHz repetition rates provided by the EuXFEL. In this paper a dedicated setup for studies on ultrafast biological and chemical dynamics in solution phase at sub-MHz rates at FXE is presented. Particular emphasis on the different liquid jet sample delivery options and their performance is given. Our portfolio of high-speed jets compatible with sub-MHz experiments includes cylindrical jets, gas dynamic virtual nozzles and flat jets. The capability to perform multi-color X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) experiments is illustrated by a set of measurements using the dispersive X-ray spectrometer in von Hamos geometry. Static XES data collected using a multi-crystal scanning Johann-type spectrometer are also presented. A few examples of experimental results on ultrafast time-resolved X-ray emission spectroscopy and wide-angle X-ray scattering at sub-MHz pulse repetition rates are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. A. Lima
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - F. Otte
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Fakultät für Physik, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - M. Vakili
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - M. Biednov
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - W. Gawelda
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - L. Gelisio
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - H. Han
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - X. Huang
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Y. Jiang
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - M. Kloos
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - T. Kluyver
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - M. Knoll
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - K. Kubicek
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - J. Schulz
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - O. Turkot
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Y. Uemura
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - J. Valerio
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - H. Wang
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - H. Yousef
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - P. Zalden
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - D. Khakhulin
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - C. Bressler
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C. Milne
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
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4
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Engel RY, Alexander O, Atak K, Bovensiepen U, Buck J, Carley R, Cascella M, Chardonnet V, Chiuzbaian GS, David C, Döring F, Eschenlohr A, Gerasimova N, de Groot F, Guyader LL, Humphries OS, Izquierdo M, Jal E, Kubec A, Laarmann T, Lambert CH, Lüning J, Marangos JP, Mercadier L, Mercurio G, Miedema PS, Ollefs K, Pfau B, Rösner B, Rossnagel K, Rothenbach N, Scherz A, Schlappa J, Scholz M, Schunck JO, Setoodehnia K, Stamm C, Techert S, Vinko SM, Wende H, Yaroslavtsev AA, Yin Z, Beye M. Electron population dynamics in resonant non-linear x-ray absorption in nickel at a free-electron laser. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:054501. [PMID: 37841290 PMCID: PMC10576398 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Free-electron lasers provide bright, ultrashort, and monochromatic x-ray pulses, enabling novel spectroscopic measurements not only with femtosecond temporal resolution: The high fluence of their x-ray pulses can also easily enter the regime of the non-linear x-ray-matter interaction. Entering this regime necessitates a rigorous analysis and reliable prediction of the relevant non-linear processes for future experiment designs. Here, we show non-linear changes in the L 3 -edge absorption of metallic nickel thin films, measured with fluences up to 60 J/cm2. We present a simple but predictive rate model that quantitatively describes spectral changes based on the evolution of electronic populations within the pulse duration. Despite its simplicity, the model reaches good agreement with experimental results over more than three orders of magnitude in fluence, while providing a straightforward understanding of the interplay of physical processes driving the non-linear changes. Our findings provide important insights for the design and evaluation of future high-fluence free-electron laser experiments and contribute to the understanding of non-linear electron dynamics in x-ray absorption processes in solids at the femtosecond timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Alexander
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaan Atak
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Valentin Chardonnet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement LCPMR, Paris, France
| | - Gheorghe Sorin Chiuzbaian
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement LCPMR, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Andrea Eschenlohr
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | | | - Frank de Groot
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Emmanuelle Jal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement LCPMR, Paris, France
| | - Adam Kubec
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jan Lüning
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Katharina Ollefs
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Pfau
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Nico Rothenbach
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Heiko Wende
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Beye
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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5
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Juranić P, Alarcon A, Ischebeck R. Online absolute calibration of fast FEL pulse energy measurements. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:500-504. [PMID: 36897394 PMCID: PMC10161891 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523001133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the challenges facing modern free-electron laser (FEL) facilities is the accurate pulse-to-pulse online measurement of the absolute flux of the X-ray pulses, for use by both machine operators for optimization and users of the photon beam to better understand their data. This manuscript presents a methodology that combines existing slow-measurement methods currently used in gas detectors across the world and fast uncalibrated signals from multipliers, meant for relative flux pulse-to-pulse measurements, which create a shot-to-shot absolute flux measurement through the use of sensor-based conditional triggers and algorithms at SwissFEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavle Juranić
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Arturo Alarcon
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Rasmus Ischebeck
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
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6
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Laksman J, Dietrich F, Liu J, Maltezopoulos T, Planas M, Freund W, Gautam R, Kujala N, Francoual S, Grünert J. Development of a photoelectron spectrometer for hard x-ray photon diagnostics. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:115111. [PMID: 36461550 DOI: 10.1063/5.0097525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development and characterization of an angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometer, based on the electron time-of-flight concept, for hard x-ray photon diagnostics at the European Free-Electron Laser, are described. The instrument is meant to provide users and operators with pulse-resolved, non-invasive spectral distribution diagnostics, which in the hard x-ray regime is a challenge due to the poor cross-section and high kinetic energy of photoelectrons for the available target gases. We report on the performances of this instrument as obtained using hard x-rays at the PETRA III synchrotron at DESY in multibunch mode. Results are compared with electron trajectory simulations. We demonstrate a resolving power of 10 eV at incident photon energies up to at least 20 keV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jia Liu
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Marc Planas
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Naresh Kujala
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Sonia Francoual
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Grünert
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
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7
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Guest TW, Bean R, Bielecki J, Birnsteinova S, Geloni G, Guetg M, Kammering R, Kirkwood HJ, Koch A, Paganin DM, van Riessen G, Vagovič P, de Wijn R, Mancuso AP, Abbey B. Shot-to-shot two-dimensional photon intensity diagnostics within megahertz pulse-trains at the European XFEL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:939-946. [PMID: 35787559 PMCID: PMC9255581 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522005720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the properties of X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) sources is a critical step for optimization of performance and experiment planning. The recent availability of MHz XFELs has opened up a range of new opportunities for novel experiments but also highlighted the need for systematic measurements of the source properties. Here, MHz-enabled beam imaging diagnostics developed for the SPB/SFX instrument at the European XFEL are exploited to measure the shot-to-shot intensity statistics of X-ray pulses. The ability to record pulse-integrated two-dimensional transverse intensity measurements at multiple planes along an XFEL beamline at MHz rates yields an improved understanding of the shot-to-shot photon beam intensity variations. These variations can play a critical role, for example, in determining the outcome of single-particle imaging experiments and other experiments that are sensitive to the transverse profile of the incident beam. It is observed that shot-to-shot variations in the statistical properties of a recorded ensemble of radiant intensity distributions are sensitive to changes in electron beam current density. These changes typically occur during pulse-distribution to the instrument and are currently not accounted for by the existing suite of imaging diagnostics. Modulations of the electron beam orbit in the accelerator are observed to induce a time-dependence in the statistics of individual pulses - this is demonstrated by applying radio-frequency trajectory tilts to electron bunch-trains delivered to the instrument. We discuss how these modifications of the beam trajectory might be used to modify the statistical properties of the source and potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trey W. Guest
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Richard Bean
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Marc Guetg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Raimund Kammering
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Koch
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - David M. Paganin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Grant van Riessen
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Patrik Vagovič
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Adrian P. Mancuso
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Brian Abbey
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
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8
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Inoue I, Iwai E, Hara T, Inubushi Y, Tono K, Yabashi M. Single-shot spectrometer using diamond microcrystals for X-ray free-electron laser pulses. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:862-865. [PMID: 35511018 PMCID: PMC9070727 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522001205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A simple spectrometer using diffraction from diamond microcrystals has been developed to diagnose single-shot spectra of X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses. The large grain size and uniform lattice constant of the adopted crystals enable characterizing the XFEL spectrum at a resolution of a few eV from the peak shape of the powder diffraction profile. This single-shot spectrometer has been installed at beamline 3 of SACLA and is used for daily machine tuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Inoue
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Eito Iwai
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Toru Hara
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inubushi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tono
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
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9
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Zastrau U, Appel K, Baehtz C, Baehr O, Batchelor L, Berghäuser A, Banjafar M, Brambrink E, Cerantola V, Cowan TE, Damker H, Dietrich S, Di Dio Cafiso S, Dreyer J, Engel HO, Feldmann T, Findeisen S, Foese M, Fulla-Marsa D, Göde S, Hassan M, Hauser J, Herrmannsdörfer T, Höppner H, Kaa J, Kaever P, Knöfel K, Konôpková Z, Laso García A, Liermann HP, Mainberger J, Makita M, Martens EC, McBride EE, Möller D, Nakatsutsumi M, Pelka A, Plueckthun C, Prescher C, Preston TR, Röper M, Schmidt A, Seidel W, Schwinkendorf JP, Schoelmerich MO, Schramm U, Schropp A, Strohm C, Sukharnikov K, Talkovski P, Thorpe I, Toncian M, Toncian T, Wollenweber L, Yamamoto S, Tschentscher T. The High Energy Density Scientific Instrument at the European XFEL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1393-1416. [PMID: 34475288 PMCID: PMC8415338 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521007335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The European XFEL delivers up to 27000 intense (>1012 photons) pulses per second, of ultrashort (≤50 fs) and transversely coherent X-ray radiation, at a maximum repetition rate of 4.5 MHz. Its unique X-ray beam parameters enable groundbreaking experiments in matter at extreme conditions at the High Energy Density (HED) scientific instrument. The performance of the HED instrument during its first two years of operation, its scientific remit, as well as ongoing installations towards full operation are presented. Scientific goals of HED include the investigation of extreme states of matter created by intense laser pulses, diamond anvil cells, or pulsed magnets, and ultrafast X-ray methods that allow their diagnosis using self-amplified spontaneous emission between 5 and 25 keV, coupled with X-ray monochromators and optional seeded beam operation. The HED instrument provides two target chambers, X-ray spectrometers for emission and scattering, X-ray detectors, and a timing tool to correct for residual timing jitter between laser and X-ray pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Zastrau
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Karen Appel
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Carsten Baehtz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Baehr
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Mohammadreza Banjafar
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas E. Cowan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Horst Damker
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jörn Dreyer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Olaf Engel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Manon Foese
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Mohammed Hassan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Hauser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Hauke Höppner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Kaa
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Peter Kaever
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Knöfel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jona Mainberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mikako Makita
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Emma E. McBride
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Dominik Möller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Pelka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Michael Röper
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Ulrich Schramm
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Schropp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter Talkovski
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ian Thorpe
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Monika Toncian
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Toma Toncian
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Shingo Yamamoto
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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10
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Dommach M, Di Felice M, Dickert B, Finze D, Eidam J, Kohlstrunk N, Neumann M, Meyn F, Petrich M, Rio B, Sinn H, Villanueva R. The photon beamline vacuum system of the European XFEL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1229-1236. [PMID: 34212888 PMCID: PMC8284404 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521005154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The photon beamline vacuum system of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility (European XFEL) is described. The ultra-large, in total more than 3 km-long, fan-like vacuum system, consisting of three photon beamlines is an essential part of the photon beam transport. It is located between the accelerator vacuum system and the scientific instruments. The main focus of the design was on the efficiency, reliability and robustness of the entire system to ensure the retention of beam properties and the operation of the X-ray optics and X-ray photon diagnostics components. Installation started in late 2014, the first of the three beamline vacuum systems was commissioned in spring 2017, and the last one was operational in mid-2018. The present state and experience from the first years of operation are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Denis Finze
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Janni Eidam
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Maik Neumann
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Frederik Meyn
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Benoit Rio
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Harald Sinn
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
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11
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Liermann HP, Konôpková Z, Appel K, Prescher C, Schropp A, Cerantola V, Husband RJ, McHardy JD, McMahon MI, McWilliams RS, Pépin CM, Mainberger J, Roeper M, Berghäuser A, Damker H, Talkovski P, Foese M, Kujala N, Ball OB, Baron MA, Briggs R, Bykov M, Bykova E, Chantel J, Coleman AL, Cynn H, Dattelbaum D, Dresselhaus-Marais LE, Eggert JH, Ehm L, Evans WJ, Fiquet G, Frost M, Glazyrin K, Goncharov AF, Hwang H, Jenei Z, Kim JY, Langenhorst F, Lee Y, Makita M, Marquardt H, McBride EE, Merkel S, Morard G, O’Bannon EF, Otzen C, Pace EJ, Pelka A, Pigott JS, Prakapenka VB, Redmer R, Sanchez-Valle C, Schoelmerich M, Speziale S, Spiekermann G, Sturtevant BT, Toleikis S, Velisavljevic N, Wilke M, Yoo CS, Baehtz C, Zastrau U, Strohm C. Novel experimental setup for megahertz X-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell at the High Energy Density (HED) instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL). JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:688-706. [PMID: 33949979 PMCID: PMC8127375 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521002551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The high-precision X-ray diffraction setup for work with diamond anvil cells (DACs) in interaction chamber 2 (IC2) of the High Energy Density instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser is described. This includes beamline optics, sample positioning and detector systems located in the multipurpose vacuum chamber. Concepts for pump-probe X-ray diffraction experiments in the DAC are described and their implementation demonstrated during the First User Community Assisted Commissioning experiment. X-ray heating and diffraction of Bi under pressure, obtained using 20 fs X-ray pulses at 17.8 keV and 2.2 MHz repetition, is illustrated through splitting of diffraction peaks, and interpreted employing finite element modeling of the sample chamber in the DAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. P. Liermann
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence e-mail: ,
| | - Z. Konôpková
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - K. Appel
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - C. Prescher
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. Schropp
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - V. Cerantola
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - R. J. Husband
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. D. McHardy
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, and SUPA, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - M. I. McMahon
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, and SUPA, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - R. S. McWilliams
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, and SUPA, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
- Correspondence e-mail: ,
| | - C. M. Pépin
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Laboratoire Matière en Conditions Extrêmes, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
| | - J. Mainberger
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Roeper
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. Berghäuser
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf e.V., 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - H. Damker
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - P. Talkovski
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Foese
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - N. Kujala
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - O. B. Ball
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, and SUPA, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - M. A. Baron
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, France
| | - R. Briggs
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - M. Bykov
- Carnegie Science, Earth and Planets Laboratory, 5241 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - E. Bykova
- Carnegie Science, Earth and Planets Laboratory, 5241 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - J. Chantel
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 – UMET – Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - A. L. Coleman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - H. Cynn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - D. Dattelbaum
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | | | - J. H. Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - L. Ehm
- Mineral Physics Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - W. J. Evans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - G. Fiquet
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, France
| | - M. Frost
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - K. Glazyrin
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. F. Goncharov
- Carnegie Science, Earth and Planets Laboratory, 5241 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - H. Hwang
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Zs. Jenei
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - J.-Y. Kim
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for High Pressure, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - F. Langenhorst
- Institute of Geosciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Y. Lee
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - M. Makita
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - H. Marquardt
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, United Kingdom
| | - E. E. McBride
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - S. Merkel
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 – UMET – Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - G. Morard
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - E. F. O’Bannon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - C. Otzen
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Geosciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - E. J. Pace
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, and SUPA, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - A. Pelka
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf e.V., 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - J. S. Pigott
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - V. B. Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - R. Redmer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - C. Sanchez-Valle
- Institut für Mineralogie, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - M. Schoelmerich
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - S. Speziale
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - G. Spiekermann
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - S. Toleikis
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - N. Velisavljevic
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - M. Wilke
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - C.-S. Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Shock Physics, and Materials Science and Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - C. Baehtz
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf e.V., 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - U. Zastrau
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - C. Strohm
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Hwang H, Kim T, Cynn H, Vogt T, Husband RJ, Appel K, Baehtz C, Ball OB, Baron MA, Briggs R, Bykov M, Bykova E, Cerantola V, Chantel J, Coleman AL, Dattlebaum D, Dresselhaus-Marais LE, Eggert JH, Ehm L, Evans WJ, Fiquet G, Frost M, Glazyrin K, Goncharov AF, Jenei Z, Kim J, Konôpková Z, Mainberger J, Makita M, Marquardt H, McBride EE, McHardy JD, Merkel S, Morard G, O'Bannon EF, Otzen C, Pace EJ, Pelka A, Pépin CM, Pigott JS, Prakapenka VB, Prescher C, Redmer R, Speziale S, Spiekermann G, Strohm C, Sturtevant BT, Velisavljevic N, Wilke M, Yoo CS, Zastrau U, Liermann HP, McMahon MI, McWilliams RS, Lee Y. X-ray Free Electron Laser-Induced Synthesis of ε-Iron Nitride at High Pressures. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3246-3252. [PMID: 33764078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast synthesis of ε-Fe3N1+x in a diamond-anvil cell (DAC) from Fe and N2 under pressure was observed using serial exposures of an X-ray free electron laser (XFEL). When the sample at 5 GPa was irradiated by a pulse train separated by 443 ns, the estimated sample temperature at the delay time was above 1400 K, confirmed by in situ transformation of α- to γ-iron. Ultimately, the Fe and N2 reacted uniformly throughout the beam path to form Fe3N1.33, as deduced from its established equation of state (EOS). We thus demonstrate that the activation energy provided by intense X-ray exposures in an XFEL can be coupled with the source time structure to enable exploration of the time-dependence of reactions under high-pressure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijeong Hwang
- Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Kim
- Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunchae Cynn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Nano Center and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Rachel J Husband
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Karen Appel
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Carsten Baehtz
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraβe 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Orianna B Ball
- The School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and SUPA, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, U.K
| | - Marzena A Baron
- Inst. Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne University, UMR CNRS 7590, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, France
| | - Richard Briggs
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Maxim Bykov
- Carnegie Science, Earth and Planets Laboratory, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20015, United States
| | - Elena Bykova
- Carnegie Science, Earth and Planets Laboratory, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20015, United States
| | | | - Julien Chantel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Amy L Coleman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Dana Dattlebaum
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | | | - Jon H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Lars Ehm
- Mineral Physics Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Guillaume Fiquet
- Inst. Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne University, UMR CNRS 7590, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, France
| | - Mungo Frost
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Konstantin Glazyrin
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Alexander F Goncharov
- Carnegie Science, Earth and Planets Laboratory, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20015, United States
| | - Zsolt Jenei
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jaeyong Kim
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Natural Science, HYU-HPSTAR-CIS High Pressure Research Center, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Ku, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jona Mainberger
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Mikako Makita
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Hauke Marquardt
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3AN Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma E McBride
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - James D McHardy
- The School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and SUPA, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, U.K
| | - Sébastien Merkel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Guillaume Morard
- Inst. Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne University, UMR CNRS 7590, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Earl F O'Bannon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Christoph Otzen
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Edward J Pace
- The School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and SUPA, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, U.K
| | - Alexander Pelka
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraβe 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Charles M Pépin
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Matière en Conditions Extrêmes, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
| | - Jeffrey S Pigott
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Vitali B Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Clemens Prescher
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Ronald Redmer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sergio Speziale
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Georg Spiekermann
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cornelius Strohm
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Blake T Sturtevant
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Nenad Velisavljevic
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Max Wilke
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Choong-Shik Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Shock Physics, and Materials Science and Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Ulf Zastrau
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Hanns-Peter Liermann
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Malcolm I McMahon
- The School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and SUPA, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, U.K
| | - R Stewart McWilliams
- The School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and SUPA, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, U.K
| | - Yongjae Lee
- Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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13
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Wollenweber L, Preston TR, Descamps A, Cerantola V, Comley A, Eggert JH, Fletcher LB, Geloni G, Gericke DO, Glenzer SH, Göde S, Hastings J, Humphries OS, Jenei A, Karnbach O, Konopkova Z, Loetzsch R, Marx-Glowna B, McBride EE, McGonegle D, Monaco G, Ofori-Okai BK, Palmer CAJ, Plückthun C, Redmer R, Strohm C, Thorpe I, Tschentscher T, Uschmann I, Wark JS, White TG, Appel K, Gregori G, Zastrau U. High-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering at the high energy density scientific instrument at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:013101. [PMID: 33514249 DOI: 10.1063/5.0022886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a setup to measure high-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering at the High Energy Density scientific instrument at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL). The setup uses the Si (533) reflection in a channel-cut monochromator and three spherical diced analyzer crystals in near-backscattering geometry to reach a high spectral resolution. An energy resolution of 44 meV is demonstrated for the experimental setup, close to the theoretically achievable minimum resolution. The analyzer crystals and detector are mounted on a curved-rail system, allowing quick and reliable changes in scattering angle without breaking vacuum. The entire setup is designed for operation at 10 Hz, the same repetition rate as the high-power lasers available at the instrument and the fundamental repetition rate of the European XFEL. Among other measurements, it is envisioned that this setup will allow studies of the dynamics of highly transient laser generated states of matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wollenweber
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - T R Preston
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - A Descamps
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - V Cerantola
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - A Comley
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L B Fletcher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - G Geloni
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - D O Gericke
- Centre for Fusion, Space & Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Göde
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - J Hastings
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - O S Humphries
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - A Jenei
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O Karnbach
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Z Konopkova
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - R Loetzsch
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - B Marx-Glowna
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - E E McBride
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D McGonegle
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - G Monaco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Trento, via Sommarive 14, Povo 38123, TN, Italy
| | - B K Ofori-Okai
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C A J Palmer
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, BT7 1NN Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - C Plückthun
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - R Redmer
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Physik, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23-24, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - C Strohm
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - I Thorpe
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - I Uschmann
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - T G White
- Physics Department, University of Nevada at Reno, Reno, Nevada 89506, USA
| | - K Appel
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
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14
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Serkez S, Gorobtsov O, Rivas DE, Meyer M, Sobko B, Gerasimova N, Kujala N, Geloni G. Wigner distribution of self-amplified spontaneous emission free-electron laser pulses and extracting its autocorrelation. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:3-17. [PMID: 33399547 PMCID: PMC7842223 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752001382x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The emerging concept of `beam by design' in free-electron laser (FEL) accelerator physics aims for accurate manipulation of the electron beam to tailor spectral and temporal properties of the radiation for specific experimental purposes, such as X-ray pump/X-ray probe and multiple wavelength experiments. `Beam by design' requires fast, efficient, and detailed feedback on the spectral and temporal properties of the generated X-ray radiation. Here a simple and cost-efficient method to extract information on the longitudinal Wigner distribution function of emitted FEL pulses is proposed. The method requires only an ensemble of measured FEL spectra and is rather robust with respect to accelerator fluctuations. The method is applied to both the simulated SASE spectra with known radiation properties as well as to the SASE spectra measured at the European XFEL revealing underlying non-linear chirp of the generated radiation. In the Appendices an intuitive understanding of time-frequency representations of chirped SASE radiation is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oleg Gorobtsov
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Gureyev TE, Kozlov A, Morgan AJ, Martin AV, Quiney HM. Effect of radiation damage and illumination variability on signal-to-noise ratio in X-ray free-electron laser single-particle imaging. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2020; 76:664-676. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273320012188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The deterioration of both the signal-to-noise ratio and the spatial resolution in the electron-density distribution reconstructed from diffraction intensities collected at different orientations of a sample is analysed theoretically with respect to the radiation damage to the sample and the variations in the X-ray intensities illuminating different copies of the sample. The simple analytical expressions and numerical estimates obtained for models of radiation damage and incident X-ray pulses may be helpful in planning X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) imaging experiments and in analysis of experimental data. This approach to the analysis of partially coherent X-ray imaging configurations can potentially be used for analysis of other forms of imaging where the temporal behaviour of the sample and the incident intensity during exposure may affect the inverse problem of sample reconstruction.
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16
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Kujala N, Freund W, Liu J, Koch A, Falk T, Planas M, Dietrich F, Laksman J, Maltezopoulos T, Risch J, Dall'Antonia F, Grünert J. Hard x-ray single-shot spectrometer at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:103101. [PMID: 33138553 DOI: 10.1063/5.0019935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility in Germany delivers x-ray pulses with femtosecond pulse duration at a repetition rate of up to 4.5 MHz. The free-electron laser radiation is created by the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) process, whose stochastic nature gives rise to shot-to-shot fluctuations in most beam properties, including spectrum, pulse energy, spatial profile, wavefront, and temporal profile. Each spectrum consisting of many spikes varies in width and amplitude that appear differently within the envelope of the SASE spectrum. In order to measure and study the SASE spectrum, the HIgh REsolution hard X-ray single-shot (HIREX) spectrometer was installed in the photon tunnel of the SASE1 undulator beamline. It is based on diamond gratings, bent crystals as a dispersive element, and a MHz-repetition-rate strip detector. It covers a photon energy range of 3 keV-25 keV and a bandwidth of 0.5% of the SASE beam. The SASE spikes are resolved with 0.15 eV separation using the Si 440 reflection, providing a resolving power of 60 000 at a photon energy of 9.3 keV. The measured SASE bandwidth is 25 eV. In this paper, we discuss the design specifications, installation, and commissioning of the HIREX spectrometer. The spectral results using Si (110), Si (111), and C (110) crystals are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kujala
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Freund
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Koch
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Torben Falk
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Marc Planas
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Florian Dietrich
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Joakim Laksman
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Risch
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Fabio Dall'Antonia
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Jan Grünert
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
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17
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Descamps A, Ofori-Okai BK, Appel K, Cerantola V, Comley A, Eggert JH, Fletcher LB, Gericke DO, Göde S, Humphries O, Karnbach O, Lazicki A, Loetzsch R, McGonegle D, Palmer CAJ, Plueckthun C, Preston TR, Redmer R, Senesky DG, Strohm C, Uschmann I, White TG, Wollenweber L, Monaco G, Wark JS, Hastings JB, Zastrau U, Gregori G, Glenzer SH, McBride EE. An approach for the measurement of the bulk temperature of single crystal diamond using an X-ray free electron laser. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14564. [PMID: 32884061 PMCID: PMC7471281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a method to determine the bulk temperature of a single crystal diamond sample at an X-Ray free electron laser using inelastic X-ray scattering. The experiment was performed at the high energy density instrument at the European XFEL GmbH, Germany. The technique, based on inelastic X-ray scattering and the principle of detailed balance, was demonstrated to give accurate temperature measurements, within [Formula: see text] for both room temperature diamond and heated diamond to 500 K. Here, the temperature was increased in a controlled way using a resistive heater to test theoretical predictions of the scaling of the signal with temperature. The method was tested by validating the energy of the phonon modes with previous measurements made at room temperature using inelastic X-ray scattering and neutron scattering techniques. This technique could be used to determine the bulk temperature in transient systems with a temporal resolution of 50 fs and for which accurate measurements of thermodynamic properties are vital to build accurate equation of state and transport models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Descamps
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
- Aeronautics and Astronautics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - B K Ofori-Okai
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - K Appel
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - V Cerantola
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - A Comley
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, Reading, RG7 4PR, UK
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - L B Fletcher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - D O Gericke
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - S Göde
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - O Humphries
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - O Karnbach
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - A Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - R Loetzsch
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - D McGonegle
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, Reading, RG7 4PR, UK
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - C A J Palmer
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, University Road BT7 1NN, Belfast, UK
| | - C Plueckthun
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - T R Preston
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - R Redmer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - D G Senesky
- Aeronautics and Astronautics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - C Strohm
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - I Uschmann
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - T G White
- University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - L Wollenweber
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - G Monaco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123, Povo, TN, Italy
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - J B Hastings
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - U Zastrau
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - E E McBride
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
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18
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Galler A, Gawelda W, Biednov M, Bomer C, Britz A, Brockhauser S, Choi TK, Diez M, Frankenberger P, French M, Görries D, Hart M, Hauf S, Khakhulin D, Knoll M, Korsch T, Kubicek K, Kuster M, Lang P, Alves Lima F, Otte F, Schulz S, Zalden P, Bressler C. Scientific instrument Femtosecond X-ray Experiments (FXE): instrumentation and baseline experimental capabilities. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:1432-1447. [PMID: 31490131 PMCID: PMC6730617 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519006647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL) delivers extremely intense (>1012 photons pulse-1 and up to 27000 pulses s-1), ultrashort (<100 fs) and transversely coherent X-ray radiation, at a repetition rate of up to 4.5 MHz. Its unique X-ray beam parameters enable novel and groundbreaking experiments in ultrafast photochemistry and material sciences at the Femtosecond X-ray Experiments (FXE) scientific instrument. This paper provides an overview of the currently implemented experimental baseline instrumentation and its performance during the commissioning phase, and a preview of planned improvements. FXE's versatile instrumentation combines the simultaneous application of forward X-ray scattering and X-ray spectroscopy techniques with femtosecond time resolution. These methods will eventually permit exploitation of wide-angle X-ray scattering studies and X-ray emission spectroscopy, along with X-ray absorption spectroscopy, including resonant inelastic X-ray scattering and X-ray Raman scattering. A suite of ultrafast optical lasers throughout the UV-visible and near-IR ranges (extending up to mid-IR in the near future) with pulse length down to 15 fs, synchronized to the X-ray source, serve to initiate dynamic changes in the sample. Time-delayed hard X-ray pulses in the 5-20 keV range are used to probe the ensuing dynamic processes using the suite of X-ray probe tools. FXE is equipped with a primary monochromator, a primary and secondary single-shot spectrometer, and a timing tool to correct the residual timing jitter between laser and X-ray pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Galler
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Wojciech Gawelda
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Mykola Biednov
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Christina Bomer
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Britz
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Sandor Brockhauser
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tae-Kyu Choi
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Diez
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Frankenberger
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Marcus French
- STFC Technology, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Dennis Görries
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Matthiew Hart
- STFC Technology, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Steffen Hauf
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Dmitry Khakhulin
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Martin Knoll
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Timo Korsch
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Katharina Kubicek
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Markus Kuster
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Philipp Lang
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Frederico Alves Lima
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Florian Otte
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schulz
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Peter Zalden
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Bressler
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Group, European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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19
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Koch A, Risch J, Freund W, Maltezopoulos T, Planas M, Grünert J. Operation of photon diagnostic imagers for beam commissioning at the European XFEL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:1489-1495. [PMID: 31490136 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519008737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
X-ray photon beam diagnostic imagers are located at 24 positions in the European XFEL beam transport system to characterize the X-ray beam properties, and to give feedback for tuning and optimization of the electron acceleration and orbit, the undulators, and the X-ray optics. One year of commissioning allowed experience to be gained with these imagers, which will be reported here. The sensitive Spontaneous Radiation imager is useful for various investigations in spontaneous radiation mode: for undulator adjustments and for low-signal imaging applications. The high-resolution Free-Electron Laser imager, 10 µm spatial resolution, is extensively used for the monitoring of beam position, spot size and shape, gain curve measurements, and also for beam-intensity monitoring. The wide field-of-view pop-in monitors (up to 200 mm) are regularly used for alignment and tuning of the various X-ray optical components like mirrors, slits and monochromators, and also for on-line beam control of a stable beam position at the instruments. The Exit Slit imager after the soft X-ray monochromator provides spectral information of the beam together with multi-channel plate based single-pulse gating. For particular use cases, these special features of the imagers are described. Some radiation-induced degradation of scintillators took place in this initial commissioning phase, providing useful information for better understanding of damage thresholds. Visible-light radiation in the beam pipe generated by upstream bending magnets caused spurious reflections in the optical system of some of the imagers which can be suppressed by aluminium-coated scintillating screens.
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