1
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Schoepfer VA, Jamieson HE, Lindsay MB. Arsenic mineral and compound data as analyzed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Data Brief 2024; 55:110634. [PMID: 39035838 PMCID: PMC11260302 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2024.110634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we present As K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) data for 28 arsenic minerals and compounds. These minerals and compounds were obtained from mineral dealers, museum collections, and chemical suppliers, and were positively identified by synchrotron-based powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). All samples were analyzed for both XRD and XAS at the Canadian Light Source synchrotron (Saskatoon, Canada). The As K-edge XAS data were collected in both transmission and fluorescence modes and cover the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) region. Raw XAS data in both modes are provided to support XAS analysis obtained for geological or environmental research. Furthermore, As K-edge EXAFS spectra, the k3 weighted oscillatory χ(k) functions, and the Fourier-transforms in χ(R) of these K-edge data are processed and presented graphically. Corresponding XRD data was collected to confirm phase identity. Two-dimensional powder diffraction images were collected against an area detector and integrated to produce line scans. The XRD data were either collected at a wavelength of 0.68866 Å (18 keV) or 0.3497 Å (35.45 keV). Raw, tabulated asc files are available, while the patterns are also presented graphically over a 0-40 °2Θ range or 0-26.5 °2Θ range, respectively. The intent of this dataset is to provide reference XAS spectra to researchers conducting environmental or geological research on As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A. Schoepfer
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Heather E. Jamieson
- Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Matthew B.J. Lindsay
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
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2
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Kumar P, Antal P, Wang X, Wang J, Trivedi D, Fellner OF, Wu YA, Nemec I, Santana VT, Kopp J, Neugebauer P, Hu J, Kibria MG, Kumar S. Partial Thermal Condensation Mediated Synthesis of High-Density Nickel Single Atom Sites on Carbon Nitride for Selective Photooxidation of Methane into Methanol. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304574. [PMID: 38009795 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Direct selective transformation of greenhouse methane (CH4) to liquid oxygenates (methanol) can substitute energy-intensive two-step (reforming/Fischer-Tropsch) synthesis while creating environmental benefits. The development of inexpensive, selective, and robust catalysts that enable room temperature conversion will decide the future of this technology. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) with isolated active centers embedded in support have displayed significant promises in catalysis to drive challenging reactions. Herein, high-density Ni single atoms are developed and stabilized on carbon nitride (NiCN) via thermal condensation of preorganized Ni-coordinated melem units. The physicochemical characterization of NiCN with various analytical techniques including HAADF-STEM and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) validate the successful formation of Ni single atoms coordinated to the heptazine-constituted CN network. The presence of uniform catalytic sites improved visible absorption and carrier separation in densely populated NiCN SAC resulting in 100% selective photoconversion of (CH4) to methanol using H2O2 as an oxidant. The superior catalytic activity can be attributed to the generation of high oxidation (NiIII═O) sites and selective C─H bond cleavage to generate •CH3 radicals on Ni centers, which can combine with •OH radicals to generate CH3OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Peter Antal
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, 77146, Czech Republic
| | - Xiyang Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jiu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Dhwanil Trivedi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ondřej František Fellner
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, 77146, Czech Republic
| | - Yimin A Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ivan Nemec
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, 77146, Czech Republic
| | - Vinicius Tadeu Santana
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Kopp
- Department of Experimental Physics Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, Olomouc, 77900, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Neugebauer
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Jinguang Hu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Md Golam Kibria
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, 77146, Czech Republic
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3
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Shen WS, Liu Y, Grater L, Park SM, Wan H, Yu YJ, Pan JL, Kong FC, Tian QS, Zhou DY, Liu Z, Ma W, Sun B, Hoogland S, Wang YK, Liao LS. Thickness-variation-insensitive near-infrared quantum dot LEDs. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:2954-2961. [PMID: 37919156 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
In terms of tunable luminescence and high quantum efficiency, colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are promising semiconductors for constructing near-infrared light-emitting diodes (NIR-LEDs). However, currently available NIR-LEDs are susceptible to variations in the emission layer thickness (EMLT), the highest external quantum efficiency (EQE) decreases to below 50% (relative to peak EQE) when the EMLT varies out of a narrow range of (±30 nm). This is due to the thickness-dependent carrier recombination rate and current density variation, resulting in batch-to-batch EQE fluctuations that limit LED reproducibility. Here we report efficient NIR-LEDs that exhibit EQE variations of less than 15% (relative to the champion EQE) over an EMLT range of 40-220 nm; the highest achievable EQE of ∼11.5% was obtained by encapsulating a 212 nm-thick CQD within a type-I inorganic shell to enhance the radiative recombination in the dots, resulting in a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 80%, and by post-treating the films with a bifunctional linking agent to improve and balance the hole and electron mobilities in the entire film (electron mobility: 8.23 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1; hole mobility: 7.0 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1). This work presents the first NIR-LEDs that exhibit EMLT-invariant EQE over an EMLT range of 40-220 nm, which represents the highest EQE among reported CQD NIR-LEDs with a QD thickness exceeding 100 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Shan Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Luke Grater
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - So Min Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Haoyue Wan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Yan-Jun Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jia-Lin Pan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fan-Cheng Kong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Tian
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Dong-Ying Zhou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zeke Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Wanli Ma
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Baoquan Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sjoerd Hoogland
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ya-Kun Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G4, Canada.
| | - Liang-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao 999078, China.
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4
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Bai Y, Nasr P, King G, Reid JW, Leontowich AFG, Corradini MG, Weiss RG, Auzanneau FI, Rogers MA. Halogen- and hydrogen-bonded self-assembled fibrillar networks of substituted 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene-D-sorbitols (DBS). NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16933-16946. [PMID: 37850382 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03988a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Substituting the sole primary hydroxyl group of the low molecular weight organogelator (LMOG), 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol (DBS), with a halogen atom (Cl, Br, or I; i.e., 6-Cl-DBS, 6-Br-DBS, or 6-I-DBS) drastically alters the supramolecular self-assembled fibrillar network (SAFiN) that forms when the molecules aggregate. The SAFiN varies depending on the solvent properties, impacting the role of non-covalent hydrogen- and halogen-bonding interactions along and between fibers. The halogenated DBS derivatives have more coherent crystalline fibers than DBS, with larger length-to-width aspect ratios. High-resolution synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction of each wet-state gel in toluene and DFT optimization obtained complete structures for the three halogenated DBS derivatives in their SAFiNs. The presence of a halogen atom reduces the reliance on hydrogen bonding by enabling new halogen bonding interactions that impact the self-assembly behavior, especially in solvents of higher polarity. For 6-I-DBS and 6-Br-DBS, the primary forces driving molecular self-assembly are C-H⋯π and intermolecular halogen-to-halogen interactions, and there is one unique molecule in each unit cell. However, the Cl atoms of 6-Cl-DBS are not close, and its SAFiN structures rely more on hydrogen bonding. As a result, the enhanced hydrogen bonding, electronic differences among the halogens, and spatial factors allow its unit cell to include two independent molecules of 6-Cl-DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bai
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
| | - P Nasr
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
| | - G King
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 2V3
| | - J W Reid
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 2V3
| | | | - M G Corradini
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
- Arrell Food Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - R G Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA, 20057-1227
| | - F-I Auzanneau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - M A Rogers
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
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5
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Stone KH, Cosby MR, Strange NA, Thampy V, Walroth RC, Troxel Jr C. Remote and automated high-throughput powder diffraction measurements enabled by a robotic sample changer at SSRL beamline 2-1. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:1480-1484. [PMID: 37791352 PMCID: PMC10543666 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723007148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The general-purpose powder diffractometer beamline (BL2-1) at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) is described. The evolution of design and performance of BL2-1 are presented, in addition to current operating specifications, applications and measurement capabilities. Recent developments involve a robotic sample changer enabling high-throughput X-ray diffraction measurements, applicable to mail-in and remote operations. In situ and operando capabilities to measure samples with different form factors (e.g. capillary, flat plate or thin film, and transmission) and under variable experimental conditions are discussed. Several example datasets and accompanying Rietveld refinements are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H. Stone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Monty R. Cosby
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Strange
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Vivek Thampy
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Richard C. Walroth
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Charles Troxel Jr
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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6
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Penacchio RFS, Estradiote MB, Remédios CMR, Calligaris GA, Torikachvili MS, Kycia SW, Morelhão SL. Introduction to Python Dynamic Diffraction Toolkit ( PyDDT): structural refinement of single crystals via X-ray phase measurements. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:1574-1584. [PMID: 37791370 PMCID: PMC10543681 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723005800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PyDDT is a free Python package of computer codes for exploiting X-ray dynamic multiple diffraction in single crystals. A wide range of tools are available for evaluating the usefulness of the method, planning feasible experiments, extracting phase information from experimental data and further improving model structures of known materials. Graphical tools are also useful in analytical methodologies related to the three-dimensional aspect of multiple diffraction. For general X-ray users, the PyDDT tutorials provide the insight needed to understand the principles of phase measurements and other related methodologies. Key points behind structure refinement using the current approach are presented, and the main features of PyDDT are illustrated for amino acid and filled skutterudite single crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefan W. Kycia
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Diedrich C, Zittlau IC, Khalil NM, Leontowich AFG, Freitas RAD, Badea I, Mainardes RM. Optimized Chitosan-Based Nanoemulsion Improves Luteolin Release. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1592. [PMID: 37376041 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Luteolin (LUT) is a flavonoid found in several edible and medicinal plants. It is recognized for its biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antitumor effects. However, the limited water solubility of LUT leads to poor absorption after oral administration. Nanoencapsulation may improve the solubility of LUT. Nanoemulsions (NE) were selected for the encapsulation of LUT due to their biodegradability, stability, and ability to control drug release. In this work, chitosan (Ch)-based NE was developed to encapsulate luteolin (NECh-LUT). A 23 factorial design was built to obtain a formulation with optimized amounts of oil, water, and surfactants. NECh-LUT showed a mean diameter of 67.5 nm, polydispersity index 0.174, zeta potential of +12.8 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 85.49%. Transmission electron microscopy revealed spherical shape and rheological analysis verified the Newtonian behavior of NECh-LUT. SAXS technique confirmed the bimodal characteristic of NECh-LUT, while stability analysis confirmed NECh-LUT stability when stored at room temperature for up to 30 days. Finally, in vitro release studies showed LUT controlled release up to 72 h, indicating the promising potential of NECh-LUT to be used as novel therapeutic option to treat several disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Diedrich
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava 85040-167, Brazil
| | - Isabella C Zittlau
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava 85040-167, Brazil
| | - Najeh M Khalil
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava 85040-167, Brazil
| | | | - Rilton A de Freitas
- Biopol, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Ildiko Badea
- Drug Design and Discovery Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Rubiana M Mainardes
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava 85040-167, Brazil
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8
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Earnden L, Marangoni AG, Laredo T, Stobbs J, Pensini E. Self-Assembled glycerol monooleate demixes miscible liquids through selective hydrogen bonding to water. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Decontamination of water co-polluted by copper, toluene and tetrahydrofuran using lauric acid. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15832. [PMID: 36138091 PMCID: PMC9500063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-contamination by organic solvents (e.g., toluene and tetrahydrofuran) and metal ions (e.g., Cu2+) is common in industrial wastewater and in industrial sites. This manuscript describes the separation of THF from water in the absence of copper ions, as well as the treatment of water co-polluted with either THF and copper, or toluene and copper. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and water are freely miscible in the absence of lauric acid. Lauric acid separates the two solvents, as demonstrated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The purity of the water phase separated from 3:7 (v/v) THF:water mixtures using 1 M lauric acid is ≈87%v/v. Synchrotron small angle X-Ray scattering (SAXS) indicates that lauric acid forms reverse micelles in THF, which swell in the presence of water (to host water in their interior) and ultimately lead to two free phases: 1) THF-rich and 2) water-rich. Deprotonated lauric acid (laurate ions) also induces the migration of Cu2+ ions in either THF (following separation from water) or in toluene (immiscible in water), enabling their removal from water. Laurate ions and copper ions likely interact through physical interactions (e.g., electrostatic interactions) rather than chemical bonds, as shown by ATR-FTIR. Inductively coupled plasma—optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) demonstrates up to 60% removal of Cu2+ ions from water co-polluted by CuSO4 or CuCl2 and toluene. While lauric acid emulsifies water and toluene in the absence of copper ions, copper salts destabilize emulsions. This is beneficial, to avoid that copper ions are re-entrained in the water phase alongside with toluene, following their migration in the toluene phase. The effect of copper ions on emulsion stability is explained based on the decreased interfacial activity and compressional rigidity of interfacial films, probed using a Langmuir trough. In wastewater treatment, lauric acid (a powder) can be mixed directly in the polluted water. In the context of groundwater remediation, lauric acid can be solubilized in canola oil to enable its injection to treat aquifers co-polluted by organic solvents and Cu2+. In this application, injectable filters obtained by injecting cationic hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC +) would impede the flow of toluene and copper ions partitioned in it, protecting downstream receptors. Co-contaminants can be subsequently extracted upstream of the filters (using pumping wells), to enable their simultaneous removal from aquifers.
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10
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Proppe AH, Johnston A, Teale S, Mahata A, Quintero-Bermudez R, Jung EH, Grater L, Cui T, Filleter T, Kim CY, Kelley SO, De Angelis F, Sargent EH. Multication perovskite 2D/3D interfaces form via progressive dimensional reduction. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3472. [PMID: 34108463 PMCID: PMC8190276 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the best-performing perovskite photovoltaic devices make use of 2D/3D interfaces, which improve efficiency and stability – but it remains unclear how the conversion of 3D-to-2D perovskite occurs and how these interfaces are assembled. Here, we use in situ Grazing-Incidence Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering to resolve 2D/3D interface formation during spin-coating. We observe progressive dimensional reduction from 3D to n = 3 → 2 → 1 when we expose (MAPbBr3)0.05(FAPbI3)0.95 perovskites to vinylbenzylammonium ligand cations. Density functional theory simulations suggest ligands incorporate sequentially into the 3D lattice, driven by phenyl ring stacking, progressively bisecting the 3D perovskite into lower-dimensional fragments to form stable interfaces. Slowing the 2D/3D transformation with higher concentrations of antisolvent yields thinner 2D layers formed conformally onto 3D grains, improving carrier extraction and device efficiency (20% 3D-only, 22% 2D/3D). Controlling this progressive dimensional reduction has potential to further improve the performance of 2D/3D perovskite photovoltaics. Many best-performing perovskite photovoltaics use 2D/3D interfaces to improve efficiency and stability, yet the mechanism of interface assembly is unclear. Here, Proppe et al. use in-situ GIWAXS to resolve this transformation, observing progressive dimensional reduction from 3D to 2D perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Proppe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Johnston
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sam Teale
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arup Mahata
- D3-Computation, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (CNR-SCITEC), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM-CNR), Perugia, Italy
| | - Rafael Quintero-Bermudez
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eui Hyuk Jung
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luke Grater
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Teng Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Shana O Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- D3-Computation, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (CNR-SCITEC), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM-CNR), Perugia, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edward H Sargent
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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