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Rahmani MH, Symons M, Sobhani O, Berkvens R, Weyn M. EmoWear: Wearable Physiological and Motion Dataset for Emotion Recognition and Context Awareness. Sci Data 2024; 11:648. [PMID: 38898046 PMCID: PMC11187197 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03429-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The EmoWear dataset provides a bridge to explore Emotion Recognition (ER) via Seismocardiography (SCG), the measurement of small cardio-respiratory induced vibrations on the chest wall through Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs). We recorded Accelerometer (ACC), Gyroscope (GYRO), Electrocardiography (ECG), Blood Volume Pulse (BVP), Respiration (RSP), Electrodermal Activity (EDA), and Skin Temperature (SKT) data from 49 participants who watched validated emotionally stimulating video clips. They self-assessed their emotional valence, arousal, and dominance, as well as extra questions about the video clips. Also, we asked the participants to walk, talk, and drink, so that researchers can detect gait, voice, and swallowing using the same IMU. We demonstrate the effectiveness of emotion stimulation with statistical methods and verify the quality of the collected signals through signal-to-noise ratio and correlation analysis. EmoWear can be used for ER via SCG, ER during gait, multi-modal ER, and the study of IMUs for context-awareness. Targeted contextual information include emotions, gait, voice activity, and drinking, all having the potential to be sensed via a single IMU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hasan Rahmani
- University of Antwerp - imec, IDLab - Faculty of Applied Engineering, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium.
| | - Michelle Symons
- Department of Communication Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
| | - Omid Sobhani
- University of Antwerp - imec, IDLab - Faculty of Applied Engineering, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
| | - Rafael Berkvens
- University of Antwerp - imec, IDLab - Faculty of Applied Engineering, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
| | - Maarten Weyn
- University of Antwerp - imec, IDLab - Faculty of Applied Engineering, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
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Skoric J, D’Mello Y, Plant DV. A Wavelet-Based Approach for Motion Artifact Reduction in Ambulatory Seismocardiography. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE 2024; 12:348-358. [PMID: 38606390 PMCID: PMC11008810 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2024.3368291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Wearable sensing has become a vital approach to cardiac health monitoring, and seismocardiography (SCG) is emerging as a promising technology in this field. However, the applicability of SCG is hindered by motion artifacts, including those encountered in practice of which the strongest source is walking. This holds back the translation of SCG to clinical settings. We therefore investigated techniques to enhance the quality of SCG signals in the presence of motion artifacts. To simulate ambulant recordings, we corrupted a clean SCG dataset with real-walking-vibrational noise. We decomposed the signal using several empirical-mode-decomposition methods and the maximum overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT). By combining MODWT, time-frequency masking, and nonnegative matrix factorization, we developed a novel algorithm which leveraged the vertical axis accelerometer to reduce walking vibrations in dorsoventral SCG. The accuracy and applicability of our method was verified using heart rate estimation. We used an interactive selection approach to improve estimation accuracy. The best decomposition method for reduction of motion artifact noise was the MODWT. Our algorithm improved heart rate estimation from 0.1 to 0.8 r-squared at -15 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Our method reduces motion artifacts in SCG signals up to a SNR of -19 dB without requiring any external assistance from electrocardiography (ECG). Such a standalone solution is directly applicable to the usage of SCG in daily life, as a content-rich replacement for other wearables in clinical settings, and other continuous monitoring scenarios. In applications with higher noise levels, ECG may be incorporated to further enhance SCG and extend its usable range. This work addresses the challenges posed by motion artifacts, enabling SCG to offer reliable cardiovascular insights in more difficult scenarios, and thereby facilitating wearable monitoring in daily life and the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Skoric
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringMcGill UniversityMontrealQCH3A 0E9Canada
| | - Yannick D’Mello
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringMcGill UniversityMontrealQCH3A 0E9Canada
| | - David V. Plant
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringMcGill UniversityMontrealQCH3A 0E9Canada
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Xu B, Jiang F, Zhu Z, Meng H, Xu L. Adaptive convolutional dictionary learning for denoising seismocardiogram to enhance the classification performance of aortic stenosis. Comput Biol Med 2024; 168:107763. [PMID: 38056208 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most prevalent type of valvular heart disease (VHD), traditionally diagnosed using echocardiogram or phonocardiogram. Seismocardiogram (SCG), an emerging wearable cardiac monitoring modality, is proved to be feasible in non-invasive and cost-effective AS diagnosis. However, SCG waveforms acquired from patients with heart diseases are typically weak, making them more susceptible to noise contamination. While most related researches focus on motion artifacts, sensor noise and quantization noise have been mostly overlooked. These noises pose additional challenges for extracting features from the SCG, especially impeding accurate AS classification. METHOD To address this challenge, we present a convolutional dictionary learning-based method. Based on sparse modeling of SCG, the proposed method generates a personalized adaptive-size dictionary from noisy measurements. The dictionary is used for sparse coding of the noisy SCG into a transform domain. Reconstruction from the domain removes the noise while preserving the individual waveform pattern of SCG. RESULTS Using two self-collected SCG datasets, we established optimal dictionary learning parameters and validated the denoising performance. Subsequently, the proposed method denoised SCG from 50 subjects (25 AS and 25 non-AS). Leave-one-subject-out cross-validation (LOOCV) was applied to 5 machine learning classifiers. Among the classifiers, a bi-layer neural network achieved a moderate accuracy of 90.2%, with an improvement of 13.8% from the denoising. CONCLUSIONS The proposed sparsity-based denoising technique effectively removes stochastic sensor noise and quantization noise from SCG, consequently improving AS classification performance. This approach shows promise for overcoming instrumentation constraints of SCG-based diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Xu
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Image Computing, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110169, China
| | - Fangfang Jiang
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Image Computing, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110169, China.
| | - Ziyu Zhu
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Image Computing, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110169, China
| | - Haobo Meng
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Image Computing, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110169, China
| | - Lisheng Xu
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Image Computing, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110169, China
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Shokouhmand A, Wen H, Khan S, Puma JA, Patel A, Green P, Ayazi F, Ebadi N. Diagnosis of Coexisting Valvular Heart Diseases Using Image-to-Sequence Translation of Contact Microphone Recordings. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2023; 70:2540-2551. [PMID: 37028021 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2023.3253381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development of a contact microphone-driven screening framework for the diagnosis of coexisting valvular heart diseases (VHDs). METHODS A sensitive accelerometer contact microphone (ACM) is employed to capture heart-induced acoustic components on the chest wall. Inspired by the human auditory system, ACM recordings are initially transformed into Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) and their first and second derivatives, resulting in 3-channel images. An image-to-sequence translation network based on the convolution-meets-transformer (CMT) architecture is then applied to each image to find local and global dependencies in images, and predict a 5-digit binary sequence, where each digit corresponds to the presence of a specific type of VHD. The performance of the proposed framework is evaluated on 58 VHD patients and 52 healthy individuals using a 10-fold leave-subject-out cross-validation (10-LSOCV) approach. RESULTS Statistical analyses suggest an average sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and F1 score of 93.28%, 98.07%, 96.87%, 92.97%, and 92.4% respectively, for the detection of coexisting VHDs. Furthermore, areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.99 and 0.98 are respectively reported for the validation and test sets. CONCLUSION The high performances achieved prove that local and global features of ACM recordings effectively characterize heart murmurs associated with valvular abnormalities. SIGNIFICANCE Limited access of primary care physicians to echocardiography machines has resulted in a low sensitivity of 44% when using a stethoscope for the identification of heart murmurs. The proposed framework provides accurate decision-making on the presence of VHDs, thus reducing the number of undetected VHD patients in primary care settings.
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Lin DJ, Gazi AH, Kimball J, Nikbakht M, Inan OT. Real-Time Seismocardiogram Feature Extraction Using Adaptive Gaussian Mixture Models. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2023; 27:3889-3899. [PMID: 37155395 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2023.3273989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Wearable systems can provide accurate cardiovascular evaluations by estimating hemodynamic indices in real-time. Key hemodynamic parameters can be non-invasively estimated using the seismocardiogram (SCG), a cardiomechanical signal whose features link to cardiac events like aortic valve opening (AO) and closing (AC). However, tracking a single SCG feature is unreliable due to physiological changes, motion artifacts, and external vibrations. This work proposes an adaptable Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to track multiple AO/AC correlated features in quasi-real-time from the SCG. The GMM calculates the likelihood of an extremum being an AO/AC feature for each SCG beat. The Dijkstra algorithm selects heartbeat-related extrema, and a Kalman filter updates the GMM parameters while filtering features. Tracking accuracy is tested on a porcine hypovolemia dataset with varying noise levels. Blood volume loss estimation accuracy is also evaluated using the tracked features on a previously developed model. Experimental results show a 4.5 ms tracking latency and average root mean square errors (RMSE) of 1.47 ms for AO and 7.67 ms for AC at 10 dB noise, and 6.18 ms for AO and 15.3 ms for AC at -10 dB noise. When considering all AO/AC correlated features, the combined RMSE remains in similar ranges, specifically 2.70 ms for AO and 11.91 ms for AC at 10 dB noise, and 7.50 ms for AO and 16.35 ms for AC at -10 dB noise. The proposed algorithm offers low latency and RMSE for all tracked features, making it suitable for real-time processing. These systems enable accurate, timely extraction of hemodynamic indices for many cardiovascular monitoring applications, including trauma care in field settings.
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Wang Y, Li J, Wang H, Yan Z, Xu Z, Li C, Zhao Z, Raza SA. Non-contact wearable synchronous measurement method of electrocardiogram and seismocardiogram signals. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:034101. [PMID: 37012744 DOI: 10.1063/5.0120722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading threats to human lives and its fatality rate still rises gradually year by year. Driven by the development of advanced information technologies, such as big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence, remote/distributed cardiac healthcare is presenting a promising future. The traditional dynamic cardiac health monitoring method based on electrocardiogram (ECG) signals only has obvious deficiencies in comfortableness, informativeness, and accuracy under motion state. Therefore, a non-contact, compact, wearable, synchronous ECG and seismocardiogram (SCG) measuring system, based on a pair of capacitance coupling electrodes with ultra-high input impedance, and a high-resolution accelerometer were developed in this work, which can collect the ECG and SCG signals at the same point simultaneously through the multi-layer cloth. Meanwhile, the driven right leg electrode for ECG measurement is replaced by the AgCl fabric sewn to the outside of the cloth for realizing the total gel-free ECG measurement. Besides, synchronous ECG and SCG signals at multiple points on the chest surface were measured, and the recommended measuring points were given by their amplitude characteristics and the timing sequence correspondence analysis. Finally, the empirical mode decomposition algorithm was used to adaptively filter the motion artifacts within the ECG and SCG signals for measuring performance enhancement under motion states. The results demonstrate that the proposed non-contact, wearable cardiac health monitoring system can effectively collect ECG and SCG synchronously under various measuring situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jiangtao Li
- School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Haoyue Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zexin Yan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhengyi Xu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Chenjie Li
- School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Syed Ali Raza
- School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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Azad MK, Gamage PT, Dhar R, Sandler RH, Mansy HA. Postural and longitudinal variability in seismocardiographic signals. Physiol Meas 2023; 44:025001. [PMID: 36638534 PMCID: PMC9969814 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/acb30e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Low frequency cardiovascular vibrations detectable on the chest surface (termed seismocardiography or SCG) may be useful for non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of various cardiovascular conditions. A potential limitation of using SCG for longitudinal patient monitoring is the existence of intra-subject variability, which can contribute to errors in calculating SCG features. Improved understanding of the contribution of intra-subject variability sources may lead to improved SCG utility. This study aims to quantify postural and longitudinal SCG variability in healthy resting subjects during normal breathing.Approach. SCG and ECG signals were longitudinally acquired in 19 healthy subjects at different postures (supine, 45° head up, and sitting) during five recording sessions over five months. SCG cycles were segmented using the ECG R wave. Unsupervised machine learning was used to reduce SCG variability due to respiration by grouping the SCG signals into two clusters with minimized intra-cluster waveform heterogeneity. Several SCG features were assessed at different postures and longitudinally.Main results. SCG waveform morphological variability was calculated within each cluster (intra-cluster) and between two clusters (inter-cluster) at each posture and data collection session. The variabilities were significantly different between the supine and sitting but not between supine and 45° postures. For the 45° and sitting postures, the intra-cluster variability was not significantly different, while the inter-cluster variability difference was significant. The energy ratio between different frequency bands to total spectral energy in 0.5-50 Hz were calculated and were comparable for all postures. The combined cardiac timing intervals from the two clusters showed significant variation with postural changes. There was significant heart rate difference between the clusters and between postural positions. The SCG features were compared between longitudinal sessions and all features were not significantly different,Significance. Several SCG features significantly varied with posture suggesting that posture needs to be specified when comparing SCG changes over time. Longitudinally comparable SCG feature values suggests that significant longitudinal differences, if observed, may reflect true alternations in the cardiac functioning over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Khurshidul Azad
- Biomedical Acoustic Research Lab, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States of America,
Biomedical Acoustics Research Company, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Rajkumar Dhar
- Biomedical Acoustic Research Lab, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States of America,
Biomedical Acoustics Research Company, Orlando, Florida, United States of America,Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
| | - Richard H Sandler
- Biomedical Acoustic Research Lab, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States of America,
Biomedical Acoustics Research Company, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hansen A Mansy
- Biomedical Acoustic Research Lab, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States of America,
Biomedical Acoustics Research Company, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
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Naufal D, Pramudyo M, Rajab TLE, Setiawan AW, Adiono T. The evaluation of seismocardiogram signal pre-processing using hybridized variational mode decomposition method. Biomed Eng Lett 2022; 12:381-392. [DOI: 10.1007/s13534-022-00235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Galli A, Montree RJH, Que S, Peri E, Vullings R. An Overview of the Sensors for Heart Rate Monitoring Used in Extramural Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:4035. [PMID: 35684656 PMCID: PMC9185322 DOI: 10.3390/s22114035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work presents an overview of the main strategies that have been proposed for non-invasive monitoring of heart rate (HR) in extramural and home settings. We discuss three categories of sensing according to what physiological effect is used to measure the pulsatile activity of the heart, and we focus on an illustrative sensing modality for each of them. Therefore, electrocardiography, photoplethysmography, and mechanocardiography are presented as illustrative modalities to sense electrical activity, mechanical activity, and the peripheral effect of heart activity. In this paper, we describe the physical principles underlying the three categories and the characteristics of the different types of sensors that belong to each class, and we touch upon the most used software strategies that are currently adopted to effectively and reliably extract HR. In addition, we investigate the strengths and weaknesses of each category linked to the different applications in order to provide the reader with guidelines for selecting the most suitable solution according to the requirements and constraints of the application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Galli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Roel J. H. Montree
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (R.J.H.M.); (S.Q.); (E.P.)
| | - Shuhao Que
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (R.J.H.M.); (S.Q.); (E.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Peri
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (R.J.H.M.); (S.Q.); (E.P.)
| | - Rik Vullings
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (R.J.H.M.); (S.Q.); (E.P.)
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Sadek I, Abdulrazak B. Contactless remote monitoring of sleep: evaluating the feasibility of an under-mattress sensor mat in a real-life deployment. Health Syst (Basingstoke) 2022; 12:264-280. [PMID: 37860595 PMCID: PMC10583615 DOI: 10.1080/20476965.2022.2072777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is so important, particularly for the elderly. The lack of sleep may increase the risk of cognitive decline. Similarly, it may also increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Nonetheless, many people underestimate the importance of getting enough rest and sleep. In-laboratory polysomnography is the gold-standard method for assessing the quality of sleep. This method is considered impractical in the clinical environment, seen as labour-intensive and expensive owing to its specialised equipment, leading to long waiting lists. Hence, user-friendly (remote and non-intrusive) devices are being developed to help patients monitor their sleep at home. In this paper, we first discuss commercially-available non-wearable devices that measure sleep, in which we highlight the features associated with each device, including sensor type, interface, outputs, dimensions, power supply, and connectivity. Second, we evaluate the feasibility of a non-wearable device in a free-living environment. The deployed device comprises a sensor mat with an integrated micro-bending multimode fibre. Raw sensor data were gathered from five senior participants living in a senior activity centre over a few to several weeks. We were able to analyse the participants' sleep quality using various sleep parameters deduced from the sensor mat. These parameters include the wake-up time, bedtime, the time in bed, nap time. Vital signs, namely heart rate, respiratory rate, and body movements, were also reported to detect abnormal sleep patterns. We have employed pre-and post-surveys reporting each volunteer's sleep hygiene to confirm the proposed system's outcomes for detecting the various sleep parameters. The results of the system were strongly correlated with the surveys for reporting each sleep parameter. Furthermore, the system proved to be highly effective in detecting irregular patterns that occurred during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Sadek
- Ambient Intelligence Laboratory (AMI-Lab), Computer Science Department, Faculty of Science, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Bessam Abdulrazak
- Ambient Intelligence Laboratory (AMI-Lab), Computer Science Department, Faculty of Science, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
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Abstract
This article deals with the treatment and application of cardiac biosignals, an excited accelerometer, and a gyroscope in the prevention of accidents on the road. Previously conducted studies say that the seismocardiogram is a measure of cardiac microvibration signals that allows for detecting rhythms, heart valve opening and closing disorders, and monitoring of patients' breathing. This article refers to the seismocardiogram hypothesis that the measurements of a seismocardiogram could be used to identify drivers' heart problems before they reach a critical condition and safely stop the vehicle by informing the relevant departments in a nonclinical manner. The proposed system works without an electrocardiogram, which helps to detect heart rhythms more easily. The estimation of the heart rate (HR) is calculated through automatically detected aortic valve opening (AO) peaks. The system is composed of two micro-electromechanical systems (MEMSs) to evaluate physiological parameters and eliminate the effects of external interference on the entire system. The few digital filtering methods are discussed and benchmarked to increase seismocardiogram efficiency. As a result, the fourth adaptive filter obtains the estimated HR = 65 beats per min (bmp) in a still noisy signal (SNR = −11.32 dB). In contrast with the low processing benefit (3.39 dB), 27 AO peaks were detected with a 917.56-ms peak interval mean over 1.11 s, and the calculated root mean square error (RMSE) was 0.1942 m/s2 when the adaptive filter order is 50 and the adaptation step is equal to 0.933.
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12
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Wearable Sensors and Machine Learning for Hypovolemia Problems in Occupational, Military and Sports Medicine: Physiological Basis, Hardware and Algorithms. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22020442. [PMID: 35062401 PMCID: PMC8781307 DOI: 10.3390/s22020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypovolemia is a physiological state of reduced blood volume that can exist as either (1) absolute hypovolemia because of a lower circulating blood (plasma) volume for a given vascular space (dehydration, hemorrhage) or (2) relative hypovolemia resulting from an expanded vascular space (vasodilation) for a given circulating blood volume (e.g., heat stress, hypoxia, sepsis). This paper examines the physiology of hypovolemia and its association with health and performance problems common to occupational, military and sports medicine. We discuss the maturation of individual-specific compensatory reserve or decompensation measures for future wearable sensor systems to effectively manage these hypovolemia problems. The paper then presents areas of future work to allow such technologies to translate from lab settings to use as decision aids for managing hypovolemia. We envision a future that incorporates elements of the compensatory reserve measure with advances in sensing technology and multiple modalities of cardiovascular sensing, additional contextual measures, and advanced noise reduction algorithms into a fully wearable system, creating a robust and physiologically sound approach to manage physical work, fatigue, safety and health issues associated with hypovolemia for workers, warfighters and athletes in austere conditions.
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Andreozzi E, Gargiulo GD, Esposito D, Bifulco P. A Novel Broadband Forcecardiography Sensor for Simultaneous Monitoring of Respiration, Infrasonic Cardiac Vibrations and Heart Sounds. Front Physiol 2021; 12:725716. [PMID: 34867438 PMCID: PMC8637282 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.725716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The precordial mechanical vibrations generated by cardiac contractions have a rich frequency spectrum. While the lowest frequencies can be palpated, the higher infrasonic frequencies are usually captured by the seismocardiogram (SCG) signal and the audible ones correspond to heart sounds. Forcecardiography (FCG) is a non-invasive technique that measures these vibrations via force sensing resistors (FSR). This study presents a new piezoelectric sensor able to record all heart vibrations simultaneously, as well as a respiration signal. The new sensor was compared to the FSR-based one to assess its suitability for FCG. An electrocardiogram (ECG) lead and a signal from an electro-resistive respiration band (ERB) were synchronously acquired as references on six healthy volunteers (4 males, 2 females) at rest. The raw signals from the piezoelectric and the FSR-based sensors turned out to be very similar. The raw signals were divided into four components: Forcerespirogram (FRG), Low-Frequency FCG (LF-FCG), High-Frequency FCG (HF-FCG) and heart sounds (HS-FCG). A beat-by-beat comparison of FCG and ECG signals was carried out by means of regression, correlation and Bland–Altman analyses, and similarly for respiration signals (FRG and ERB). The results showed that the infrasonic FCG components are strongly related to the cardiac cycle (R2 > 0.999, null bias and Limits of Agreement (LoA) of ± 4.9 ms for HF-FCG; R2 > 0.99, null bias and LoA of ± 26.9 ms for LF-FCG) and the FRG inter-breath intervals are consistent with ERB ones (R2 > 0.99, non-significant bias and LoA of ± 0.46 s). Furthermore, the piezoelectric sensor was tested against an accelerometer and an electronic stethoscope: synchronous acquisitions were performed to quantify the similarity between the signals. ECG-triggered ensemble averages (synchronized with R-peaks) of HF-FCG and SCG showed a correlation greater than 0.81, while those of HS-FCG and PCG scored a correlation greater than 0.85. The piezoelectric sensor demonstrated superior performances as compared to the FSR, providing more accurate, beat-by-beat measurements. This is the first time that a single piezoelectric sensor demonstrated the ability to simultaneously capture respiration, heart sounds, an SCG-like signal (i.e., HF-FCG) and the LF-FCG signal, which may provide information on ventricular emptying and filling events. According to these preliminary results the novel piezoelectric FCG sensor stands as a promising device for accurate, unobtrusive, long-term monitoring of cardiorespiratory functions and paves the way for a wide range of potential applications, both in the research and clinical fields. However, these results should be confirmed by further analyses on a larger cohort of subjects, possibly including also pathological patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Andreozzi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano D Gargiulo
- School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniele Esposito
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Bifulco
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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14
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A Comprehensive Review on Seismocardiogram: Current Advancements on Acquisition, Annotation, and Applications. MATHEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/math9182243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, cardiovascular diseases are on the rise, and they entail enormous health burdens on global economies. Cardiac vibrations yield a wide and rich spectrum of essential information regarding the functioning of the heart, and thus it is necessary to take advantage of this data to better monitor cardiac health by way of prevention in early stages. Specifically, seismocardiography (SCG) is a noninvasive technique that can record cardiac vibrations by using new cutting-edge devices as accelerometers. Therefore, providing new and reliable data regarding advancements in the field of SCG, i.e., new devices and tools, is necessary to outperform the current understanding of the State-of-the-Art (SoTA). This paper reviews the SoTA on SCG and concentrates on three critical aspects of the SCG approach, i.e., on the acquisition, annotation, and its current applications. Moreover, this comprehensive overview also presents a detailed summary of recent advancements in SCG, such as the adoption of new techniques based on the artificial intelligence field, e.g., machine learning, deep learning, artificial neural networks, and fuzzy logic. Finally, a discussion on the open issues and future investigations regarding the topic is included.
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15
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Kimball JP, Zia JS, An S, Rolfes C, Hahn JO, Sawka MN, Inan OT. Unifying the Estimation of Blood Volume Decompensation Status in a Porcine Model of Relative and Absolute Hypovolemia Via Wearable Sensing. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2021; 25:3351-3360. [PMID: 33760744 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2021.3068619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hypovolemia remains the leading cause of preventable death in trauma cases. Recent research has demonstrated that using noninvasive continuous waveforms rather than traditional vital signs improves accuracy in early detection of hypovolemia to assist in triage and resuscitation. This work evaluates random forest models trained on different subsets of data from a pig model (n = 6) of absolute (bleeding) and relative (nitroglycerin-induced vasodilation) progressive hypovolemia (to 20% decrease in mean arterial pressure) and resuscitation. Features for the models were derived from a multi-modal set of wearable sensors, comprised of the electrocardiogram (ECG), seismocardiogram (SCG) and reflective photoplethysmogram (RPPG) and were normalized to each subject.s baseline. The median RMSE between predicted and actual percent progression towards cardiovascular decompensation for the best model was 30.5% during the relative period, 16.8% during absolute and 22.1% during resuscitation. The least squares best fit line over the mean aggregated predictions had a slope of 0.65 and intercept of 12.3, with an R2 value of 0.93. When transitioned to a binary classification problem to identify decompensation, this model achieved an AUROC of 0.80. This study: a) developed a global model incorporating ECG, SCG and RPPG features for estimating individual-specific decompensation from progressive relative and absolute hypovolemia and resuscitation; b) demonstrated SCG as the most important modality to predict decompensation; c) demonstrated efficacy of random forest models trained on different data subsets; and d) demonstrated adding training data from two discrete forms of hypovolemia increases prediction accuracy for the other form of hypovolemia and resuscitation.
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16
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Gupta P, Wen H, Di Francesco L, Ayazi F. Detection of pathological mechano-acoustic signatures using precision accelerometer contact microphones in patients with pulmonary disorders. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13427. [PMID: 34183695 PMCID: PMC8238985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92666-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring pathological mechano-acoustic signals emanating from the lungs is critical for timely and cost-effective healthcare delivery. Adventitious lung sounds including crackles, wheezes, rhonchi, bronchial breath sounds, stridor or pleural rub and abnormal breathing patterns function as essential clinical biomarkers for the early identification, accurate diagnosis and monitoring of pulmonary disorders. Here, we present a wearable sensor module comprising of a hermetically encapsulated, high precision accelerometer contact microphone (ACM) which enables both episodic and longitudinal assessment of lung sounds, breathing patterns and respiratory rates using a single integrated sensor. This enhanced ACM sensor leverages a nano-gap transduction mechanism to achieve high sensitivity to weak high frequency vibrations occurring on the surface of the skin due to underlying lung pathologies. The performance of the ACM sensor was compared to recordings from a state-of-art digital stethoscope, and the efficacy of the developed system is demonstrated by conducting an exploratory research study aimed at recording pathological mechano-acoustic signals from hospitalized patients with a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation, pneumonia, and acute decompensated heart failure. This unobtrusive wearable system can enable both episodic and longitudinal evaluation of lung sounds that allow for the early detection and/or ongoing monitoring of pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Gupta
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30308, USA.
| | - Haoran Wen
- StethX Microsystems, Atlanta, GA, 30308, USA
| | - Lorenzo Di Francesco
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Farrokh Ayazi
- Ken Byers Professor in Microsystems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30308, USA.
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17
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Lin DJ, Kimball JP, Zia J, Ganti VG, Inan OT. Reducing the Impact of External Vibrations on Fiducial Point Detection in Seismocardiogram Signals. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 69:176-185. [PMID: 34161234 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3090376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wearable systems that enable continuous non-invasive monitoring of hemodynamic parameters can aid in cardiac health evaluation in non-hospital settings. The seismocardiogram (SCG) is a non-invasively acquired cardiovascular biosignal for which timings of fiducial points, like aortic valve opening (AO) and aortic valve closing (AC), can enable estimation of key hemodynamic parameters. However, SCG is susceptible to motion artifacts, making accurate estimation of these points difficult when corrupted by high-g or in-band vibration artifacts. In this paper, a novel denoising pipeline is proposed that removes vehicle-vibration artifacts from corrupted SCG beats for accurate fiducial point detection. METHODS The noisy SCG signal is decomposed with ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD). Corrupted segments of the decomposed signal are then identified and removed using the quasi-periodicity of the SCG. Signal quality assessment of the reconstructed SCG beats then removes unreliable beats before feature extraction. The overall approach is validated on simulated vehicle-corrupted SCG generated by adding real subway collected vibration signals onto clean SCG. RESULTS SNR increased by 8.1dB in the AO complex and 11.5dB in the AC complex of the SCG signal. Hemodynamic timing estimation errors reduced by 16.5\% for pre-ejection period (PEP), 67.2\% for left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and 57.7\% for PEP/LVET---a feature previously determined in prior work to be of great importance for assessing blood volume status during hemorrhage. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that usable SCG signals can be recovered from vehicle-corrupted SCG signals using the presented denoising framework, allowing for accurate hemodynamic timing estimation. SIGNIFICANCE Reliable hemodynamic estimates from vehicle-corrupted SCG signals will enable the adoption of the SCG in outside-of-hospital settings.
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18
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Respiration Monitoring via Forcecardiography Sensors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21123996. [PMID: 34207899 PMCID: PMC8228286 DOI: 10.3390/s21123996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, a number of wearable systems for respiration monitoring that help to significantly reduce patients’ discomfort and improve the reliability of measurements have been presented. A recent research trend in biosignal acquisition is focusing on the development of monolithic sensors for monitoring multiple vital signs, which could improve the simultaneous recording of different physiological data. This study presents a performance analysis of respiration monitoring performed via forcecardiography (FCG) sensors, as compared to ECG-derived respiration (EDR) and electroresistive respiration band (ERB), which was assumed as the reference. FCG is a novel technique that records the cardiac-induced vibrations of the chest wall via specific force sensors, which provide seismocardiogram-like information, along with a novel component that seems to be related to the ventricular volume variations. Simultaneous acquisitions were obtained from seven healthy subjects at rest, during both quiet breathing and forced respiration at higher and lower rates. The raw FCG sensor signals featured a large, low-frequency, respiratory component (R-FCG), in addition to the common FCG signal. Statistical analyses of R-FCG, EDR and ERB signals showed that FCG sensors ensure a more sensitive and precise detection of respiratory acts than EDR (sensitivity: 100% vs. 95.8%, positive predictive value: 98.9% vs. 92.5%), as well as a superior accuracy and precision in interbreath interval measurement (linear regression slopes and intercepts: 0.99, 0.026 s (R2 = 0.98) vs. 0.98, 0.11 s (R2 = 0.88), Bland–Altman limits of agreement: ±0.61 s vs. ±1.5 s). This study represents a first proof of concept for the simultaneous recording of respiration signals and forcecardiograms with a single, local, small, unobtrusive, cheap sensor. This would extend the scope of FCG to monitoring multiple vital signs, as well as to the analysis of cardiorespiratory interactions, also paving the way for the continuous, long-term monitoring of patients with heart and pulmonary diseases.
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Xia Z, Shandhi MMH, Li Y, Inan OT, Zhang Y. The Delineation of Fiducial Points for Non-Contact Radar Seismocardiogram Signals Without Concurrent ECG. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2021; 25:1031-1040. [PMID: 32750965 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2020.3009997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-contact sensing of seismocardiogram (SCG) signals through a microwave Doppler radar is promising for biomedical applications. However, the delineation of fiducial points for radar SCG still relies on concurrent ECG which requires a contact sensor and limits the complete non-contact detection of SCG. METHODS Instead of ECG, a new reference signal, the radar displacement signal of heartbeat (RDH), was derived through the complex Fourier transform and the band pass filtering of the radar signal. The RDH signal was used to locate each cardiac cycle and mask the systolic profile, which was further used to detect an important fiducial point, aortic valve opening (AO). The beat-to-beat interval was estimated from AO-AO interval and compared with the gold standard, ECG R-to-R interval. RESULTS For the 22 subjects in the study, the evaluation of the AOs detected by RDH (AORDH) shows the average detection ratio can reach 90%, indicating a high ratio of the AORDH that are exactly the same as AO detected using the ECG R-wave (AOECG). Additionally, the left ventricular ejection time (LVET) values estimated from the ensemble averaged radar waveform through AORDH segmentation are within 2 ms of those through AOECG segmentation, for all the detected subjects. Further analysis demonstrates that the beat-to-beat intervals calculated from AORDH have an average root-mean-square-deviation (RMSD) of 53.73 ms when compared with ECG R-to-R intervals, and have an average RMSD of 23.47 ms after removing the beats in which AO cannot be identified. CONCLUSIONS Radar signal RDH can be used as a reference signal to delineate fiducial points for non-contact radar SCG signals. SIGNIFICANCE This study can be applied to develop complete non-contact sensing of SCG and monitoring of vital signs, where contact-based SCG is not feasible.
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20
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Shandhi MMH, Bartlett WH, Heller JA, Etemadi M, Young A, Plotz T, Inan OT. Estimation of Instantaneous Oxygen Uptake During Exercise and Daily Activities Using a Wearable Cardio-Electromechanical and Environmental Sensor. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2021; 25:634-646. [PMID: 32750964 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2020.3009903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate instantaneous oxygen uptake VO2 with a small, low-cost wearable sensor during exercise and daily activities in order to enable monitoring of energy expenditure (EE) in uncontrolled settings. We aim to do so using a combination of seismocardiogram (SCG), electrocardiogram (ECG) and atmospheric pressure (AP) signals obtained from a minimally obtrusive wearable device. METHODS In this study, subjects performed a treadmill protocol in a controlled environment and an outside walking protocol in an uncontrolled environment. During testing, the COSMED K5 metabolic system collected gold standard breath-by-breath (BxB) data and a custom-built wearable patch placed on the mid-sternum collected SCG, ECG and AP signals. We extracted features from these signals to estimate the BxB VO2 data obtained from the COSMED system. RESULTS In estimating instantaneous VO2, we achieved our best results on the treadmill protocol using a combination of SCG (frequency) and AP features (RMSE of 3.68 ± 0.98 ml/kg/min and R2 of 0.77). For the outside protocol, we achieved our best results using a combination of SCG (frequency), ECG and AP features (RMSE of 4.3 ± 1.47 ml/kg/min and R2 of 0.64). In estimating VO2 consumed over one minute intervals during the protocols, our median percentage error was 15.8[Formula: see text] for the treadmill protocol and 20.5[Formula: see text] for the outside protocol. CONCLUSION SCG, ECG and AP signals from a small wearable patch can enable accurate estimation of instantaneous VO2 in both controlled and uncontrolled settings. SCG signals capturing variation in cardio-mechanical processes, AP signals, and state of the art machine learning models contribute significantly to the accurate estimation of instantaneous VO2. SIGNIFICANCE Accurate estimation of VO2 with a low cost, minimally obtrusive wearable patch can enable the monitoring of VO2 and EE in everyday settings and make the many applications of these measurements more accessible to the general public.
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21
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Convertino VA, Schauer SG, Weitzel EK, Cardin S, Stackle ME, Talley MJ, Sawka MN, Inan OT. Wearable Sensors Incorporating Compensatory Reserve Measurement for Advancing Physiological Monitoring in Critically Injured Trauma Patients. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6413. [PMID: 33182638 PMCID: PMC7697670 DOI: 10.3390/s20226413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vital signs historically served as the primary method to triage patients and resources for trauma and emergency care, but have failed to provide clinically-meaningful predictive information about patient clinical status. In this review, a framework is presented that focuses on potential wearable sensor technologies that can harness necessary electronic physiological signal integration with a current state-of-the-art predictive machine-learning algorithm that provides early clinical assessment of hypovolemia status to impact patient outcome. The ability to study the physiology of hemorrhage using a human model of progressive central hypovolemia led to the development of a novel machine-learning algorithm known as the compensatory reserve measurement (CRM). Greater sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy to detect hemorrhage and onset of decompensated shock has been demonstrated by the CRM when compared to all standard vital signs and hemodynamic variables. The development of CRM revealed that continuous measurements of changes in arterial waveform features represented the most integrated signal of physiological compensation for conditions of reduced systemic oxygen delivery. In this review, detailed analysis of sensor technologies that include photoplethysmography, tonometry, ultrasound-based blood pressure, and cardiogenic vibration are identified as potential candidates for harnessing arterial waveform analog features required for real-time calculation of CRM. The integration of wearable sensors with the CRM algorithm provides a potentially powerful medical monitoring advancement to save civilian and military lives in emergency medical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Convertino
- Battlefield Health & Trauma Center for Human Integrative Physiology, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA;
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Steven G. Schauer
- Battlefield Health & Trauma Center for Human Integrative Physiology, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA;
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
- Brooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
| | - Erik K. Weitzel
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
- Brooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
- 59th Medical Wing, JBSA Lackland, San Antonio, TX 78236, USA
| | - Sylvain Cardin
- Navy Medical Research Unit, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA;
| | - Mark E. Stackle
- Commander, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA;
| | - Michael J. Talley
- Commanding General, US Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Michael N. Sawka
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (M.N.S.); (O.T.I.)
| | - Omer T. Inan
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (M.N.S.); (O.T.I.)
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22
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Zhao S, Liu J, Gong Z, Lei Y, OuYang X, Chan CC, Ruan S. Wearable Physiological Monitoring System Based on Electrocardiography and Electromyography for Upper Limb Rehabilitation Training. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4861. [PMID: 32872111 PMCID: PMC7506771 DOI: 10.3390/s20174861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Secondary injuries are common during upper limb rehabilitation training because of uncontrollable physical force and overexciting activities, and long-time training may cause fatigue and reduce the training effect. This study proposes a wearable monitoring device for upper limb rehabilitation by integrating electrocardiogram and electromyogram (ECG/EMG) sensors and using data acquisition boards to obtain accurate signals during robotic glove assisting training. The collected ECG/EMG signals were filtered, amplified, digitized, and then transmitted to a remote receiver (smart phone or laptop) via a low-energy Bluetooth module. A software platform was developed for data analysis to visualize ECG/EMG information, and integrated into the robotic glove control module. In the training progress, various hand activities (i.e., hand closing, forearm pronation, finger flexion, and wrist extension) were monitored by the EMG sensor, and the changes in the physiological status of people (from excited to fatigue) were monitored by the ECG sensor. The functionality and feasibility of the developed physiological monitoring system was demonstrated by the assisting robotic glove with an adaptive strategy for upper limb rehabilitation training improvement. The feasible results provided a novel technique to monitor individual ECG and EMG information holistically and practically, and a technical reference to improve upper limb rehabilitation according to specific treatment conditions and the users' demands. On the basis of this wearable monitoring system prototype for upper limb rehabilitation, many ECG-/EMG-based mobile healthcare applications could be built avoiding some complicated implementation issues such as sensors management and feature extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumi Zhao
- Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (J.L.); (Y.L.); (C.C.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Jianxun Liu
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Zidan Gong
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Yisong Lei
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Xia OuYang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 518118, China;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Chi Chiu Chan
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Shuangchen Ruan
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China;
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Ershad F, Thukral A, Yue J, Comeaux P, Lu Y, Shim H, Sim K, Kim NI, Rao Z, Guevara R, Contreras L, Pan F, Zhang Y, Guan YS, Yang P, Wang X, Wang P, Wu X, Yu C. Ultra-conformal drawn-on-skin electronics for multifunctional motion artifact-free sensing and point-of-care treatment. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3823. [PMID: 32732934 PMCID: PMC7393123 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An accurate extraction of physiological and physical signals from human skin is crucial for health monitoring, disease prevention, and treatment. Recent advances in wearable bioelectronics directly embedded to the epidermal surface are a promising solution for future epidermal sensing. However, the existing wearable bioelectronics are susceptible to motion artifacts as they lack proper adhesion and conformal interfacing with the skin during motion. Here, we present ultra-conformal, customizable, and deformable drawn-on-skin electronics, which is robust to motion due to strong adhesion and ultra-conformality of the electronic inks drawn directly on skin. Electronic inks, including conductors, semiconductors, and dielectrics, are drawn on-demand in a freeform manner to develop devices, such as transistors, strain sensors, temperature sensors, heaters, skin hydration sensors, and electrophysiological sensors. Electrophysiological signal monitoring during motion shows drawn-on-skin electronics' immunity to motion artifacts. Additionally, electrical stimulation based on drawn-on-skin electronics demonstrates accelerated healing of skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Ershad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Anish Thukral
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Jiping Yue
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Phillip Comeaux
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Yuntao Lu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Hyunseok Shim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Kyoseung Sim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-In Kim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Zhoulyu Rao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Ross Guevara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Luis Contreras
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Fengjiao Pan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Yongcao Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Ying-Shi Guan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Pinyi Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Cunjiang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
- Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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24
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A Unified Methodology for Heartbeats Detection in Seismocardiogram and Ballistocardiogram Signals. COMPUTERS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/computers9020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a methodology to analyze and segment both seismocardiogram (SCG) and ballistocardiogram (BCG) signals in a unified fashion. An unsupervised approach is followed to extract a template of SCG/BCG heartbeats, which is then used to fine-tune temporal waveform annotation. Rigorous performance assessment is conducted in terms of sensitivity, precision, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of annotation. The methodology is tested on four independent datasets, covering different measurement setups and time resolutions. A wide application range is therefore explored, which better characterizes the robustness and generality of the method with respect to a single dataset. Overall, sensitivity and precision scores are uniform across all datasets ( p > 0.05 from the Kruskal–Wallis test): the average sensitivity among datasets is 98.7%, with 98.2% precision. On the other hand, a slight yet significant difference in RMSE and MAE scores was found ( p < 0.01 ) in favor of datasets with higher sampling frequency. The best RMSE scores for SCG and BCG are 4.5 and 4.8 ms, respectively; similarly, the best MAE scores are 3.3 and 3.6 ms. The results were compared to relevant recent literature and are found to improve both detection performance and temporal annotation errors.
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25
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Zia J, Kimball J, Hersek S, Shandhi MMH, Semiz B, Inan OT. A Unified Framework for Quality Indexing and Classification of Seismocardiogram Signals. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2020; 24:1080-1092. [PMID: 31369387 PMCID: PMC7193993 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2019.2931348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The seismocardiogram (SCG) is a noninvasively-obtained cardiovascular bio-signal that has gained traction in recent years, however is limited by its susceptibility to noise and motion artifacts. Because of this, signal quality must be assured before data are used to inform clinical care. Common methods of signal quality assurance include signal classification or assignment of a numerical quality index. Such tasks are difficult with SCG because there is no accepted standard for signal morphology. In this paper, we propose a unified method of quality indexing and classification that uses multi-subject-based methods to overcome this challenge. Dynamic-time feature matching is introduced as a novel method of obtaining the distance between a signal and reference template, with this metric, the signal quality index (SQI) is defined as a function of the inverse distance between the SCG and a large set of template signals. We demonstrate that this method is able to stratify SCG signals on held-out subjects based on their level of motion-artifact corruption. This method is extended, using the SQI as a feature for classification by ensembled quadratic discriminant analysis. Classification is validated by demonstrating, for the first time, both detection and localization of SCG sensor misplacement, achieving an F1 score of 0.83 on held-out subjects. This paper may provide a necessary step toward automating the analysis of SCG signals, addressing many of the key limitations and concerns precluding the method from being widely used in clinical and physiological sensing applications.
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26
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Yu S, Liu S. A Novel Adaptive Recursive Least Squares Filter to Remove the Motion Artifact in Seismocardiography. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1596. [PMID: 32182977 PMCID: PMC7146394 DOI: 10.3390/s20061596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel adaptive recursive least squares filter (ARLSF) for motion artifact removal in the field of seismocardiography (SCG). This algorithm was tested with a consumer-grade accelerometer. This accelerometer was placed on the chest wall of 16 subjects whose ages ranged from 24 to 35 years. We recorded the SCG signal and the standard electrocardiogram (ECG) lead I signal by placing one electrode on the right arm (RA) and another on the left arm (LA) of the subjects. These subjects were asked to perform standing and walking movements on a treadmill. ARLSF was developed in MATLAB to process the collected SCG and ECG signals simultaneously. The SCG peaks and heart rate signals were extracted from the output of ARLSF. The results indicate a heartbeat detection accuracy of up to 98%. The heart rates estimated from SCG and ECG are similar under both standing and walking conditions. This observation shows that the proposed ARLSF could be an effective method to remove motion artifact from recorded SCG signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yu
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China;
- Key Lab for Hydropower Transients of Ministry of Education, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, 8 East Lake South Road, Wuhan 430072, China
- Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, 8 East Lake South Road, Wuhan 430072, China
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27
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Gupta P, Moghimi MJ, Jeong Y, Gupta D, Inan OT, Ayazi F. Precision wearable accelerometer contact microphones for longitudinal monitoring of mechano-acoustic cardiopulmonary signals. NPJ Digit Med 2020; 3:19. [PMID: 32128449 PMCID: PMC7015926 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-020-0225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechano-acoustic signals emanating from the heart and lungs contain valuable information about the cardiopulmonary system. Unobtrusive wearable sensors capable of monitoring these signals longitudinally can detect early pathological signatures and titrate care accordingly. Here, we present a wearable, hermetically-sealed high-precision vibration sensor that combines the characteristics of an accelerometer and a contact microphone to acquire wideband mechano-acoustic physiological signals, and enable simultaneous monitoring of multiple health factors associated with the cardiopulmonary system including heart and respiratory rate, heart sounds, lung sounds, and body motion and position of an individual. The encapsulated accelerometer contact microphone (ACM) utilizes nano-gap transducers to achieve extraordinary sensitivity in a wide bandwidth (DC-12 kHz) with high dynamic range. The sensors were used to obtain health factors of six control subjects with varying body mass index, and their feasibility in detection of weak mechano-acoustic signals such as pathological heart sounds and shallow breathing patterns is evaluated on patients with preexisting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Gupta
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30308 USA
| | | | - Yaesuk Jeong
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30308 USA
| | - Divya Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30308 USA
| | - Omer T. Inan
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30308 USA
| | - Farrokh Ayazi
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30308 USA
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28
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Siecinski S, Kostka PS, Tkacz EJ. Influence of Empirical Mode Decomposition on Heart Rate Variability Indices Obtained from Smartphone Seismocardiograms. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:4913-4916. [PMID: 31946962 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8857452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a physiological variation of time interval between consecutive heart beats caused by the activity of autonomic nervous system. Seismocardiography (SCG) is a non-invasive method of analyzing cardiac vibrations and can be used to obtain inter-beat intervals required to perform HRV analysis. Heart beats on SCG signals are detected as the occurrences of aortic valve opening (AO) waves. Morphological variations between subjects complicate developing annotation algorithms. To overcome this obstacle we propose the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to improve the signal quality. We used two algorithms to determine the influence of EMD on HRV indices: the first algorithm uses a band-pass filter and the second algorithm uses EMD as the first step. Higher beat detection performance was achieved for algorithm with EMD (Se=0.926, PPV=0.926 for all analyzed beats) than the algorithm with a band-pass filter (Se=0.859, PPV=0.855). The influence of analyzed algorithms on HRV indices is low despite the differences of heart beat detection performance between analyzed algorithms.
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29
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Lee K, Ni X, Lee JY, Arafa H, Pe DJ, Xu S, Avila R, Irie M, Lee JH, Easterlin RL, Kim DH, Chung HU, Olabisi OO, Getaneh S, Chung E, Hill M, Bell J, Jang H, Liu C, Park JB, Kim J, Kim SB, Mehta S, Pharr M, Tzavelis A, Reeder JT, Huang I, Deng Y, Xie Z, Davies CR, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Mechano-acoustic sensing of physiological processes and body motions via a soft wireless device placed at the suprasternal notch. Nat Biomed Eng 2019; 4:148-158. [PMID: 31768002 PMCID: PMC7035153 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Skin-mounted soft electronics incorporating high-bandwidth triaxial accelerometers can provide broad classes of physiologically relevant information, such as mechanoacoustic signatures of underlying body processes (such as those captured by a stethoscope) and precision kinematics of core body motions. Here, we describe a wireless device designed to be conformally placed on the suprasternal notch for the continuous measurement of mechanoacoustic signals, from subtle vibrations of the skin at accelerations of ~10−3 m·s−2 to large motions of the entire body at ~10 m·s−2, and at frequencies up to ~800 Hz. Because th measurements are a complex superposition of signals that arise from locomotion, body orientation, swallowing, respiration, cardiac activity, vocal-fold vibrations and other sources, we used frequency-domain analysis and machine learning to obtain, from human subjects during natural daily activities and exercise, real-time recordings of heart rate, respiration rate, energy intensity and other essential vital signs, as well as talking time and cadence, swallow counts and patterns, and other unconventional biomarkers. We also used the device in sleep laboratories, and validated the measurements via polysomnography.
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Affiliation(s)
- KunHyuck Lee
- Simpson Querry Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Xiaoyue Ni
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jong Yoon Lee
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Hany Arafa
- Simpson Querry Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - David J Pe
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Shuai Xu
- Simpson Querry Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raudel Avila
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Masahiro Irie
- Simpson Querry Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Joo Hee Lee
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ryder L Easterlin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ha Uk Chung
- Simpson Querry Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Omolara O Olabisi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Selam Getaneh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Esther Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Marc Hill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jeremy Bell
- Department of Economics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Hokyung Jang
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Claire Liu
- Simpson Querry Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jun Bin Park
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jungwoo Kim
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Sung Bong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sunita Mehta
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Matt Pharr
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Andreas Tzavelis
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan T Reeder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ivy Huang
- Simpson Querry Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yujun Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Charles R Davies
- Carle Neuroscience Institute, Carle Physician Group, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - John A Rogers
- Simpson Querry Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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30
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D'Mello Y, Skoric J, Xu S, Roche PJR, Lortie M, Gagnon S, Plant DV. Real-Time Cardiac Beat Detection and Heart Rate Monitoring from Combined Seismocardiography and Gyrocardiography. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E3472. [PMID: 31398948 PMCID: PMC6719139 DOI: 10.3390/s19163472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiography is an indispensable element of health care. However, the accessibility of at-home cardiac monitoring is limited by device complexity, accuracy, and cost. We have developed a real-time algorithm for heart rate monitoring and beat detection implemented in a custom-built, affordable system. These measurements were processed from seismocardiography (SCG) and gyrocardiography (GCG) signals recorded at the sternum, with concurrent electrocardiography (ECG) used as a reference. Our system demonstrated the feasibility of non-invasive electro-mechanical cardiac monitoring on supine, stationary subjects at a cost of $100, and with the SCG-GCG and ECG algorithms decoupled as standalone measurements. Testing was performed on 25 subjects in the supine position when relaxed, and when recovering from physical exercise, to record 23,984 cardiac cycles at heart rates in the range of 36-140 bpm. The correlation between the two measurements had r2 coefficients of 0.9783 and 0.9982 for normal (averaged) and instantaneous (beat identification) heart rates, respectively. At a sampling frequency of 250 Hz, the average computational time required was 0.088 s per measurement cycle, indicating the maximum refresh rate. A combined SCG and GCG measurement was found to improve accuracy due to fundamentally different noise rejection criteria in the mutually orthogonal signals. The speed, accuracy, and simplicity of our system validated its potential as a real-time, non-invasive, and affordable solution for outpatient cardiac monitoring in situations with negligible motion artifact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick D'Mello
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T5, Canada.
| | - James Skoric
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T5, Canada
| | - Shicheng Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T5, Canada
| | - Philip J R Roche
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T5, Canada
| | - Michel Lortie
- MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates Corporation, Ottawa, ON K2K 1Y5, Canada
| | - Stephane Gagnon
- MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates Corporation, Ottawa, ON K2K 1Y5, Canada
| | - David V Plant
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T5, Canada
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31
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Hersek S, Semiz B, Shandhi MMH, Orlandic L, Inan OT. A Globalized Model for Mapping Wearable Seismocardiogram Signals to Whole-Body Ballistocardiogram Signals Based on Deep Learning. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2019; 24:1296-1309. [PMID: 31369391 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2019.2931872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ballistocardiography (BCG) signal is a measurement of the vibrations of the center of mass of the body due to the cardiac cycle and can be used for noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring. The seismocardiography (SCG) signals measure the local vibrations of the chest wall due to the cardiac cycle. While BCG is a more well-known modality, it requires the use of a modified bathroom scale or a force plate and cannot be measured in a wearable setting, whereas SCG signals can be measured using wearable accelerometers placed on the sternum. In this paper, we explore the idea of finding a mapping between zero mean and unit l2-norm SCG and BCG signal segments such that, the BCG signal can be acquired using wearable accelerometers (without retaining amplitude information). We use neural networks to find such a mapping and make use of the recently introduced UNet architecture. We trained our models on 26 healthy subjects and tested them on ten subjects. Our results show that we can estimate the aforementioned segments of the BCG signal with a median Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.71 and a median absolute deviation (MAD) of 0.17. Furthermore, our model can estimate the R-I, R-J and R-K timing intervals with median absolute errors (and MAD) of 10.00 (8.90), 6.00 (5.93), and 8.00 (5.93), respectively. We show that using all three axis of the SCG accelerometer produces the best results, whereas the head-to-foot SCG signal produces the best results when a single SCG axis is used.
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32
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Sadek I, Biswas J, Abdulrazak B. Ballistocardiogram signal processing: a review. Health Inf Sci Syst 2019; 7:10. [PMID: 31114676 DOI: 10.1007/s13755-019-0071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the world, healthcare costs are projected to continue to increase, and the pressure on the healthcare system is only going to grow in intensity as the rate of growth of elderly population increases in the coming decades. As an example, when people age one possible condition that they may experience is sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). SDB, better known as the obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome, and associated cardiovascular complications are among the most common clinical disorders. The gold-standard approach to accurately diagnose OSA, is polysomnography (PSG), a test that should be performed in a specialist sleep clinic and requires a complete overnight stay at the clinic. The PSG system can provide accurate and real-time data; however, it introduces several challenges such as complexity, invasiveness, excessive cost, and absence of privacy. Technological advancements in hardware and software enable noninvasive and unobtrusive sensing of vital signs. An alternative approach which may help diagnose OSA and other cardiovascular diseases is the ballistocardiography. The ballistocardiogram (BCG) signal captures the ballistic forces of the heart caused by the sudden ejection of blood into the great vessels with each heartbeat, breathing, and body movement. In recent years, BCG sensors such as polyvinylidene fluoride film-based sensors, electromechanical films, strain Gauges, hydraulic sensors, microbend fiber-optic sensors as well as fiber Bragg grating sensors have been integrated within ambient locations such as mattresses, pillows, chairs, beds, or even weighing scales, to capture BCG signals, and thereby measure vital signs. Analysis of the BCG signal is a challenging process, despite being a more convenient and comfortable method of vital signs monitoring. In practice, BCG sensors are placed under bed mattresses for sleep tracking, and hence several factors, e.g., mattress thickness, body movements, motion artifacts, bed-partners, etc. can deteriorate the signal. In this paper, we introduce the sensors that are being used for obtaining BCG signals. We also present an in-depth review of the signal processing methods as applied to the various sensors, to analyze the BCG signal and extract physiological parameters such heart rate and breathing rate, as well as determining sleep stages. Besides, we recommend which methods are more suitable for processing BCG signals due to their nonlinear and nonstationary characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Sadek
- 1ST Engineering Electronics-SUTD Cyber Security Laboratory, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jit Biswas
- 2iTrust - Center for Research in Cyber Security, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bessam Abdulrazak
- 3Département d'Informatique, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Sherbrooke, Canada
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33
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Shandhi MMH, Semiz B, Hersek S, Goller N, Ayazi F, Inan OT. Performance Analysis of Gyroscope and Accelerometer Sensors for Seismocardiography-Based Wearable Pre-Ejection Period Estimation. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2019; 23:2365-2374. [PMID: 30703050 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2019.2895775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systolic time intervals, such as the pre-ejection period (PEP), are important parameters for assessing cardiac contractility that can be measured non-invasively using seismocardiography (SCG). Recent studies have shown that specific points on accelerometer- and gyroscope-based SCG signals can be used for PEP estimation. However, the complex morphology and inter-subject variation of the SCG signal can make this assumption very challenging and increase the root mean squared error (RMSE) when these techniques are used to develop a global model. METHODS In this study, we compared gyroscope- and accelerometer-based SCG signals, individually and in combination, for estimating PEP to show the efficacy of these sensors in capturing valuable information regarding cardiovascular health. We extracted general time-domain features from all the axes of these sensors and developed global models using various regression techniques. RESULTS In single-axis comparison of gyroscope and accelerometer, angular velocity signal around head to foot axis from the gyroscope provided the lowest RMSE of 12.63 ± 0.49 ms across all subjects. The best estimate of PEP, with a RMSE of 11.46 ± 0.32 ms across all subjects, was achieved by combining features from the gyroscope and accelerometer. Our global model showed 30% lower RMSE when compared to algorithms used in recent literature. CONCLUSION Gyroscopes can provide better PEP estimation compared to accelerometers located on the mid-sternum. Global PEP estimation models can be improved by combining general time domain features from both sensors. SIGNIFICANCE This work can be used to develop a low-cost wearable heart-monitoring device and to generate a universal estimation model for systolic time intervals using a single- or multiple-sensor fusion.
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death worldwide. New diagnostic tools are needed to provide early detection and intervention to reduce mortality and increase both the duration and quality of life for patients with heart disease. Seismocardiography (SCG) is a technique for noninvasive evaluation of cardiac activity. However, the complexity of SCG signals introduced challenges in SCG studies. Renewed interest in investigating the utility of SCG accelerated in recent years and benefited from new advances in low-cost lightweight sensors, and signal processing and machine learning methods. Recent studies demonstrated the potential clinical utility of SCG signals for the detection and monitoring of certain cardiovascular conditions. While some studies focused on investigating the genesis of SCG signals and their clinical applications, others focused on developing proper signal processing algorithms for noise reduction, and SCG signal feature extraction and classification. This paper reviews the recent advances in the field of SCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirtahà Taebi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Biomedical Acoustics Research Laboratory, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-407-580-4654
| | - Brian E. Solar
- Biomedical Acoustics Research Laboratory, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Andrew J. Bomar
- Biomedical Acoustics Research Laboratory, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6850 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Richard H. Sandler
- Biomedical Acoustics Research Laboratory, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6850 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Hansen A. Mansy
- Biomedical Acoustics Research Laboratory, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Hernandez J, McDuff D, Quigley K, Maes P, Picard RW. Wearable Motion-Based Heart Rate at Rest: A Workplace Evaluation. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2018; 23:1920-1927. [PMID: 30387751 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2018.2877484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper studies the feasibility of using low-cost motion sensors to provide opportunistic heart rate assessments from ballistocardiographic signals during restful periods of daily life. Three wearable devices were used to capture peripheral motions at specific body locations (head, wrist, and trouser pocket) of 15 participants during five regular workdays each. Three methods were implemented to extract heart rate from motion data and their performance was compared to those obtained with an FDA-cleared device. With a total of 1358 h of naturalistic sensor data, our results show that providing accurate heart rate estimations from peripheral motion signals is possible during relatively "still" moments. In our real-life workplace study, the head-mounted device yielded the most frequent assessments (22.98% of the time under 5 beats per minute of error) followed by the smartphone in the pocket (5.02%) and the wrist-worn device (3.48%). Most importantly, accurate assessments were automatically detected by using a custom threshold based on the device jerk. Due to the pervasiveness and low cost of wearable motion sensors, this paper demonstrates the feasibility of providing opportunistic large-scale low-cost samples of resting heart rate.
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36
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Yang C, Tavassolian N. An Independent Component Analysis Approach to Motion Noise Cancelation of Cardio-Mechanical Signals. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018; 66:784-793. [PMID: 30028685 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2856700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a new framework for measuring sternal cardio-mechanical signals from moving subjects using multiple sensors. An array of inertial measurement units are attached to the chest wall of subjects to measure the seismocardiogram (SCG) from accelerometers and the gyrocardiogram (GCG) from gyroscopes. A digital signal processing method based on constrained independent component analysis is applied to extract the desired cardio-mechanical signals from the mixture of vibration observations. Electrocardiogram and photoplethysmography modalities are evaluated as reference sources for the constrained independent component analysis algorithm. Experimental studies with 14 young, healthy adult subjects demonstrate the feasibility of extracting seismo- and gyrocardiogram signals from walking and jogging subjects, with speeds of 3.0 mi/h and 4.6 mi/h, respectively. Beat-to-beat and ensemble-averaged features are extracted from the outputs of the algorithm. The beat-to-beat cardiac interval results demonstrate average detection rates of 91.44% during walking and 86.06% during jogging from SCG, and 87.32% during walking and 76.30% during jogging from GCG. The ensemble-averaged pre-ejection period (PEP) calculation results attained overall squared correlation coefficients of 0.9048 from SCG and 0.8350 from GCG with reference PEP from impedance cardiogram. Our results indicate that the proposed framework can improve the motion tolerance of cardio-mechanical signals in moving subjects. The effective number of recordings during day time could be potentially increased by the proposed framework, which will push forward the implementation of cardio-mechanical monitoring devices in mobile healthcare.
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37
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Lee H, Whang M. Heart Rate Estimated from Body Movements at Six Degrees of Freedom by Convolutional Neural Networks. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18051392. [PMID: 29724006 PMCID: PMC5982670 DOI: 10.3390/s18051392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac activity has been monitored continuously in daily life by virtue of advanced medical instruments with microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology. Seismocardiography (SCG) has been considered to be free from the burden of measurement for cardiac activity, but it has been limited in its application in daily life. The most important issues regarding SCG are to overcome the limitations of motion artifacts due to the sensitivity of motion sensor. Although novel adaptive filters for noise cancellation have been developed, they depend on the researcher’s subjective decision. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can extract significant features from data automatically without a researcher’s subjective decision, so that signal processing has been recently replaced as CNNs. Thus, this study aimed to develop a novel method to enhance heart rate estimation from thoracic movement by CNNs. Thoracic movement was measured by six-axis accelerometer and gyroscope signals using a wearable sensor that can be worn by simply clipping on clothes. The dataset was collected from 30 participants (15 males, 15 females) using 12 measurement conditions according to two physical conditions (i.e., relaxed and aroused conditions), three body postures (i.e., sitting, standing, and supine), and six movement speeds (i.e., 3.2, 4.5, 5.8, 6.4, 8.5, and 10.3 km/h). The motion data (i.e., six-axis accelerometer and gyroscope) and heart rate (i.e., electrocardiogram (ECG)) were determined as the input data and labels in the dataset, respectively. The CNN model was developed based on VGG Net and optimized by testing according to network depth and data augmentation. The ensemble network of the VGG-16 without data augmentation and the VGG-19 with data augmentation was determined as optimal architecture for generalization. As a result, the proposed method showed higher accuracy than the previous SCG method using signal processing in most measurement conditions. The three main contributions are as follows: (1) the CNN model enhanced heart rate estimation with the benefits of automatic feature extraction from the data; (2) the proposed method was compared with the previous SCG method using signal processing; (3) the method was tested in 12 measurement conditions related to daily motion for a more practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Lee
- Department of Emotion Engineering, University of Sangmyung, Seoul 03016, Korea.
| | - Mincheol Whang
- Department of Intelligence Informatics Engineering, University of Sangmyung, Seoul 03016, Korea.
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Artifact Noise Removal Techniques on Seismocardiogram Using Two Tri-Axial Accelerometers. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18041067. [PMID: 29614821 PMCID: PMC5948894 DOI: 10.3390/s18041067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is on the investigation of motion noise removal techniques using two-accelerometer sensor system and various placements of the sensors on gentle movement and walking of the patients. A Wi-Fi based data acquisition system and a framework on Matlab are developed to collect and process data while the subjects are in motion. The tests include eight volunteers who have no record of heart disease. The walking and running data on the subjects are analyzed to find the minimal-noise bandwidth of the SCG signal. This bandwidth is used to design filters in the motion noise removal techniques and peak signal detection. There are two main techniques of combining signals from the two sensors to mitigate the motion artifact: analog processing and digital processing. The analog processing comprises analog circuits performing adding or subtracting functions and bandpass filter to remove artifact noises before entering the data acquisition system. The digital processing processes all the data using combinations of total acceleration and z-axis only acceleration. The two techniques are tested on three placements of accelerometer sensors including horizontal, vertical, and diagonal on gentle motion and walking. In general, the total acceleration and z-axis acceleration are the best techniques to deal with gentle motion on all sensor placements which improve average systolic signal-noise-ratio (SNR) around 2 times and average diastolic SNR around 3 times comparing to traditional methods using only one accelerometer. With walking motion, ADDER and z-axis acceleration are the best techniques on all placements of the sensors on the body which enhance about 7 times of average systolic SNR and about 11 times of average diastolic SNR comparing to only one accelerometer method. Among the sensor placements, the performance of horizontal placement of the sensors is outstanding comparing with other positions on all motions.
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Ashouri H, Hersek S, Inan OT. Universal Pre-Ejection Period Estimation Using Seismocardiography: Quantifying the Effects of Sensor Placement and Regression Algorithms. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2018; 18:1665-1674. [PMID: 29867294 PMCID: PMC5983029 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2017.2787628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seismocardiography (SCG), the measurement of local chest vibrations due to the heart and blood movement, is a non-invasive technique to assess cardiac contractility via systolic time intervals such as the pre-ejection period (PEP). Recent studies show that SCG signals measured before and after exercise can effectively classify compensated and decompensated heart failure (HF) patients through PEP estimation. However, the morphology of the SCG signal varies from person to person and sensor placement making it difficult to automatically estimate PEP from SCG and electrocardiogram signals using a global model. In this proof-of-concept study, we address this problem by extracting a set of timing features from SCG signals measured from multiple positions on the upper body. We then test global regression models that combine all the detected features to identify the most accurate model for PEP estimation obtained from the best performing regressor and the best sensor location or combination of locations. Our results show that ensemble regression using XGBoost with a combination of sensors placed on the sternum and below the left clavicle provide the best RMSE = 11.6 ± 0.4 ms across all subjects. We also show that placing the sensor below the left or right clavicle rather than the conventional placement on the sternum results in more accurate PEP estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazar Ashouri
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Sinan Hersek
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Omer T Inan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
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40
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Etemadi M, Inan OT. Wearable ballistocardiogram and seismocardiogram systems for health and performance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:452-461. [PMID: 28798198 PMCID: PMC5867366 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00298.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are prevalent in the US, and many forms of CVD primarily affect the mechanical aspects of heart function. Wearable technologies for monitoring the mechanical health of the heart and vasculature could enable proactive management of CVDs through titration of care based on physiological status as well as preventative wellness monitoring to help promote lifestyle choices that reduce the overall risk of developing CVDs. Additionally, such wearable technologies could be used to optimize human performance in austere environments. This review describes our progress in developing wearable ballistocardiogram (BCG)- and seismocardiogram-based systems for monitoring relative changes in cardiac output, contractility, and blood pressure. Our systems use miniature, low-noise accelerometers to measure the movements of the body in response to the heartbeat and novel machine learning algorithms to provide robustness against motion artifacts and sensor misplacement. Moreover, we have mathematically related wearable BCG signals-representing local, cardiogenic movements of a point on the body-to better understood whole body BCG signals, and thereby improved estimation of key health parameters. We validated these systems with experiments in healthy subjects, studies in patients with heart failure, and measurements in austere environments such as water immersion. The systems can be used in future work as a tool for clinicians and physiologists to measure the mechanical aspects of cardiovascular function outside of clinical settings, and to thereby titrate care for patients with CVDs, provide preventative screening, and optimize performance in austere environments by providing real-time in-depth information regarding performance and risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozziyar Etemadi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
| | - Omer T Inan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
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On the Design of an Efficient Cardiac Health Monitoring System Through Combined Analysis of ECG and SCG Signals. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18020379. [PMID: 29382098 PMCID: PMC5856087 DOI: 10.3390/s18020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major public concern and socioeconomic problem across the globe. The popular high-end cardiac health monitoring systems such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computerized tomography scan (CT scan), and echocardiography (Echo) are highly expensive and do not support long-term continuous monitoring of patients without disrupting their activities of daily living (ADL). In this paper, the continuous and non-invasive cardiac health monitoring using unobtrusive sensors is explored aiming to provide a feasible and low-cost alternative to foresee possible cardiac anomalies in an early stage. It is learned that cardiac health monitoring based on sole usage of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals may not provide powerful insights as ECG provides shallow information on various cardiac activities in the form of electrical impulses only. Hence, a novel low-cost, non-invasive seismocardiogram (SCG) signal along with ECG signals are jointly investigated for the robust cardiac health monitoring. For this purpose, the in-laboratory data collection model is designed for simultaneous acquisition of ECG and SCG signals followed by mechanisms for the automatic delineation of relevant feature points in acquired ECG and SCG signals. In addition, separate feature points based novel approach is adopted to distinguish between normal and abnormal morphology in each ECG and SCG cardiac cycle. Finally, a combined analysis of ECG and SCG is carried out by designing a Naïve Bayes conditional probability model. Experiments on Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved licensed ECG/SCG signals acquired from real subjects containing 12,000 cardiac cycles show that the proposed feature point delineation mechanisms and abnormal morphology detection methods consistently perform well and give promising results. In addition, experimental results show that the combined analysis of ECG and SCG signals provide more reliable cardiac health monitoring compared to the standalone use of ECG and SCG.
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Di Rienzo M, Vaini E, Lombardi P. An algorithm for the beat-to-beat assessment of cardiac mechanics during sleep on Earth and in microgravity from the seismocardiogram. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15634. [PMID: 29142324 PMCID: PMC5688070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Seismocardiogram, SCG, is the measure of precordial vibrations produced by the beating heart, from which cardiac mechanics may be explored on a beat-to-beat basis. We recently collected a large amount of SCG data (>69 recording hours) from an astronaut to investigate cardiac mechanics during sleep aboard the International Space Station and on Earth. SCG sleep recordings are characterized by a prolonged duration and wide heart rate swings, thus a specific algorithm was developed for their analysis. In this article we describe the new algorithm and its performance. The algorithm is composed of three parts: 1) artifacts removal, 2) identification in each SCG waveform of four fiducial points associated with the opening and closure of the aortic and mitral valves, 3) beat-to-beat computation of indexes of cardiac mechanics from the SCG fiducial points. The algorithm was tested on two sleep recordings and yielded the identification of the fiducial points in more than 36,000 beats with a precision, quantified by the Positive Predictive Value, ≥99.2%. These positive findings provide the first evidence that cardiac mechanics may be explored by the automatic analysis of SCG long-lasting recordings, taken out of the laboratory setting, and in presence of significant heart rate modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Rienzo
- Dept. of Biomedical Technology, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, ONLUS, Milano, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Vaini
- Dept. of Biomedical Technology, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, ONLUS, Milano, Italy
| | - Prospero Lombardi
- Dept. of Biomedical Technology, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, ONLUS, Milano, Italy
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Yang C, Tavassolian N. Combined Seismo- and Gyro-Cardiography: A More Comprehensive Evaluation of Heart-Induced Chest Vibrations. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2017; 22:1466-1475. [PMID: 29990006 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2017.2764798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on the combined analysis of seismocardiogram (SCG) and gyrocardiogram (GCG) recordings. An inertial measurement unit (IMU) consisting of a three-axis micro-electromechanical (MEMS) accelerometer and a three-axis MEMS gyroscope is used to record heart-induced mechanical vibrations from the chest wall of the subjects. An electrocardiogram and an impedance cardiogram (ICG) sensor are also used as references for segmenting the cardiac cycles and recording the aortic valve opening and closure (AO and AC) events, respectively. A simplified model is proposed to explain the mechanical coupling of the chest wall to the IMU. Correlations and time differences are analyzed for the annotation of GCG and its first derivative with respect to ICG and SCG as references. Experimental results indicate a precise identification of systolic points such as the AO and AC events. The left ventricular ejection time and pre-ejection period metrics calculated from gyroscope recordings are also shown to accurately track their corresponding trends acquired from ICG signals. Waveform similarity analyses indicate that the first derivative of GCG has a better similarity with SCG than the GCG signal itself. Experimental results also suggest that interdevice differences in GCG recordings would need to be addressed before this technology can gain widespread application.
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Ashouri H, Inan OT. Automatic Detection of Seismocardiogram Sensor Misplacement for Robust Pre-Ejection Period Estimation in Unsupervised Settings. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2017; 17:3805-3813. [PMID: 29085256 PMCID: PMC5659316 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2017.2701349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Seismocardiography (SCG), the measurement of the local chest vibrations due to the movements of blood and the heart, is a non-invasive technique for assessing myocardial contractility via the pre-ejection period (PEP). Recently, SCG-based extraction of PEP has been shown to be an effective means of classifying decompensated from compensated heart failure patients, and thus can be potentially used for monitoring such patients at home. Accurate extraction of PEP from SCG signals hinges on lab-based population data (i.e., regression curves) linking particular time-domain features of the SCG signal to corresponding features from reference standard bulky instruments such as impedance cardiography (ICG). Such regression curves, in the case of SCG, have always been estimated based on the "ideal" positioning of the SCG sensor on the chest. However, in settings such as the home where users may position the SCG measurement hardware on the chest without supervision, it is likely that the sensor will not always be placed exactly on this "ideal" location on the sternum, but rather on other positions on the chest as well. In this study, we show for the first time that the regression curve for estimating PEP from SCG signals differs significantly as the position of the sensor changes. We further devise a method to automatically detect when the sensor is placed in any position other than the desired one in order to avoid inaccurate systolic time interval estimation. Our classification algorithm for this purpose resulted in 0.83 precision and 0.82 recall when classifying whether the sensor is placed in the desired position or not. The classifier was tested with heartbeats taken both at rest, and also during exercise recovery to ensure that waveform changes due to positioning could be accurately discriminated from those due to physiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazar Ashouri
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Omer T Inan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
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