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Wang L, Zhao J, Mao Y, Liu L, Li C, Wu H, Zhao H, Wu Q. Tartary buckwheat rutin: Accumulation, metabolic pathways, regulation mechanisms, and biofortification strategies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108503. [PMID: 38484679 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Rutin is a significant flavonoid with strong antioxidant property and various therapeutic effects. It plays a crucial role in disease prevention and human health maintenance, especially in anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular effects. While many plants can synthesize and accumulate rutin, tartary buckwheat is the only food crop possessing high levels of rutin. At present, the rutin content (RC) is regarded as the key index for evaluating the nutritional quality of tartary buckwheat. Consequently, rutin has become the focus for tartary buckwheat breeders and has made considerable progress. Here, we summarize research on the rutin in tartary buckwheat in the past two decades, including its accumulation, biosynthesis and breakdown pathways, and regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, we propose several strategies to increase the RC in tartary buckwheat seeds based on current knowledge. This review aims to provide valuable references for elevating the quality of tartary buckwheat in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Jiali Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Yuanbin Mao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Linling Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Chenglei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Huala Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Haixia Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China.
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Quindt MI, Gola GF, Ramirez JA, Bonesi SM. Light-Driven Two-Step Preparation of 4-Chromanone Fused to Estrone Derivatives. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13796-13812. [PMID: 37721803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
A protocol involving the irradiation of some 3-(2-alkenyl)estrone and 3-(2-alkenyl)-17-norestrone derivatives under a nitrogen atmosphere in organic solvents (both hexane and MeOH) followed by base-mediated intramolecular oxa-Michael cyclization reaction was investigated under steady-state conditions. The solvent effect and nature of the acyl group on the preparative photoreaction were studied and the multiplicity of the excited state was also demonstrated. The ortho-regioisomers were obtained in modest to good yields. Intramolecular based-mediate cyclization reaction of these synthons led to the formation of a set of novel substituted 4-chromanone moieties fused to estrone (and 17-norestrone) in good yields. This two-step sequential procedure involving a photochemical/intramolecular thermal cyclization strategy will be useful for the preparation of wide heterocyclic-fused-steroid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías I Quindt
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Gabriel F Gola
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
- Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Javier A Ramirez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
- Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Sergio M Bonesi
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
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Schmitz JM, Wolters JF, Murray NH, Guerra RM, Bingman CA, Hittinger CT, Pagliarini DJ. Aim18p and Aim46p are chalcone isomerase domain-containing mitochondrial hemoproteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102981. [PMID: 36739946 PMCID: PMC9996372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chalcone isomerases (CHIs) have well-established roles in the biosynthesis of plant flavonoid metabolites. Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses two predicted CHI-like proteins, Aim18p (encoded by YHR198C) and Aim46p (YHR199C), but it lacks other enzymes of the flavonoid pathway, suggesting that Aim18p and Aim46p employ the CHI fold for distinct purposes. Here, we demonstrate using proteinase K protection assays, sodium carbonate extractions, and crystallography that Aim18p and Aim46p reside on the mitochondrial inner membrane and adopt CHI folds, but they lack select active site residues and possess an extra fungal-specific loop. Consistent with these differences, Aim18p and Aim46p lack CHI activity and also the fatty acid-binding capabilities of other CHI-like proteins, but instead bind heme. We further show that diverse fungal homologs also bind heme and that Aim18p and Aim46p possess structural homology to a bacterial hemoprotein. Collectively, our work reveals a distinct function and cellular localization for two CHI-like proteins, introduces a new variation of a hemoprotein fold, and suggests that ancestral CHI-like proteins were hemoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Schmitz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John F Wolters
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, Wisconsin Energy Institute, J.F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nathan H Murray
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rachel M Guerra
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Craig A Bingman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Chris Todd Hittinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, Wisconsin Energy Institute, J.F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David J Pagliarini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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4
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Palm GJ, Thomsen M, Berndt L, Hinrichs W. Structural Basis for (2 R,3 R)-Taxifolin Binding and Reaction Products to the Bacterial Chalcone Isomerase of Eubacterium ramulus. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227909. [PMID: 36432010 PMCID: PMC9694015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial chalcone isomerase (CHI) from Eubacterium ramulus catalyses the first step in a flavanone-degradation pathway by a reverse Michael addition. The overall fold and the constitution of the active site of the enzyme completely differ from the well-characterised chalcone isomerase of plants. For (+)-taxifolin, CHI catalyses the intramolecular ring contraction to alphitonin. In this study, Fwe perform crystal structure analyses of CHI and its active site mutant His33Ala in the presence of the substrate taxifolin at 2.15 and 2.8 Å resolution, respectively. The inactive enzyme binds the substrate (+)-taxifolin as well defined, whereas the electron density maps of the native CHI show a superposition of substrate, product alphitonin, and most probably also the reaction intermediate taxifolin chalcone. Evidently, His33 mediates the stereospecific acid-base reaction by abstracting a proton from the flavonoid scaffold. The stereospecificity of the product is discussed.
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Wu X, Zou K, Liu X, Fu S, Zhang S, Duan Z, Zhou J, Liang Y. The novel distribution of intracellular and extracellular flavonoids produced by Aspergillus sp. Gbtc 2, an endophytic fungus from Ginkgo biloba root. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:972294. [PMID: 36386636 PMCID: PMC9643780 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.972294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we reported a Ginkgo endophyte, Aspergillus sp. Gbtc 2, isolated from the root tissue. Its flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was reconstructed, the effect of phenylalanine on the production of flavonoids was explored, and the flavonoid metabolites were identified with the high-resolution Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Some essential genes were annotated to form the upstream of the complete biosynthesis pathway, indicating that Aspergillus sp. Gbtc 2 has the ability to synthesize the C6–C3–C6 flavonoid monomers. HPLC results showed that adding an appropriate amount of phenylalanine could promote the production of flavonoids by Aspergillus Gbtc 2. LC–MS results depicted a significant difference in many flavonoids between intracellularly and extracellularly. Most of the flavonoids gathered in the cell contained glycosylation groups, while almost all components with multiple hydroxyls showed much higher concentrations extracellularly than intracellularly; they likely have different biological functions. A variety of these substances can be mapped back to the pathway pattern of flavonoid biosynthesis and prove the ability of flavonoid production once again. This study expanded the information on flavonoid biosynthesis in Aspergillus and provided a solid theoretical basis for developing the fungi into genetically engineered strains undertaking flavonoid industrialized production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhong Wu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kai Zou
- College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueduan Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shaodong Fu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuangfei Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenchun Duan
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yili Liang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Yili Liang,
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Wan Q, Bai T, Liu M, Liu Y, Xie Y, Zhang T, Huang M, Zhang J. Comparative Analysis of the Chalcone-Flavanone Isomerase Genes in Six Citrus Species and Their Expression Analysis in Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis). Front Genet 2022; 13:848141. [PMID: 35495138 PMCID: PMC9039136 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.848141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruit contains rich nutrients which is edible and of officinal value. Citrus flavanones are widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular and other diseases, and they are a foundational material of Chinese medicine. The chalcone-flavanone isomerase (CHI) plays a key role in flavanone synthesis. Therefore, we comprehensively analyzed CHI genes in Citrus species. Here, thirty CHI genes were identified for the first time in six Citrus species, which were divided into CHI and FAP groups. Evolutionary analysis showed that CHI gene members were highly conserved and were an ancient family. All CsCHI genes showed the highest expression level after the second physiological fruit-falling period in C. sinensis. CsCHI1 and CsCHI3 were highly expressed at 50 days after the flowering (DAF) stage in albedo. The expression of CsFAP2 and CsCHI3 genes at the 50 DAF stage was 16.5 and 24.3 times higher than that at the 220 DAF stage, respectively. The expression of CsCHI1, CsCHI3, and CsFAP2 genes in the peel was higher than that in the pulp, especially in common sweet orange. The CsCHI3 gene maintained a high expression level in the epicarp and juice sac at all periods. The members of CHIs interacted with chalcone synthase (CHS), flavonol synthase/flavanone 3-hydroxylase (FLS) and naringenin, and 2-oxoglutarate 3-dioxygenase (F3H) to form heterodimers, which might together play a regulatory role and participate in the flavonoid pathway. This study will provide the basis for the selection of flavonoids in plant tissues and periods and fundamental information for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- *Correspondence: Quan Wan, ; Jinlian Zhang,
| | - Tingting Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Minmin Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yating Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinlian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Quan Wan, ; Jinlian Zhang,
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7
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Zou K, Liu X, Hu Q, Zhang D, Fu S, Zhang S, Huang H, Lei F, Zhang G, Miao B, Meng D, Jiang L, Liu H, Yin H, Liang Y. Root Endophytes and Ginkgo biloba Are Likely to Share and Compensate Secondary Metabolic Processes, and Potentially Exchange Genetic Information by LTR-RTs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:704985. [PMID: 34305992 PMCID: PMC8301071 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.704985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba is a pharmaceutical resource for terpenes and flavonoids. However, few insights discussed endophytes' role in Ginkgo, and whether genetic exchange happens between Ginkgo and endophytes remains unclear. Herein, functional gene profiles and repetitive sequences were analyzed to focus on these issues. A total of 25 endophyte strains were isolated from the Ginkgo root and distributed in 16 genera of 6 phyla. Significant morphological diversities lead to the diversity in the COG functional classification. KEGG mapping revealed that endophytic bacteria and fungi potentially synthesize chalcone, while endophytic fungi might also promote flavonoid derivatization. Both bacteria and fungi may facilitate the lignin synthesis. Aspergillus sp. Gbtc_1 exhibited the feasibility of regulating alcohols to lignans. Although Ginkgo and the endophytes have not observed the critical levopimaradiene synthase in ginkgolides synthesis, the upstream pathways of terpenoid precursors are likely intact. The MVK genes in Ginkgo may have alternative non-homologous copies or be compensated by endophytes in long-term symbiosis. Cellulomonas sp. Gbtc_1 became the only bacteria to harbor both MEP and MVA pathways. Endophytes may perform the mutual transformation of IPP and DMAPP in the root. Ginkgo and bacteria may lead to the synthesis and derivatization of the carotenoid pathway. The isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis seemed lost in the Ginkgo root community, but L-dopa is more probably converted into dopamine as an essential signal-transduction substance. So, endophytes may participate in the secondary metabolism of the Ginkgo in a shared or complementary manner. Moreover, a few endophytic sequences predicted as Ty3/Gypsy and Ty1/Copia superfamilies exhibited extremely high similarity to those of Ginkgo. CDSs in such endophytic LTR-RT sequences were also highly homologous to one Ginkgo CDS. Therefore, LTR-RTs may be a rare unit flowing between the Ginkgo host and endophytes to exchange genetic information. Collectively, this research effectively expanded the insight on the symbiotic relationship between the Ginkgo host and the endophytes in the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Xueduan Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Hu
- NEOMICS Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Du Zhang
- Shenzhen Agricultural Genome Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaodong Fu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Shuangfei Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Haonan Huang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Fangying Lei
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Miao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Delong Meng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Luhua Jiang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Huaqun Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Yili Liang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
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Gomez-Cano L, Gomez-Cano F, Dillon FM, Alers-Velazquez R, Doseff AI, Grotewold E, Gray J. Discovery of modules involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of maize phenolic compounds. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110364. [PMID: 31928683 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are among the most diverse and widespread of specialized plant compounds and underly many important agronomic traits. Our comprehensive analysis of the maize genome unraveled new aspects of the genes involved in phenylpropanoid, monolignol, and flavonoid production in this important crop. Remarkably, just 19 genes accounted for 70 % of the overall mRNA accumulation of these genes across 95 tissues, indicating that these are the main contributors to the flux of phenolic metabolites. Eighty genes with intermediate to low expression play minor and more specialized roles. Remaining genes are likely undergoing loss of function or are expressed in limited cell types. Phylogenetic and expression analyses revealed which members of gene families governing metabolic entry and branch points exhibit duplication, subfunctionalization, or loss of function. Co-expression analysis applied to genes in sequential biosynthetic steps revealed that certain isoforms are highly co-expressed and are candidates for metabolic complexes that ensure metabolite delivery to correct cellular compartments. Co-expression of biosynthesis genes with transcription factors discovered connections that provided candidate components for regulatory modules governing this pathway. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of maize phenylpropanoid related genes, identifies major pathway contributors, and novel candidate enzymatic and regulatory modules of the metabolic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gomez-Cano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Fabio Gomez-Cano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Francisco M Dillon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | | | - Andrea I Doseff
- Department of Physiology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - John Gray
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
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Zhu C, Zhang S, Fu H, Zhou C, Chen L, Li X, Lin Y, Lai Z, Guo Y. Transcriptome and Phytochemical Analyses Provide New Insights Into Long Non-Coding RNAs Modulating Characteristic Secondary Metabolites of Oolong Tea ( Camellia sinensis) in Solar-Withering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1638. [PMID: 31929782 PMCID: PMC6941427 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Oolong tea is a popular and semi-fermented beverage. During the processing of tea leaves, withering is the first indispensable process for improving flavor. However, the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the characteristic secondary metabolites during the withering of oolong tea leaves remain unknown. In this study, phytochemical analyses indicated that total polyphenols, flavonoids, catechins, epigallocatechin (EGC), catechin gallate (CG), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) were all less abundant in the solar-withered leaves (SW) than in the fresh leaves (FL) and indoor-withered leaves (IW). In contrast, terpenoid, jasmonic acid (JA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) contents were higher in the SW than in the FL and IW. By analyzing the transcriptome data, we detected 32,036 lncRNAs. On the basis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, the flavonoid metabolic pathway, the terpenoid metabolic pathway, and the JA/MeJA biosynthesis and signal transduction pathway were enriched pathways. Additionally, 63 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE-lncRNAs) and 23 target genes were identified related to the three pathways. A comparison of the expression profiles of the DE-lncRNAs and their target genes between the SW and IW revealed four up-regulated genes (FLS, CCR, CAD, and HCT), seven up-regulated lncRNAs, four down-regulated genes (4CL, CHI, F3H, and F3'H), and three down-regulated lncRNAs related to flavonoid metabolism; nine up-regulated genes (DXS, CMK, HDS, HDR, AACT, MVK, PMK, GGPPS, and TPS), three up-regulated lncRNAs, and six down-regulated lncRNAs related to terpenoid metabolism; as well as six up-regulated genes (LOX, AOS, AOC, OPR, ACX, and MFP2), four up-regulated lncRNAs, and three down-regulated lncRNAs related to JA/MeJA biosynthesis and signal transduction. These results suggested that the expression of DE-lncRNAs and their targets involved in the three pathways may be related to the low abundance of the total polyphenols, flavonoids, and catechins (EGC, CG, GCG, ECG, and EGCG) and the high abundance of terpenoids in the SW. Moreover, solar irradiation, high JA and MeJA contents, and the endogenous target mimic (eTM)-related regulatory mechanism in the SW were also crucial for increasing the terpenoid levels. These findings provide new insights into the greater contribution of solar-withering to the high-quality flavor of oolong tea compared with the effects of indoor-withering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Fu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chengzhe Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhen Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuling Lin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuqiong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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The Chalcone Isomerase Family in Cotton: Whole-Genome Bioinformatic and Expression Analyses of the Gossypium barbadense L. Response to Fusarium Wilt Infection. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10121006. [PMID: 31817162 PMCID: PMC6947653 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chalcone isomerase (CHI) is a key component of phenylalanine metabolism that can produce a variety of flavonoids. However, little information and no systematic analysis of CHI genes is available for cotton. Here, we identified 33 CHI genes in the complete genome sequences of four cotton species (Gossypium arboretum L., Gossypium raimondii L., Gossypium hirsutum L., and Gossypium barbadense L.). Cotton CHI proteins were classified into two main groups, and whole-genome/segmental and dispersed duplication events were important in CHI gene family expansion. qRT-PCR and semiquantitative RT-PCR results suggest that CHI genes exhibit temporal and spatial variation and respond to infection with Fusarium wilt race 7. A preliminary model of CHI gene involvement in cotton evolution was established. Pairwise comparison revealed that seven CHI genes showed higher expression in cultivar 06-146 than in cultivar Xinhai 14. Overall, this whole-genome identification unlocks a new approach to the comprehensive functional analysis of the CHI gene family, which may be involved in adaptation to plant pathogen stress.
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11
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Guo D, Gao Y, Liu F, He B, Jia X, Meng F, Zhang H, Guo M. Integrating molecular characterization and metabolites profile revealed CtCHI1's significant role in Carthamus tinctorius L. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:376. [PMID: 31455221 PMCID: PMC6712624 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a traditional Chinese herb, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is valued for its florets to prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Basing on previous chemical analysis, the main active compounds are flavonoids in its florets. Although flavonoid biosynthetic pathway has been well-documented in many model species, unique biosynthetic pathway remains to be explored in safflower. Of note, as an important class of transitional enzymes, chalcone isomerase (CHI) has not been characterized in safflower. RESULTS According to our previous research, CHIs were identified in a safflower transcriptome library built by our lab. To characterize CHI in safflower, a CHI gene named CtCHI1 was identified. A multiple sequences alignment and phylogenetic tree demonstrate that CtCHI1 shares 92% amino acid identity and close relationship with CHI to Saussurea medusa. Additionally, subcellular localization analysis indicated CtCHI1-GFP fusion protein was mainly in the cell nucleus. Further, we purified CtCHI1 protein from E. coli which can effectively catalyze isomerization of 2',4',4,6'-tetrahydroxychalcone into naringenin in vitro. Via genetic engineer technology, we successfully obtained transgenic tobacco and safflower lines. In transgenic tobacco, overexpression of CtCHI1 significantly inhibited main secondary metabolites accumulation, including quercetin (~ 79.63% for ovx-5 line) and anthocyanins (~ 64.55% for ovx-15 line). As shown in transgenic safflower, overexpression of CtCHI1 resulted in upstream genes CtPAL3 and CtC4H1 increasing dramatically (up to ~ 3.9fold) while Ct4CL3, CtF3H and CtDFR2 were inhibited. Also, comparing the whole metabolomics database by PCA and PLS-DA between transgenic and control group, 788 potential differential metabolites were marked and most of them displayed up-regulated trends. In parallel, some isolated secondary metabolites, such as hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), rutin, kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside and dihydrokaempferol, accumulated in transgenic safflower plants. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found that CtCHI1 is an active, functional, catalytic protein. Moreover, CtCHI1 can negatively and competitively regulate anthocyanins and quercetin pathway branches in tobacco. By contrast, CtCHI1 can positively regulate flavonol and chalcone metabolic flow in safflower. This research provides some clues to understand CHI's differential biochemical functional characterization involving in flavonoid pathway. More molecular mechanisms of CHI remain to be explored in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Guo
- Pharmacy college, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Pharmacy college, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Pharmacy college, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Beixuan He
- Pharmacy college, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinlei Jia
- Pharmacy college, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanwang Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meili Guo
- Pharmacy college, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Liu X, Ahmad N, Yang L, Fu T, Kong J, Yao N, Dong Y, Wang N, Li X, Wang F, Liu X, Liu W, Li H. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of chalcone isomerase from Carthamus tinctorius. AMB Express 2019; 9:132. [PMID: 31435742 PMCID: PMC6704227 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoid is one of the widespread groups of plant secondary metabolites that provide several health benefits. However, the explicit mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis in plants largely remains unclear. Chalcone isomerase an important class of enzyme presents crucial role during flavonoid metabolism in many plants. Here, we isolated the full-length cDNA (1161 bp) of a novel Chalcone Isomerase from safflower encoding 217 amino acid polypeptide using oligos from 5′ and 3′ ends. The result of Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that CtCHI is highly homologous to other plants, including typical polyadenylation signals AATAA and Poly A tail. The transient expression in tobacco mesophyll cells using Green Fluorescent Protein tagging determined the subcellular localization of CtCHI in cell membrane and nucleus. The CtCHI ectopic expression in different safflower varieties at different flowering stages showed that CtCHI were found in abundance at the bud stage of Jihong No. 1. Further correlation analysis between CtCHI expression and flavonoid accumulation at various flowering phases suggested that CtCHI might play a potential role during flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower. In addition, the overexpression of pBASTA-CtCHI in transgenic Arabidopsis infiltrated with floral dip transformation showed relatively higher expression level and increased flavonoid accumulation than wild type. Moreover, the in vitro enzymatic activity and HPLC analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis confirmed the de novo biosynthesis of Rutin. Taken together, our findings laid the foundation of identifying an important gene that might influence flavonoid metabolism in safflower.
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Yin YC, Zhang XD, Gao ZQ, Hu T, Liu Y. The Research Progress of Chalcone Isomerase (CHI) in Plants. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:32-52. [PMID: 30324542 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chalcone isomerase (CHI) is the second rate-limiting and the first reported enzyme involved in the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids. It catalyzes the intramolecular cyclization reaction, converting the bicyclic chalcone into tricyclic (2S)-flavanone. In this paper, we obtained and analyzed 916 DNA sequences, 1310 mRNA sequences, and 2403 amino acid sequences of CHI registered in NCBI by Jan 2018. The full length of CHI DNA sequences ranges from 218 to 3758 bp, CHI mRNA sequences ranges from 265 to 1436 bp, and CHI amino acid sequences ranges from 35 to 465 amino acid residues. Forty representative species were selected from each family to construct the maximum likelihood tree and analyze the evolutionary relationship. According to the medicinal and agricultural use, 13 specific species were selected, and their physicochemical properties were analyzed. The molecular weight of CHI ranges from 23 to 26 kD, and the isoelectric point of CHI ranges from 4.93 to 5.85. All the half-life periods of CHI are 30 h in mammalian reticulocytes in vitro, 20 h in yeast, and 10 h in E. coli in vivo, theoretically. The consistency of the 13 CHI amino acid sequences is 63.55%. According to the similarity between each sequence, we selected four CHI sequences of Paeonia suffruticosa, Paeonia lactiflora, Taxus wallichiana, and Tradescantia hirsutiflora for secondary structure, three-dimensional protein models, conserved domains, transmembrane structure, and signal peptide prediction analysis. It was found that CHI sequences of Paeonia suffruticosa and Paeonia lactiflora owned a higher similarity; they both share the template 4doi.1.A. The four CHI all have no signal peptides, and they exert their activities in cytoplasm. Then, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Research Gate were used as information sources through the search terms 'chalcone isomerase', 'biosynthesis', 'expression', and their combinations to get the latest and comprehensive information of CHI, mainly from the year 2010 to 2018. More than 300 papers were searched and 116 papers were reviewed in the present work. We summarized the classification of CHI, catalytic reaction mechanism of CHI, and progress of genetic engineering regarding CHI clone, expression, and exogenous stimulator regulation. This paper will lay a foundation for further studies of CHI and other functional genes involved in flavonoids biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chao Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102401, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102401, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102401, China
| | - Ting Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102401, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102401, China.
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14
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Nielsen AJ, McNulty J. Polyphenolic natural products and natural product–inspired steroidal mimics as aromatase inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1274-1293. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamilton Ontario Canada
| | - James McNulty
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamilton Ontario Canada
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15
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Noncatalytic chalcone isomerase-fold proteins in Humulus lupulus are auxiliary components in prenylated flavonoid biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E5223-E5232. [PMID: 29760092 PMCID: PMC5984530 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802223115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we identify two noncatalytic chalcone isomerase-fold proteins, which are critical for high-efficiency prenylchalcone production in Humulus lupulus. Our results provide insights into their evolutionary development from the ancestral noncatalytic fatty acid-binding chalcone isomerase-fold proteins to specialized auxiliary proteins supporting flavonoid biosynthesis in plants, and open up the possibility of producing high-value plant prenylchalcones using heterologous systems. Xanthohumol (XN) and demethylxanthohumol (DMX) are specialized prenylated chalconoids with multiple pharmaceutical applications that accumulate to high levels in the glandular trichomes of hops (Humulus lupulus L.). Although all structural enzymes in the XN pathway have been functionally identified, biochemical mechanisms underlying highly efficient production of XN have not been fully resolved. In this study, we characterized two noncatalytic chalcone isomerase (CHI)-like proteins (designated as HlCHIL1 and HlCHIL2) using engineered yeast harboring all genes required for DMX production. HlCHIL2 increased DMX production by 2.3-fold, whereas HlCHIL1 significantly decreased DMX production by 30%. We show that CHIL2 is part of an active DMX biosynthetic metabolon in hop glandular trichomes that encompasses a chalcone synthase (CHS) and a membrane-bound prenyltransferase, and that type IV CHI-fold proteins of representative land plants contain conserved function to bind with CHS and enhance its activity. Binding assays and structural docking uncover a function of HlCHIL1 to bind DMX and naringenin chalcone to stabilize the ring-open configuration of these chalconoids. This study reveals the role of two HlCHILs in DMX biosynthesis in hops, and provides insight into their evolutionary development from the ancestral fatty acid-binding CHI-fold proteins to specialized auxiliary proteins supporting flavonoid biosynthesis in plants.
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Sobreira ACM, Pinto FDCL, Florêncio KGD, Wilke DV, Staats CC, Streit RDAS, Freire FDCDO, Pessoa ODL, Trindade-Silva AE, Canuto KM. Endophytic fungus Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum produces cyclopeptides and plant-related bioactive rotenoids. RSC Adv 2018; 8:35575-35586. [PMID: 35547902 PMCID: PMC9088075 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06824k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we integrated liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and high-throughput DNA sequencing for prospecting cytotoxic specialized metabolites from Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum, an endophytic fungus associated to the medicinal plant Myracrodruon urundeuva. LC-HRMS profiling allowed identifying putatively eleven compounds in the ethyl acetate extract from P. stromaticum broth. Additionally, a chemical fractionation guided by cytotoxicity combined with spectrometric analysis resulted in the isolation of three compounds: the cyclopeptide cyclo-l-Phe-d-Leu-l-Leu-l-Leu-l-lle along with the known rotenoids rotenolone and tephrosin. MTT assay showed that tephrosin (IC50 0.51 μg mL−1) has strong cytotoxic effect and may be pointed out as the compound responsible for the antiproliferative activity of P. stromaticum. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and genome mining of P. stromaticum draft genome revealed 56 contigs codifying specialized metabolites biosynthesis-related enzymes. Nearly half of such genes (44.6%) could be mapped to orphan Biosynthetic Gene Clusters (BGCs) of related plant pathogens belonging to family Botryosphaeriaceae. Also, screening for rotenoids biosynthetic enzymes led to characterization of a putative chalcone isomerase-like (CHI-like) protein. This is the first report of rotenoids biosynthesized by a fungus, unveiling a unique ability of P. stromaticum. Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum produces cyclopeptides and plant-related rotenoids, which are responsible for its antiproliferative effect.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline C. M. Sobreira
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica
- Universidade Federal do Ceará
- Fortaleza
- Brazil
| | | | | | - Diego V. Wilke
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos
- Universidade Federal do Ceará
- Fortaleza
- Brazil
| | - Charley C. Staats
- Centro de Biotecnologia
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
| | | | | | - Otília D. L. Pessoa
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica
- Universidade Federal do Ceará
- Fortaleza
- Brazil
| | - Amaro E. Trindade-Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos
- Universidade Federal do Ceará
- Fortaleza
- Brazil
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17
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Cheng AX, Zhang X, Han XJ, Zhang YY, Gao S, Liu CJ, Lou HX. Identification of chalcone isomerase in the basal land plants reveals an ancient evolution of enzymatic cyclization activity for synthesis of flavonoids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:909-924. [PMID: 29083033 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids ubiquitously distribute to the terrestrial plants and chalcone isomerase (CHI)-catalyzed intramolecular and stereospecific cyclization of chalcones is a committed step in the production of flavonoids. However, so far the bona fide CHIs are found only in vascular plants, and their origin and evolution remains elusive. We conducted transcriptomic and/or genomic sequence search, subsequent phylogenetic analysis, and detailed biochemical and genetic characterization to explore the potential existence of CHI proteins in the basal bryophyte liverwort species and the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii. We found that both liverwort and Selaginella species possess canonical CHI-fold proteins that cluster with their corresponding higher plant counterparts. Among them, some members exhibited bona fide CHI activity, which catalyze stereospecific cyclization of both 6'-hydroxychalcone and 6'-deoxychalcone, yielding corresponding 5-hydroxy and 5-deoxyflavanones, resembling the typical type II CHIs currently known to be 'specific' for legume plants. Expressing those primitive bona fide CHIs in the Arabidopsis chi mutant restores the seed coat transparent testa phenotype and the accumulation of flavonoids. These findings, in contrast to our current understanding of the evolution of enzymatic CHIs, suggest that emergence of the bona fide type II CHIs is an ancient evolution event that occurred before the divergence of liverwort lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Xiao-Juan Han
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yu-Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
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18
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Expression Profiling in Pinus pinaster in Response to Infection with the Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8080279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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He F, Pan Y. Purification and characterization of chalcone isomerase from fresh-cut Chinese water-chestnut. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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20
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Rozmer Z, Perjési P. Naturally occurring chalcones and their biological activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2016. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-014-9387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
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21
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Thomsen M, Tuukkanen A, Dickerhoff J, Palm GJ, Kratzat H, Svergun DI, Weisz K, Bornscheuer UT, Hinrichs W. Structure and catalytic mechanism of the evolutionarily unique bacterial chalcone isomerase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:907-17. [PMID: 25849401 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715001935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids represent a large class of secondary metabolites produced by plants. These polyphenolic compounds are well known for their antioxidative abilities, are antimicrobial phytoalexins responsible for flower pigmentation to attract pollinators and, in addition to other properties, are also specific bacterial regulators governing the expression of Rhizobium genes involved in root nodulation (Firmin et al., 1986). The bacterial chalcone isomerase (CHI) from Eubacterium ramulus catalyses the first step in a flavanone-degradation pathway by ring opening of (2S)-naringenin to form naringenin chalcone. The structural biology and enzymology of plant CHIs have been well documented, whereas the existence of bacterial CHIs has only recently been elucidated. This first determination of the structure of a bacterial CHI provides detailed structural insights into the key step of the flavonoid-degradation pathway. The active site could be confirmed by co-crystallization with the substrate (2S)-naringenin. The stereochemistry of the proposed mechanism of the isomerase reaction was verified by specific (1)H/(2)H isotope exchange observed by (1)H NMR experiments and was further supported by mutagenesis studies. The active site is shielded by a flexible lid, the varying structure of which could be modelled in different states of the catalytic cycle using small-angle X-ray scattering data together with the crystallographic structures. Comparison of bacterial CHI with the plant enzyme from Medicago sativa reveals that they have unrelated folds, suggesting that the enzyme activity evolved convergently from different ancestor proteins. Despite the lack of any functional relationship, the tertiary structure of the bacterial CHI shows similarities to the ferredoxin-like fold of a chlorite dismutase and the stress-related protein SP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Thomsen
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anne Tuukkanen
- EMBL, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Gebäude 25A, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Dickerhoff
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gottfried J Palm
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hanna Kratzat
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- EMBL, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Gebäude 25A, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Weisz
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Winfried Hinrichs
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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22
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Dastmalchi M, Dhaubhadel S. Soybean chalcone isomerase: evolution of the fold, and the differential expression and localization of the gene family. PLANTA 2015; 241:507-23. [PMID: 25385351 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Soybean chalcone isomerase (CHI) family contains twelve members with unique evolutionary background, expression patterns and is compartmentalized to specific subcellular locations. The phenylpropanoid pathway produces a diverse array of plant natural products. A key branch-point enzyme, chalcone isomerase, catalyzes the reaction producing flavanones, the backbone for many downstream metabolites such as flavonoids and isoflavonoids. We have identified twelve soybean GmCHIs that fall into four subfamilies. The study of this family in soybean in the context of various CHIs and CHI-like proteins, across divisions in the plant kingdom and beyond, shows an evolutionary journey from fatty acid-binding proteins (FAPs) to sterically restricted folds that gave rise to the chalcone-to-flavanone isomerase. There are four GmCHIs with this functionality, three of which belong to a legume-specific clade known as 'type II' CHIs. Tissue-specific expression of eight core members of the soybean CHI family showed differential temporal and spatial expression, pointing to the potential function of GmCHI1A in seed isoflavonoid production. Promoter analysis of the GmCHIs described the minutiae of sub-organ expression patterns. Subcellular localization of the family was conducted to investigate the possibility of pathway-specific compartmentalization. Subfamilies 1, 2 and 4 localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm, with nuclear localization of CHIs raising questions about alternate function. GmCHI3 isoforms localized to the chloroplast, which, in conjunction with their position on the phylogenetic tree and expression patterns, closely associates them with the FAPs. This study provides the first comprehensive look at soybean CHIs, a family of unique evolutionary background and biochemical function, with the catalytically active members producing the backbone substrate in an important plant metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Dastmalchi
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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23
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Przysiecka Ł, Książkiewicz M, Wolko B, Naganowska B. Structure, expression profile and phylogenetic inference of chalcone isomerase-like genes from the narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) genome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:268. [PMID: 25954293 PMCID: PMC4404975 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lupins, like other legumes, have a unique biosynthesis scheme of 5-deoxy-type flavonoids and isoflavonoids. A key enzyme in this pathway is chalcone isomerase (CHI), a member of CHI-fold protein family, encompassing subfamilies of CHI1, CHI2, CHI-like (CHIL), and fatty acid-binding (FAP) proteins. Here, two Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leafed lupin) CHILs, LangCHIL1 and LangCHIL2, were identified and characterized using DNA fingerprinting, cytogenetic and linkage mapping, sequencing and expression profiling. Clones carrying CHIL sequences were assembled into two contigs. Full gene sequences were obtained from these contigs, and mapped in two L. angustifolius linkage groups by gene-specific markers. Bacterial artificial chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization approach confirmed the localization of two LangCHIL genes in distinct chromosomes. The expression profiles of both LangCHIL isoforms were very similar. The highest level of transcription was in the roots of the third week of plant growth; thereafter, expression declined. The expression of both LangCHIL genes in leaves and stems was similar and low. Comparative mapping to reference legume genome sequences revealed strong syntenic links; however, LangCHIL2 contig had a much more conserved structure than LangCHIL1. LangCHIL2 is assumed to be an ancestor gene, whereas LangCHIL1 probably appeared as a result of duplication. As both copies are transcriptionally active, questions arise concerning their hypothetical functional divergence. Screening of the narrow-leafed lupin genome and transcriptome with CHI-fold protein sequences, followed by Bayesian inference of phylogeny and cross-genera synteny survey, identified representatives of all but one (CHI1) main subfamilies. They are as follows: two copies of CHI2, FAPa2 and CHIL, and single copies of FAPb and FAPa1. Duplicated genes are remnants of whole genome duplication which is assumed to have occurred after the divergence of Lupinus, Arachis, and Glycine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łucja Przysiecka
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of SciencesPoznań, Poland
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz UniversityPoznań, Poland
| | - Michał Książkiewicz
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of SciencesPoznań, Poland
- *Correspondence: Michał Książkiewicz, Department of Genomics, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland
| | - Bogdan Wolko
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of SciencesPoznań, Poland
| | - Barbara Naganowska
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of SciencesPoznań, Poland
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Mouradov A, Spangenberg G. Flavonoids: a metabolic network mediating plants adaptation to their real estate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:620. [PMID: 25426130 PMCID: PMC4226159 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective, the emergence of the sophisticated chemical scaffolds of flavonoid molecules represents a key step in the colonization of Earth's terrestrial environment by vascular plants nearly 500 million years ago. The subsequent evolution of flavonoids through recruitment and modification of ancestors involved in primary metabolism has allowed vascular plants to cope with pathogen invasion and damaging UV light. The functional properties of flavonoids as a unique combination of different classes of compounds vary significantly depending on the demands of their local real estate. Apart from geographical location, the composition of flavonoids is largely dependent on the plant species, their developmental stage, tissue type, subcellular localization, and key ecological influences of both biotic and abiotic origin. Molecular and metabolic cross-talk between flavonoid and other pathways as a result of the re-direction of intermediate molecules have been well investigated. This metabolic plasticity is a key factor in plant adaptive strength and is of paramount importance for early land plants adaptation to their local ecosystems. In human and animal health the biological and pharmacological activities of flavonoids have been investigated in great depth and have shown a wide range of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer properties. In this paper we review the application of advanced gene technologies for targeted reprogramming of the flavonoid pathway in plants to understand its molecular functions and explore opportunities for major improvements in forage plants enhancing animal health and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidyn Mouradov
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology UniversityBundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - German Spangenberg
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Biosciences Research Division, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscienceBundoora, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University – AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscienceBundoora, VIC, Australia
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Yang Y, Fu L, Zhang J, Hu L, Xu M, Xu J. Characterization of the xiamenmycin biosynthesis gene cluster in Streptomyces xiamenensis 318. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99537. [PMID: 24919072 PMCID: PMC4053376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xiamenmycin (1) is a prenylated benzopyran derivative with anti-fibrotic activity. To investigate the genetic basis of xiamenmycin biosynthesis, we performed genome mining in the xiamenmycin-producing Streptomyces xiamenensis wild-type strain 318 to identify a candidate gene cluster. The complete gene cluster, consisting of five genes, was confirmed by a series of gene inactivations and heterologous expression. Based on bioinformatics analyses of each gene and feeding experiments, we found that the structure of an intermediate xiamenmycin B (3) accumulated in a ximA inactivation mutant, allowing us to propose a biosynthetic pathway. All five of the genes in the pathway were genetically and biochemically characterized. XimA was biochemically characterized as an ATP-dependent amide synthetase, catalyzing an amide bond formation in the presence of ATP as the final step in Xiamenmycin biosynthesis. The Km value of XimA was determined to be 474.38 µM for the substrate xiamenmycin B. These studies provide opportunities to use genetic and chemo-enzymatic methods to create new benzopyran derivatives as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences. & Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences. & Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences. & Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linghan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences. & Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minjuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JX); (MX)
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences. & Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of oceanology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JX); (MX)
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Goiris K, Muylaert K, Voorspoels S, Noten B, De Paepe D, E Baart GJ, De Cooman L. Detection of flavonoids in microalgae from different evolutionary lineages. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2014; 50:483-92. [PMID: 26988321 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are important secondary plant metabolites believed to be present mainly in land plants. As phenolics were detected previously in microalgae using photometric assays, we wanted to investigate the nature of these phenolics and verify whether flavonoids are present. Therefore, in this study, we used state-of-the-art ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-two-dimensional mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) technology to investigate whether microalgae also contain flavonoids. For this, representative microalgal biomass samples from divergent evolutionary lineages (Cyanobacteria, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Haptophyta, Ochrophyta) were screened for a set of carefully selected precursors, intermediates, and end products of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Our data unequivocally showed that microalgae contain a wide range of flavonoids and thus must possess the enzyme pool required for their biosynthesis. Further, some of the microalgae displayed an intricate flavonoid pattern that is compatible with the established basic flavonoid pathway as observed in higher plants. This implies that the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway arose much earlier in evolution compared to what is generally accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Goiris
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), KAHO Sint-Lieven, KU Leuven, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, Gent, 9000, Belgium
- Research Unit Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, Kortrijk, 8500, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Muylaert
- Research Unit Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, Kortrijk, 8500, Belgium
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol, 2400, Belgium
| | - Bart Noten
- Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol, 2400, Belgium
| | - Domien De Paepe
- Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol, 2400, Belgium
- Technology and Food Science Unit (T&V), Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 115, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Gino J E Baart
- Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG) and Leuven Institute for Beer Research (LIBR), VIB Laboratory for Systems Biology, KU Leuven, Gaston Geenslaan 1, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Luc De Cooman
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), KAHO Sint-Lieven, KU Leuven, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, Gent, 9000, Belgium
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The homoeologous genes encoding chalcone–flavanone isomerase in Triticum aestivum L.: Structural characterization and expression in different parts of wheat plant. Gene 2014; 538:334-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gall M, Thomsen M, Peters C, Pavlidis IV, Jonczyk P, Grünert PP, Beutel S, Scheper T, Gross E, Backes M, Geißler T, Ley JP, Hilmer JM, Krammer G, Palm GJ, Hinrichs W, Bornscheuer UT. Enzymatische Umsetzung von Flavonoiden mit einer bakteriellen Chalconisomerase und einer Enoatreduktase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gall M, Thomsen M, Peters C, Pavlidis IV, Jonczyk P, Grünert PP, Beutel S, Scheper T, Gross E, Backes M, Geissler T, Ley JP, Hilmer JM, Krammer G, Palm GJ, Hinrichs W, Bornscheuer UT. Enzymatic conversion of flavonoids using bacterial chalcone isomerase and enoate reductase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:1439-42. [PMID: 24459060 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a large group of plant secondary metabolites with a variety of biological properties and are therefore of interest to many scientists, as they can lead to industrially interesting intermediates. The anaerobic gut bacterium Eubacterium ramulus can catabolize flavonoids, but until now, the pathway has not been experimentally confirmed. In the present work, a chalcone isomerase (CHI) and an enoate reductase (ERED) could be identified through whole genome sequencing and gene motif search. These two enzymes were successfully cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli in their active form, even under aerobic conditions. The catabolic pathway of E. ramulus was confirmed by biotransformations of flavanones into dihydrochalcones. The engineered E. coli strain that expresses both enzymes was used for the conversion of several flavanones, underlining the applicability of this biocatalytic cascade reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Gall
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487 Greifswald (Germany) http://biotech.uni-greifswald.de
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Tuan PA, Park WT, Xu H, Park NI, Park SU. Accumulation of tilianin and rosmarinic acid and expression of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes in Agastache rugosa. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5945-51. [PMID: 22630830 DOI: 10.1021/jf300833m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Korean mint (Agastache rugosa), a perennial, medicinal plant of the Labiatae family, has many useful constituents, including monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids. Among these, tilianin and rosmarinic acid, 2 well-known natural products, have many pharmacologically useful properties. Chalcone synthase (CHS) and chalcone isomerase (CHI) catalyze the first and second committed steps in the phenylpropanoid pathway of plants, leading to the production of tilianin. In this study, cDNAs encoding CHS (ArCHS) and CHI (ArCHI) were isolated from A. rugosa using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR. Amino acid sequence alignments showed that ArCHS and ArCHI shared high sequence identity and active sites with their respective orthologous genes. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis was used to determine the expression levels of genes involved in tilianin and rosmarinic acid biosyntheses in the flowers, leaves, stems, and roots of A. rugosa. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that the accumulation pattern of tilianin matched the expression patterns of ArCHS and ArCHI in different organs of A. rugosa. Moreover, acacetin, the precursor of tilianin, also demonstrated an accumulation pattern congruent with the expression of these 2 genes. The transcription levels of ArPAL, ArC4H, and Ar4CL were the highest in the leaves or flowers of the plant, which also contained a relatively high amount of rosmarinic acid. However, the roots showed a significant content of rosmarinic acid, although the transcription of ArPAL, ArC4H, and Ar4CL were low. The findings of our study support the medicinal usefulness of A. rugosa and indicate targets for increasing tilianin and rosmarinic acid production in this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Anh Tuan
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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Evolution of the chalcone-isomerase fold from fatty-acid binding to stereospecific catalysis. Nature 2012; 485:530-3. [PMID: 22622584 PMCID: PMC3880581 DOI: 10.1038/nature11009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Specialized metabolic enzymes biosynthesize chemicals of ecological importance, often sharing a pedigree with primary metabolic enzymes1. However, the lineage of the enzyme chalcone isomerase (CHI) remained a quandary. In vascular plants, CHI-catalyzed conversion of chalcones to chiral (S)-flavanones is a committed step in the production of plant flavonoids, compounds that contribute to attraction, defense2, and development3. CHI operates near the diffusion limit with stereospecific control4,5. While associated primarily with plants, the CHI-fold occurs in several other eukaryotic lineages and in some bacteria. Here we report crystal structures, ligand-binding properties, and in vivo functional characterization of a non-catalytic CHI-fold family from plants. A. thaliana contains five actively transcribed CHI-fold genes, three of which additionally encode amino-terminal chloroplast-transit sequences (cTP). These three CHI-fold proteins localize to plastids, the site of de novo fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis in plant cells. Furthermore, their expression profiles correlate with those of core FA biosynthetic enzymes, with maximal expression occurring in seeds and coinciding with increased FA storage in the developing embryo. In vitro, these proteins are Fatty Acid-binding Proteins (FAP). FAP knockout A. thaliana plants exhibit elevated alpha-linolenic acid levels and marked reproductive defects, including aberrant seed formation. Notably, the FAP discovery defines the adaptive evolution of a stereospecific and catalytically ‘perfected’ enzyme6 from a non-enzymatic ancestor over a defined period of plant evolution.
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Stark JL, Mercier KA, Mueller GA, Acton TB, Xiao R, Montelione GT, Powers R. Solution structure and function of YndB, an AHSA1 protein from Bacillus subtilis. Proteins 2011; 78:3328-40. [PMID: 20818668 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The solution structure of the Bacillus subtilis protein YndB has been solved using NMR to investigate proposed biological functions. The YndB structure exhibits the helix-grip fold, which consists of a β-sheet with two small and one long α-helix, forming a hydrophobic cavity that preferentially binds lipid-like molecules. Sequence and structure comparisons with proteins from eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and archaea suggest that YndB is very similar to the eukaryote protein Aha1, which binds to the middle domain of Hsp90 and induces ATPase activity. On the basis of these similarities, YndB has been classified as a member of the activator of Hsp90 ATPase homolog 1-like protein (AHSA1) family with a function that appears to be related to stress response. An in silico screen of a compound library of ∼ 18,500 lipids was used to identify classes of lipids that preferentially bind YndB. The in silico screen identified, in order of affinity, the chalcone/hydroxychalcone, flavanone, and flavone/flavonol classes of lipids, which was further verified by 2D (1) H-(15) N HSQC NMR titration experiments with trans-chalcone, flavanone, flavone, and flavonol. All of these compounds are typically found in plants as precursors to various flavonoid antibiotics and signaling molecules. The sum of the data suggests an involvement of YndB with the stress response of B. subtilis to chalcone-like flavonoids released by plants due to a pathogen infection. The observed binding of chalcone-like molecules by YndB is likely related to the symbiotic relationship between B. subtilis and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime L Stark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, USA
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Cheng H, Li L, Cheng S, Cao F, Wang Y, Yuan H. Molecular cloning and function assay of a chalcone isomerase gene (GbCHI) from Ginkgo biloba. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:49-62. [PMID: 21046109 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chalcone isomerase (CHI, EC 5.5.1.6) is one of the key enzymes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway catalyzing the stereospecific isomerization of chalcones into their corresponding (2S)-flavanones. In this investigation, both the cDNA sequence and the genomic sequence encoding the chalcone isomerase from Ginkgo biloba L. (designated as GbCHI) were isolated from the leaves. The GbCHI gene contained two introns and three extrons and encoded a peptide of 244 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 26.29 kDa and a pI of 7.76. RQPCR showed that GbCHI was expressed in a tissue-specific manner in G. biloba. Expression of GbCHI was also up-regulated by UV-B irradiation or treatment with 5-aminolevulinic acid or three plant growth regulator-ethylene, abscisic acid, and chlormequat-and these effects were consistent with analysis of the GbCHI promoter region. The recombinant protein was successfully expressed in an E.coli strain with the pET-28a vector. In vitro enzyme activity, assayed by HPLC, indicated that recombinant GbCHI protein could catalyze the formation of naringenin from 6'-hydroxychalcone. RQPCR analysis showed that CHI activity correlated with changes in transcription level of the CHI gene, GbCHI activity was also positively correlated with total flavonoid levels in ginkgo leaves, suggesting CHI as a key gene regulating flavonoid accumulation in ginkgo leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Cheng
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China
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Du H, Huang Y, Tang Y. Genetic and metabolic engineering of isoflavonoid biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:1293-312. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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McNulty J, Nair JJ, Bollareddy E, Keskar K, Thorat A, Crankshaw DJ, Holloway AC, Khan G, Wright GD, Ejim L. Isolation of flavonoids from the heartwood and resin of Prunus avium and some preliminary biological investigations. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:2040-6. [PMID: 19837443 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
An investigation of the constituents in heartwood and resin of Prunus avium is reported. A mini-library of structurally diverse flavanones and flavones was screened for human cytochrome P450 1A1, 3A4 and 19 (aromatase) inhibition, and for antifungal activity against a panel of pathogenic fungi. The defensive role of these natural plant flavonoids as antifungal phytoalexins and phytoanticipins is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McNulty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1.
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Ferrer JL, Austin MB, Stewart C, Noel JP. Structure and function of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:356-70. [PMID: 18272377 PMCID: PMC2860624 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As a major component of plant specialized metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways provide anthocyanins for pigmentation, flavonoids such as flavones for protection against UV photodamage, various flavonoid and isoflavonoid inducers of Rhizobium nodulation genes, polymeric lignin for structural support and assorted antimicrobial phytoalexins. As constituents of plant-rich diets and an assortment of herbal medicinal agents, the phenylpropanoids exhibit measurable cancer chemopreventive, antimitotic, estrogenic, antimalarial, antioxidant and antiasthmatic activities. The health benefits of consuming red wine, which contains significant amounts of 3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene (resveratrol) and other phenylpropanoids, highlight the increasing awareness in the medical community and the public at large as to the potential dietary importance of these plant derived compounds. As recently as a decade ago, little was known about the three-dimensional structure of the enzymes involved in these highly branched biosynthetic pathways. Ten years ago, we initiated X-ray crystallographic analyses of key enzymes of this pathway, complemented by biochemical and enzyme engineering studies. We first investigated chalcone synthase (CHS), the entry point of the flavonoid pathway, and its close relative stilbene synthase (STS). Work soon followed on the O-methyl transferases (OMTs) involved in modifications of chalcone, isoflavonoids and metabolic precursors of lignin. More recently, our groups and others have extended the range of phenylpropanoid pathway structural investigations to include the upstream enzymes responsible for the initial recruitment of phenylalanine and tyrosine, as well as a number of reductases, acyltransferases and ancillary tailoring enzymes of phenylpropanoid-derived metabolites. These structure-function studies collectively provide a comprehensive view of an important aspect of phenylpropanoid metabolism. More specifically, these atomic resolution insights into the architecture and mechanistic underpinnings of phenylpropanoid metabolizing enzymes contribute to our understanding of the emergence and on-going evolution of specialized phenylpropanoid products, and underscore the molecular basis of metabolic biodiversity at the chemical level. Finally, the detailed knowledge of the structure, function and evolution of these enzymes of specialized metabolism provide a set of experimental templates for the enzyme and metabolic engineering of production platforms for diverse novel compounds with desirable dietary and medicinal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-L Ferrer
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Joseph Fourier, Groupe Synchrotron, 41 rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble Cedex 1, France.
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Nagel J, Culley LK, Lu Y, Liu E, Matthews PD, Stevens JF, Page JE. EST analysis of hop glandular trichomes identifies an O-methyltransferase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of xanthohumol. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:186-200. [PMID: 18223037 PMCID: PMC2254931 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.107.055178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The glandular trichomes (lupulin glands) of hop (Humulus lupulus) synthesize essential oils and terpenophenolic resins, including the bioactive prenylflavonoid xanthohumol. To dissect the biosynthetic processes occurring in lupulin glands, we sequenced 10,581 ESTs from four trichome-derived cDNA libraries. ESTs representing enzymes of terpenoid biosynthesis, including all of the steps of the methyl 4-erythritol phosphate pathway, were abundant in the EST data set, as were ESTs for the known type III polyketide synthases of bitter acid and xanthohumol biosynthesis. The xanthohumol biosynthetic pathway involves a key O-methylation step. Four S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent O-methyltransferases (OMTs) with similarity to known flavonoid-methylating enzymes were present in the EST data set. OMT1, which was the most highly expressed OMT based on EST abundance and RT-PCR analysis, performs the final reaction in xanthohumol biosynthesis by methylating desmethylxanthohumol to form xanthohumol. OMT2 accepted a broad range of substrates, including desmethylxanthohumol, but did not form xanthohumol. Mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed it methylated xanthohumol to 4-O-methylxanthohumol, which is not known from hop. OMT3 was inactive with all substrates tested. The lupulin gland-specific EST data set expands the genomic resources for H. lupulus and provides further insight into the metabolic specialization of glandular trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Nagel
- National Research Council-Plant Biotechnology Institute, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W9
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Dittmer C, Raabe G, Hintermann L. Asymmetric Cyclization of 2′-Hydroxychalcones to Flavanones: Catalysis by Chiral Brønsted Acids and Bases. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Three major groups of pigments, the betalains, the carotenoids, and the anthocyanins, are responsible for the attractive natural display of flower colors. Because of the broad distribution of anthocyanins (synthesized as part of the flavonoid pathway) among the flowering plants, their biosynthesis and regulation are best understood. However, over the past few years, significant progress has been made in understanding the synthesis and participation of carotenoids (derived from isoprenoids) and betalains (derived from tyrosine) in flower pigmentation. These three families of pigments play important ecological functions, for example in the attraction of pollinating animals. Anthocyanins in particular have also been the target of numerous biotechnological efforts with the objective of creating new, or altering the properties of existing, coloring compounds. The focus of this review is to examine the biosynthesis, regulation, and contribution to flower coloration of these three groups of pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Grotewold
- Department of Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology, Plant Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Seshime Y, Juvvadi PR, Fujii I, Kitamoto K. Genomic evidences for the existence of a phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway in Aspergillus oryzae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337:747-51. [PMID: 16182237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants interact with their environment by producing a diverse array of secondary metabolites. A majority of these compounds are phenylpropanoids and flavonoids which are valued for their medicinal and agricultural properties. The phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway proceeds with the basic C6-C3 carbon skeleton of phenylalanine, and involves a wide range of enzymes viz., phenylalanine ammonia lyase, coumarate hydroxylase, coumarate ligase, chalcone synthase, chalcone reductase and chalcone isomerase. Recently, bacteria have also been shown to contain homodimeric polyketide synthases belonging to the plant chalcone synthase superfamily linking the capabilities of plants and bacteria in the biosynthesis of flavonoids. We report here the presence of genes encoding the core enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in an industrially useful fungus, Aspergillus oryzae. Although the assignment of enzyme function must be confirmed by further biochemical evidences, this work has allowed us to anticipate the phenylpropanoid metabolism profile in a filamentous fungus for the first time and paves way for research on identifying novel fungal flavonoid-like metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyo Seshime
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Seshime Y, Juvvadi PR, Fujii I, Kitamoto K. Discovery of a novel superfamily of type III polyketide synthases in Aspergillus oryzae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 331:253-60. [PMID: 15845386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Identification of genes encoding type III polyketide synthase (PKS) superfamily members in the industrially useful filamentous fungus, Aspergillus oryzae, revealed that their distribution is not specific to plants or bacteria. Among other Aspergilli (Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus fumigatus), A. oryzae was unique in possessing four chalcone synthase (CHS)-like genes (csyA, csyB, csyC, and csyD). Expression of csyA, csyB, and csyD genes was confirmed by RT-PCR. Comparative genome analyses revealed single putative type III PKS in Neurospora crassa and Fusarium graminearum, two each in Magnaporthe grisea and Podospora anserina, and three in Phenarocheate chrysosporium, with a phylogenic distinction from bacteria and plants. Conservation of catalytic residues in the CHSs across species implicated enzymatically active nature of these newly discovered homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyo Seshime
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Ralston L, Subramanian S, Matsuno M, Yu O. Partial reconstruction of flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthesis in yeast using soybean type I and type II chalcone isomerases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 137:1375-88. [PMID: 15778463 PMCID: PMC1088328 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.054502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids and isoflavonoids are major plant secondary metabolites that mediate diverse biological functions and exert significant ecological impacts. These compounds play important roles in many essential physiological processes. In addition, flavonoids and isoflavonoids have direct but complex effects on human health, ranging from reducing cholesterol levels and preventing certain cancers to improving women's health. In this study, we cloned and functionally characterized five soybean (Glycine max) chalcone isomerases (CHIs), key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway that produces flavonoids and isoflavonoids. Gene expression and kinetics analysis suggest that the soybean type I CHI, which uses naringenin chalcone as substrate, is coordinately regulated with other flavonoid-specific genes, while the type II CHIs, which use a variety of chalcone substrates, are coordinately regulated with an isoflavonoid-specific gene and specifically activated by nodulation signals. Furthermore, we found that some of the newly identified soybean CHIs do not require the 4'-hydroxy moiety on the substrate for high enzyme activity. We then engineered yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to produce flavonoid and isoflavonoid compounds. When one of the type II CHIs was coexpressed with an isoflavone synthase, the enzyme catalyzing the first committed step of isoflavonoid biosynthesis, various chalcone substrates added to the culture media were converted to an assortment of isoflavanones and isoflavones. We also reconstructed the flavonoid pathway by coexpressing CHI with either flavanone 3beta-hydroxylase or flavone synthase II. The in vivo reconstruction of the flavonoid and isoflavonoid pathways in yeast provides a unique platform to study enzyme interactions and metabolic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle Ralston
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
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