1
|
Wang Y, Wang W, Yu X, Wang Z, Zhou Z, Han Y, Li L. Global diversity of airborne pathogenic bacteria and fungi from wastewater treatment plants. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 258:121764. [PMID: 38761593 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been recognized as one of the major potential sources of the spread of airborne pathogenic microorganisms under the global pandemic of COVID-19. The differences in research regions, wastewater treatment processes, environmental conditions, and other aspects in the existing case studies have caused some confusion in the understanding of bioaerosol pollution characteristics. In this study, we integrated and analyzed data from field sampling and performed a systematic literature search to determine the abundance of airborne microorganisms in 13 countries and 37 cities across four continents (Asia, Europe, North America, and Africa). We analyzed the concentrations of bioaerosols, the core composition, global diversity, determinants, and potential risks of airborne pathogen communities in WWTPs. Our findings showed that the culturable bioaerosol concentrations of global WWTPs are 102-105 CFU/m3. Three core bacterial pathogens, namely Bacillus, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas, as well as two core fungal pathogens, Cladosporium and Aspergillus, were identified in the air across global WWTPs. WWTPs have unique core pathogenic communities and distinct continental divergence. The sources of airborne microorganisms (wastewater) and environmental variables (relative humidity and air contaminants) have impacts on the distribution of airborne pathogens. Potential health risks are associated with the core airborne pathogens in WWTPs. Our study showed the specificity, multifactorial influences, and potential pathogenicity of airborne pathogenic communities in WWTPs. Our findings can improve the understanding of the global diversity and biogeography of airborne pathogens in WWTPs, guiding risk assessment and control strategies for such pathogens. Furthermore, they provide a theoretical basis for safeguarding the health of WWTP workers and ensuring regional ecological security.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xuezheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, College of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010051, PR China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, College of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010051, PR China
| | - Ziyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, College of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010051, PR China
| | - Yunping Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rivest S, Lee ST, Cook D, Forrest JRK. Consequences of pollen defense compounds for pollinators and antagonists in a pollen-rewarding plant. Ecology 2024; 105:e4306. [PMID: 38590050 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Plants produce an array of defensive compounds with toxic or deterrent effects on insect herbivores. Pollen can contain relatively high concentrations of such defense compounds, but the causes and consequences of this enigmatic phenomenon remain mostly unknown. These compounds could potentially protect pollen against antagonists but could also reduce flower attractiveness to pollinators. We combined field observations of the pollen-rewarding Lupinus argenteus with chemical analysis and laboratory assays to test three hypotheses for the presence of pollen defense compounds: (1) these compounds are the result of spillover from adjacent tissues, (2) they protect against pollen thieves, and (3) they act as antimicrobial compounds. We also tested whether pollen defense compounds affect pollinator behavior. We found a positive relationship between alkaloid concentrations in pollen and petals, supporting the idea that pollen defense compounds partly originate from spillover. However, pollen and petals exhibited quantitatively (but not qualitatively) distinct alkaloid profiles, suggesting that plants can adjust pollen alkaloid composition independently from that of adjacent tissues. We found no relationship between pollen alkaloid concentration and the abundance of pollen thieves in Lupinus flowers. However, pollen alkaloids were negatively associated with bacterial abundance. Finally, plants with more alkaloids in their pollen received more pollinator visits, but these visits were shorter, resulting in no change in the overall number of flowers visited. We propose that pollen defense compounds are partly the result of spillover from other tissues, while they also play an antimicrobial role. The absence of negative effects of these compounds on pollinator visitation likely allows their maintenance in pollen at relatively high concentrations. Taken together, our results suggest that pollen alkaloids affect and are mediated by the interplay of multiple interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Rivest
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephen T Lee
- USDA ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel Cook
- USDA ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Jessica R K Forrest
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma L, Wang D, Ren Q, Sun J, Zhang L, Cheng Y, Jiang X. Gut Microbiota Affects Host Fitness of Fall Armyworm Feeding on Different Food Types. INSECTS 2024; 15:304. [PMID: 38786860 PMCID: PMC11122019 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, seriously threatens food and cash crops. Maize, wheat, and even rice damage by FAWs have been reported in many areas of China. It is urgent to clarify the mechanism which FAWs adapt to different feeding hosts and develop effective control technologies. Two-sex life tables and 16s rDNA sequencing were used to determine the host fitness and gut microbial diversity of FAWs when fed four different food types. Considering the life history parameters, pupa weight, and nutrient utilization indexes, the host fitness of FAWs when fed different food types changed in descending order as follows: artificial diet, maize, wheat, and rice. The gut microbial composition and the diversity of FAWs when fed different food types were significantly different, and those changes were driven by low-abundant bacteria. The gut microbes of FAWs that were fed with maize had the highest diversity. The functions of the gut microbes with significant abundance differences were enriched in nutrient and vitamin metabolism and other pathways that were closely related to host adaptation. Furthermore, we identified five genera (Acinetobacter, Variovorax, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Serratia) and one genus (Rahnella) that were positively and negatively correlated with the host fitness, respectively. This study revealed the possible role of gut microbes in the host adaptation of FAWs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xingfu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China; (L.M.); (D.W.); (Q.R.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Giordano R, Weber EP, Mitacek R, Flores A, Ledesma A, De AK, Herman TK, Soto-Adames FN, Nguyen MQ, Hill CB, Hartman GL. Patterns of asexual reproduction of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Matsumura), with and without the secondary symbionts Wolbachia and Arsenophonus, on susceptible and resistant soybean genotypes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1209595. [PMID: 37720159 PMCID: PMC10501154 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1209595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant breeding is used to develop crops with host resistance to aphids, however, virulent biotypes often develop that overcome host resistance genes. We tested whether the symbionts, Arsenophonus (A) and Wolbachia (W), affect virulence and fecundity in soybean aphid biotypes Bt1 and Bt3 cultured on whole plants and detached leaves of three resistant, Rag1, Rag2 and Rag1 + 2, and one susceptible, W82, soybean genotypes. Whole plants and individual aphid experiments of A. glycines with and without Arsenophonus and Wolbachia did not show differences in overall fecundity. Differences were observed in peak fecundity, first day of deposition, and day of maximum nymph deposition of individual aphids on detached leaves. Bt3 had higher fecundity than Bt1 on detached leaves of all plant genotypes regardless of bacterial profile. Symbionts did not affect peak fecundity of Bt1 but increased it in Bt3 (A+W+) and all Bt3 strains began to deposit nymphs earlier than the Bt1 (A+W-). Arsenophonus in Bt1 delayed the first day of nymph deposition in comparison to aposymbiotic Bt1 except when reared on Rag1 + 2. For the Bt1 and Bt3 strains, symbionts did not result in a significant difference in the day they deposited the maximum number of nymphs nor was there a difference in survival or variability in number of nymphs deposited. Variability of number of aphids deposited was higher in aphids feeding on resistant plant genotypes. The impact of Arsenophonus on soybean aphid patterns of fecundity was dependent on the aphid biotype and plant genotype. Wolbachia alone had no detectable impact but may have contributed to the increased fecundity of Bt3 (A+W+). An individual based model, using data from the detached leaves experiment and with intraspecific competition removed, found patterns similar to those observed in the greenhouse and growth chamber experiments including a significant interaction between soybean genotype and aphid strain. Combining individual data with the individual based model of population growth isolated the impact of fecundity and host resistance from intraspecific competition and host health. Changes to patterns of fecundity, influenced by the composition and concentration of symbionts, may contribute to competitive interactions among aphid genotypes and influence selection on virulent aphid populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Giordano
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Puerto Rico Science Technology and Research Trust, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Everett P. Weber
- Office of Institutional Research, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Ryan Mitacek
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alejandra Flores
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alonso Ledesma
- College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Arun K. De
- Animal Sciences Division, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, India
| | | | - Felipe N. Soto-Adames
- Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Minh Q. Nguyen
- Neochromosome, Inc., Long Island City, NY, United States
| | - Curtis B. Hill
- Neochromosome, Inc., Long Island City, NY, United States
| | - Glen L. Hartman
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khallaf MA, Sadek MM, Anderson P. Predator efficacy and attraction to herbivore-induced volatiles determine insect pest selection of inferior host plant. iScience 2023; 26:106077. [PMID: 36818286 PMCID: PMC9929603 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike mammals, most invertebrates provide no direct parental care for their progeny, which makes a well-selected oviposition site crucial. However, little is known about the female evaluation of opportunities and threats during host selection. Leveraging the wide range of host plants used by the polyphagous pest, Spodoptera littoralis, we investigate oviposition choice between two plants of different nutritional quality. Females prefer to lay their eggs on the host plant, which has inferior larval development and more natural enemies but provides lower predation rates. On the superior host plant, a major predator shows more successful search behavior and is more attracted to herbivore-induced volatiles. Our findings show that predator efficacy and odor-guided attraction, rather than predator abundance, determine enemy free space. We postulate that predators' behaviors contribute to the weak correlation between preference and performance during host plant selection in S. littoralis and in polyphagous insects in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Khallaf
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden,Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt,Corresponding author
| | - Medhat M. Sadek
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt,Corresponding author
| | - Peter Anderson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Studying Plant-Insect Interactions through the Analyses of the Diversity, Composition, and Functional Inference of Their Bacteriomes. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010040. [PMID: 36677331 PMCID: PMC9863603 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As with many other trophic interactions, the interchange of microorganisms between plants and their herbivorous insects is unavoidable. To test the hypothesis that the composition and diversity of the insect bacteriome are driven by the bacteriome of the plant, the bacteriomes of both the plant Datura inoxia and its specialist insect Lema daturaphila were characterised using 16S sRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Specifically, the bacteriomes associated with seeds, leaves, eggs, guts, and frass were described and compared. Then, the functions of the most abundant bacterial lineages found in the samples were inferred. Finally, the patterns of co-abundance among both bacteriomes were determined following a multilayer network approach. In accordance with our hypothesis, most genera were shared between plants and insects, but their abundances differed significantly within the samples collected. In the insect tissues, the most abundant genera were Pseudomonas (24.64%) in the eggs, Serratia (88.46%) in the gut, and Pseudomonas (36.27%) in the frass. In contrast, the most abundant ones in the plant were Serratia (40%) in seeds, Serratia (67%) in foliar endophytes, and Hymenobacter (12.85%) in foliar epiphytes. Indeed, PERMANOVA analysis showed that the composition of the bacteriomes was clustered by sample type (F = 9.36, p < 0.001). Functional inferences relevant to the interaction showed that in the plant samples, the category of Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites was significantly abundant (1.4%). In turn, the category of Xenobiotics degradation and metabolism was significantly present (2.5%) in the insect samples. Finally, the phyla Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota showed a pattern of co-abundance in the insect but not in the plant, suggesting that the co-abundance and not the presence−absence patterns might be more important when studying ecological interactions.
Collapse
|
7
|
Soth S, Glare TR, Hampton JG, Card SD, Brookes JJ, Narciso JO. You are what you eat: fungal metabolites and host plant affect the susceptibility of diamondback moth to entomopathogenic fungi. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14491. [PMID: 36570000 PMCID: PMC9774005 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Beauveria are entomopathogenic fungi of a broad range of arthropod pests. Many strains of Beauveria have been developed and marketed as biopesticides. Beauveria species are well-suited as the active ingredient within biopesticides because of their ease of mass production, ability to kill a wide range of pest species, consistency in different conditions, and safety with respect to human health. However, the efficacy of these biopesticides can be variable under field conditions. Two under-researched areas, which may limit the deployment of Beauveria-based biopesticides, are the type and amount of insecticidal compounds produced by these fungi and the influence of diet on the susceptibility of specific insect pests to these entomopathogens. Methods To understand and remedy this weakness, we investigated the effect of insect diet and Beauveria-derived toxins on the susceptibility of diamondback moth larvae to Beauveria infection. Two New Zealand-derived fungal isolates, B. pseudobassiana I12 Damo and B. bassiana CTL20, previously identified with high virulence towards diamondback moth larvae, were selected for this study. Larvae of diamondback moth were fed on four different plant diets, based on different types of Brassicaceae, namely broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, and radish, before their susceptibility to the two isolates of Beauveria was assessed. A second experiment assessed secondary metabolites produced from three genetically diverse isolates of Beauveria for their virulence towards diamondback moth larvae. Results Diamondback moth larvae fed on broccoli were more susceptible to infection by B. pseudobassiana while larvae fed on radish were more susceptible to infection by B. bassiana. Furthermore, the supernatant from an isolate of B. pseudobassiana resulted in 55% and 65% mortality for half and full-strength culture filtrates, respectively, while the filtrates from two other Beauveria isolates, including a B. bassiana isolate, killed less than 50% of larvae. This study demonstrated different levels of susceptibility of the insects raised on different plant diets and the potential use of metabolites produced by Beauveria isolates in addition to their conidia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sereyboth Soth
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand,Department of Science, Technology and Innovation Training, National Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation, Chak Angre Leu, Mean Chey, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Travis R. Glare
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - John G. Hampton
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Stuart D. Card
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, Manawatū-Whanganui, New Zealand
| | - Jenny J. Brookes
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Josefina O. Narciso
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu J, Tu X, Huang AC. Functions and biosynthesis of plant signaling metabolites mediating plant-microbe interactions. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1393-1422. [PMID: 35766105 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00010e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2015-2022Plants and microbes have coevolved since their appearance, and their interactions, to some extent, define plant health. A reasonable fraction of small molecules plants produced are involved in mediating plant-microbe interactions, yet their functions and biosynthesis remain fragmented. The identification of these compounds and their biosynthetic genes will open up avenues for plant fitness improvement by manipulating metabolite-mediated plant-microbe interactions. Herein, we integrate the current knowledge on their chemical structures, bioactivities, and biosynthesis with the view of providing a high-level overview on their biosynthetic origins and evolutionary trajectory, and pinpointing the yet unknown and key enzymatic steps in diverse biosynthetic pathways. We further discuss the theoretical basis and prospects for directing plant signaling metabolite biosynthesis for microbe-aided plant health improvement in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Xingzhao Tu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Ancheng C Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guo HG, Han CY, Zhang AH, Yang AZ, Qin XC, Zhang MZ, Du YL. Penicillium fungi mediate behavioral responses of the yellow peach moth, Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) to apple fruits via altering the emissions of host plant VOCs. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 110:e21895. [PMID: 35373383 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant-associated microbes have been reported as important but overlooked drivers of plant-herbivorous insect interactions. Influence of plant-associated microbes on plant-insect interactions is diverse, including beneficial, detrimental, and neutral. Here, we determined the effects of three Penicillium fungi, including Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium sumatrense, and Penicillium digitatum, on the oviposition selection and behavior of the yellow peach moth (YPM), Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée). Compared with fungi noninfected apples (NIA), mechanically damaged apples (MDA), and P. citrinum in potato dextrose agar medium (PC), the oviposition selection and four-arm olfactometer experiments both showed that mated YPM females preferred to P. citrinum-infected apples (PCA). For P. sumatrense or P. digitatum, we also found that mated YPM females preferred to P. sumatrense-infected apples (PSA) or P. digitatum-infected apples (PDA), respectively. Among three Penicillium fungi-infected apples, the selection rates including oviposition and olfactometer behavior of mated YPM females on PDA were both higher than those on PSA and PCA. Further analyses of host plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by GC-MS showed that the absolute contents of ethyl hexanoate and (Z, E)-α-farnesene in PCA, PSA, and PDA were all higher than those in NIA, and a total of 16 novel VOCs were detected in fungi-infected apples (PCA, PSA, and PDA), indicating that fungi infection changed the components and proportions of apple VOCs. Taken together, three Penicillium fungi play significant roles in mediating the host selection of YPMs via altering the emissions of VOCs. These findings will be beneficial for developing formulations for field trapping of YPMs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gang Guo
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Yu Han
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Huan Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Zhen Yang
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Qin
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Zhao Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Li Du
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Microclimate influences plant reproductive performance via an antagonistic interaction. Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Relationships between the Pathogen Erysiphe alphitoides, the Phytophagous Mite Schizotetranychus garmani (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the Predatory Mite Euseius finlandicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Oak. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12110981. [PMID: 34821782 PMCID: PMC8620041 DOI: 10.3390/insects12110981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Knowledge about the relationships between plant pathogens, arthropods, and their natural enemies is scarce. We studied the relationships between the plant fungal pathogen, Erysiphe alphitoides, the phytophagous mite Schizotetranychus garmani, and the predatory mite Euseius finlandicus in leaves of pedunculate oak. In June, July and August 2016, in 30 trees located in three forests near Belgrade, Serbia, the presence of E. alphitoides, S. garmani and E. finlandicus was assessed. The occurrence of E. alphitoides was high where the population of S. garmani was high. However, the presence of the leaf pathogen E. alphitoides was not related to the amount of the predatory mite E. finlandicus. The relationships between powdery mildew and the two mite species were stable across time and space, and the presence of one mite was not influenced by the presence of the other mite. Abstract Food webs on forest trees include plant pathogens, arthropods, and their natural enemies. To increase the understanding of the impact of a plant pathogen on herbivore-natural enemy interactions, we studied the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe alphitoides, the phytophagous mite Schizotetranychus garmani, and the predatory and mycophagous mite Euseius finlandicus in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) leaves. In June, July and August of 2016, we assessed the severity of powdery mildew, mite population density and adult female mite size in 30 trees in three forests near Belgrade, Serbia. In August, the infection severity of E. alphitoides related positively to the population density of S. garmani and negatively to the body size of S. garmani females. Throughout the vegetative season, the infection severity of E. alphitoides related positively to the population density of E. finlandicus but not to its body size. The effect of E. alphitoides on the population density and adult size of S. garmani was not mediated by the population density of E. finlandicus, and vice versa. Interactions were consistent in all forests and varied with the summer month. Our findings indicate that E. alphitoides can influence the average body size and population densities of prey and predatory mites studied, irrespective of predator-prey relationships.
Collapse
|
12
|
Thöming G. Behavior Matters-Future Need for Insect Studies on Odor-Mediated Host Plant Recognition with the Aim of Making Use of Allelochemicals for Plant Protection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10469-10479. [PMID: 34482687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Allelochemicals, chemical cues that, among other things, mediate insect-plant interactions, such as host plant recognition, have attracted notable interest as tools for ecological control of pest insects. Advances have recently been made in methods for sampling and analyzing volatile compounds and technology for tracking insects in their natural habitat. However, progress in odor-mediated behavioral bioassays of insects has been relatively slow. This perspective highlights this odor-mediated insect behavior, particularly in a natural setting and considering the whole behavioral sequence involved in the host location, which is the key to understanding the mechanisms underlying host plant recognition. There is thus a need to focus on elaborate behavioral bioassays in future studies, particularly if the goal is to use allelochemicals in pest control. Future directions for research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunda Thöming
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Høgskoleveien 7, NO-1433 Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
St Leger RJ. Insects and their pathogens in a changing climate. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 184:107644. [PMID: 34237297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The complex nature of climate change-mediated multitrophic interaction is an underexplored area, but has the potential to dramatically shift transmission and distribution of many insects and their pathogens, placing some populations closer to the brink of extinction. However, for individual insect-pathogen interactions climate change will have complicated hard-to-anticipate impacts. Thus, both pathogen virulence and insect host immunity are intrinsically linked with generalized stress responses, and in both pathogen and host have extensive trade-offs with nutrition (e.g., host plant quality), growth and reproduction. Potentially alleviating or exasperating these impacts, some pathogens and hosts respond genetically and rapidly to environmental shifts. This review identifies many areas for future research including a particular need to identify how altered global warming interacts with other environmental changes and stressors, and how consistent these impacts are across pathogens and hosts. With that achieved we would be closer to producing an overarching framework to integrate knowledge on all environmental interplay and infectious disease events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J St Leger
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ban F, Zhong Y, Pan L, Mao L, Wang X, Liu Y. Coinfection by Two Begomoviruses Aggravates Plant Symptoms But Does Not Influence the Performance and Preference of Insect Vector Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:547-554. [PMID: 33503240 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In nature, a plant can be infected by multiple viruses simultaneously. However, the effects of coinfection on plant-vector interactions are less well studied. Two begomoviruses of the family Geminiviridae, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), occur sympatrically in China. Each of them is reported to increase the performance of whitefly vector via manipulation of plant traits. In this study, we examined the effects of coinfection by the two viruses TYLCV and TYLCCNV on plant-whitefly interactions, compared to that infected by a single virus. We found that plants infected by two viruses showed aggravated symptoms but the performance and preference of whiteflies were not altered significantly compared to singly-infected plants. Coinfection suppressed the transcription of genes involved in jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway in plants, but showed no significant difference to single-virus infected plants. These findings suggest that although TYLCV and TYLCCNV may synergistically induce plant symptoms, they did not manipulate synergistically plant-mediated responses to the insect vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feixue Ban
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogen and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Zhong
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogen and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lilong Pan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogen and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Mao
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences (ACAES), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogen and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinquan Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogen and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Eberl F, Fernandez de Bobadilla M, Reichelt M, Hammerbacher A, Gershenzon J, Unsicker SB. Herbivory meets fungivory: insect herbivores feed on plant pathogenic fungi for their own benefit. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1073-1084. [PMID: 32307873 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plants are regularly colonised by fungi and bacteria, but plant-inhabiting microbes are rarely considered in studies on plant-herbivore interactions. Here we show that young gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) caterpillars prefer to feed on black poplar (Populus nigra) foliage infected by the rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina instead of uninfected control foliage, and selectively consume fungal spores. This consumption, also observed in a related lepidopteran species, is stimulated by the sugar alcohol mannitol, found in much higher concentration in fungal tissue and infected leaves than uninfected plant foliage. Gypsy moth larvae developed more rapidly on rust-infected leaves, which cannot be attributed to mannitol but rather to greater levels of total nitrogen, essential amino acids and B vitamins in fungal tissue and fungus-infected leaves. Herbivore consumption of fungi and other microbes may be much more widespread than commonly believed with important consequences for the ecology and evolution of plant-herbivore interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Eberl
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Maite Fernandez de Bobadilla
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille B Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Su Q, Yang F, Yao Q, Peng Z, Tong H, Wang S, Xie W, Wu Q, Zhang Y. A non‐vector herbivore indirectly increases the transmission of a vector‐borne virus by reducing plant chemical defences. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management College of Agriculture Yangtze University JingzhouHubei China
| | - Fengbo Yang
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management College of Agriculture Yangtze University JingzhouHubei China
| | - Qixi Yao
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management College of Agriculture Yangtze University JingzhouHubei China
| | - Zhengke Peng
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Hong Tong
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management College of Agriculture Yangtze University JingzhouHubei China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wen Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang KL, Liu QS, Kang HX, Liu XM, Chen XP, Peng YF, Li YH. Herbivore-induced rice resistance against rice blast mediated by salicylic acid. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:49-57. [PMID: 29999564 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In agro-ecosystems, plants are important mediators of interactions between their associated herbivorous insects and microbes, and any change in plants induced by one species may lead to cascading effects on interactions with other species. Often, such effects are regulated by phytohormones such as jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). Here, we investigated the tripartite interactions among rice plants, three insect herbivores (Chilo suppressalis, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis or Nilaparvata lugens), and the causal agent of rice blast disease, the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. We found that pre-infestation of rice by C. suppressalis or N. lugens but not by C. medinalis conferred resistance to M. oryzae. For C. suppressalis and N. lugens, insect infestation without fungal inoculation induced the accumulation of both JA and SA in rice leaves. In contrast, infestation by C. medinalis increased JA levels but reduced SA levels. The exogenous application of SA but not of JA conferred resistance against M. oryzae. These results suggest that pre-infestation by C. suppressalis or N. lugens conferred resistance against M. oryzae by increasing SA accumulation. These findings enhance our understanding of the interactions among rice plant, insects and pathogens, and provide valuable information for developing an ecologically sound strategy for controlling rice blast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Li Zhang
- College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Song Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Hou-Xiang Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Liu
- College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Fa Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-He Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pokutnaya D, Molaei G, Weinberger DM, Vossbrinck CR, Diaz AJ. Prevalence of Infection and Co-Infection and Presence of Rickettsial Endosymbionts in Ixodes Scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Connecticut, USA. J Parasitol 2020. [PMID: 31971489 DOI: 10.1645/19-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodes scapularis is currently known to transmit 7 pathogens responsible for Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, tick-borne relapsing fever, ehrlichiosis, and Powassan encephalitis. Ixodes scapularis can also be colonized by endosymbiotic bacteria including those in the genus of Rickettsia. We screened 459 I. scapularis ticks submitted to the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Tick Testing Laboratory with the objectives to (1) examine differences in infection prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti, and Borrelia miyamotoi, (2) evaluate whether prevalence of co-infections occur at the same frequency that would be expected based on single infection, and (3) determine the presence of rickettsial endosymbionts in I. scapularis. The prevalence of infection in I. scapularis was highest with Bo. burgdorferi sensu lato (nymph = 45.8%; female = 47.0%), followed by A. phagocytophilum (nymph = 4.0%; female = 6.9%), Ba. microti (nymph = 5.7%; female = 4.7%), and Bo. miyamotoi (nymph = 0%; female = 7.3%). We also identified rickettsial endosymbionts in 93.3% of I. scapularis. Nymphs were significantly more likely to be infected with Bo. burgdorferi if they were infected with Ba. microti, whereas adult females were significantly more likely to be infected with Bo. burgdorferi if they were infected with A. phagocytophilum. Our study suggests that the infection prevalence of Bo. burgdorferi is not independent of other co-circulating pathogens and that there is a substantially higher infection of Bo. miyamotoi in I. scapularis females compared with nymphs in this study. High prevalence of infection and co-infection with multiple pathogens in I. scapularis highlights the public health consequences in Connecticut, a state endemic for Lyme and other tick-borne diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darya Pokutnaya
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, P.O. Box 208034, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8034
| | - Goudarz Molaei
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, P.O. Box 208034, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8034.,Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511.,Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Daniel M Weinberger
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, P.O. Box 208034, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8034
| | - Charles R Vossbrinck
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Alexander J Diaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Guo C, Peng X, Zheng X, Wang X, Wang R, Huang Z, Yang Z. Comparison of bacterial diversity and abundance between sexes of Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from China. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8411. [PMID: 31988811 PMCID: PMC6969552 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insects harbor a myriad of microorganisms, many of which can affect the sex ratio and manipulate the reproduction of the host. Leptocybe invasa is an invasive pest that causes serious damage to eucalyptus plantations, and the thelytokous parthenogenesis, low temperature resistance, protection in galls, generation overlap and small body of L. invasa contribute to its rapid invasion and population growth. However, the endosymbiotic bacterial composition, abundance and sex differences of L. invasa remain unclear. Therefore, this research aimed to identify the bacterial communities in L. invasa adults and compare them between the sexes of L. invasa lineage B. Results The Illumina MiSeq platform was used to compare bacterial community composition between females and males of L. invasa by sequencing the V3–V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. A total of 1,320 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained. These OTUs were subdivided into 24 phyla, 71 classes, 130 orders, 245 families and 501 genera. At the genus level, the dominant bacteria in females and males were Rickettsia and Rhizobium, respectively. Conclusion The endosymbiotic bacteria of L. invasa females and males were highly diverse. There were differences in the bacterial community of L. invasa between sexes, and the bacterial diversity in male specimens was greater than that in female specimens. This study presents a comprehensive comparison of bacterial communities in L. invasa and these data will provide an overall view of the bacterial community in both sexes of L. invasa with special attention on sex-related bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Guo
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xin Peng
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xialin Zheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zongyou Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhende Yang
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tofangsazi N, Hogg BN, Portman SL, Pratt PD. Tritrophic Interactions Between an Invasive Weed (Lepidium latifolium), an Insect Herbivore (Bagrada hilaris), and a Plant Pathogenic Fungus (Albugo lepidii). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:1317-1322. [PMID: 31603981 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perennial pepperweed, Lepidium latifolium L. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae), is an invasive weed that can form dense stands and displace native species. Bagrada hilaris Burmeister (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a serious economic pest of Brassicaceae vegetable crops. Bagrada bug also feeds on L. latifolium and may interact with the plant fungal pathogen Albugo lepidii S.I. (Peronosporales: Albuginaceae) to affect biological control of L. latifolium. A series of laboratory experiments, including Y-tube olfactometer and host-choice tests, were conducted to investigate B. hilaris host-preference behavior. Adults were attracted to the odor of healthy L. latifolium compared with A. lepidii-infected leaves. Bagrada hilaris consistently preferred to feed on healthy L. latifolium when offered both healthy and A. lepidii-infected plants. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of A. lepidii-infected L. latifolium on B. hilaris survival and development. Survival of all B. hilaris immature stages and adults was markedly reduced for those reared on A. lepidii-infected leaves. Total development time and stage-specific development were faster on healthy L. latifolium leaves compared with A. lepidii-infected leaves. In addition, the ability of B. hilaris adults to passively transmit the rust was studied. Our data demonstrated that B. hilaris could acquire the rust spores while feeding, but it did not passively transmit the pathogen to healthy plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Tofangsazi
- Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Albany, CA
| | - Brian N Hogg
- Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Albany, CA
| | - Scott L Portman
- Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Albany, CA
| | - Paul D Pratt
- Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Albany, CA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fouks B, Wagoner KM. Pollinator parasites and the evolution of floral traits. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:6722-6737. [PMID: 31236255 PMCID: PMC6580263 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The main selective force driving floral evolution and diversity is plant-pollinator interactions. Pollinators use floral signals and indirect cues to assess flower reward, and the ensuing flower choice has major implications for plant fitness. While many pollinator behaviors have been described, the impact of parasites on pollinator foraging decisions and plant-pollinator interactions have been largely overlooked. Growing evidence of the transmission of parasites through the shared-use of flowers by pollinators demonstrate the importance of behavioral immunity (altered behaviors that enhance parasite resistance) to pollinator health. During foraging bouts, pollinators can protect themselves against parasites through self-medication, disease avoidance, and grooming. Recent studies have documented immune behaviors in foraging pollinators, as well as the impacts of such behaviors on flower visitation. Because pollinator parasites can affect flower choice and pollen dispersal, they may ultimately impact flower fitness. Here, we discuss how pollinator immune behaviors and floral traits may affect the presence and transmission of pollinator parasites, as well as how pollinator parasites, through these immune behaviors, can impact plant-pollinator interactions. We further discuss how pollinator immune behaviors can impact plant fitness, and how floral traits may adapt to optimize plant fitness in response to pollinator parasites. We propose future research directions to assess the role of pollinator parasites in plant-pollinator interactions and evolution, and we propose better integration of the role of pollinator parasites into research related to pollinator optimal foraging theory, floral diversity and agricultural practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Fouks
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North Carolina at GreensboroGreensboroNorth Carolina
| | - Kaira M. Wagoner
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North Carolina at GreensboroGreensboroNorth Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Santini A, Battisti A. Complex Insect-Pathogen Interactions in Tree Pandemics. Front Physiol 2019; 10:550. [PMID: 31133880 PMCID: PMC6517489 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tree pandemics are a major cause of economic and ecological loss in forest and urban ecosystems. They often depend on the introduction of a non-native pathogen, which is occupying the niche of a native, non-aggressive organism. Complex interactions with native insects carrying fungi and nematodes can be established based on the proximity of the aggressive pathogenic agents. Here we review three major pandemics of forest and urban trees in temperate ecosystems at world scale, i.e., the Dutch elm disease, the cypress canker, and the pine wilt disease. For each system, the relationships between aggressive and non-aggressive fungi and nematodes with the native insect vectors are presented. Hidden players such as insects, microorganisms or plants, which may have the role of facilitating or contrasting the performance of the agents, are also considered. Results suggest that pandemics rely on the introduction of a non-native pathogen that exploits well-developed interactions between native non-aggressive organisms and insects associated with trees. The success of the invaders depends on the morpho-physiological proximity of the players and on the mutual benefits resulting from the associations. Deciphering such interactions in native systems may help to predict the outcome of the introduction of new pathogens and the development of new tree pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Santini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Centre, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Andrea Battisti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Valdés A, Ehrlén J. Caterpillar seed predators mediate shifts in selection on flowering phenology in their host plant. Ecology 2018; 98:228-238. [PMID: 28052392 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Variation in selection among populations and years has important implications for evolutionary trajectories of populations. Yet, the agents of selection causing this variation have rarely been identified. Selection on the time of reproduction within a season in plants might differ both among populations and among years, and selection can be mediated by both mutualists and antagonists. We investigated if differences in the direction of phenotypic selection on flowering phenology among 20 populations of Gentiana pneumonanthe during 2 yr were related to the presence of the butterfly seed predator Phengaris alcon, and if butterfly incidence was associated with the abundance of the butterfly's second host, Myrmica ants. In plant populations without the butterfly, phenotypic selection favored earlier flowering. In populations where the butterfly was present, caterpillars preferentially attacked early-flowering individuals, shifting the direction of selection to favoring later flowering. Butterfly incidence in plant populations increased with ant abundance. Our results demonstrate that antagonistic interactions can shift the direction of selection on flowering phenology, and suggest that such shifts might be associated with differences in the community context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Valdés
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Johan Ehrlén
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhu YX, Song YL, Hoffmann AA, Jin PY, Huo SM, Hong XY. A change in the bacterial community of spider mites decreases fecundity on multiple host plants. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00743. [PMID: 30311439 PMCID: PMC6562136 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial symbionts may influence the fitness of their herbivore hosts, but such effects have been poorly studied across most invertebrate groups. The spider mite, Tetranychus truncatus, is a polyphagous agricultural pest harboring various bacterial symbionts whose function is largely unknown. Here, by using a high‐throughput 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing approach, we characterized the bacterial diversity and community composition of spider mites fed on five host plants after communities were modified following tetracycline exposure. We demonstrated that spider mite bacterial diversity and community composition were significantly affected by host plants and antibiotics. In particular, the abundance of the maternally inherited endosymbionts Wolbachia and Spiroplasma significantly differed among spider mites that were reared on different plant species and were completely removed by antibiotics. There was an overall tendency for daily fecundity to be lower in the mites with reduced bacterial diversity following the antibiotic treatment. Our data suggest that host plants and antibiotics can shape spider mite bacterial communities and that bacterial symbionts improve mite performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xi Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue-Ling Song
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peng-Yu Jin
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi-Mei Huo
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rosa E, Woestmann L, Biere A, Saastamoinen M. A plant pathogen modulates the effects of secondary metabolites on the performance and immune function of an insect herbivore. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rosa
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme; Univ. of Helsinki; PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1) Helsinki FI-00014 Finland
| | - Luisa Woestmann
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme; Univ. of Helsinki; PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1) Helsinki FI-00014 Finland
| | - Arjen Biere
- Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme; Univ. of Helsinki; PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1) Helsinki FI-00014 Finland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hossard L, Guimier S, Vinatier F, Barbier JM, Delmotte S, Fontaine M, Rivoal JB. Source of Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret planthopper (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) in southern France and potential effects of landscape. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 108:213-222. [PMID: 28891460 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485317000815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cixiid planthoppers are considered of major economic importance, as they can transmit phytoplasmas responsible for many plant diseases. While thorougly studied in vineyards, the epidemiology of stolbur phytoplasma, transmitted by Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret, was rarely investigated on minor crops as lavender, where it leads to 'yellow decline' disease and large economic losses. The objective of this paper is to understand the effect of the local landscape characteristics on the presence and density of H. obsoletus in the 'Plateau de Valensole', southern France. Potential host plants of H. obsoletus were surveyed in three contrasted zones (in terms of crops and disease intensity), by uprooting plants and capturing adults in emergence traps. The localization and potential movements of H. obsoletus from the host plants towards lavandin (infertile hybrid of lavender) were determined using yellow sticky traps. Clary sage plants were found as major hosts of H. obsoletus. Flying insects were also caught in fields of lavandin, although emergence traps and plant uprooting did not confirm this crop as a winter host, i.e., as a reservoir for the insect. Based on one zone, we showed that attractiveness may depend on crop (clary sage or lavandin) and on its age, as well as on the distance to the supposed source field. These results suggest that clary sage could be an important host of H. obsoletus, whose density largely varies between zones. Genetic studies would be required to confirm the role of clary sage in the dissemination of yellow decline of lavandin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Hossard
- INRA, UMR0951 Innovation,F-34060 Montpellier,France
| | - S Guimier
- INRA, UMR0951 Innovation,F-34060 Montpellier,France
| | - F Vinatier
- INRA, UMR1221 LISAH,F-34060 Montpellier,France
| | - J M Barbier
- INRA, UMR0951 Innovation,F-34060 Montpellier,France
| | - S Delmotte
- INRA, UMR0951 Innovation,F-34060 Montpellier,France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Valdés A, Ehrlén J. Direct and plant trait-mediated effects of the local environmental context on butterfly oviposition patterns. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Valdés
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences; Stockholm Univ.; SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Johan Ehrlén
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences; Stockholm Univ.; SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kang ZW, Liu FH, Tan XL, Zhang ZF, Zhu JY, Tian HG, Liu TX. Infection of Powdery Mildew Reduces the Fitness of Grain Aphids ( Sitobion avenae) Through Restricted Nutrition and Induced Defense Response in Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:778. [PMID: 29967627 PMCID: PMC6015903 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In natural ecological systems, plants are often simultaneously attacked by both insects and pathogens, which can affect each other's performance and the interactions can be extended to higher trophic levels, such as parasitoids. The English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) are two common antagonists that pose a serious threat to wheat production. Numerous studies have investigated the effect of a single factor (insect or pathogen) on wheat production. However, investigation on the interactions among insect pests, pathogens, and parasitoids within the wheat crop system are rare. Furthermore, the influence of the fungicide, propiconazole, has been found to imitate the natural ecosystem. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of B. graminis on the biological performance of grain aphids and the orientation behavior of its endoparasitic wasp Aphidius gifuensis in the wheat system. Our findings indicated that B. graminis infection suppressed the feeding behavior, adult and nymph weight, and fecundity and prolonged the developmental time of S. avenae. We found that wheat host plants had decreased proportions of essential amino acids and higher content of sucrose following aggravated B. graminis infection. The contents of Pro and Gln increased in the wheat plant tissues after B. graminis infection. In addition, B. graminis infection elicited immune responses in wheat: increase in the expression of defense genes, content of total phenolic compounds, and activity of three related antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, co-infection of B. graminis and S. avenae increased the attraction to A. gifuensis compare to that after infestation with aphids alone. In conclusion, our results indicated that B. graminis infection adversely affected the performance of S. avenae in wheat through restricted nutrition and induced defense response. Furthermore, the preference of parasitoids in such an interactive environment might provide an important basis for pest management control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Fang-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jing-Yun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hong-Gang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Tong-Xian Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Shikano I, McCarthy EM, Elderd BD, Hoover K. Plant genotype and induced defenses affect the productivity of an insect-killing obligate viral pathogen. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 148:34-42. [PMID: 28483639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant-mediated variations in the outcomes of host-pathogen interactions can strongly affect epizootics and the population dynamics of numerous species, including devastating agricultural pests such as the fall armyworm. Most studies of plant-mediated effects on insect pathogens focus on host mortality, but few have measured pathogen yield, which can affect whether or not an epizootic outbreak occurs. Insects challenged with baculoviruses on different plant species and parts can vary in levels of mortality and yield of infectious stages (occlusion bodies; OBs). We previously demonstrated that soybean genotypes and induced anti-herbivore defenses influence baculovirus infectivity. Here, we used a soybean genotype that strongly reduced baculovirus infectivity when virus was ingested on induced plants (Braxton) and another that did not reduce infectivity (Gasoy), to determine how soybean genotype and induced defenses influence OB yield and speed of kill. These are key fitness measures because baculoviruses are obligate-killing pathogens. We challenged fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, with the baculovirus S. frugiperda multi-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV) during short or long-term exposure to plant treatments (i.e., induced or non-induced genotypes). Caterpillars were either fed plant treatments only during virus ingestion (short-term exposure to foliage) or from the point of virus ingestion until death (long-term exposure). We found trade-offs of increasing OB yield with slower speed of kill and decreasing virus dose. OB yield increased more with longer time to death and decreased more with increasing virus dose after short-term feeding on Braxton compared with Gasoy. OB yield increased significantly more with time to death in larvae that fed until death on non-induced foliage than induced foliage. Moreover, fewer OBs per unit of host tissue were produced when larvae were fed induced foliage than non-induced foliage. These findings highlight the potential importance of plant effects, even at the individual plant level, on entomopathogen fitness, which may impact epizootic transmission events and host population dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikkei Shikano
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | | | - Bret D Elderd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wyckhuys KAG, Graziosi I, Burra DD, Walter AJ. Phytoplasma infection of a tropical root crop triggers bottom-up cascades by favoring generalist over specialist herbivores. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182766. [PMID: 28813469 PMCID: PMC5559091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Global interest on plant-microbe-insect interactions is rapidly growing, revealing the multiple ways in which microorganisms mediate plant-herbivore interactions. Phytopathogens regularly alter whole repertoires of plant phenotypic traits, and bring about shifts in key chemical or morphological characteristics of plant hosts. Pathogens can also cause cascading effects on higher trophic levels, and eventually shape entire plant-associated arthropod communities. We tested the hypothesis that a Candidatus Phytoplasma causing cassava witches' broom (CWB) on cassava (Manihot esculenta Grantz) is altering species composition of invasive herbivores and their associated parasitic hymenopterans. We conducted observational studies in cassava fields in eastern Cambodia to assess the effect of CWB infection on abundance of specialist and generalist mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), and associated primary and hyper-parasitoid species. CWB infection positively affects overall mealybug abundance and species richness at a plant- and field-level, and disproportionately favors a generalist mealybug over a specialist feeder. CWB phytoplasma infection led to increased parasitoid richness and diversity, with richness of 'comparative' specialist taxa being the most significantly affected. Parasitism rate did not differ among infected and uninfected plants, and mealybug host suppression was not impacted. CWB phytoplasma modifies host plant quality for sap-feeding homopterans, differentially affects success rates of two invasive species, and generates niche opportunities for higher trophic orders. By doing so, a Candidatus phytoplasma affects broader food web structure and functioning, and assumes the role of an ecosystem engineer. Our work unveils key facets of phytoplasma ecology, and sheds light upon complex multi-trophic interactions mediated by an emerging phytopathogen. These findings have further implications for invasion ecology and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kris A. G. Wyckhuys
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Asia Regional Office, Hanoi, Vietnam
- * E-mail:
| | - Ignazio Graziosi
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Dharani Dhar Burra
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Asia Regional Office, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li P, Shu YN, Fu S, Liu YQ, Zhou XP, Liu SS, Wang XW. Vector and nonvector insect feeding reduces subsequent plant susceptibility to virus transmission. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:699-710. [PMID: 28382644 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of vector-virus-plant have important ecological and evolutionary implications. While the tripartite interactions have received some attention, little is known about whether vector infestation affects subsequent viral transmission and infection. Working with the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, begomovirus and tobacco/tomato, we demonstrate that pre-infestation of plants by the whitefly vector reduced subsequent plant susceptibility to viral transmission. Pre-infestation by the cotton bollworm, a nonvector of the virus, likewise repressed subsequent viral transmission. The two types of insects, with piercing and chewing mouthparts, respectively, activated different plant signaling pathways in the interactions. Whitefly pre-infestation activated the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway, leading to deposition of callose that inhibited begomovirus replication/movement. Although cotton bollworm infestation elicited the jasmonic acid (JA) defense pathway and was beneficial to virus replication, the pre-infested plants repelled whiteflies from feeding and so decreased virus transmission. Experiments using a pharmaceutical approach with plant hormones or a genetic approach using hormone transgenic or mutant plants further showed that SA played a negative but JA played a positive role in begomovirus infection. These novel findings indicate that both vector and nonvector insect feeding of a plant may have substantial negative consequences for ensuing viral transmission and infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan-Ni Shu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuai Fu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yin-Quan Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xue-Ping Zhou
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shikano I. Evolutionary Ecology of Multitrophic Interactions between Plants, Insect Herbivores and Entomopathogens. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:586-598. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
34
|
Date P, Crowley-Gall A, Diefendorf AF, Rollmann SM. Population differences in host plant preference and the importance of yeast and plant substrate to volatile composition. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3815-3825. [PMID: 28616178 PMCID: PMC5468138 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Divergent selection between environments can result in changes to the behavior of an organism. In many insects, volatile compounds are a primary means by which host plants are recognized and shifts in plant availability can result in changes to host preference. Both the plant substrate and microorganisms can influence this behavior, and host plant choice can have an impact on the performance of the organism. In Drosophila mojavensis, four geographically isolated populations each use different cacti as feeding and oviposition substrates and identify those cacti by the composition of the volatile odorants emitted. Behavioral tests revealed D. mojavensis populations vary in their degree of preference for their natural host plant. Females from the Mojave population show a marked preference for their host plant, barrel cactus, relative to other cactus choices. When flies were given a choice between cacti that were not their host plant, the preference for barrel and organ pipe cactus relative to agria and prickly pear cactus was overall lower for all populations. Volatile headspace composition is influenced by the cactus substrate, microbial community, and substrate-by-microorganism interactions. Differences in viability, developmental time, thorax length, and dry body weight exist among populations and depend on cactus substrate and population-by-cactus interactions. However, no clear association between behavioral preference and performance was observed. This study highlights a complex interplay between the insect, host plant, and microbial community and the factors mediating insect host plant preference behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Date
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA.,Present address: Department of Pediatrics Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Amber Crowley-Gall
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sun YC, Pan LL, Ying FZ, Li P, Wang XW, Liu SS. Jasmonic acid-related resistance in tomato mediates interactions between whitefly and whitefly-transmitted virus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:566. [PMID: 28373670 PMCID: PMC5428805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00692-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The indirect interactions between insect vectors, such as whiteflies, and the viruses they transmit, such as begomoviruses, via host plants may produce a range of outcome depending on the species/strain of each of the three organisms involved, and the mechanisms underlying the variations are not well understood. Here, we observed the performance of whiteflies on three types of tomato, which vary in level of jasmonic acid (JA)-related resistance and were either uninfected or infected by a begomovirus, to investigate the role of JA-related resistance in mediating whitefly-begomovirus interactions. Compared to the performance of whiteflies on plants of the wild type, the performance was elevated on plants deficient in JA-related resistance but reduced on plants with a high level of JA-related resistance. Further, on plants with a high level of JA-related resistance, the whitefly performed better on virus-infected than on uninfected plants; however, on tomato plants deficient in JA-related resistance, whitefly performance was less affected by the virus-infection of plants. Additionally, the expression of the JA-regulated defense gene PI-II in tomato plants was repressed by virus infection. These findings suggest that JA-related resistance plays an important role in the tripartite interactions between whitefly, begomovirus and tomato plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chun Sun
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li-Long Pan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Feng-Ze Ying
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ping Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Plant-mediated effects on an insect-pathogen interaction vary with intraspecific genetic variation in plant defences. Oecologia 2017; 183:1121-1134. [PMID: 28144733 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Baculoviruses are food-borne microbial pathogens that are ingested by insects on contaminated foliage. Oxidation of plant-derived phenolics, activated by insect feeding, can directly interfere with infections in the gut. Since phenolic oxidation is an important component of plant resistance against insects, baculoviruses are suggested to be incompatible with plant defences. However, plants among and within species invest differently in a myriad of chemical and physical defences. Therefore, we hypothesized that among eight soybean genotypes, some genotypes would be able to maintain both high resistance against an insect pest and high efficacy of a baculovirus. Soybean constitutive (non-induced) and jasmonic acid (JA)-induced (anti-herbivore response) resistance was measured against the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (weight gain, leaf consumption and utilization). Indicators of phenolic oxidation were measured as foliar phenolic content and peroxidase activity. Levels of armyworm mortality inflicted by baculovirus (SfMNPV) did not vary among soybean genotypes when the virus was ingested with non-induced foliage. Ingestion of the virus on JA-induced foliage reduced armyworm mortality, relative to non-induced foliage, on some soybean genotypes. Baculovirus efficacy was lower when ingested with foliage that contained higher phenolic content and defensive properties that reduced armyworm weight gain and leaf utilization. However, soybean genotypes that defended the plant by reducing consumption rate and strongly deterred feeding upon JA-induction did not reduce baculovirus efficacy, indicating that these defences may be more compatible with baculoviruses to maximize plant protection. Differential compatibility of defence traits with the third trophic level highlights an important cost/trade-off associated with plant defence strategies.
Collapse
|
37
|
Climate influences assemblages of abomasal nematodes of sheep on steppe pastures in the east of Algeria. J Helminthol 2016; 92:34-41. [PMID: 27905269 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x16000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It is a common view that assemblages of parasitic nematodes are influenced by climatic conditions; however, there are only a few articles available regarding those that infect farm animals. We investigated the relationship between climate variables and infection with abomasal trichostrongyles in 335 1-year-old rams grazed on steppe pastures in Eastern Algeria. Abomasa were collected from 12 local slaughterhouses located in four climatic areas (from humid to arid) and the worms extracted, identified and counted. The abundance was low and the fauna composed primarily of Teladorsagia circumcincta, Marshallagia marshalli and Trichostrongylus sp. The high percentage of M. marshalli is typical of steppe areas. Ostertagia ostertagi and Haemonchus contortus were present in low numbers. Rainfall was the most important climatic variable related to the main species. This relationship was not linear for M. marshalli but an optimal rainfall was detected (350-400 mm/year). The more complex climatic indicators used in the study did not demonstrate a more significant correlation than rainfall. The predictive value of rainfall on the abundance or proportion of species in the assemblage was modest but highly significant. The seasonality of assemblages was different between the two main sub-climates (sub-humid and semi-arid).
Collapse
|
38
|
Gross J. Chemical Communication between Phytopathogens, Their Host Plants and Vector Insects and Eavesdropping by Natural Enemies. Front Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
39
|
Rizvi SZM, Raman A, Wheatley WM, Cook G. Oviposition preference and larval performance of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on Botrytis cinerea (Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) infected berries of Vitis vinifera (Vitales: Vitaceae). INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:313-325. [PMID: 25420720 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we tested the behavior of gravid Epiphyas postvittana in selecting the most-appropriate site for oviposition thus benefitting offspring performance. Our hypothesis was built on Jaenike's preference-performance hypothesis (also referred to as the "mother-knows-the-best" hypothesis). To test this, we used the interacting Epiphyas postvittana, its host Vitis vinifera, and the pathogenic microbe Botrytis cinerea system. Populations of E. postvittana and B. cinerea often exist concurrently on V. vinifera in Australasia and their interaction and mutual influence are currently being explored, although the suggestion presently is that the relationship between E. postvittana and B. cinerea is mutualistic. We tested the effect of volatiles from B. cinerea-infected berries and uninfected (control) berries of V. vinifera on the oviposition behavior of E. postvittana. We also characterized the effects of B. cinerea infection on the berries of V. vinifera on the growth and development of E. postvittana. Contrary to the preference-performance hypothesis, oviposition choices made by gravid E. postvittana did not result in the best offspring survival, development, and performance. The preference for oviposition by E. postvittana was strongly influenced by the olfactory and tactile cues. She laid fewer eggs on B. cinerea-infected berries compared to uninfected berries of V. vinifera. The larvae of E. postvittana showed no preference to uninfected berries of V. vinifera. The larvae fed on B. cinerea-infected berries of V. vinifera showing greater survival rate, shorter time to pupation, greater pupal mass, and on becoming adults they laid more numbers of eggs than the larvae that were enabled to feed on uninfected berries. The larvae of E. postvittana transport the conidia of B. cinerea and transmit grey-mould disease to uninfected berries of V. vinifera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Z M Rizvi
- School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Anantanarayanan Raman
- School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Warwick M Wheatley
- School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Cook
- School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Myers JH, Cory JS. Ecology and evolution of pathogens in natural populations of Lepidoptera. Evol Appl 2016; 9:231-47. [PMID: 27087850 PMCID: PMC4780379 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens are ubiquitous in insect populations and yet few studies examine their dynamics and impacts on host populations. We discuss four lepidopteran systems and explore their contributions to disease ecology and evolution. More specifically, we elucidate the role of pathogens in insect population dynamics. For three species, western tent caterpillars, African armyworm and introduced populations of gypsy moth, infection by nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) clearly regulates host populations or reduces their outbreaks. Transmission of NPV is largely horizontal although low levels of vertical transmission occur, and high levels of covert infection in some cases suggest that the virus can persist in a nonsymptomatic form. The prevalence of a mostly vertically transmitted protozoan parasite, Ophryocystis elektroscirrha, in monarch butterflies is intimately related to their migratory behaviour that culls highly infected individuals. Virulence and transmission are positively related among genotypes of this parasite. These systems clearly demonstrate that the interactions between insects and pathogens are highly context dependent. Not only is the outcome a consequence of changes in density and genetic diversity: environmental factors, particularly diet, can have strong impacts on virulence, transmission and host resistance or tolerance. What maintains the high level of host and pathogen diversity in these systems, however, remains a question.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith H. Myers
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Jenny S. Cory
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Junker RR, Keller A. Microhabitat heterogeneity across leaves and flower organs promotes bacterial diversity. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv097. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
|
42
|
Cass BN, Yallouz R, Bondy EC, Mozes-Daube N, Horowitz AR, Kelly SE, Zchori-Fein E, Hunter MS. Dynamics of the endosymbiont Rickettsia in an insect pest. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 70:287-297. [PMID: 25626393 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new heritable bacterial association can bring a fresh set of molecular capabilities, providing an insect host with an almost instantaneous genome extension. Increasingly acknowledged as agents of rapid evolution, inherited microbes remain underappreciated players in pest management programs. A Rickettsia bacterium was tracked sweeping through populations of an invasive whitefly provisionally described as the "B" or "MEAM1" of the Bemisia tabaci species complex, in the southwestern USA. In this population, Rickettsia provides strong fitness benefits and distorts whitefly sex ratios under laboratory conditions. In contrast, whiteflies in Israel show few apparent fitness benefits from Rickettsia under laboratory conditions, only slightly decreasing development time. A survey of B. tabaci B samples revealed the distribution of Rickettsia across the cotton-growing regions of Israel and the USA. Thirteen sites from Israel and 22 sites from the USA were sampled. Across the USA, Rickettsia frequencies were heterogeneous among regions, but were generally very high, whereas in Israel, the infection rates were lower and declining. The distinct outcomes of Rickettsia infection in these two countries conform to previously reported phenotypic differences. Intermediate frequencies in some areas in both countries may indicate a cost to infection in certain environments or that the frequencies are in flux. This suggests underlying geographic differences in the interactions between bacterial symbionts and this serious agricultural pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bodil N Cass
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Entomology and Insect Science, University of Arizona, 410 Forbes, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wulff JA, White JA. The Endosymbiont Arsenophonus Provides a General Benefit to Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Regardless of Host Plant Resistance (Rag). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:574-81. [PMID: 26313962 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), invokes substantial chemical treatment and economic cost in North America. Resistant soybean genotypes hold promise as a low-impact control methodology, but soybean aphid "biotypes" capable of development on resistant soy cast doubt on the durability of soy resistance. We hypothesized that variation in soybean aphid ability to colonize resistant soy is partially attributable to a bacterial symbiont of soybean aphid, Arsenophonus. We used microinjection to manipulate Arsenophonus infection in both virulent and avirulent aphid biotypes, resulting in five pairs of infected versus uninfected isolines. These isolines were subjected to various population growth rate assays on resistant Rag versus susceptible soybean. We found that aphid virulence on Rag soybean was not dependent on Arsenophonus: virulent aphid biotypes performed well on Rag soybean, and avirulent aphid biotypes performed poorly on Rag soybean, regardless of whether Arsenophonus was present or not. However, we did find that Arsenophonus-infected clones on average performed significantly better than their paired uninfected isolines. This pattern was not consistently evident on every date for every clone, either in the population assays nor when we compared lifetime fecundity of individual aphids in a separate experiment. Nevertheless, this overall benefit for infected aphids may be sufficient to explain the high frequency of Arsenophonus infection in soybean aphids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Wulff
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Jennifer A White
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sotomayor DA, Lortie CJ. Indirect interactions in terrestrial plant communities: emerging patterns and research gaps. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00117.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
45
|
Nugnes F, Gebiola M, Monti MM, Gualtieri L, Giorgini M, Wang J, Bernardo U. Genetic Diversity of the Invasive Gall Wasp Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and of its Rickettsia Endosymbiont, and Associated Sex-Ratio Differences. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124660. [PMID: 25970681 PMCID: PMC4430503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The blue-gum chalcid Leptocybe invasa Fisher & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a gall wasp pest of Eucalyptus species, likely native to Australia. Over the past 15 years it has invaded 39 countries on all continents where eucalypts are grown. The worldwide invasion of the blue gum chalcid was attributed to a single thelytokous morphospecies formally described in 2004. Subsequently, however, males have been recorded in several countries and the sex ratio of field populations has been found to be highly variable in different areas. In order to find an explanation for such sex ratio differences, populations of L. invasa from a broad geographical area were screened for the symbionts currently known as reproductive manipulators, and both wasps and symbionts were genetically characterized using multiple genes. Molecular analyses suggested that L. invasa is in fact a complex of two cryptic species involved in the rapid and efficient spread of the wasp, the first recovered from the Mediterranean region and South America, the latter from China. All screened specimens were infected by endosymbiotic bacteria belonging to the genus Rickettsia. Two closely related Rickettsia strains were found, each infecting one of the two putative cryptic species of L. invasa and associated with different average sex ratios. Rickettsia were found to be localized in the female reproductive tissues and transovarially transmitted, suggesting a possible role of Rickettsia as the causal agent of thelytokous parthenogenesis in L. invasa. Implications for the variation of sex ratio and for the management of L. invasa are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nugnes
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Marco Gebiola
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici (NA), Italy
- Department of Entomology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, the United States of America
| | - Maurilia Maria Monti
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Liberata Gualtieri
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Massimo Giorgini
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Umberto Bernardo
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici (NA), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sugio A, Dubreuil G, Giron D, Simon JC. Plant-insect interactions under bacterial influence: ecological implications and underlying mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:467-78. [PMID: 25385767 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants and insects have been co-existing for more than 400 million years, leading to intimate and complex relationships. Throughout their own evolutionary history, plants and insects have also established intricate and very diverse relationships with microbial associates. Studies in recent years have revealed plant- or insect-associated microbes to be instrumental in plant-insect interactions, with important implications for plant defences and plant utilization by insects. Microbial communities associated with plants are rich in diversity, and their structure greatly differs between below- and above-ground levels. Microbial communities associated with insect herbivores generally present a lower diversity and can reside in different body parts of their hosts including bacteriocytes, haemolymph, gut, and salivary glands. Acquisition of microbial communities by vertical or horizontal transmission and possible genetic exchanges through lateral transfer could strongly impact on the host insect or plant fitness by conferring adaptations to new habitats. Recent developments in sequencing technologies and molecular tools have dramatically enhanced opportunities to characterize the microbial diversity associated with plants and insects and have unveiled some of the mechanisms by which symbionts modulate plant-insect interactions. Here, we focus on the diversity and ecological consequences of bacterial communities associated with plants and herbivorous insects. We also highlight the known mechanisms by which these microbes interfere with plant-insect interactions. Revealing such mechanisms in model systems under controlled environments but also in more natural ecological settings will help us to understand the evolution of complex multitrophic interactions in which plants, herbivorous insects, and micro-organisms are inserted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sugio
- INRA, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, UMR 1349 IGEPP, Domaine de la Motte, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Dubreuil
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS / Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS / Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- INRA, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, UMR 1349 IGEPP, Domaine de la Motte, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Austin AT, Vivanco L, González-Arzac A, Pérez LI. There's no place like home? An exploration of the mechanisms behind plant litter-decomposer affinity in terrestrial ecosystems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:307-314. [PMID: 25103145 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems is an important first step for carbon and nutrient cycling, as senescent plant material is degraded and consequently incorporated, along with microbial products, into soil organic matter. The identification of litter affinity effects, whereby decomposition is accelerated in its home environment (home-field advantage, HFA), highlights the importance of plant-soil interactions that have consequences for biogeochemical cycling. While not universal, these affinity effects have been identified in a range of ecosystems, particularly in forests without disturbance. The optimization of the local decomposer community to degrade a particular combination of litter traits is the most oft-cited explanation for HFA effects, but the ways in which this specialized community can develop are only beginning to be understood. We explore ways in which HFA, or more broadly litter affinity effects, could arise in terrestrial ecosystems. Plant-herbivore interactions, microbial symbiosis, legacies from phyllosphere communities and attractors of specific soil fauna could contribute to spatially defined affinity effects for litter decomposition. Pyrosequencing soil communities and functional linkages of soil fauna provide great promise in advancing our mechanistic understanding of these interactions, and could lead to a greater appreciation of the role of litter-decomposer affinity in the maintenance of soil functional diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy T Austin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Maixner M, Albert A, Johannesen J. Survival relative to new and ancestral host plants, phytoplasma infection, and genetic constitution in host races of a polyphagous insect disease vector. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:3082-92. [PMID: 25247065 PMCID: PMC4161181 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissemination of vectorborne diseases depends strongly on the vector's host range and the pathogen's reservoir range. Because vectors interact with pathogens, the direction and strength of a vector's host shift is vital for understanding epidemiology and is embedded in the framework of ecological specialization. This study investigates survival in host-race evolution of a polyphagous insect disease vector, Hyalesthes obsoletus, whether survival is related to the direction of the host shift (from field bindweed to stinging nettle), the interaction with plant-specific strains of obligate vectored pathogens/symbionts (stolbur phytoplasma), and whether survival is related to genetic differentiation between the host races. We used a twice repeated, identical nested experimental design to study survival of the vector on alternative hosts and relative to infection status. Survival was tested with Kaplan–Meier analyses, while genetic differentiation between vector populations was quantified with microsatellite allele frequencies. We found significant direct effects of host plant (reduced survival on wrong hosts) and sex (males survive longer than females) in both host races and relative effects of host (nettle animals more affected than bindweed animals) and sex (males more affected than females). Survival of bindweed animals was significantly higher on symptomatic than nonsymptomatic field bindweed, but in the second experiment only. Infection potentially had a positive effect on survival in nettle animals but due to low infection rates the results remain suggestive. Genetic differentiation was not related to survival. Greater negative plant-transfer effect but no negative effect of stolbur in the derived host race suggests preadaptation to the new pathogen/symbiont strain before strong diversifying selection during the specialization process. Physiological maladaptation or failure to accept the ancestral plant will have similar consequences, namely positive assortative mating within host races and a reduction in the likelihood of oviposition on the alternative plant and thus the acquisition of alternative stolbur strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maixner
- Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants 76833, Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Albert
- Institute of Zoology, University of Mainz 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jes Johannesen
- Institute of Zoology, University of Mainz 55128, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Martini X, Pelz-Stelinski KS, Stelinski LL. Plant pathogen-induced volatiles attract parasitoids to increase parasitism of an insect vector. Front Ecol Evol 2014. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2014.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
50
|
Humphrey PT, Nguyen TT, Villalobos MM, Whiteman NK. Diversity and abundance of phyllosphere bacteria are linked to insect herbivory. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:1497-1515. [PMID: 24383417 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous or sequential attack by herbivores and microbes is common in plants. Many seed plants exhibit a defence trade-off against chewing herbivorous insects and leaf-colonizing ('phyllosphere') bacteria, which arises from cross-talk between the phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA, induced by many herbivores) and salicylic acid (SA, induced by many bacteria). This cross-talk may promote reciprocal susceptibility in plants between phyllosphere bacteria and insect herbivores. In a population of native bittercress (Cardamine cordifolia, Brassicaceae), we tested whether simulating prior damage with JA or SA treatment induced resistance or susceptibility (respectively) to chewing herbivores. In parallel, we conducted culture-dependent surveys of phyllosphere bacteria to test the hypothesis that damage by chewing herbivores correlates positively with bacterial abundance in leaves. Finally, we tested whether bacterial infection induced susceptibility to herbivory by a major chewing herbivore of bittercress, Scaptomyza nigrita (Drosophilidae). Overall, our results suggest that reciprocal susceptibility to herbivory and microbial attack occurs in bittercress. We found that JA treatment reduced and SA treatment increased S. nigrita herbivory in bittercress in the field. Bacterial abundance was higher in herbivore-damaged vs. undamaged leaves (especially Pseudomonas syringae). However, Pedobacter spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens infections were negatively associated with herbivory. Experimental Pseudomonas spp. infections increased S. nigrita herbivory in bittercress. Thus, plant defence signalling trade-offs can have important ecological consequences in nature that may be reflected in a positive correlation between herbivory and phyllosphere bacterial abundance and diversity. Importantly, the strength and direction of this association varies within and among prevalent bacterial groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parris T Humphrey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|