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Augustine SP, McCulloh KA. Physiological trait coordination and variability across and within three Pinus species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39205436 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Studies have explored how traits separate plants ecologically and the trade-offs that underpin this separation. However, uncertainty remains as to the taxonomic scale at which traits can predictably separate species. We studied how physiological traits separated three Pinus (Pinus banksiana, Pinus resinosa, and Pinus strobus) species across three sites. We collected traits from four common leaf and branch measurements (light-response curves, CO2-response curves, pressure-volume curves, and hydraulic vulnerability curves) across each species and site. While common, these measurements are not typically measured together due to logistical constraints. Few traits varied across species and sites as expected given the ecological preferences of the species and environmental site characteristics. Some trait trade-offs present at broad taxonomic scales were observed across the three species, but most were absent within species. Certain trade-offs contrasted expectations observed at broader scales but followed expectations given the species' ecological preferences. We emphasize the need to both clarify why certain traits are being studied, as variation in unexpected but ecologically meaningful ways often occurs and certain traits might not vary substantially within a given lineage (e.g. hydraulic vulnerability in Pinus), highlighting the role a trait selection in trait ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Augustine
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Katherine A McCulloh
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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2
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Wei ZR, Jiao D, Wehenkel CA, Wei XX, Wang XQ. Phylotranscriptomic and ecological analyses reveal the evolution and morphological adaptation of Abies. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39152659 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Coniferous forests are under severe threat of the rapid anthropogenic climate warming. Abies (firs), the fourth-largest conifer genus, is a keystone component of the boreal and temperate dark-coniferous forests and harbors a remarkably large number of relict taxa. However, the uncertainty of the phylogenetic and biogeographic history of Abies significantly impedes our prediction of future dynamics and efficient conservation of firs. In this study, using 1,533 nuclear genes generated from transcriptome sequencing and a complete sampling of all widely recognized species, we have successfully reconstructed a robust phylogeny of global firs, in which four clades are strongly supported and all intersectional relationships are resolved, although phylogenetic discordance caused mainly by incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization was detected. Molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction suggest a Northern Hemisphere high-latitude origin of Abies during the Late Cretaceous, but all extant firs diversified during the Miocene to the Pleistocene, and multiple continental and intercontinental dispersals took place in response to the late Neogene climate cooling and orogenic movements. Notably, four critically endangered firs endemic to subtropical mountains of China, including A. beshanzuensis, A. ziyuanensis, A. fanjingshanensis and A. yuanbaoshanensis from east to west, have different origins and evolutionary histories. Moreover, three hotspots of species richness, including western North America, central Japan, and the Hengduan Mountains, were identified in Abies. Elevation and precipitation, particularly precipitation of the coldest quarter, are the most significant environmental factors driving the global distribution pattern of fir species diversity. Some morphological traits are evolutionarily constrained, and those linked to elevational variation (e.g., purple cone) and cold resistance (e.g., pubescent branch and resinous bud) may have contributed to the diversification of global firs. Our study sheds new light on the spatiotemporal evolution of global firs, which will be of great help to forest management and species conservation in a warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Rui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops and Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops and Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Christian Anton Wehenkel
- Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, 34000, Mexico
| | - Xiao-Xin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops and Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiao-Quan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops and Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Song X, Gu J, Ye Y, Wang M, Wang R, Ma H, Shao X. Exploring Intraspecific Trait Variation in a Xerophytic Moss Species Indusiella thianschanica (Ptychomitriaceae) across Environmental Gradients on the Tibetan Plateau. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:921. [PMID: 38611451 PMCID: PMC11013618 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Investigating intraspecific trait variability is crucial for understanding plant adaptation to various environments, yet research on lithophytic mosses in extreme environments remains scarce. This study focuses on Indusiella thianschanica Broth. Hal., a unique lithophytic moss species in the extreme environments of the Tibetan Plateau, aiming to uncover its adaptation and response mechanisms to environmental changes. Specimens were collected from 26 sites across elevations ranging from 3642 m to 5528 m, and the relationships between 23 morphological traits and 15 environmental factors were analyzed. Results indicated that coefficients of variation (CV) ranged from 5.91% to 36.11%, with gametophyte height (GH) and basal cell transverse wall thickness (STW) showing the highest and lowest variations, respectively. Temperature, elevation, and potential evapo-transpiration (PET) emerged as primary environmental drivers. Leaf traits, especially those of the leaf sheath, exhibited a more pronounced response to the environment. The traits exhibited apparent covariation in response to environmental challenges and indicated flexible adaptive strategies. This study revealed the adaptation and response patterns of different morphological traits of I. thianschanica to environmental changes on the Tibetan Plateau, emphasizing the significant effect of temperature on trait variation. Our findings deepen the understanding of the ecology and adaptive strategies of lithophytic mosses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Song
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (J.G.); (M.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiqi Gu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (J.G.); (M.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanhui Ye
- Resources & Environment College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China;
| | - Mengzhen Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (J.G.); (M.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruihong Wang
- Institute of Tibet Plateau Ecology, Tibet Agricultural & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China; (R.W.); (H.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology in Tibet Plateau, Tibet Agricultural & Animal Husbandry University, Ministry of Education, Nyingchi 860000, China
| | - Heping Ma
- Institute of Tibet Plateau Ecology, Tibet Agricultural & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China; (R.W.); (H.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology in Tibet Plateau, Tibet Agricultural & Animal Husbandry University, Ministry of Education, Nyingchi 860000, China
| | - Xiaoming Shao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (J.G.); (M.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Resources & Environment College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China;
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Kalugina OV, Afanasyeva LV, Mikhailova TA. Anatomical and morphological changes in Pinus sylvestris and Larix sibirica needles under impact of emissions from a large aluminum enterprise. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 33:66-84. [PMID: 38183574 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Species-specific anatomical and morphological characteristics of Pinus sylvestris and Larix sibirica needles were studied at different levels of tree stand pollution by aluminum smelter emissions. The anatomical characteristics of the needle were studied using light microscopy. The level of tree stand pollution was determined using the cluster analysis outcomes of the pollutant elements content (fluorine, sulfur, and heavy metals) in the needles. Four levels of tree stand pollution were separated: low, moderate, high, and critical, as well as background tree stand in unpolluted areas. It was found that the state of tree phytomass deteriorated with increasing levels of pollution (from low to critical): pine crown defoliation increased to 85%, and larch defoliation increased to 65%. The life span of pine needles was reduced to 2-3 years, with a background value of 6-7 years. The change of morphological parameters was more pronounced in P. sylvestris: the weight and length of the 2-year-old shoot decreased by 2.7-3.1 times compared to the background values; the weight of needles on the shoot and the number of needle pairs on the shoot-by 1.9-2.1 times. The length of the needle and shoot and the number of L. sibirica brachyblasts decreased by 1.8-1.9 times. The anatomical parameters of the needle also changed to a greater extent in P. sylvestris. Up to the high level of tree pollution, we observed a decrease in the cross-sectional area of the needle, central cylinder, vascular bundle, area and thickness of mesophyll, number and diameter of resin ducts by 18-66% compared to background values. At the critical pollution level, when the content of pollutant elements in pine needles reached maximum values, the anatomical parameters of the remaining few green needles were close to background values. In our opinion, this may be due to the activation of mechanisms aimed at maintaining the viability of trees. A reduction in thickness and area of assimilation tissue in the L. sibirica needle was detected only at the critical pollution level. An upward trend in these parameters was found at low, medium, and high pollution levels of tree stand, which may indicate an adaptive nature. The results suggested that at a similar pollution level of trees, the greatest amount of negative anatomical and morphological changes were recorded in pine needles, which indicates a greater sensitivity of this species to technogenic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Vladimirovna Kalugina
- Laboratory of Natural and Anthropogenic Ecosystems, Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lermontov str., 132, 664033, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Larisa Vladimirovna Afanasyeva
- Laboratory of Floristics and Geobotany, Institute of General and Experimental Biology Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanova str., 6, 670047, Ulan-Ude, Russia.
| | - Tatiana Alekseevna Mikhailova
- Laboratory of Natural and Anthropogenic Ecosystems, Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lermontov str., 132, 664033, Irkutsk, Russia
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Nybakken L, Lee Y, Brede DA, Mageroy MH, Lind OC, Salbu B, Kashparov V, Olsen JE. Long term effects of ionising radiation in the Chernobyl Exclusion zone on DNA integrity and chemical defence systems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166844. [PMID: 37689207 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP) accident in 1986 resulted in extremely high levels of acute ionising radiation, that killed or damaged Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees in the surrounding areas. Dead trees were cleared and buried, and new plantations established a few years later. Today, more than three decades later, gamma and beta-radiation near the ChNPP is still elevated compared with ambient levels but have decreased by a factor of 300 and 100, respectively. In the present work, Scots pine-trees growing at High (220 μGy h-1), Medium (11 μGy h-1), and Low (0.2 μGy h-1) total (internal + external) dose rates of chronically elevated ionising radiation in the Chernobyl Exclusion zone were investigated with respect to possible damage to DNA, cells and organelles, as well as potentially increased levels of phenolic and terpenoid antioxidants. Scots pine from the High and Medium radiation sites had elevated levels of DNA damage in shoot tips and needles as shown by the COMET assay, as well as increased numbers of resin ducts and subcellular abnormalities in needles. Needles from the High radiation site showed elevated levels of monoterpenes and condensed tannins compared with those from the other sites. In conclusion, more than three decades after the ChNPP accident substantial DNA damage and (sub)cellular effects, but also mobilisation of stress-protective substances possessing antioxidant activity were observed in Scots pine trees growing at elevated levels of ionising radiation. This demonstrates that the radiation levels in the Red Forest still significantly impact the plant community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Nybakken
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - YeonKyeong Lee
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; Korea University Graduate School, Department of Plant Biotechnology, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-ku, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dag A Brede
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Melissa H Mageroy
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Ole Christian Lind
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Brit Salbu
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Valery Kashparov
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology (UIAR) of National University of Life and Environment Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Jorunn E Olsen
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
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6
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Dudney J, Latimer AM, van Mantgem P, Zald H, Willing CE, Nesmith JCB, Cribbs J, Milano E. The energy-water limitation threshold explains divergent drought responses in tree growth, needle length, and stable isotope ratios. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:4368-4382. [PMID: 37089078 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Predicted increases in extreme droughts will likely cause major shifts in carbon sequestration and forest composition. Although growth declines during drought are widely documented, an increasing number of studies have reported both positive and negative responses to the same drought. These divergent growth patterns may reflect thresholds (i.e., nonlinear responses) promoted by changes in the dominant climatic constraints on tree growth. Here we tested whether stemwood growth exhibited linear or nonlinear responses to temperature and precipitation and whether stemwood growth thresholds co-occurred with multiple thresholds in source and sink processes that limit tree growth. We extracted 772 tree cores, 1398 needle length records, and 1075 stable isotope samples from 27 sites across whitebark pine's (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) climatic niche in the Sierra Nevada. Our results indicated that a temperature threshold in stemwood growth occurred at 8.4°C (7.12-9.51°C; estimated using fall-spring maximum temperature). This threshold was significantly correlated with thresholds in foliar growth, as well as carbon (δ13 C) and nitrogen (δ15 N) stable isotope ratios, that emerged during drought. These co-occurring thresholds reflected the transition between energy- and water-limited tree growth (i.e., the E-W limitation threshold). This transition likely mediated carbon and nutrient cycling, as well as important differences in growth-defense trade-offs and drought adaptations. Furthermore, whitebark pine growing in energy-limited regions may continue to experience elevated growth in response to climate change. The positive effect of warming, however, may be offset by growth declines in water-limited regions, threatening the long-term sustainability of the recently listed whitebark pine species in the Sierra Nevada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Dudney
- Environmental Studies Program, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Andrew M Latimer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Phillip van Mantgem
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Harold Zald
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Claire E Willing
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Cribbs
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Milano
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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7
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Tian H, Gao C, Xie T, Yu C. Miniature Noninvasive Sensor Based on Impedance-Change Detection in Branches for Measuring Branch Ice Content in Overwintering Woody Plants. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:440. [PMID: 36838140 PMCID: PMC9965689 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in detection instruments have enabled the real-time acquisition of water information during plant growth; however, the real-time monitoring of freeze-thaw information during plant overwintering remains a challenge. Based on the relationship between the change in the water-ice ratio and branch impedance during freezing, a miniature noninvasive branch volume ice content (BVIC) sensor was developed for monitoring real-time changes in volumetric ice content and the ice freeze-thaw rate of woody plant branches during the overwintering period. The results of the performance analysis of the impedance measurement circuit show that the circuit has a lateral sensitivity range, measurement range, resolution, measurement accuracy, and power consumption of 0-35 mm, 0-100%, 0.05%, ±1.76%, and 0.25 W, respectively. The dynamic response time was 0.296 s. The maximum allowable error by the output voltage fluctuation, owing to the ambient temperature and humidity, was only ±0.635%, which meets the actual use requirements. The calibration curve fit coefficients were >0.98, indicating a significant correlation. The ice content of plant branches under cold stress was measured for indoor and field environments, and the sensors could effectively monitor changes in the branch ice content in plants exposed to cold stress. Additionally, they can differentiate between plants with different cold resistances, indicating the reliability of the BVIC sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tian
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet and Big Data, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 102448, China
| | - Chao Gao
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet and Big Data, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 102448, China
| | - Tao Xie
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet and Big Data, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 102448, China
| | - Chongchong Yu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet and Big Data, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 102448, China
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8
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McCulloh KA, Augustine SP, Goke A, Jordan R, Krieg CP, O’Keefe K, Smith DD. At least it is a dry cold: the global distribution of freeze-thaw and drought stress and the traits that may impart poly-tolerance in conifers. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1-15. [PMID: 36094836 PMCID: PMC9833871 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Conifers inhabit some of the most challenging landscapes where multiple abiotic stressors (e.g., aridity, freezing temperatures) often co-occur. Physiological tolerance to multiple stressors ('poly-tolerance') is thought to be rare because exposure to one stress generally limits responses to another through functional trade-offs. However, the capacity to exhibit poly-tolerance may be greater when combined abiotic stressors have similar physiological impacts, such as the disruption of hydraulic function imposed by drought or freezing. Here, we reviewed empirical data in light of theoretical expectations for conifer adaptations to drought and freeze-thaw cycles with particular attention to hydraulic traits of the stem and leaf. Additionally, we examined the commonality and spatial distribution of poly-stress along indices of these combined stressors. We found that locations with the highest values of our poly-stress index (PSi) are characterized by moderate drought and moderate freeze-thaw, and most of the global conifer distribution occupies areas of moderate poly-stress. Among traits examined, we found diverse responses to the stressors. Turgor loss point did not correlate with freeze-thaw or drought stress individually, but did with the PSi, albeit inverse to what was hypothesized. Leaf mass per area was more strongly linked with drought stress than the poly-stress and not at all with freeze-thaw stress. In stems, the water potential causing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity became more negative with increasing drought stress and poly-stress but did not correlate with freeze-thaw stress. For these traits, we identified a striking lack of coverage for substantial portions of species ranges, particularly at the upper boundaries of their respective PSis, demonstrating a critical gap in our understanding of trait prevalence and plasticity along these stress gradients. Future research should investigate traits that confer tolerance to both freeze-thaw and drought stress in a wide range of species across broad geographic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven P Augustine
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Alex Goke
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Rachel Jordan
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Christopher P Krieg
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kimberly O’Keefe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Saint Edward’s University, Austin, TX 78704, USA
| | - Duncan D Smith
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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9
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Roth-Nebelsick A. How much biology is in the product? Role and relevance of biological evolution and function for bio-inspired design. Theory Biosci 2022; 141:233-247. [PMID: 35344153 PMCID: PMC9474337 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-022-00367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bio-inspired design (BID) means the concept of transferring functional principles from biology to technology. The core idea driving BID-related work is that evolution has shaped functional attributes, which are termed “adaptations” in biology, to a high functional performance by relentless selective pressure. For current methods and tools, such as data bases, it is implicitly supposed that the considered biological models are adaptations and their functions already clarified. Often, however, the identification of adaptations and their functional features is a difficult task which is not yet accomplished for numerous biological structures, as happens to be the case also for various organismic features from which successful BID developments were derived. This appears to question the relevance of the much stressed importance of evolution for BID. While it is obviously possible to derive an attractive technical principle from an observed biological effect without knowing its original functionality, this kind of BID (“analog BID”) has no further ties to biology. In contrast, a BID based on an adaptation and its function (“homolog BID”) is deeply embedded in biology. It is suggested that a serious and honest clarification of the functional background of a biological structure is an essential first step in devising a BID project, to recognize possible problems and pitfalls as well as to evaluate the need for further biological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Roth-Nebelsick
- Department of Palaeontology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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10
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Marek S, Tomaszewski D, Żytkowiak R, Jasińska A, Zadworny M, Boratyńska K, Dering M, Danusevičius D, Oleksyn J, Wyka TP. Stomatal density in Pinus sylvestris as an indicator of temperature rather than CO 2 : Evidence from a pan-European transect. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:121-132. [PMID: 34748220 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The commonly observed negative relationship between stomatal density (SD) and atmospheric CO2 has led to SD being proposed as an indicator of atmospheric CO2 concentration. The use of SD as a proxy for CO2 , however, has been hampered by an insufficient understanding of the intraspecific variation of this trait. We hypothesized that SD in Pinus sylvestris, a widely distributed conifer, varies geographically and that this variation is determined by major climatic variables. By sampling needles from naturally growing trees along a latitudinal range of 32.25°, equivalent to 13.7°C gradient of mean annual temperature (MAT) across Europe, we found that SD decreased from the warmest southern sites to the coldest sites in the north at a rate of 4 stomata per mm2 for each 1°C, with MAT explaining 44% of the variation. Additionally, samples from a provenance trial exhibited a positive relationship between SD and the MAT of the original localities, suggesting that high SD is an adaptation to warm temperature. Our study revealed one of the strongest intraspecific relationships between SD and climate in any woody species, supporting the utility of SD as a temperature, rather than direct CO2 , proxy. In addition, our results predict the response of SD to climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Marek
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | | | - Roma Żytkowiak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Anna Jasińska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | | | | | - Darius Danusevičius
- Faculty of Forest Science and Ecology, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Akademija, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Tomasz P Wyka
- Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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11
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Zadworny M, Mucha J, Bagniewska-Zadworna A, Żytkowiak R, Mąderek E, Danusevičius D, Oleksyn J, Wyka TP, McCormack ML. Higher biomass partitioning to absorptive roots improves needle nutrition but does not alleviate stomatal limitation of northern Scots pine. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3859-3869. [PMID: 33934467 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harsh environmental conditions affect both leaf structure and root traits. However, shoot growth in high-latitude systems is predominately under photoperiod control while root growth may occur for as long as thermal conditions are favorable. The different sensitivities of these organs may alter functional relationships above- and belowground along environmental gradients. We examined the relationship between absorptive root and foliar traits of Scots pine trees growing in situ along a temperate-boreal transect and in trees grown in a long-term common garden at a temperate latitude. We related changes in foliar nitrogen, phosphorus, specific leaf area, needle mass and 13 C signatures to geographic trends in absorptive root biomass to better understand patterns of altered tree nutrition and water balance. Increased allocation to absorptive fine roots was associated with greater uptake of soil nutrients and subsequently higher needle nutrient contents in the northern provenances compared with more southern provenances when grown together in a common garden setting. In contrast, the leaf δ13 C in northern and southern provenances were similar within the common garden suggesting that higher absorptive root biomass fractions could not adequately increase water supply in warmer climates. These results highlight the importance of allocation within the fine-root system and its impacts on needle nutrition while also suggesting increasing stomatal limitation of photosynthesis in the context of anticipated climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Joanna Mucha
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Roma Żytkowiak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Ewa Mąderek
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Darius Danusevičius
- Faculty of Forest Science and Ecology, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Tomasz P Wyka
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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12
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Cruz-Nicolás J, Villarruel-Arroyo A, Gernandt DS, Fonseca RM, Aguirre-Planter E, Eguiarte LE, Jaramillo-Correa JP. Non-adaptive evolutionary processes governed the diversification of a temperate conifer lineage after its migration into the tropics. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 160:107125. [PMID: 33636326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Constructing phylogenetic relationships among closely related species is a recurrent challenge in evolutionary biology, particularly for long-lived taxa with large effective population sizes and uncomplete reproductive isolation, like conifers. Conifers further have slow evolutionary rates, which raises the question of whether adaptive or non/adaptive processes were predominantly involved when they rapidly diversified after migrating from temperate regions into the tropical mountains. Indeed, fine-scale phylogenetic relationships within several conifer genus remain under debate. Here, we studied the phylogenetic relationships of endemic firs (Abies, Pinaceae) discontinuously distributed in the montane forests from the Southwestern United States to Guatemala, and addressed several hypotheses related to adaptive and non-adaptive radiations. We derived over 80 K SNPs from genotyping by sequencing (GBS) for 45 individuals of nine Mesoamerican species to perform phylogenetic analyses. Both Maximum Likelihood and quartets-inference phylogenies resulted in a well-resolved topology, showing a single fir lineage divided in four subgroups that coincided with the main mountain ranges of Mesoamerica; thus having important taxonomic implications. Such subdivision fitted a North-South isolation by distance framework, in which non-adaptive allopatric processes seemed the rule. Interestingly, several reticulations were observed within subgroups, especially in the central-south region, which may explain past difficulties for generating infrageneric phylogenies. Further evidence for non-adaptive processes was obtained from analyses of 21 candidate-gene regions, which exhibited diminishing values of πa/πs and Ka/Ks with latitude, thus indicating reduced efficiency of purifying selection towards the Equator. Our study indicates that non-adaptive allopatric processes may be key generators of species diversity and endemism in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cruz-Nicolás
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-275, Mexico City CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Villarruel-Arroyo
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-275, Mexico City CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - David S Gernandt
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-233, Mexico City CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Plantas Vasculares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-282, Mexico City CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - Erika Aguirre-Planter
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-275, Mexico City CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis E Eguiarte
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-275, Mexico City CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan P Jaramillo-Correa
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-275, Mexico City CDMX 04510, Mexico.
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13
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Hall D, Olsson J, Zhao W, Kroon J, Wennström U, Wang XR. Divergent patterns between phenotypic and genetic variation in Scots pine. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100139. [PMID: 33511348 PMCID: PMC7816077 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In boreal forests, autumn frost tolerance in seedlings is a critical fitness component because it determines survival rates during regeneration. To understand the forces that drive local adaptation in this trait, we conducted freezing tests in a common garden setting for 54 Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) populations (>5000 seedlings) collected across Scandinavia into western Russia, and genotyped 24 of these populations (>900 seedlings) at >10 000 SNPs. Variation in cold hardiness among populations, as measured by QST , was above 80% and followed a distinct cline along latitude and longitude, demonstrating significant adaptation to climate at origin. In contrast, the genetic differentiation was very weak (mean FST 0.37%). Despite even allele frequency distribution in the vast majority of SNPs among all populations, a few rare alleles appeared at very high or at fixation in marginal populations restricted to northwestern Fennoscandia. Genotype-environment associations showed that climate variables explained 2.9% of the genetic differentiation, while genotype-phenotype associations revealed a high marker-estimated heritability of frost hardiness of 0.56, but identified no major loci. Very extensive gene flow, strong local adaptation, and signals of complex demographic history across markers are interesting topics of forthcoming studies on this species to better clarify signatures of selection and demography.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hall
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jenny Olsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Johan Kroon
- The Forestry Research Institute of Sweden (Skogforsk), Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Xiao-Ru Wang
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author
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14
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Du H, Ran JH, Feng YY, Wang XQ. The flattened and needlelike leaves of the pine family (Pinaceae) share a conserved genetic network for adaxial-abaxial polarity but have diverged for photosynthetic adaptation. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:131. [PMID: 33028198 PMCID: PMC7542717 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leaves have highly diverse morphologies. However, with an evolutionary history of approximately 200 million years, leaves of the pine family are relatively monotonous and often collectively called “needles”, although they vary in length, width and cross-section shapes. It would be of great interest to determine whether Pinaceae leaves share similar morpho-physiological features and even consistent developmental and adaptive mechanisms. Results Based on a detailed morpho-anatomical study of leaves from all 11 Pinaceae genera, we particularly investigated the expression patterns of adaxial-abaxial polarity genes in two types of leaves (needlelike and flattened) and compared their photosynthetic capacities. We found that the two types of leaves share conserved spatial patterning of vasculatures and genetic networks for adaxial-abaxial polarity, although they display different anatomical structures in the mesophyll tissue differentiation and distribution direction. In addition, the species with needlelike leaves exhibited better photosynthetic capacity than the species with flattened leaves. Conclusions Our study provides the first evidence for the existence of a conserved genetic module controlling adaxial-abaxial polarity in the development of different Pinaceae leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jin-Hua Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Quan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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15
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Oleksyn J, Wyka TP, Żytkowiak R, Zadworny M, Mucha J, Dering M, Ufnalski K, Nihlgård B, Reich PB. A fingerprint of climate change across pine forests of Sweden. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1739-1746. [PMID: 32856759 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Climate change has likely altered high-latitude forests globally, but direct evidence remains rare. Here we show that throughout a ≈1000-km transect in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests in Sweden, mature trees in ≈2015 had longer needles with shorter lifetimes than did trees in ≈1915. These century-scale shifts in needle traits were detected by sampling needles at 74 sites from 2012 to 2017 along the same transect where needle traits had been assessed at 57 sites in 1914-1915. Climate warming of ≈1 °C all along the transect in the past century has driven this temporal shift in foliage traits known to be physiologically critical to growth and carbon cycling processes. These century-scale changes in Scandinavian Scots pine forests represent a fingerprint of climate change on a fundamental biological element, the leaf, with repercussions for productivity and sensitivity to future climate, which are likely to be mirrored by similar changes for evergreen conifers across the boreal biome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Oleksyn
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, 62-035, Poland
| | - Tomasz P Wyka
- Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Roma Żytkowiak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, 62-035, Poland
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, 62-035, Poland
| | - Joanna Mucha
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, 62-035, Poland
| | - Monika Dering
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, 62-035, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Ufnalski
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, 62-035, Poland
| | | | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2753, Australia
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16
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Jankowski A, Wyka TP, Żytkowiak R, Danusevičius D, Oleksyn J. Does climate-related in situ variability of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles have a genetic basis? Evidence from common garden experiments. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:573-589. [PMID: 30715504 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The correlations of phenotypic traits with environmental drivers suggest that variability of these traits is a result of natural selection, especially if such trait correlations are based on genetic variability. We hypothesized that in situ correlations of structural needle traits of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L) with minimal winter temperature (Tmin) reported previously from a temperate/boreal transect would be conserved when plants are cultivated under common conditions. We tested this hypothesis by analyzing needles from two common gardens located in the temperate zone, one including adult trees and the other juvenile seedlings. The majority of adult needle traits for which correlations with Tmin were found in the field turned out to be under environmental influence. In contrast, the majority of traits studied in juvenile needles were correlated with the original Tmin suggesting the role of past natural selection in shaping their variability. Juvenile needles thus appeared to be inherently less plastic than adult needles, perhaps reflecting the stronger selective pressure acting during juvenile, as compared with adult, ontogenetic stage. Genetically based cold-climate adaptation in either juvenile or adult needles, or both, involved an increase in leaf mass per area and leaf density, decrease in needle length, reduction in the amount of xylem and phloem, increase in thickness of epidermis, decrease in tracheid diameter and increase in tracheid density, and increase in diameter and volume fraction of resin ducts. We also show that at least some traits, such as transverse xylem and phloem areas and number of fibers, scale with needle length, suggesting that climate-related trait variation may also be mediated by changes in needle length. Moreover, slopes of these allometric relationships may themselves be plastically modified. The phenotypic syndrome typical of needles from cold environments may thus be under environmental, genetic and allometric control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Jankowski
- General Botany Laboratory, Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Umultowska 89, Poznań, Poland
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, Parkowa 5, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Tomasz P Wyka
- General Botany Laboratory, Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Umultowska 89, Poznań, Poland
| | - Roma Żytkowiak
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, Parkowa 5, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Darius Danusevičius
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Faculty of Forest Science and Ecology, Studentų str. 11, Akademija, Kaunas reg., Lithuania
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, Parkowa 5, Kórnik, Poland
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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17
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Is Resistance to Mountain Pine Beetle Associated with Genetic Resistance to White Pine Blister Rust in Limber Pine? FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Limber pine (Pinus flexilis James) co-evolved with the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins; MPB) and is now also challenged by the non-native pathogen Cronartium ribicola (J.C. Fisch.) that causes the lethal disease white pine blister rust (WPBR). Previous research suggests that trees infected with WPBR can be preferred hosts for MPB. Using resin duct traits associated with MPB resistance, we tested for a relationship between resistance to MPB and WPBR in limber pine, in the absence of either biological agent. These analyses will help evaluate if MPB historically may have contributed to natural selection for WPBR resistance in advance of WPBR invasion, and could help explain the unusually high frequency of the dominant Cr4 allele for complete resistance to WPBR in limber pine populations of the Southern Rocky Mountains. Resin duct production, density and relative duct area did not differ between healthy trees previously inferred to carry the dominant Cr4 allele and trees that lack it at 22 sites, though some duct traits varied with elevation. MPB resistance does not appear to have played an evolutionary role in contributing to the high frequency of Cr4 in naïve populations, however, MPB may affect the future evolution of resistance to WPBR in the pines where the two pests coincide and WPBR will affect forest recovery after MPB epidemics. MPB-WPBR interactions in a changing climate will affect the future trajectory of limber pine.
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18
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Huang S, Dai C, Zhou Y, Peng H, Yi K, Qin P, Luo S, Zhang X. Comparisons of three plant species in accumulating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the atmosphere: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:16548-16566. [PMID: 29740766 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves play a key role in the accumulation of PAHs, as they are able to capture PAHs from the air. In this paper, the mechanism, including absorption and adsorption, for plants to scavenge PAHs from the air was reviewed. Moreover, the differences of PAHs accumulating capability are mainly compared among three representative plant species, including pine needles, Holm oak leaves, and moss. On the whole, it is shown that oak leaves present the strongest PAHs accumulating capability for total PAHs among three plants species. Oak leaves and pine needles show higher accumulating tendency for light and medium molecular weight PAHs, whereas moss presents stronger accumulating tendency for heavy molecular weight PAHs. Environmental factors (i.e., temperature, seasonality, and photolysis) also account for the process of PAHs transferred from air to plants. With the temperature climbing, the concentration of PAHs in the air will increase. Due to the meteorological conditions and the human activities changed with seasons, it was shown that the PAHs were greatly accumulated in leaf surface in winter than in summer. Photolysis was also able to influence the PAHs on leaf surface, which are significant to this process. In conclusion, oak, pine, and moss can be used to filter PAHs when considering urban landscaping. Besides combining the traditional analytical methods with in situ determination, there might be able to provide a novel method to further study the specific absorption mechanisms. The accumulation of PAHs in crop leaf surface related to the application of surfactants is also worth studying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojian Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Chunhao Dai
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Hui Peng
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Kexin Yi
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Pufeng Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Si Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Environment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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