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Graham JL, Staudt M, Buatois B, Caro SP. Developing Oak Buds Produce Volatile Emissions in Response to Herbivory by Freshly Hatched Caterpillars. J Chem Ecol 2024:10.1007/s10886-024-01520-y. [PMID: 38949747 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant responses to damage by insectivorous herbivores are well-documented in mature leaves. The resulting herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) protect the plant by attracting carnivorous arthropods and even some insectivorous vertebrates, to parasitize or consume the plant invaders. However, very little is known about plant production of HIPVs in developing buds, particularly when herbivorous insects are too small to be considered a prey item. It is additionally unclear whether plants respond differently to generalist and specialist chewing insects that overlap in distribution. Therefore, we compared HIPV production of Downy oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) buds infested with freshly hatched caterpillars of Tortrix viridana (specialist) and Operophtera brumata (generalist), against uninfested buds. Of the compounds identified in both years of the experiment, we found that (Z)-hex-3-enyl acetate, (E)-β-ocimene, acetophenone, linalool, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), methyl salicylate, α-copaene, α-humulene, (E)-caryophyllene, and (E,E)-α-farnesene appeared to be higher in infested buds compared to controls. We found no difference in HIPV production between the specialist and the generalist herbivores. Production of HIPVs was also associated with leaf damage, with higher HIPV production in more severely attacked buds. Thus, our study shows that oak trees already start responding to insect herbivory before leaves are developed, by producing compounds similar to those found in damaged mature leaves. Future work should focus on how Downy oak may benefit from initiating alarm cues at a time when carnivorous arthropods and insectivorous vertebrates are unable to use herbivorous insects as host or food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Graham
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- School of Natural Sciences, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, SD, 57799, USA
| | - Michael Staudt
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Buatois
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Samuel P Caro
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
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2
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Cox DTC, Gaston KJ. Ecosystem functioning across the diel cycle in the Anthropocene. Trends Ecol Evol 2024; 39:31-40. [PMID: 37723017 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Given the marked differences in environmental conditions and active biota between daytime and nighttime, it is almost inevitable that ecosystem functioning will also differ. However, understanding of these differences has been hampered due to the challenges of conducting research at night. At the same time, many anthropogenic pressures are most forcefully exerted or have greatest effect during either daytime (e.g., high temperatures, disturbance) or nighttime (e.g., artificial lighting, nights warming faster than days). Here, we explore current understanding of diel (daily) variation in five key ecosystem functions and when during the diel cycle they primarily occur [predation (unclear), herbivory (nighttime), pollination (daytime), seed dispersal (unclear), carbon assimilation (daytime)] and how diel asymmetry in anthropogenic pressures impacts these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T C Cox
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK.
| | - Kevin J Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
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3
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Osinde C, Sobhy IS, Wari D, Dinh ST, Hojo Y, Osibe DA, Shinya T, Tugume AK, Nsubuga AM, Galis I. Comparative analysis of sorghum (C4) and rice (C3) plant headspace volatiles induced by artificial herbivory. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2243064. [PMID: 37585707 PMCID: PMC10730142 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2243064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute stress responses include release of defensive volatiles from herbivore-attacked plants. Here we used two closely related monocot species, rice as a representative C3 plant, and sorghum as a representative C4 plant, and compared their basal and stress-induced headspace volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Although both plants emitted similar types of constitutive and induced VOCs, in agreement with the close phylogenetic relationship of the species, several mono- and sesquiterpenes have been significantly less abundant in headspace of sorghum relative to rice. Furthermore, in spite of generally lower VOC levels, some compounds, such as the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and homoterpene DMNT, remained relatively high in the sorghum headspace, suggesting that a separate mechanism for dispersal of these compounds may have evolved in this plant. Finally, a variable amount of several VOCs among three sorghum cultivars of different geographical origins suggested that release of VOCs could be used as a valuable resource for the increase of sorghum resistance against herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyprian Osinde
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Islam S. Sobhy
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David Wari
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Son Truong Dinh
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yuko Hojo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Dandy A. Osibe
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Tomonori Shinya
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Arthur K. Tugume
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anthony M. Nsubuga
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ivan Galis
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
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4
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Qian J, Liao Y, Jian G, Jia Y, Zeng L, Gu D, Li H, Yang Y. Light induces an increasing release of benzyl nitrile against diurnal herbivore Ectropis grisescens Warren attack in tea (Camellia sinensis) plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3464-3480. [PMID: 37553868 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are critical compounds that directly or indirectly regulate the tritrophic interactions among herbivores, natural enemies and plants. The synthesis and release of HIPVs are regulated by many biotic and abiotic factors. However, the mechanism by which multiple factors synergistically affect HIPVs release remains unclear. Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is the object of this study because of its rich and varied volatile metabolites. In this study, benzyl nitrile was released from herbivore-attacked tea plants more in the daytime than at night, which was consistent with the feeding behaviour of tea geometrid (Ectropis grisescens Warren) larvae. The Y-tube olfactometer assay and insect resistance analysis revealed that benzyl nitrile can repel tea geometrid larvae and inhibit their growth. On the basis of enzyme activities in transiently transformed Nicotiana benthamiana plants, CsCYP79 was identified as a crucial regulator in the benzyl nitrile biosynthetic pathway. Light signalling-related transcription factor CsPIF1-like and the jasmonic acid (JA) signalling-related transcription factor CsMYC2 serve as the activator of CsCYP79 under light and damage conditions. Our study revealed that light (abiotic factor) and herbivore-induced damage (biotic stress) synergistically regulate the synthesis and release of benzyl nitrile to protect plants from diurnal herbivorous tea geometrid larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Qian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guotai Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dachuan Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanxiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Gaston KJ, Gardner AS, Cox DTC. Anthropogenic changes to the nighttime environment. Bioscience 2023; 73:280-290. [PMID: 37091747 PMCID: PMC10113933 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
How the relative impacts of anthropogenic pressures on the natural environment vary between different taxonomic groups, habitats, and geographic regions is increasingly well established. By contrast, the times of day at which those pressures are most forcefully exerted or have greatest influence are not well understood. The impact on the nighttime environment bears particular scrutiny, given that for practical reasons (e.g., researchers themselves belong to a diurnal species), most studies on the impacts of anthropogenic pressures are conducted during the daytime on organisms that are predominantly day active or in ways that do not differentiate between daytime and nighttime. In the present article, we synthesize the current state of knowledge of impacts of anthropogenic pressures on the nighttime environment, highlighting key findings and examples. The evidence available suggests that the nighttime environment is under intense stress across increasing areas of the world, especially from nighttime pollution, climate change, and overexploitation of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra S Gardner
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel T C Cox
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
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6
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Yao C, Du L, Liu Q, Hu X, Ye W, Turlings TCJ, Li Y. Stemborer-induced rice plant volatiles boost direct and indirect resistance in neighboring plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:2375-2387. [PMID: 36259093 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are known to be perceived by neighboring plants, resulting in induction or priming of chemical defenses. There is little information on the defense responses that are triggered by these plant-plant interactions, and the phenomenon has rarely been studied in rice. Using chemical and molecular analyses in combination with insect behavioral and performance experiments, we studied how volatiles emitted by rice plants infested by the striped stemborer (SSB) Chilo suppressalis affect defenses against this pest in conspecific plants. Compared with rice plants exposed to the volatiles from uninfested plants, plants exposed to SSB-induced volatiles showed enhanced direct and indirect resistance to SSB. When subjected to caterpillar damage, the HIPV-exposed plants showed increased expression of jasmonic acid (JA) signaling genes, resulting in JA accumulation and higher levels of defensive proteinase inhibitors. Moreover, plants exposed to SSB-induced volatiles emitted larger amounts of inducible volatiles and were more attractive to the parasitoid Cotesia chilonis. By unraveling the factors involved in HIPV-mediated defense priming in rice, we reveal a key defensive role for proteinase inhibitors. These findings pave the way for novel rice management strategies to enhance the plant's resistance to one of its most devastating pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lixiao Du
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Xiaoyun Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenfeng Ye
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Yunhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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7
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Rieksta J, Li T, Davie‐Martin CL, Aeppli LCB, Høye TT, Rinnan R. Volatile responses of dwarf birch to mimicked insect herbivory and experimental warming at two elevations in Greenlandic tundra. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2023; 4:23-35. [PMID: 37284597 PMCID: PMC10168049 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants release a complex blend of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in response to stressors. VOC emissions vary between contrasting environments and increase with insect herbivory and rising temperatures. However, the joint effects of herbivory and warming on plant VOC emissions are understudied, particularly in high latitudes, which are warming fast and facing increasing herbivore pressure. We assessed the individual and combined effects of chemically mimicked insect herbivory, warming, and elevation on dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa) VOC emissions in high-latitude tundra ecosystems in Narsarsuaq, South Greenland. We hypothesized that VOC emissions and compositions would respond synergistically to warming and herbivory, with the magnitude differing between elevations. Warming increased emissions of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and isoprene. Herbivory increased the homoterpene, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, emissions, and the response was stronger at high elevation. Warming and herbivory had synergistic effects on GLV emissions. Dwarf birch emitted VOCs at similar rates at both elevations, but the VOC blends differed between elevations. Several herbivory-associated VOC groups did not respond to herbivory. Harsher abiotic conditions at high elevations might not limit VOC emissions from dwarf birch, and high-elevation plants might be better at herbivory defense than assumed. The complexity of VOC responses to experimental warming, elevation, and herbivory are challenging our understanding and predictions of future VOC emissions from dwarf birch-dominated ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Rieksta
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
| | - Tao Li
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research StationKey Laboratory for Bio‐resource and Eco‐environment of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Cleo L. Davie‐Martin
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
| | - Laurids Christian Brogaard Aeppli
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
| | - Toke Thomas Høye
- Department of Bioscience and Arctic Research CentreAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
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Foba CN, Shi JH, An QQ, Liu L, Hu XJ, Hegab MAMS, Liu H, Zhao PM, Wang MQ. Volatile-mediated tritrophic defense and priming in neighboring maize against Ostrinia furnacalis and Mythimna separata. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:105-113. [PMID: 36088646 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants respond to attackers by triggering phytohormones signaling associated metabolites, including herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). HIPVs can indirectly act against herbivory by recruitment of natural enemies and priming of neighboring plants. Ostrinia furnacalis and Mythimna separata are important insect herbivores of maize plants that have a devastating influence on yield. However, little is known about how maize temporally reconfigures its defense systems against these herbivores and variation of neighboring plant resistance. RESULTS This study investigated the effects of HIPVs on the behavior of the dominant predatory beetle Harmonia axyridis and priming in neighboring maize defense against O. furnacalis and M. separata over time. The results showed that maize damaged by either O. furnacalis or M. separata enhanced the release of volatiles including terpenes, aldehydes, alkanes and an ester, which elicited an increased attractive response to H. axyridis after 3 and 12 h, respectively. O. furnacalis damage resulted in accumulations of leaf jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid in maize after 6 and 3 h, respectively, while M. separata damage only raised the JA level after 3 h. Furthermore, HIPVs were able to prime neighboring plants through the accumulation of JA after 24 h. Both larvae showed a significant decrease in weight accumulation after 48 h of feeding on the third leaves of the primed plant. CONCLUSION Taken together, the findings provide a dynamic overview of how attacked maize reconfigures its volatiles and phytohormones to defend against herbivores, as well as priming of neighboring plants against oncoming attacks. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ngichop Foba
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
- Lincoln University, College of Agriculture, Environmental and Human Sciences, Cooperative Extension, 65101, Jefferson City, MO, USA
| | - Jin-Hua Shi
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Qing An
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Le Liu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Jun Hu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Mahmoud Ali Morse Soliman Hegab
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Damietta El-Gadeeda City, Kafr Saad, Damietta Governorate, 34511, Egypt
| | - Hao Liu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Min Zhao
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Man-Qun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
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9
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Müller AT, Reichelt M, Cosio EG, Salinas N, Nina A, Wang D, Moossen H, Geilmann H, Gershenzon J, Köllner TG, Mithöfer A. Combined -omics framework reveals how ant symbionts benefit the Neotropical ant-plant Tococa quadrialata at different levels. iScience 2022; 25:105261. [PMID: 36274949 PMCID: PMC9579026 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ant-plant defensive mutualism is a widely studied phenomenon, where ants protect their host plants (myrmecophytes) against herbivores in return for the provision of nesting sites and food. However, few studies addressed the influence of ant colonization and herbivory on the plant's metabolism. We chose the Amazonian plant Tococa quadrialata, living in association with Azteca cf. tonduzi ants for an ant-exclusion study to reveal the chemistry behind this symbiosis. We found that colonized plants did not only benefit from protection but also from increased amino acid and nitrogen content, enabling better performance even in an herbivore-free environment. In contrast, ant-deprived T. quadrialata plants accumulated more ellagitannins, a major class of constitutive defense compounds. Moreover, herbivory-induced jasmonate-mediated defense responses, including the upregulation of signaling and defense genes and the emission of volatiles irrespective of colonization status. Altogether, we show how ant-colonization can influence the general and defense-related metabolism and performance of myrmecophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T. Müller
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Institute for Nature Earth and Energy (INTE-PUCP), San Miguel, 15088 Lima, Peru
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Eric G. Cosio
- Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Institute for Nature Earth and Energy (INTE-PUCP), San Miguel, 15088 Lima, Peru
| | - Norma Salinas
- Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Institute for Nature Earth and Energy (INTE-PUCP), San Miguel, 15088 Lima, Peru
| | - Alex Nina
- Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Institute for Nature Earth and Energy (INTE-PUCP), San Miguel, 15088 Lima, Peru
| | - Ding Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Moossen
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Stable Isotope Laboratory (BGC-IsoLab), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Heike Geilmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Stable Isotope Laboratory (BGC-IsoLab), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G. Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, 07745 Jena, Germany
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10
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Jones LC. Insects allocate eggs adaptively according to plant age, stress, disease or damage. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220831. [PMID: 35858074 PMCID: PMC9277260 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most herbivorous insects can only survive on a small subset of the plant species in its environment. Consequently, adult females have evolved sophisticated sensory recognition systems enabling them to find and lay eggs on plants supporting offspring development. This leads to the preference-performance or 'mother knows best' hypothesis that insects should be attracted to host plants that confer higher offspring survival. Previous work shows insects generally select plant species that are best for larval survival, although this is less likely for crops or exotic host plants. Even within a species, however, individual plants can vary greatly in potential suitability depending on age, access to water or nutrients or attack by pathogens or other herbivores. Here, I systematically review 71 studies on 62 insect species testing the preference-performance hypothesis with sets of plants varying in age, stress, fungal/microbial infection or herbivore damage. Altogether, 77% of insects tested with a native host (N = 43) allocated their eggs to plants best for offspring development, as did 64% (N = 22) of insects tested with an exotic host. Results were similar across plant age, stress, disease and damage categories. These findings show adaptive maternal behaviour in insects occurs for both host species and variation among individual plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan C. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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11
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Ali MY, Naseem T, Zhang J, Pan M, Zhang F, Liu TX. Plant Volatiles and Herbivore Induced Plant Volatiles from Chili Pepper Act as Attractant of the Aphid Parasitoid Aphelinus varipes (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11101350. [PMID: 35631774 PMCID: PMC9145887 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a number of different chemical defenses, covering nearly all classes of (secondary) metabolites, that represent a major barrier to herbivory: some are constitutive; others are induced after attacks from herbivores (HIPVs) and may elicit the attraction of predators and parasitoids. Here, we studied how the female solitary endoparasitoid Aphelinus varipes responds to plant and host aphid volatiles in a series of experiments on five commercially important vegetables that were either healthy or infested with the aphid Myzus persicae: chili pepper, eggplant, crown daisy, Chinese cabbage and cabbage. The results for the olfactory responses of A. varipes showed that the presence of M. persicae increased the attraction of the endoparasitoid to the infested plants. In a second experiment, volatiles from highly attractive and repellent plants were obtained via headspace collection to investigate volatiles from healthy and aphid-damaged plants. The results for the differences in volatile profiles in response to aphid infestation in chili pepper cultivar were dominated by the volatile blends, including α-pinene, decanal and phthalic acid, while in cabbage they were dominated by isophorone. Moreover, when HIPVs with different concentrations were compared, α-pinene at a dose rate of 100 ng/μL attracted more parasitoids, and the comparison was useful to understand the mechanisms of plant secondary volatiles during aphid infestation and to provide new resources to control this insect pest. Overall our study shows how HIPVs can bolster tritrophic interactions by enhancing the attractiveness of parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasir Ali
- Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology and Molecular Biology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (M.Y.A.); (M.P.)
- MARA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Tayyaba Naseem
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Jinping Zhang
- MARA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Mingzhen Pan
- Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology and Molecular Biology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (M.Y.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Feng Zhang
- MARA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (T.-X.L.)
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology and Molecular Biology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (M.Y.A.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (T.-X.L.)
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12
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Hu L. Integration of multiple volatile cues into plant defense responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:618-623. [PMID: 34506634 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability to predict future risks is essential for many organisms, including plants. Plants can gather information about potential future herbivory by detecting volatiles that are emitted by herbivore-attacked neighbors. Several individual volatiles have been identified as active danger cues. Recent work has also shown that plants may integrate multiple volatiles into their defense responses. Here, I discuss how the integration of multiple volatiles can increase the capacity of plants to predict future herbivore attack. I propose that integration of multiple volatile cues does not occur at the perception stage, but may through downstream early defense signaling and then be further consolidated by hormonal crosstalk. Exploring plant volatile cue integration can facilitate our understanding and utilization of chemical information transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Hu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3013, Switzerland
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13
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14
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He J, Halitschke R, Schuman MC, Baldwin IT. Light dominates the diurnal emissions of herbivore-induced volatiles in wild tobacco. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:401. [PMID: 34461825 PMCID: PMC8404343 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timing is everything when it comes to the fitness outcome of a plant's ecological interactions, and accurate timing is particularly relevant for interactions with herbivores or mutualists that are based on ephemeral emissions of volatile organic compounds. Previous studies of the wild tobacco N. attenuata have found associations between the diurnal timing of volatile emissions, and daytime predation of herbivores by their natural enemies. RESULTS Here, we investigated the role of light in regulating two biosynthetic groups of volatiles, terpenoids and green leaf volatiles (GLVs), which dominate the herbivore-induced bouquet of N. attenuata. Light deprivation strongly suppressed terpenoid emissions while enhancing GLV emissions, albeit with a time lag. Silencing the expression of photoreceptor genes did not alter terpenoid emission rhythms, but silencing expression of the phytochrome gene, NaPhyB1, disordered the emission of the GLV (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. External abscisic acid (ABA) treatments increased stomatal resistance, but did not truncate the emission of terpenoid volatiles (recovered in the headspace). However, ABA treatment enhanced GLV emissions and leaf internal pools (recovered from tissue), and reduced internal linalool pools. In contrast to the pattern of diurnal terpenoid emissions and nocturnal GLV emissions, transcripts of herbivore-induced plant volatile (HIPV) biosynthetic genes peaked during the day. The promotor regions of these genes were populated with various cis-acting regulatory elements involved in light-, stress-, phytohormone- and circadian regulation. CONCLUSIONS This research provides insights into the complexity of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of HIPV bouquets, a mechanistic complexity which rivals the functional complexity of HIPVs, which includes repelling herbivores, calling for body guards, and attracting pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Xiema Street, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Current address: Departments of Geography and Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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15
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Mujiono K, Tohi T, Sobhy IS, Hojo Y, Shinya T, Galis I. Herbivore-induced and constitutive volatiles are controlled by different oxylipin-dependent mechanisms in rice. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2687-2699. [PMID: 34114241 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for plants, control mechanisms for their basal and stress-induced biosynthesis and release remain unclear. We sampled and characterized headspace and internal leaf volatile pools in rice (Oryza sativa), after a simulated herbivory treatment, which triggers an endogenous jasmonate burst. Certain volatiles, such as linalool, were strongly upregulated by simulated herbivory stress. In contrast, other volatiles, such as β-caryophyllene, were constitutively emitted and fluctuated according to time of day. Transcripts of the linalool synthase gene transiently increased 1-3 h after exposure of rice to simulated herbivory, whereas transcripts of caryophyllene synthase peaked independently at dawn. Unexpectedly, although emission and accumulation patterns of rice inducible and constitutive VOCs were substantially different, both groups of volatiles were compromised in jasmonate-deficient hebiba mutants, which lack the allene oxide cyclase (AOC) gene. This suggests that rice employs at least two distinct oxylipin-dependent mechanisms downstream of AOC to control production of constitutive and herbivore-induced volatiles. Levels of the JA precursor, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), were correlated with constitutive volatile levels suggesting that OPDA or its derivatives could be involved in control of volatile emission in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadis Mujiono
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia
| | - Tilisa Tohi
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Islam S Sobhy
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- School of Life Sciences, Huxley Building, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Yuko Hojo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Tomonori Shinya
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Ivan Galis
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
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16
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Goldberg JK, Sternlieb SR, Pintel G, Delph LF. Observational evidence of herbivore-specific associational effects between neighboring conspecifics in natural, dimorphic populations of Datura wrightii. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5547-5561. [PMID: 34026028 PMCID: PMC8131817 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Associational effects-in which the vulnerability of a plant to herbivores is influenced by its neighbors-have been widely implicated in mediating plant-herbivore interactions. Studies of associational effects typically focus on interspecific interactions or pest-crop dynamics. However, associational effects may also be important for species with intraspecific variation in defensive traits. In this study, we observed hundreds of Datura wrightii-which exhibits dimorphism in its trichome phenotype-from over 30 dimorphic populations across California. Our aim was to determine whether a relationship existed between the trichome phenotype of neighboring conspecifics and the likelihood of being damaged by four species of herbivorous insects. We visited plants at three timepoints to assess how these effects vary both within and between growing seasons. We hypothesized that the pattern of associational effects would provide rare morphs (i.e., focal plants that are a different morph than their neighbors) with an advantage in the form of reduced herbivory, thereby contributing to the negative frequency-dependent selection previously documented in this system. We found the best predictor of herbivory/herbivore presence on focal plants was the phenotype of the focal plant. However, we also found some important neighborhood effects. The total number of plants near a focal individual predicted the likelihood and/or magnitude of herbivory by Tupiochoris notatus, Lema daturaphila, and Manduca sexta. We also found that velvety focal plants with primarily sticky neighbors are more susceptible to infestation by Tupiochoris notatus and Lema daturaphila. This does not align with the hypothesis that associational effects at the near-neighbor scale contribute to a rare-morph advantage in this system. Overall, the results of our study show that the number and trichome-morph composition of neighboring conspecifics impact interactions between D. wrightii and insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay K. Goldberg
- Department of BiologyIndiana UniversityBloomingtonINUSA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
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Hu L, Zhang K, Wu Z, Xu J, Erb M. Plant volatiles as regulators of plant defense and herbivore immunity: molecular mechanisms and unanswered questions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 44:82-88. [PMID: 33894408 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants release distinct blends of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) upon herbivore attack. HIPVs have long been known to influence the behavior of herbivores and natural enemies. In addition, HIPVs can act as physiological regulators that induce or prime plant defenses. Recent work indicates that the regulatory capacity of HIPVs may extend to herbivore immunity: herbivores that are exposed to HIPVs can become more resistant or susceptible to parasitoids and pathogens. While the mechanisms of HIPV-mediated plant defense regulation are being unraveled, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of herbivore immunity are unclear. Evidence so far suggests a high degree of context dependency. Here, we review the mechanisms by which HIPVs regulate plant defense and herbivore immunity. We address major gaps of knowledge and discuss directions for future mechanistic research to facilitate efforts to use the regulatory capacity of HIPVs for the biological control of insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Hu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Kaidi Zhang
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenwei Wu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Chen CS, Zhao C, Wu ZY, Liu GF, Yu XP, Zhang PJ. Whitefly-induced tomato volatiles mediate host habitat location of the parasitic wasp Encarsia formosa, and enhance its efficacy as a bio-control agent. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:749-757. [PMID: 32892466 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a phloem-feeding insect and causes extensive agricultural damage around the world. Although the parasitic wasp Encarsia formosa is widely used to control B. tabaci on glasshouse tomatoes, low efficiency and discontinuity are frequently recorded. It has been well-documented that herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are important cues in the foraging behavior of the natural enemies of herbivores. However, the volatiles emitted from tomatoes infested by different developmental stages of B. tabaci (nymphs versus adults) have not been compared in terms of their effects on E. formosa attraction. RESULTS Olfactometer assays with four tomato cultivars revealed that the E. formosa wasps showed a significant attraction to the volatiles from adult-infested plants (except for cv. Castlemart), but not to those from nymph-infested plants. In a close-range habitat, however, the wasps appeared to use visual or tactile cues derived from nymphs for host location. Volatile analyses and behavioral assays showed that wasp attraction was correlated with enhanced β-myrcene and β-caryophyllene emissions from adult-infested plants. Furthermore, the use of B. tabaci adult-induced plant cues under glasshouse conditions resulted in a higher parasitism rate by this parasitoid. CONCLUSION Our findings confirm that E. formosa uses the HIPVs resulting from feeding of B. tabaci adults to locate host habitat. Release of β-myrcene and β-caryophyllene from dispensers may enhance the efficacy of E. formosa as a biological control agent against B. tabaci in glasshouse production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Shan Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chan Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Wu
- Zhejiang Academy of Science & Technology for Inspection & Quarantine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Fu Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng-Jun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Hu X, Su S, Liu Q, Jiao Y, Peng Y, Li Y, Turlings TC. Caterpillar-induced rice volatiles provide enemy-free space for the offspring of the brown planthopper. eLife 2020; 9:55421. [PMID: 32778222 PMCID: PMC7419140 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants typically release large quantities of volatiles in response to herbivory by insects. This benefits the plants by, for instance, attracting the natural enemies of the herbivores. We show that the brown planthopper (BPH) has cleverly turned this around by exploiting herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that provide safe havens for its offspring. BPH females preferentially oviposit on rice plants already infested by the rice striped stem borer (SSB), which are avoided by the egg parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae, the most important natural enemy of BPH. Using synthetic versions of volatiles identified from plants infested by BPH and/or SSB, we demonstrate the role of HIPVs in these interactions. Moreover, greenhouse and field cage experiments confirm the adaptiveness of the BPH oviposition strategy, resulting in 80% lower parasitism rates of its eggs. Besides revealing a novel exploitation of HIPVs, these findings may lead to novel control strategies against an exceedingly important rice pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangli Su
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yaoyu Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yufa Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ted Cj Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Grunseich JM, Thompson MN, Hay AA, Gorman Z, Kolomiets MV, Eubanks MD, Helms AM. Risky roots and careful herbivores: Sustained herbivory by a root‐feeding herbivore attenuates indirect plant defences. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Grunseich
- Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | | | - Allison A. Hay
- Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Zachary Gorman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Michael V. Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Micky D. Eubanks
- Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Anjel M. Helms
- Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
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21
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Li S, Joo Y, Cao D, Li R, Lee G, Halitschke R, Baldwin G, Baldwin IT, Wang M. Strigolactone signaling regulates specialized metabolism in tobacco stems and interactions with stem-feeding herbivores. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000830. [PMID: 32810128 PMCID: PMC7478753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are attacked by herbivores, which often specialize on different tissues, and in response, have evolved sophisticated resistance strategies that involve different types of chemical defenses frequently targeted to different tissues. Most known phytohormones have been implicated in regulating these defenses, with jasmonates (JAs) playing a pivotal role in complex regulatory networks of signaling interactions, often generically referred to as "cross talk." The newly identified class of phytohormones, strigolactones (SLs), known to regulate the shoot architecture, remain unstudied with regard to plant-herbivore interactions. We explored the role of SL signaling in resistance to a specialist weevil (Trichobaris mucorea) herbivore of the native tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, that attacks the root-shoot junction (RSJ), the part of the plant most strongly influenced by alterations in SL signaling (increased branching). As SL signaling shares molecular components, such as the core F-box protein MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2), with another new class of phytohormones, the karrikins (KARs), which promote seed germination and seedling growth, we generated transformed lines, individually silenced in the expression of NaMAX2, DWARF 14 (NaD14: the receptor for SL) and CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 7 (NaCCD7: a key enzyme in SL biosynthesis), and KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (NaKAI2: the KAR receptor). The mature stems of all transgenic lines impaired in the SL, but not the KAR signaling pathway, overaccumulated anthocyanins, as did the stems of plants attacked by the larvae of weevil, which burrow into the RSJs to feed on the pith of N. attenuata stems. T. mucorea larvae grew larger in the plants silenced in the SL pathway, but again, not in the KAI2-silenced plants. These phenotypes were associated with elevated JA and auxin (indole-3-acetic acid [IAA]) levels and significant changes in the accumulation of defensive compounds, including phenolamides and nicotine. The overaccumulation of phenolamides and anthocyanins in the SL pathway-silenced plants likely resulted from antagonism between the SL and JA pathway in N. attenuata. We show that the repressors of SL signaling, suppressor of max2-like (NaSMXL6/7), and JA signaling, jasmonate zim-domain (NaJAZs), physically interact, promoting NaJAZb degradation and releasing JASMONATE INSENSITIVE 1 (JIN1/MYC2) (NaMYC2), a critical transcription factor promoting JA responses. However, the increased performance of T. mucorea larvae resulted from lower pith nicotine levels, which were inhibited by increased IAA levels in SL pathway-silenced plants. This inference was confirmed by decapitation and auxin transport inhibitor treatments that decreased pith IAA and increased nicotine levels. In summary, SL signaling tunes specific sectors of specialized metabolism in stems, such as phenylpropanoid and nicotine biosynthesis, by tailoring the cross talk among phytohormones, including JA and IAA, to mediate herbivore resistance of stems. The metabolic consequences of the interplay of SL, JA, and IAA signaling revealed here could provide a mechanism for the commonly observed pattern of herbivore tolerance/resistance trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhua Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dechang Cao
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gisuk Lee
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Gundega Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Cao Y, Wang J, Germinara GS, Wang L, Yang H, Gao Y, Li C. Behavioral Responses of Thrips hawaiiensis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Volatile Compounds Identified from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Gentianales: Rubiaceae). INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11070408. [PMID: 32630187 PMCID: PMC7411846 DOI: 10.3390/insects11070408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thrips hawaiiensis is a common thrips pest of various plant flowers with host preference. Plant volatiles provide important information for host-searching in insects. We examined the behavioral responses of T. hawaiiensis adults to the floral volatiles of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, Gerbera jamesonii Bolus, Paeonia lactiflora Pallas, and Rosa chinensis Jacq. in a Y-tube olfactometer. T. hawaiiensis adults showed significantly different preferences to these four-flower plants, with the ranking of G. jasminoides > G.jamesonii > P. lactiflora ≥ R. chinensis. Further, 29 components were identified in the volatile profiles of G. jasminoides, and (Z)-3-hexenyl tiglate (14.38 %), linalool (27.45 %), and (E3,E7)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene (24.67 %) were the most abundant. Six-arm olfactometer bioassays showed that T. hawaiiensis had significant positive responses to (Z)-3-hexenyl tiglate, linalool, and (E3,E7)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene tested at various concentrations, with the most attractive ones being 10−3 μL/μL, 10−2 μL/μL and 100 μg/μL for each compound, respectively. In pairing of these three compounds at their optimal concentrations, T. hawaiiensis showed the preference ranking of (Z)-3-hexenyl tiglate > linalool > (E3,E7)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene. Large numbers of T. hawaiiensis have been observed on G. jasminoides flowers in the field, which might be caused by the high attraction of this pest to G. jasminoides floral volatiles shown in the present study. Our findings shed light on the olfactory cues routing host plant searching behavior in T. hawaiiensis, providing important information on how T. hawaiiensis targets particular host plants. The high attractiveness of the main compounds (e.g., linalool, (E3,E7)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene, particular (Z)-3-hexenyl tiglate) identified from volatiles of G. jasminoides flowers may be exploited further to develop novel monitoring and control tools (e.g., lure and kill strategies) against this flower-inhabiting thrips pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (Y.C.); (J.W.); (L.W.); (H.Y.)
| | - Jie Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (Y.C.); (J.W.); (L.W.); (H.Y.)
| | | | - Lijuan Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (Y.C.); (J.W.); (L.W.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hong Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (Y.C.); (J.W.); (L.W.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yulin Gao
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-13552643313 (Y.G.); +86-13511965681 (C.L.); Fax: +86-10-62815930 (Y.G.); +86-851-85405891 (C.L.)
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (Y.C.); (J.W.); (L.W.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-13552643313 (Y.G.); +86-13511965681 (C.L.); Fax: +86-10-62815930 (Y.G.); +86-851-85405891 (C.L.)
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Paudel Timilsena B, Seidl-Adams I, Tumlinson JH. Herbivore-specific plant volatiles prime neighboring plants for nonspecific defense responses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:787-800. [PMID: 31759336 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce species-specific herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) after damage. We tested the hypothesis that herbivore-specific HIPVs prime neighboring plants to induce defenses specific to the priming herbivore. Since Manduca sexta (specialist) and Heliothis virescens (generalist) herbivory induced unique HIPV profiles in Nicotiana benthamiana, we used these HIPVs to prime receiver plants for defense responses to simulated herbivory (mechanical wounding and herbivore regurgitant application). Jasmonic acid (JA) accumulations and emitted volatile profiles were monitored as representative defense responses since JA is the major plant hormone involved in wound and defense signaling and HIPVs have been implicated as signals in tritrophic interactions. Herbivore species-specific HIPVs primed neighboring plants, which produced 2 to 4 times more volatiles and JA after simulated herbivory when compared to similarly treated constitutive volatile-exposed plants. However, HIPV-exposed plants accumulated similar amounts of volatiles and JA independent of the combination of priming or challenging herbivore. Furthermore, volatile profiles emitted by primed plants depended only on the challenging herbivore species but not on the species-specific HIPV profile of damaged emitter plants. This suggests that feeding by either herbivore species primed neighboring plants for increased HIPV emissions specific to the subsequently attacking herbivore and is probably controlled by JA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipana Paudel Timilsena
- Chemical Ecology Lab, Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Irmgard Seidl-Adams
- Chemical Ecology Lab, Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - James H Tumlinson
- Chemical Ecology Lab, Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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24
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McGale E, Valim H, Mittal D, Morales Jimenez J, Halitschke R, Schuman MC, Baldwin IT. Determining the scale at which variation in a single gene changes population yields. eLife 2020; 9:e53517. [PMID: 32057293 PMCID: PMC7136025 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant trait diversity is known to influence population yield, but the scale at which this happens remains unknown: divergent individuals might change yields of immediate neighbors (neighbor scale) or of plants across a population (population scale). We use Nicotiana attenuata plants silenced in mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 (irMPK4) - with low water-use efficiency (WUE) - to study the scale at which water-use traits alter intraspecific population yields. In the field and glasshouse, we observed overyielding in populations with low percentages of irMPK4 plants, unrelated to water-use phenotypes. Paired-plant experiments excluded the occurrence of overyielding effects at the neighbor scale. Experimentally altering field arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal associations by silencing the Sym-pathway gene NaCCaMK did not affect reproductive overyielding, implicating an effect independent of belowground AMF interactions. Additionally, micro-grafting experiments revealed dependence on shoot-expressed MPK4 for N. attenuata to vary its yield per neighbor presence. We find that variation in a single gene, MPK4, is responsible for population overyielding through a mechanism, independent of irMPK4's WUE phenotype, at the aboveground, population scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Henrique Valim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Deepika Mittal
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | | | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
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25
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Joo Y, Goldberg JK, Chrétien LTS, Kim SG, Baldwin IT, Schuman MC. The circadian clock contributes to diurnal patterns of plant indirect defense in nature. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:924-928. [PMID: 30255554 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant circadian clock regulates the rhythms of plant metabolism. Many herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) fluctuate, diurnally, but the role of the circadian clock in the emission of HIPVs and their ecological consequences remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the timing of herbivore attack can alter the outcome of tri-trophic interactions, and this is mediated by the circadian clock, under both field and glasshouse conditions. Although most HIPV emissions did not have a circadian rhythm, the circadian clock modulated HIPV emissions in a time-dependent manner. HIPVs mediate tri-trophic interactions, and the circadian clock may affect these interactions by modulating HIPV emission in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jay K Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Lucille T S Chrétien
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Biology, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon (ENS L), 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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26
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Ray R, Li D, Halitschke R, Baldwin IT. Using natural variation to achieve a whole-plant functional understanding of the responses mediated by jasmonate signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:414-425. [PMID: 30927293 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The dramatic advances in our understanding of the molecular biology and biochemistry of jasmonate (JA) signaling have been the subject of several excellent recent reviews that have highlighted the phytohormonal function of this signaling pathway. Here, we focus on the responses mediated by JA signaling which have consequences for a plant's Darwinian fitness, i.e. the organism-level function of JA signaling. The most diverse module in the signaling cascade, the JAZ proteins, and their interactions with other proteins and transcription factors, allow this canonical signaling cascade to mediate a bewildering array of traits in different tissues at different times; the functional coherence of these diverse responses are best appreciated in an organismal/ecological context. From published work, it appears that jasmonates can function as the 'Swiss Army knife' of plant signaling, mediating many different biotic and abiotic stress and developmental responses that allow plants to contextualize their responses to their frequently changing local environments and optimize their fitness. We propose that a deeper analysis of the natural variation in both within-plant and within-population JA signaling components is a profitable means of attaining a coherent whole-plant functional perspective of this signaling cascade, and provide examples of this approach from the Nicotiana attenuata system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishav Ray
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dapeng Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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27
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Goldberg JK, Pintel G, Weiss SL, Martins EP. Predatory lizards perceive plant-derived volatile odorants. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:4733-4738. [PMID: 31031939 PMCID: PMC6476869 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many lizards are olfactory foragers and prey upon herbivorous arthropods, yet their responses to common herbivore-associated plant volatiles remain unknown. As such, their role in mediating plant indirect defenses also remains largely obscured. In this paper, we use a cotton-swab odor presentation assay to ask whether lizards respond to two arthropod-associated plant-derived volatile compounds: 2-(E)-hexenal and hexanoic acid. We studied the response of two lizard species, Sceloporus virgatusand Aspidoscelis exsanguis, because they differ substantially in their foraging behavior. We found that the actively foraging A. exsanguisresponded strongly to hexanoic acid, whereas the ambush foraging S. virgatus responded to 2-(E)-hexenal-an herbivore-associated plant volatile involved in indirect defense against herbivores. These findings indicate that S. virgatus may contribute to plant indirect defense and that a species' response to specific odorants is linked with foraging mode. Future studies can elucidate how lizards use various compounds to locate prey and how these responses impact plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stacey L. Weiss
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Puget SoundTacomaWashington
| | - Emília P. Martins
- Department of BiologyIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana
- School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeArizona
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28
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Joo Y, Schuman MC, Goldberg JK, Wissgott A, Kim SG, Baldwin IT. Herbivory elicits changes in green leaf volatile production via jasmonate signaling and the circadian clock. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:972-982. [PMID: 30378135 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The timing of plant volatile emissions is important for a robust indirect defense response. Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are emitted by plants upon damage but can be suppressed by herbivore-associated elicitors, and the abundance and composition of GLVs vary depending on the timing of herbivore attack. We show that the GLV biosynthetic enzyme HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE (HPL) is transcriptionally regulated by the circadian clock in Nicotiana attenuata. In accordance with transcript abundance of NaHPL, GLV aldehyde pools in intact leaves peaked at night and at subjective night under diurnal and continuous light conditions, respectively. Moreover, although the basal abundance of NaHPL transcripts is upregulated by jasmonate (JA) signaling, JA does not regulate the reduction of NaHPL transcript abundance in damaged leaves by simulated herbivore treatment. Unexpectedly, the plant circadian clock was strongly altered when Manduca sexta larvae fed on N. attenuata, and this was also independent of JA signaling. Lastly, the temporal dynamics of NaHPL transcripts and total GLV emissions were strongly altered by M. sexta larval feeding. Our data suggest that the temporal dynamics of emitted GLV blends result from a combination of damage, JA signaling, herbivore-associated elicitors, and the plant circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jay K Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Antje Wissgott
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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29
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Silkworms suppress the release of green leaf volatiles by mulberry leaves with an enzyme from their spinnerets. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11942. [PMID: 30093702 PMCID: PMC6085349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to herbivory, plants emit a blend of volatile organic compounds that includes green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and terpenoids. These volatiles are known to attract natural enemies of herbivores and are therefore considered to function as an indirect defense. Selection should favor herbivores that are able to suppress these volatile emissions, and thereby make themselves less conspicuous to natural enemies. We tested this possibility for silkworms, which were observed to leave secretions from their spinnerets while feeding on mulberry leaves. When we ablated the spinnerets of silkworms, no secretions were observed. Leaves infested by intact silkworms released smaller amounts of GLVs than leaves infested by ablated silkworms, indicating that the spinneret secretion suppressed GLV production. This difference in GLV emissions was also reflected in the behavioral response of Zenillia dolosa (Tachinidae), a parasitoid fly of silkworms. The flies laid fewer eggs when exposed to the volatiles from intact silkworm-infested leaves than when exposed to the volatiles from ablated silkworm-infested leaves. We identified a novel enzyme in the secretion from the spinneret that is responsible for the GLV suppression. The enzyme converted 13(S)-hydroperoxy-(9Z,11E,15Z)-octadecatrienoic acid, an intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of GLVs, into its keto-derivative in a stereospecific manner. Taken together, this study shows that silkworms are able to feed on mulberry in a stealthy manner by suppressing GLV production with an enzyme in secretions of their spinnerets, which might be a countermeasure against induced indirect defense by mulberry plants.
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30
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Schuman MC, Baldwin IT. Field studies reveal functions of chemical mediators in plant interactions. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5338-5353. [PMID: 29770376 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00749c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants are at the trophic base of most ecosystems, embedded in a rich network of ecological interactions in which they evolved. While their limited range and speed of motion precludes animal-typical behavior, plants are accomplished chemists, producing thousands of specialized metabolites which may function to convey information, or even to manipulate the physiology of other organisms. Plants' complex interactions and their underlying mechanisms are typically dissected within the controlled environments of growth chambers and glasshouses, but doing so introduces conditions alien to plants evolved in natural environments, such as being pot-bound, and receiving artificial light with a spectrum very different from sunlight. The mechanistic understanding gained from a reductionist approach provides the tools required to query and manipulate plant interactions in real-world settings. The few tests conducted in natural ecosystems and agricultural fields have highlighted the limitations of studying plant interactions only in artificial environments. Here, we focus on three examples of known or hypothesized chemical mediators of plants' interactions: the volatile phytohormone ethylene (ET), more complex plant volatile blends, and as-yet-unknown mediators transferred by common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs). We highlight how mechanistic knowledge has advanced research in all three areas, and the critical importance of field work if we are to put our understanding of chemical ecology on rigorous experimental and theoretical footing, and demonstrate function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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31
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Adam N, Kallenbach M, Meldau S, Veit D, van Dam NM, Baldwin IT, Schuman MC. Functional variation in a key defense gene structures herbivore communities and alters plant performance. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197221. [PMID: 29874269 PMCID: PMC5991399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant genetic diversity structures animal communities and affects plant population productivity. However, few studies have investigated which traits are involved and the mechanisms mediating these effects. We studied the consequences of varying the expression of a single biosynthetic gene in jasmonate (JA) defense hormones, which are essential for defense against herbivores but constrain plant growth, in experimental mesocosm populations of wild tobacco (Nicotiana attenuata) plants under attack from three native herbivores. Empoasca leafhoppers preferentially attack JA-deficient N. attenuata plants in nature, and the specialist Tupiocoris notatus mirids avoid Empoasca-damaged plants. However, in experimental mesocosm populations having equal numbers of wild-type (WT) and JA-deficient plants that are silenced in the expression of the biosynthetic gene lipoxygenase 3 (LOX3), Empoasca sp. attacked both genotypes. Empoasca sp. damage, rather than JA, determined T. notatus damage, which was reduced in mixed populations. The growth of specialist Manduca sexta larvae was reduced on WT vs. asLOX3 monocultures, but differed in mixtures depending on caterpillar density. However, seed capsule number remained similar for WT and asLOX3 plants in mixtures, not in monocultures, in two experimental scenarios reflecting high and low caterpillar attack. At high caterpillar density, WT plants growing in mixtures produced more seed capsules than those growing in monocultures while seed production of asLOX3 plants did not differ by population type. However, at low caterpillar density, asLOX3 plants growing in mixed populations produced more seed capsules than those growing in monoculture, while seed capsule production did not differ for WT by population type. Thus, mixed populations had a more stable output of seed capsules under the two scenarios. This may result from a balance between JA-mediated herbivore defense and plant competitive ability in mixed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Adam
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mario Kallenbach
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Veit
- Technical Service, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
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32
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Turlings TCJ, Erb M. Tritrophic Interactions Mediated by Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles: Mechanisms, Ecological Relevance, and Application Potential. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 63:433-452. [PMID: 29324043 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tritrophic interactions between plants, herbivores, and their natural enemies are an integral part of all terrestrial ecosystems. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) play a key role in these interactions, as they can attract predators and parasitoids to herbivore-attacked plants. Thirty years after this discovery, the ecological importance of the phenomena is widely recognized. However, the primary function of HIPVs is still subject to much debate, as is the possibility of using these plant-produced cues in crop protection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of HIPVs in tritrophic interactions from an ecological as well as a mechanistic perspective. This overview focuses on the main gaps in our knowledge of tritrophic interactions, and we argue that filling these gaps will greatly facilitate efforts to exploit HIPVs for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland;
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland;
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33
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Schuman MC, Meldau S, Gaquerel E, Diezel C, McGale E, Greenfield S, Baldwin IT. The Active Jasmonate JA-Ile Regulates a Specific Subset of Plant Jasmonate-Mediated Resistance to Herbivores in Nature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:787. [PMID: 29963064 PMCID: PMC6010948 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The jasmonate hormones are essential regulators of plant defense against herbivores and include several dozen derivatives of the oxylipin jasmonic acid (JA). Among these, the conjugate jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) has been shown to interact directly with the jasmonate co-receptor complex to regulate responses to jasmonate signaling. However, functional studies indicate that some aspects of jasmonate-mediated defense are not regulated by JA-Ile. Thus, it is not clear whether JA-Ile is best characterized as the master jasmonate regulator of defense, or if it regulates more specific aspects. We investigated possible functions of JA-Ile in anti-herbivore resistance of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, a model system for plant-herbivore interactions. We first analyzed the soluble and volatile secondary metabolomes of irJAR4xirJAR6, asLOX3, and WT plants, as well as an RNAi line targeting the jasmonate co-receptor CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (irCOI1), following a standardized herbivory treatment. irJAR4xirJAR6 were the most similar to WT plants, having a ca. 60% overlap in differentially regulated metabolites with either asLOX3 or irCOI1. In contrast, while at least 25 volatiles differed between irCOI1 or asLOX3 and WT plants, there were few or no differences in herbivore-induced volatile emission between irJAR4xirJAR6 and WT plants, in glasshouse- or field-collected samples. We then measured the susceptibility of jasmonate-deficient vs. JA-Ile-deficient plants in nature, in comparison to wild-type (WT) controls, and found that JA-Ile-deficient plants (irJAR4xirJAR6) are much better defended even than a mildly jasmonate-deficient line (asLOX3). The differences among lines could be attributed to differences in damage from specific herbivores, which appeared to prefer either one or the other jasmonate-deficient phenotype. We further investigated the elicitation of one herbivore-induced volatile known to be jasmonate-regulated and to mediate resistance to herbivores: (E)-α-bergamotene. We found that JA was a more potent elicitor of (E)-α-bergamotene emission than was JA-Ile, and when treated with JA, irJAR4xirJAR6 plants emitted 20- to 40-fold as much (E)-α-bergamotene than WT. We conclude that JA-Ile regulates specific aspects of herbivore resistance in N. attenuata. This specificity may allow plants flexibility in their responses to herbivores and in managing trade-offs between resistance, vs. growth and reproduction, over the course of ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Meredith C. Schuman
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Celia Diezel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sara Greenfield
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Plant Genetics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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