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Yuan S, Jiang Y, Cui M, Shi D, Wang S, Kang M. Age-specific response to climate factors and extreme drought events in radial growth of Picea likiangensis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174257. [PMID: 38936721 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The influence of tree age on the growth response of Picea likiangensis, a predominant timber species in southwestern China, to climatic factors has been under-researched. In this study, we examined the relationships between tree age and the response of P. likiangensis to climatic factors and extreme drought events using tree-ring samples procured from the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The results revealed differential responses of the radial growth of P. likiangensis trees of varying ages to climatic factors and extreme drought events. Specifically, deficient water availability during the early growing season emerged as the principal factor constraining radial growth across all age classes. Young and middle-aged trees (<100 years) demonstrated greater responsiveness to water availability than did mature trees (>100 years). Mature trees, in contrast, demonstrated markedly greater resistance to extreme drought events than young and middle-aged trees. Comparative studies of individual trees across different ages revealed negligible differences in the response of young and middle-aged trees to climatic factors and extreme drought events. Given these responses, future forest management practices should prioritize young and middle-aged trees that are more affected by drought to maximize the ecological value of the species. According to the specific research objectives, sample collection processes should classify mature trees and young and middle-aged trees, to minimize the influence of tree age on the final findings of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Minghao Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dandan Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shengjie Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Muyi Kang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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2
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McLellan EL, Suttles KM, Bouska KL, Ellis JH, Flotemersch JE, Goff M, Golden HE, Hill RA, Hohman TR, Keerthi S, Keim RF, Kleiss BA, Lark TJ, Piazza BP, Renfro AA, Robertson DM, Schilling KE, Schmidt TS, Waite IR. Improving ecosystem health in highly altered river basins: a generalized framework and its application to the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin. FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2024; 12:1-19. [PMID: 38516348 PMCID: PMC10953731 DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2024.1332934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Continued large-scale public investment in declining ecosystems depends on demonstrations of "success". While the public conception of "success" often focuses on restoration to a pre-disturbance condition, the scientific community is more likely to measure success in terms of improved ecosystem health. Using a combination of literature review, workshops and expert solicitation we propose a generalized framework to improve ecosystem health in highly altered river basins by reducing ecosystem stressors, enhancing ecosystem processes and increasing ecosystem resilience. We illustrate the use of this framework in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin (MARB) of the central United States (U.S.), by (i) identifying key stressors related to human activities, and (ii) creating a conceptual ecosystem model relating those stressors to effects on ecosystem structure and processes. As a result of our analysis, we identify a set of landscape-level indicators of ecosystem health, emphasizing leading indicators of stressor removal (e.g., reduced anthropogenic nutrient inputs), increased ecosystem function (e.g., increased water storage in the landscape) and increased resilience (e.g., changes in the percentage of perennial vegetative cover). We suggest that by including these indicators, along with lagging indicators such as direct measurements of water quality, stakeholders will be better able to assess the effectiveness of management actions. For example, if both leading and lagging indicators show improvement over time, then management actions are on track to attain desired ecosystem condition. If, however, leading indicators are not improving or even declining, then fundamental challenges to ecosystem health remain to be addressed and failure to address these will ultimately lead to declines in lagging indicators such as water quality. Although our model and indicators are specific to the MARB, we believe that the generalized framework and the process of model and indicator development will be valuable in an array of altered river basins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristen L. Bouska
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Jamelle H. Ellis
- Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Joseph E. Flotemersch
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Madison Goff
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Heather E. Golden
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ryan A. Hill
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Tara R. Hohman
- Audubon Upper Mississippi River, Audubon Center at Riverlands, West Alton, MO, United States
| | | | - Richard F. Keim
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Barbara A. Kleiss
- Department of River Coastal Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Tyler J. Lark
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | | | - Dale M. Robertson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Keith E. Schilling
- IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Travis S. Schmidt
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center, Helena, MT, United States
| | - Ian R. Waite
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon Water Science Center, Portland, OR, United States
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3
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Zarghami S, Kaleji LK, Abhari M. Resilience analysis of the local communities from a political economy perspective in Zanjan, Iran. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19433. [PMID: 37940643 PMCID: PMC10632373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Local community resilience has been a solution to reduce human and natural origin damages for several decades in global studies. Various studies have addressed different aspects of resilience. However, using the results of this research to create local community resilience has always faced limitations. In fact, the neglected role of political economy in these studies has caused the application of policies and strategies resulting from these studies to face challenge to create local communities' resilience. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate how political economy affects the resilience of local communities. The research method is mixed and qualitative analysis was used to analyze the impact of political economy on resilience and quantitative analysis was used to measure the extent of resilience. The research has investigated the impact of political economy on the aspects of resilience and measured the extent of resilience from economic, social, institutional, environmental, and physical aspects by selecting the central part of Zanjan. The results of the research show that political economy has caused the lack of role-playing of local communities in resilience creation. In fact, policy-making influenced by political economy has led to the formation of a rent economy, a top-down and centralized management system, and this was the main obstacle in creating resilient local communities directly and indirectly through the reduction of the role of local institutions, spatial segregation, housing rent, reduction of social capital, increasing greenhouse gases and poverty. Therefore, we need a transition from the current institutional environment take steps towards evolution, dynamism, and institutional transformation to create local communities' resilience in order to create a resilient local society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Zarghami
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Lotfali Kozehgar Kaleji
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, Human Geography and Spatial Planning Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Abhari
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Ge Z. The hidden order of Turing patterns in arid and semi-arid vegetation ecosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306514120. [PMID: 37816060 PMCID: PMC10589663 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306514120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vegetation Turing patterns play a critical role in the ecological functioning of arid and semi-arid ecosystems. However, the long-range spatial features of these patterns have been neglected compared to short-range features like patch shape and spatial wavelength. Drawing inspiration from hyperuniform structures in material science, we find that the arid and semi-arid vegetation Turing pattern exhibits long-range dispersion similar to hyperuniformity. As the degree of hyperuniformity of the vegetation Turing pattern increases, so does the water-use efficiency of the vegetation. This finding supports previous studies that suggest that Turing patterns represent a spatially optimized self-organization of ecosystems for water acquisition. The degree of hyperuniformity of Turing-type ecosystems exhibits significant critical slowing down near the tipping point, indicating that these ecosystems have non-negligible transient dynamical behavior. Reduced rainfall not only decreases the resilience of the steady state of the ecosystem but also slows down the rate of spatial optimization of water-use efficiency in long transient regimes. We propose that the degree of hyperuniformity indicates the spatial resilience of Turing-type ecosystems after strong, short-term disturbances. Spatially heterogeneous disturbances that reduce hyperuniformity lead to longer recovery times than spatially homogeneous disturbances that maintain hyperuniformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Ge
- Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
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5
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Angeler DG, Heino J, Rubio-Ríos J, Casas JJ. Connecting distinct realms along multiple dimensions: A meta-ecosystem resilience perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 889:164169. [PMID: 37196937 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Resilience research is central to confront the sustainability challenges to ecosystems and human societies in a rapidly changing world. Given that social-ecological problems span the entire Earth system, there is a critical need for resilience models that account for the connectivity across intricately linked ecosystems (i.e., freshwater, marine, terrestrial, atmosphere). We present a resilience perspective of meta-ecosystems that are connected through the flow of biota, matter and energy within and across aquatic and terrestrial realms, and the atmosphere. We demonstrate ecological resilience sensu Holling using aquatic-terrestrial linkages and riparian ecosystems more generally. A discussion of applications in riparian ecology and meta-ecosystem research (e.g., resilience quantification, panarchy, meta-ecosystem boundary delineations, spatial regime migration, including early warning indications) concludes the paper. Understanding meta-ecosystem resilience may have potential to support decision making for natural resource management (scenario planning, risk and vulnerability assessments).
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Angeler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; The Brain Capital Alliance, San Francisco, CA, USA; IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jani Heino
- Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Juan Rubio-Ríos
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; Andalusian Centre for the Evaluation and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG), Almería, Spain
| | - J Jesús Casas
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; Andalusian Centre for the Evaluation and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG), Almería, Spain; Universitary Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, 18003 Granada, Spain
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6
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Senf C. Seeing the System from Above: The Use and Potential of Remote Sensing for Studying Ecosystem Dynamics. Ecosystems 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-022-00777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRemote sensing techniques are increasingly used for studying ecosystem dynamics, delivering spatially explicit information on the properties of Earth over large spatial and multi-decadal temporal extents. Yet, there is still a gap between the more technology-driven development of novel remote sensing techniques and their applications for studying ecosystem dynamics. Here, I review the existing literature to explore how addressing these gaps might enable recent methods to overcome longstanding challenges in ecological research. First, I trace the emergence of remote sensing as a major tool for understanding ecosystem dynamics. Second, I examine recent developments in the field of remote sensing that are of particular importance for studying ecosystem dynamics. Third, I consider opportunities and challenges for emerging open data and software policies and suggest that remote sensing is at its most powerful when it is theoretically motivated and rigorously ground-truthed. I close with an outlook on four exciting new research frontiers that will define remote sensing ecology in the upcoming decade.
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7
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Gao M, Wang Z, Yang H. Review of Urban Flood Resilience: Insights from Scientometric and Systematic Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148837. [PMID: 35886688 PMCID: PMC9316510 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, climate change is exacerbating meteorological disasters around the world, causing more serious urban flood disaster losses. Many solutions in related research have been proposed to enhance urban adaptation to climate change, including urban flooding simulations, risk reduction and urban flood-resistance capacity. In this paper we provide a thorough review of urban flood-resilience using scientometric and systematic analysis. Using Cite Space and VOS viewer, we conducted a scientometric analysis to quantitively analyze related papers from the Web of Science Core Collection from 1999 to 2021 with urban flood resilience as the keyword. We systematically summarize the relationship of urban flood resilience, including co-citation analysis of keywords, authors, research institutions, countries, and research trends. The scientometric results show that four stages can be distinguished to indicate the evolution of different keywords in urban flood management from 1999, and urban flood resilience has become a research hotspot with a significant increase globally since 2015. The research methods and progress of urban flood resilience in these four related fields are systematically analyzed, including climate change, urban planning, urban system adaptation and urban flood-simulation models. Climate change has been of high interest in urban flood-resilience research. Urban planning and the adaptation of urban systems differ in terms of human involvement and local policies, while more dynamic factors need to be jointly described. Models are mostly evaluated with indicators, and comprehensive resilience studies based on traditional models are needed for multi-level and higher performance models. Consequently, more studies about urban flood resilience based on local policies and dynamics within global urban areas combined with fine simulation are needed in the future, improving the concept of resilience as applied to urban flood-risk-management and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Gao
- Yellow River Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (M.G.); (Z.W.)
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zongmin Wang
- Yellow River Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (M.G.); (Z.W.)
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Haibo Yang
- Yellow River Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (M.G.); (Z.W.)
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence:
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8
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Mina M, Messier C, Duveneck MJ, Fortin M, Aquilué N. Managing for the unexpected: Building resilient forest landscapes to cope with global change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:4323-4341. [PMID: 35429213 PMCID: PMC9541346 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural disturbances exacerbated by novel climate regimes are increasing worldwide, threatening the ability of forest ecosystems to mitigate global warming through carbon sequestration and to provide other key ecosystem services. One way to cope with unknown disturbance events is to promote the ecological resilience of the forest by increasing both functional trait and structural diversity and by fostering functional connectivity of the landscape to ensure a rapid and efficient self-reorganization of the system. We investigated how expected and unexpected variations in climate and biotic disturbances affect ecological resilience and carbon storage in a forested region in southeastern Canada. Using a process-based forest landscape model (LANDIS-II), we simulated ecosystem responses to climate change and insect outbreaks under different forest policy scenarios-including a novel approach based on functional diversification and network analysis-and tested how the potentially most damaging insect pests interact with changes in forest composition and structure due to changing climate and management. We found that climate warming, lengthening the vegetation season, will increase forest productivity and carbon storage, but unexpected impacts of drought and insect outbreaks will drastically reduce such variables. Generalist, non-native insects feeding on hardwood are the most damaging biotic agents for our region, and their monitoring and early detection should be a priority for forest authorities. Higher forest diversity driven by climate-smart management and fostered by climate change that promotes warm-adapted species, might increase disturbance severity. However, alternative forest policy scenarios led to a higher functional and structural diversity as well as functional connectivity-and thus to higher ecological resilience-than conventional management. Our results demonstrate that adopting a landscape-scale perspective by planning interventions strategically in space and adopting a functional trait approach to diversify forests is promising for enhancing ecological resilience under unexpected global change stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mina
- Centre for Forest ResearchUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréalQCCanada
- Institute for Alpine EnvironmentEurac ResearchBozen/BolzanoItaly
| | - Christian Messier
- Centre for Forest ResearchUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréalQCCanada
- Institut des Sciences de la Forêt TempéréeUniversité du Québec en OutaouaisRiponQCCanada
| | - Matthew J. Duveneck
- Harvard ForestHarvard UniversityPetershamMassachusettsUSA
- Liberal Arts DepartmentNew England ConservatoryBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Marie‐Josée Fortin
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Núria Aquilué
- Centre for Forest ResearchUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréalQCCanada
- Forest Sciences and Technology Centre of Catalonia CTFCSolsonaSpain
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9
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Analysis of Urban Resilience in Water Network Cities Based on Scale-Density-Morphology-Function (SDMF) Framework: A Case Study of Nanchang City, China. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11060898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the face of increasing disturbance factors, resilience has become an important criterion for measuring the sustainable development of cities. Quantitatively describing the development process of urban resilience and identifying key areas and important dimensions of urban resilience are of scientific significance for understanding the evolutionary law of urban resilience, guiding regional risk prevention, and building an environment for urban resilience development. For this study, taking Nanchang City as a case study and dividing the natural water network groups, the resilience index system was constructed from scale, density, morphology, and function by drawing on the theory of landscape ecology on the basis of considering the internal relationship between urban development attributes and disturbance factors. On this basis, the study focuses on the evolution process and development differences of resilience in various dimensions from the water network groups and quantitatively describes the coordinated development status and adaptive phase characteristics of urban resilience. This study not only enriches the research scale and perspective of urban resilience but also provides specific spatial guidance for formulating resilient urban planning and promoting sustainable urban development.
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10
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The Resilience of Vegetation to the 2009/2010 Extreme Drought in Southwest China. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13060851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The 2009/2010 extreme drought in southwest China (SWC) was a “once-in-a-century” drought event, which caused unprecedented damage to the regional ecology and socioeconomic development. The event provided a chance to explore the resilience of vegetation growth and productivity to the extreme drought. Here, we used the self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index (scPDSI) to describe the characteristics of the extreme drought. Vegetation growth and productivity indices, including the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), and gross primary productivity (GPP), were applied to analyze the resilience of different vegetation types to the extreme drought. Our results showed that the extreme drought event occurred mainly in Yunnan Province, Guizhou Province, central and northern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and northwestern Sichuan Province. The spatial heterogeneity of the extreme drought was related to the temperature increase and water deficit. During the extreme drought, the vegetation growth and productivity of evergreen broadleaf forest were the least suppressed, whereas cropland was greatly suppressed. The recovery of cropland was higher than that of evergreen broadleaf forest. NDVI and LAI were recovered in more than 80% of the drought-affected area within 5 months, whereas GPP required a longer time to recover. Moreover, the results of multiple linear regression showed that an increase in surface soil moisture was able to significantly improve the resistance of vegetation NDVI and LAI in evergreen broadleaf forest, evergreen needleleaf forest, evergreen broadleaf shrubland, deciduous broadleaf shrubland, and grassland. Our study highlights the differences in the resilience of different vegetation types to extreme drought and indicates that surface soil moisture is an important factor affecting vegetation resistance in SWC.
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11
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Donovan VM, Roberts CP, Fogarty DT, Wedin DA, Twidwell D. Targeted grazing and mechanical thinning enhance forest stand resilience under a narrow range of wildfire scenarios. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M. Donovan
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Caleb P. Roberts
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Dillon T. Fogarty
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - David A. Wedin
- School of Natural Resources University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Dirac Twidwell
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
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12
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Abstract
Studying ecosystem dynamics is critical to monitoring and managing linked systems of humans and nature. Due to the growth of tools and techniques for collecting data, information on the condition of these systems is more widely available. While there are a variety of approaches for mining and assessing data, there is a need for methods to detect latent characteristics in ecosystems linked to temporal and spatial patterns of change. Resilience-based approaches have been effective at not only identifying environmental change but also providing warning in advance of critical transitions in social-ecological systems (SES). In this study, we examine the usefulness of one such method, Fisher Information (FI) for spatiotemporal analysis. FI is used to assess patterns in data and has been established as an effective tool for capturing complex system dynamics to include regimes and regime shifts. We employed FI to assess the biophysical condition of eighty-five Swedish lakes from 1996–2018. Results showed that FI captured spatiotemporal changes in the Swedish lakes and identified distinct spatial patterns above and below the Limes Norrlandicus, a hard ecotone boundary which separates northern and southern ecoregions in Sweden. Further, it revealed that spatial variance changed approaching this boundary. Our results demonstrate the utility of this resilience-based approach for spatiotemporal and spatial regimes analyses linked to monitoring and managing critical watersheds and waterbodies impacted by accelerating environmental change.
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13
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Cavender-Bares J, Schneider FD, Santos MJ, Armstrong A, Carnaval A, Dahlin KM, Fatoyinbo L, Hurtt GC, Schimel D, Townsend PA, Ustin SL, Wang Z, Wilson AM. Integrating remote sensing with ecology and evolution to advance biodiversity conservation. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:506-519. [PMID: 35332280 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Remote sensing has transformed the monitoring of life on Earth by revealing spatial and temporal dimensions of biological diversity through structural, compositional and functional measurements of ecosystems. Yet, many aspects of Earth's biodiversity are not directly quantified by reflected or emitted photons. Inclusive integration of remote sensing with field-based ecology and evolution is needed to fully understand and preserve Earth's biodiversity. In this Perspective, we argue that multiple data types are necessary for almost all draft targets set by the Convention on Biological Diversity. We examine five key topics in biodiversity science that can be advanced by integrating remote sensing with in situ data collection from field sampling, experiments and laboratory studies to benefit conservation. Lowering the barriers for bringing these approaches together will require global-scale collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabian D Schneider
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Amanda Armstrong
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Ana Carnaval
- Department of Biology, Ph.D. Program in Biology, City University of New York and The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Kyla M Dahlin
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Lola Fatoyinbo
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - George C Hurtt
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - David Schimel
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Philip A Townsend
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Susan L Ustin
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources and the John Muir Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Key Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Adam M Wilson
- Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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14
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Angeler DG, Roberts CP, Twidwell D, Allen CR. The Role of Rare Avian Species for Spatial Resilience of Shifting Biomes in the Great Plains of North America. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.849944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activity causes biome shifts that alter biodiversity and spatial resilience patterns. Rare species, often considered vulnerable to change and endangered, can be a critical element of resilience by providing adaptive capacity in response to disturbances. However, little is known about changes in rarity patterns of communities once a biome transitions into a novel spatial regime. We used time series modeling to identify rare avian species in an expanding terrestrial (southern) spatial regime in the North American Great Plains and another (northern) regime that will become encroached by the southern regime in the near future. In this time-explicit approach, presumably rare species show stochastic dynamics in relative abundance – this is because they occur only rarely throughout the study period, may largely be absent but show occasional abundance peaks or show a combination of these patterns. We specifically assessed how stochastic/rare species of the northern spatial regime influence aspects of ecological resilience once it has been encroached by the southern regime. Using 47 years (1968–2014) of breeding bird survey data and a space-for-time substitution, we found that the overall contribution of stochastic/rare species to the avian community of the southern regime was low. Also, none of these species were of conservation concern, suggesting limited need for revised species conservation action in the novel spatial regime. From a systemic perspective, our results preliminarily suggest that stochastic/rare species only marginally contribute to resilience in a new spatial regime after fundamental ecological changes have occurred.
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Pascariu GC, Banica A, Nijkamp P. A Meta-Overview and Bibliometric Analysis of Resilience in Spatial Planning - the Relevance of Place-Based Approaches. APPLIED SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND POLICY 2022; 16:1-31. [PMID: 35495415 PMCID: PMC9033936 DOI: 10.1007/s12061-022-09449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study offers a literature review and bibliometric analysis aiming to enhance our understanding of the actual contribution of resilience approaches to spatial and territorial development and planning studies. Using citation link-based clustering and statistical text-mining techniques (in terms of prevalence of topics, over time, extraction of relevant terms, keywords frequencies), our study maps scientific domains that include the spatial dimension of resilience thinking. It offers a systematic assessment of modern approaches by connecting profoundly theoretical views to more instrumental and policy-oriented approaches. Firstly, the theoretical background of spatial resilience used in numerous studies in various fields is analysed from the viewpoint of the type of embedded resilience (engineering, ecological, social-ecological, economic, social etc.). Secondly, we review and discuss the significance of three main and consistent research directions in terms of different scales and political/institutional contexts that matter from the viewpoint of spatial and territorial planning. Our findings show that spatial resilience debates are far from being settled, as according to many scientists, resilience measurements are often based on technical-reductionist frameworks that cannot comprehensively reflect the complex systems and issues they address. Our conclusions highlight the necessity of a harmonized framework and integrated perspective on resilience in sustainable territorial planning and development, in both theoretical and empirical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Carmen Pascariu
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, Iaşi, Romania
- Centre for European Studies, Faculty of Law, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Alexandru Banica
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, University of Iaşi, Iaşi, Romania
- Geographic Research Center, Romanian Academy, Iași Branch, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Peter Nijkamp
- Centre for European Studies, Faculty of Law, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, Iaşi, Romania
- Open University of the Netherlands (OU), Heerlen, The Netherlands
- Polytechnic University (UMP6), Ben Guerir, Morocco
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16
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Resilient Health and the Healthcare System. A Few Introductory Remarks in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063603. [PMID: 35329289 PMCID: PMC8953726 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
People across the globe are facing increasingly complex public health emergencies that are responsible for the loss of life, economic and social problems with unprecedented damage and costs. For some sociologists, our society is even “a risk society” and our time is highly violative. Emergencies of different origin: stemming from natural environmental disasters, such as floods, hurricanes, intense drought, technical accidents, social unrest and last but not least—outbreaks of infectious diseases. This decade started with one of the most significant pandemics in the history of man-kind—COVID-19. Hence, the problems of resilient health and healthcare systems have become urgent. Especially since SARS-CoV-2 may cause long-term health threats and recurrent crises. It is very important to have a common language. So far, definitions and concepts of health and healthcare resilience differ substantially and are seldom clearly defined. The aim of this paper is to describe how health and healthcare system resilience is defined to either uncover, recall, or in combination, its concept and prepare an introductory conceptual review as a preliminary step for further studies.
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17
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Evaluation of Urban Spatial Resilience and Its Influencing Factors: Case Study of the Harbin–Changchun Urban Agglomeration in China. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14052899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
This study constructs a framework for evaluating urban spatial resilience based on five dimensions: scale, intensity, morphology, function, and benefit. Likewise, it empirically analyzes the spatial differences and influencing factors of urban spatial resilience in the Harbin–Changchun urban agglomeration from 2000 to 2020. Overall, the spatial resilience of the Harbin–Changchun urban agglomeration declined from 2000 to 2019. In addition, its ability to resist external disturbances weakened. The five dimensions of spatial resilience declined. However, urban spatial morphological resilience slightly increased. The spatial diversity of the Harbin–Changchun urban agglomeration is obvious, implying that the spatial resilience of cities in the central region, mainly in Suihua and Songyuan, is higher than in peripheral areas of the urban agglomeration, mostly in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Siping, and Qiqihar. The period between 2000 and 2019 was dominated by cities with fluctuating spatial resilience. Furthermore, urban spatial resilience is influenced by a combination of factors, with economic support being the primary one. The selection of the urban spatial resilience research index system in this study is more spatially oriented and more accurately reflects the urban spatial resilience situation, which, in turn, provides a new planning perspective for urban planning in China.
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18
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Response Stability of Radial Growth of Chinese Pine to Climate Change at Different Altitudes on the Southern Edge of the Tengger Desert. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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19
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Abstract
AbstractWatershed resilience is the ability of a watershed to maintain its characteristic system state while concurrently resisting, adapting to, and reorganizing after hydrological (for example, drought, flooding) or biogeochemical (for example, excessive nutrient) disturbances. Vulnerable waters include non-floodplain wetlands and headwater streams, abundant watershed components representing the most distal extent of the freshwater aquatic network. Vulnerable waters are hydrologically dynamic and biogeochemically reactive aquatic systems, storing, processing, and releasing water and entrained (that is, dissolved and particulate) materials along expanding and contracting aquatic networks. The hydrological and biogeochemical functions emerging from these processes affect the magnitude, frequency, timing, duration, storage, and rate of change of material and energy fluxes among watershed components and to downstream waters, thereby maintaining watershed states and imparting watershed resilience. We present here a conceptual framework for understanding how vulnerable waters confer watershed resilience. We demonstrate how individual and cumulative vulnerable-water modifications (for example, reduced extent, altered connectivity) affect watershed-scale hydrological and biogeochemical disturbance response and recovery, which decreases watershed resilience and can trigger transitions across thresholds to alternative watershed states (for example, states conducive to increased flood frequency or nutrient concentrations). We subsequently describe how resilient watersheds require spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability in hydrological and biogeochemical interactions between terrestrial systems and down-gradient waters, which necessitates attention to the conservation and restoration of vulnerable waters and their downstream connectivity gradients. To conclude, we provide actionable principles for resilient watersheds and articulate research needs to further watershed resilience science and vulnerable-water management.
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20
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Roberts CP, Uden DR, Cady SM, Allred B, Fuhlendorf S, Jones MO, Maestas JD, Naugle D, Olsen AC, Smith J, Tack J, Twidwell D. Tracking spatial regimes as an early warning for a species of conservation concern. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e02480. [PMID: 34674399 PMCID: PMC9746655 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this era of global environmental change and rapid regime shifts, managing core areas that species require to survive and persist is a grand challenge for conservation. Wildlife monitoring data are often limited or local in scale. The emerging ability to map and track spatial regimes (i.e., the spatial manifestation of state transitions) using advanced geospatial vegetation data has the potential to provide earlier warnings of habitat loss because many species of conservation concern strongly avoid spatial regime boundaries. Using 23 yr of data for the lek locations of Greater Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus cupido; GPC) in a remnant grassland ecosystem, we demonstrate how mapping changes in the boundaries between grassland and woodland spatial regimes provide a spatially explicit early warning signal for habitat loss for an iconic and vulnerable grassland-obligate known to be highly sensitive to woody plant encroachment. We tested whether a newly proposed metric for the quantification of spatial regimes captured well-known responses of GPC to woody plant expansion into grasslands. Resource selection functions showed that the grass:woody spatial regime boundary strength explained the probability of 80% of relative lek occurrence, and GPC strongly avoided grass:woody spatial regime boundaries at broad scales. Both findings are consistent with well-known expectations derived from GPC ecology. These results provide strong evidence for vegetation-derived delineations of spatial regimes to serve as generalized signals of early warning for state transitions that have major consequences to biodiversity conservation. Mapping spatial regime boundaries over time provided interpretable early warnings of habitat loss. Woody plant regimes displaced grassland regimes starting from the edges of the study area and constricting inward. Correspondingly, the relative probability of lek occurrence constricted in space. Similarly, the temporal trajectory of spatial regime boundary strength increased over time and moved closer to the observed limit of GPC lek site usage relative to grass:woody boundary strength. These novel spatial metrics allow managers to rapidly screen for early warning signals of spatial regime shifts and adapt management practices to defend and grow habitat cores at broad scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb P. Roberts
- Agronomy & HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraska68583‐0915USA
| | - Daniel R. Uden
- Agronomy & HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraska68583‐0915USA
- School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraska68583‐0961USA
| | - Samantha M. Cady
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and ManagementOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma74078‐6013USA
| | - Brady Allred
- WA Franke College of Forestry and ConservationUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMontana59812USA
| | - Samuel Fuhlendorf
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and ManagementOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma74078‐6013USA
| | - Matthew O. Jones
- WA Franke College of Forestry and ConservationUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMontana59812USA
| | | | - David Naugle
- WA Franke College of Forestry and ConservationUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMontana59812USA
| | | | - Joseph Smith
- WA Franke College of Forestry and ConservationUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMontana59812USA
| | - Jason Tack
- US Fish and Wildlife ServiceMissoulaMontana59812USA
| | - Dirac Twidwell
- Agronomy & HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraska68583‐0915USA
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21
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Factors affecting the spatial resilience of Ethiopia's secondary cities to urban uncertainties: A study of household perceptions of Kombolcha city. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08472. [PMID: 34917791 PMCID: PMC8646157 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The resilience measurement focuses on urban shocks and stresses, which are excluded from current spatial resilience assessments. As a result, existing literature suggests that research in secondary cities of the global south is needed to understand better spatial resilience in the face of multivariate, intersecting, and uncertain challenges. This study aims to determine the factors affecting the spatial resilience of Ethiopia's secondary cities to urban uncertainties using household perceptions of Kombolcha city. The study collected empirical data through questionnaires and key informant interviews, and then analyzed those using SPSS and the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Accordingly, seventeen environmental and physical urban problems affecting the spatial resilience of the country's secondary cities were identified. Deforestation, surface flooding, landslides, poor solid waste management, and inadequate drainage facilities were perceived as top priority urban problems in Kombolcha city with the respective values of 19.73%, 13.02%, 12.70%, 7.59%, and 6.82% of the four hundred sampled households. However, water scarcity and wind-related shocks, scoring 1.48% and 1.89%, respectively, were the least recurring urban problems. The city's spatial resilience is further limited by unsustainable material and resource consumption, a lack of infrastructure, poor transportation system conditions, poor implementation of response measures: lack of appropriate planning, and non-long-lasting biophysical measures. The household perception also showed that the urban uncertainties are severe in the city, with a 49.48% response rate. The findings also revealed a relationship and commonalities amongst the problems exacerbated by land-use zoning changes and the thriving informal settlements. The study implied that improving secondary cities' coping, adaptation, and governance systems are critical for mitigating the perceived urban problems and making cities spatially resilient. Thus, the study's spatial planning implications are that local governments in secondary cities commit to localizing international initiatives, strictly establishing and enforcing local resource utilization strategies, and improving living conditions in their cities.
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22
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Papantoniou G, Giannoulaki M, Stoumboudi MT, Lefkaditou E, Tsagarakis K. Food web interactions in a human dominated Mediterranean coastal ecosystem. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 172:105507. [PMID: 34742025 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean coastal ecosystems provide various valuable ecosystem goods and services; however, they are vulnerable to ecological degradation due to a dramatic increase in resource use and environmental stress. Disentangling the effects of multiple human interventions on coastal ecosystems requires whole description of food web interactions using quantitative tools. A mass balance Ecopath model has been developed here for Saronikos Gulf, a naturally oligotrophic Mediterranean coastal ecosystem with a long history of human interventions. Our main focus was to describe the structure and functioning of the ecosystem, investigate the trophic interplay among the various compartments of the food web under the impact of mixed multi-gear fisheries, and to quantify resilience related emergent ecosystem properties. To this end, we reviewed a large amount of local and regional biological information which was integrated in 40 functional groups covering all trophic levels, while fishing activities were described with 7 fleets. The model shared characteristics of both productive (e.g., high amount of flows) and oligotrophic systems (e.g., low biomass accumulation) and presented typical features of Mediterranean ecosystem functioning, such as the importance of detritus as an energy source, strong benthic-pelagic coupling and the dominance of the pelagic compartment in terms of total production and consumption. Trophic forcing in the ecosystem of Saronikos Gulf was complex with both top-down and bottom-up drivers being important. Zooplankton was the central nexus between basal resources and higher trophic levels, while top predators such as hake, squids and anglerfish were identified as keystone species presenting a significant overall effect on the food web via direct and indirect trophic interactions. Ecological indicators depicted a moderately complex food-web of a large and immature ecosystem with its strengths in reserve being affected by environmental degradation. Additionally, exploitation indices classified fishing activities in Saronikos Gulf as unsustainable, affecting several target groups, including high trophic level species. However, the morphological and bathymetric complexity of Saronikos Gulf seems to function as a natural ecological reserve for the ecosystem by providing nursery grounds to various species (e.g., hake, small pelagic fishes) and supporting important fish stocks for local fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Papantoniou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, 46.7 km Athinon-Souniou Ave, P.O. BOX 712, Anavyssos, GR19013, Greece.
| | - Marianna Giannoulaki
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, P.O. Box 2214, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Maria Th Stoumboudi
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, 46.7 km Athinon-Souniou Ave, P.O. BOX 712, Anavyssos, GR19013, Greece.
| | - Evgenia Lefkaditou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, 46.7 km Athinon-Souniou Ave, P.O. BOX 712, Anavyssos, GR19013, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Tsagarakis
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, 46.7 km Athinon-Souniou Ave, P.O. BOX 712, Anavyssos, GR19013, Greece.
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23
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Measuring the Evolution of Urban Resilience Based on the Exposure–Connectedness–Potential (ECP) Approach: A Case Study of Shenyang City, China. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10121305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Resilience is a new path to express and enhance urban sustainability. Cities suffer from natural shocks and human-made disturbances due to rapid urbanization and global climate change. The construction of an urban resilient developmental environment is restricted by these factors. Strengthening the comprehensive evaluation of resilience is conducive to identifying high-risk areas in cities, guiding regional risk prevention, and providing a scientific basis for differentiated strategies for urban resilience governance. For this study, taking Shenyang city as a case study, the resilience index system was constructed as an ECP (“exposure”, “connectedness”, and “potential”) framework, and the adaptive cycle model was introduced into the resilience assessment framework. This model not only comprehensively considers the relationship between exposure and potential but also helps to focus on the temporal and spatial dynamics of urban resilience. The results show that the exposed indicators have experienced three spatial evolution stages, including single-center circle expansion, multicenter clustering, and multicenter expansion. The potential index increased radially from the downtown area to the outer suburbs, and the low-value area presented a multicenter pattern. The spatial agglomeration of connectivity indicators gradually weakened. The results reflect the fact that the resilience level of the downtown area has been improved and the resilience of the outer expansion area has declined due to urban construction. The multicenter cluster pattern is conducive to the balance of resilience levels. In terms of the adaptive cycle phases of urban resilience, the first ring has gone through three phases: exploitation (r), conservation (K), and release (Ω). The second and third rings have gradually shifted from the exploitation (r) phase to the conservation (K) phase. The fourth ring has entered the exploitation (r) phase from the reorganization (ɑ) phase. The fifth ring and its surrounding areas are in the reorganization (ɑ) phase. The results provide specific spatial guidance for implementing resilient urban planning and realizing sustainable urban development.
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24
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Complex Network-Based Research on the Resilience of Rural Settlements in Sanshui Watershed. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10101068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the context of farmland afforestation and urbanization, it is necessary for the small watershed rural settlements in the hilly–gully Loess Plateau to coordinate spatiotemporal changes and take the path of resilience development. In the case of the Sanshui Watershed, this paper investigates the rural settlement systems based on complex networks, and develops a research framework of “spatial simulation–resilience evaluation–spatial planning”. The results include the evolution trends of settlement space from present to future, as well as its spatial resilience in static and dynamic states. In this study, a total of six central villages and six types of rural development are finalized, and the study area possesses a prolonged spatiotemporal resilience when 29 villages remain, thus forming an ideal spatial pattern of “rural corridor zones + characteristic towns”. The findings of this study can represent guidance for resilience development in small watershed villages and provide a basis for guiding the regional urban–rural integration, village layout, as well as resource allocation and construction.
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25
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Nicholson E, Watermeyer KE, Rowland JA, Sato CF, Stevenson SL, Andrade A, Brooks TM, Burgess ND, Cheng ST, Grantham HS, Hill SL, Keith DA, Maron M, Metzke D, Murray NJ, Nelson CR, Obura D, Plumptre A, Skowno AL, Watson JEM. Scientific foundations for an ecosystem goal, milestones and indicators for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:1338-1349. [PMID: 34400825 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial conservation efforts, the loss of ecosystems continues globally, along with related declines in species and nature's contributions to people. An effective ecosystem goal, supported by clear milestones, targets and indicators, is urgently needed for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework and beyond to support biodiversity conservation, the UN Sustainable Development Goals and efforts to abate climate change. Here, we describe the scientific foundations for an ecosystem goal and milestones, founded on a theory of change, and review available indicators to measure progress. An ecosystem goal should include three core components: area, integrity and risk of collapse. Targets-the actions that are necessary for the goals to be met-should address the pathways to ecosystem loss and recovery, including safeguarding remnants of threatened ecosystems, restoring their area and integrity to reduce risk of collapse and retaining intact areas. Multiple indicators are needed to capture the different dimensions of ecosystem area, integrity and risk of collapse across all ecosystem types, and should be selected for their fitness for purpose and relevance to goal components. Science-based goals, supported by well-formulated action targets and fit-for-purpose indicators, will provide the best foundation for reversing biodiversity loss and sustaining human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Nicholson
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia. .,IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland.
| | - Kate E Watermeyer
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica A Rowland
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chloe F Sato
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone L Stevenson
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angela Andrade
- IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland.,Conservación Internacional, Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Thomas M Brooks
- IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.,World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of The Philippines, Los Baños, The Philippines.,Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Neil D Burgess
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Su-Ting Cheng
- School of Forestry & Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hedley S Grantham
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha L Hill
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - David A Keith
- IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland.,Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, Hurstville, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martine Maron
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Metzke
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nicholas J Murray
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cara R Nelson
- IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland.,Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | | | - Andy Plumptre
- Key Biodiversity Area Secretariat, BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew L Skowno
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James E M Watson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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26
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Bielski CH, Scholtz R, Donovan VM, Allen CR, Twidwell D. Overcoming an "irreversible" threshold: A 15-year fire experiment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 291:112550. [PMID: 33965707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A key pursuit in contemporary ecology is to differentiate regime shifts that are truly irreversible from those that are hysteretic. Many ecological regime shifts have been labeled as irreversible without exploring the full range of variability in stabilizing feedbacks that have the potential to drive an ecological regime shift back towards a desirable ecological regime. Removing fire from grasslands can drive a regime shift to juniper woodlands that cannot be reversed using typical fire frequency and intensity thresholds, and has thus been considered irreversible. This study uses a unique, long-term experimental fire landscape co-dominated by grassland and closed-canopy juniper woodland to determine whether extreme fire can shift a juniper woodland regime back to grassland dominance using aboveground herbaceous biomass as an indicator of regime identity. We use a space-for-time substitute to quantify herbaceous biomass following extreme fire in juniper woodland up to 15 years post-fire and compare these with (i) 15 years of adjacent grassland recovery post-fire, (ii) unburned closed-canopy juniper woodland reference sites and (iii) unburned grassland reference sites. Our results show grassland dominance rapidly emerges following fires that operate above typical fire intensity thresholds, indicating that grassland-juniper woodlands regimes are hysteretic rather than irreversible. One year following fire, total herbaceous biomass in burned juniper stands was comparable to grasslands sites, having increased from 5 ± 3 g m-2 to 142 ± 42 g m-2 (+2785 ± 812 percent). Herbaceous dominance in juniper stands continued to persist 15-years after initial treatment, reaching a maximum of 337 ± 42 g m-2 eight years post-fire. In juniper encroached grasslands, fires that operate above typical fire intensity thresholds can provide an effective method to reverse juniper woodland regime shifts. This has major implications for regions where juniper encroachment threatens rancher-based economies and grassland biodiversity and provides an example of how to operationalize resilience theory to disentangle irreversible thresholds from hysteretic system behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Bielski
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68503-0984, USA
| | - Rheinhardt Scholtz
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68503-0984, USA
| | - Victoria M Donovan
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68503-0984, USA
| | - Craig R Allen
- Center for Resilience in Agricultural Working Lands, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68503-0984, USA
| | - Dirac Twidwell
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68503-0984, USA.
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27
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Aslan CE, Sandor M, Sample M, Stortz S, Souther S, Levine C, Samberg L, Gray M, Dickson B. Estimating social-ecological resilience: fire management futures in the Sonoran Desert. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02303. [PMID: 33577093 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Resilience quantifies the ability of a system to remain in or return to its current state following disturbance. Due to inconsistent terminology and usage of resilience frameworks, quantitative resilience studies are challenging, and resilience is often treated as an abstract concept rather than a measurable system characteristic. We used a novel, spatially explicit stakeholder engagement process to quantify social-ecological resilience to fire, in light of modeled social-ecological fire risk, across the non-fire-adapted Sonoran Desert Ecosystem in Arizona, USA. Depending on its severity and the characteristics of the ecosystem, fire as a disturbance has the potential to drive ecological state change. As a result, fire regime change is of increasing concern as global change and management legacies alter the distribution and flammability of fuels. Because management and use decisions impact resources and ecological processes, social and ecological factors must be evaluated together to predict resilience to fire. We found highest fire risk in the central and eastern portions of the study area, where flammable fuels occur with greater density and frequency and managers reported fewer management resources than in other locations. We found lowest fire resilience in the southeastern portion of the study area, where combined ecological and social factors, including abundant fuels, few management resources, and little evidence of past institutional adaptability, indicated that sites were least likely to retain their current characteristics and permit achievement of current management objectives. Analyzing ecological and social characteristics together permits regional managers to predict the effects of changing fire regimes across large, multi-jurisdictional landscapes and to consider where to direct resources. This study brought social and ecological factors together into a common spatial framework to produce vulnerability maps; our methods may inform researchers and managers in other systems facing novel disturbance and spatially variable resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Aslan
- Landscape Conservation Initiative, Northern Arizona University, Box 5694, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
- Conservation Science Partners, 11050 Pioneer Trail, Suite 202, Truckee, California, 96161, USA
| | - Manette Sandor
- Landscape Conservation Initiative, Northern Arizona University, Box 5694, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
| | - Martha Sample
- Landscape Conservation Initiative, Northern Arizona University, Box 5694, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
| | - Sasha Stortz
- Landscape Conservation Initiative, Northern Arizona University, Box 5694, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
| | - Sara Souther
- Landscape Conservation Initiative, Northern Arizona University, Box 5694, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
| | - Carrie Levine
- Conservation Science Partners, 11050 Pioneer Trail, Suite 202, Truckee, California, 96161, USA
| | - Leah Samberg
- Conservation Science Partners, 11050 Pioneer Trail, Suite 202, Truckee, California, 96161, USA
| | - Miranda Gray
- Conservation Science Partners, 11050 Pioneer Trail, Suite 202, Truckee, California, 96161, USA
| | - Brett Dickson
- Landscape Conservation Initiative, Northern Arizona University, Box 5694, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
- Conservation Science Partners, 11050 Pioneer Trail, Suite 202, Truckee, California, 96161, USA
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Robertson MD, Gao J, Regular PM, Morgan MJ, Zhang F. Lagged recovery of fish spatial distributions following a cold-water perturbation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9513. [PMID: 33947937 PMCID: PMC8096816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Anomalous local temperature and extreme events (e.g. heat-waves) can cause rapid change and gradual recovery of local environmental conditions. However, few studies have tested whether species distribution can recover following returning environmental conditions. Here, we tested for change and recovery of the spatial distributions of two flatfish populations, American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) and yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea), in response to consecutive decreasing and increasing water temperature on the Grand Bank off Newfoundland, Canada from 1985 to 2018. Using a Vector Autoregressive Spatiotemporal model, we found the distributions of both species shifted southwards following a period when anomalous cold water covered the northern sections of the Grand Bank. After accounting for density-dependent effects, we observed that yellowtail flounder re-distributed northwards when water temperature returned and exceeded levels recorded before the cold period, while the spatial distribution of American plaice has not recovered. Our study demonstrates nonlinear effects of an environmental factor on species distribution, implying the possibility of irreversible (or hard-to-reverse) changes of species distribution following a rapid change and gradual recovery of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Robertson
- grid.25055.370000 0000 9130 6822Centre for Fisheries Ecosystems Research, Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial, University of Newfoundland, P.O. Box 4920, St. John’s, NL A1C 5R3 Canada
| | - J. Gao
- grid.25055.370000 0000 9130 6822Centre for Fisheries Ecosystems Research, Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial, University of Newfoundland, P.O. Box 4920, St. John’s, NL A1C 5R3 Canada
| | - P. M. Regular
- grid.23618.3e0000 0004 0449 2129Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, 80 East White Hills Rd., P.O. Box 5667, St. John’s, NL A1C 5X1 Canada
| | - M. J. Morgan
- grid.23618.3e0000 0004 0449 2129Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, 80 East White Hills Rd., P.O. Box 5667, St. John’s, NL A1C 5X1 Canada
| | - F. Zhang
- grid.25055.370000 0000 9130 6822Centre for Fisheries Ecosystems Research, Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial, University of Newfoundland, P.O. Box 4920, St. John’s, NL A1C 5R3 Canada
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Bengtsson J, Angelstam P, Elmqvist T, Emanuelsson U, Folke C, Ihse M, Moberg F, Nyström M. Reserves, resilience and dynamic landscapes 20 years later : This article belongs to Ambio's 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Biodiversity Conservation. AMBIO 2021; 50:962-966. [PMID: 33566328 PMCID: PMC8035383 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-020-01477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Per Angelstam
- School for Forest Management, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 43, 73921 Skinnskatteberg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Elmqvist
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urban Emanuelsson
- Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish Biodiversity Centre, SLU, Box 7012, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl Folke
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Beijer Institute, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margareta Ihse
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Moberg
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Nyström
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Assessing the Impact of Urban Expansion on Surrounding Forested Landscape Connectivity across Space and Time. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Landscape connectivity is important for all organisms as it directly affects population dynamics. Yet, rapid urbanization has caused serious landscape fragmentation, which is the primary contributor of species extinctions worldwide. Previous studies have mostly used spatial snap-shots to evaluate the impact of urban expansion on landscape connectivity. However, the interactions among habitats over time in dynamic landscapes have been largely ignored. Here, we demonstrated that overlooking temporal connectivity can lead to the overestimation of the impact of urban expansion. How much greater the overestimation is depends on the amount of net habitat loss. Moreover, we showed that landscape connectivity may have a delayed response to urban expansion. Our analysis shifts the way to understand the ecological consequences of urban expansion. Our framework can guide sustainable urban development and can be inspiring to conservation practices under other contexts (e.g., climate change).
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Heino J, Alahuhta J, Bini LM, Cai Y, Heiskanen AS, Hellsten S, Kortelainen P, Kotamäki N, Tolonen KT, Vihervaara P, Vilmi A, Angeler DG. Lakes in the era of global change: moving beyond single-lake thinking in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:89-106. [PMID: 32869448 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Anthropocene presents formidable threats to freshwater ecosystems. Lakes are especially vulnerable and important at the same time. They cover only a small area worldwide but harbour high levels of biodiversity and contribute disproportionately to ecosystem services. Lakes differ with respect to their general type (e.g. land-locked, drainage, floodplain and large lakes) and position in the landscape (e.g. highland versus lowland lakes), which contribute to the dynamics of these systems. Lakes should be generally viewed as 'meta-systems', whereby biodiversity is strongly affected by species dispersal, and ecosystem dynamics are contributed by the flow of matter and substances among locations in a broader waterscape context. Lake connectivity in the waterscape and position in the landscape determine the degree to which a lake is prone to invasion by non-native species and accumulation of harmful substances. Highly connected lakes low in the landscape accumulate nutrients and pollutants originating from ecosystems higher in the landscape. The monitoring and restoration of lake biodiversity and ecosystem services should consider the fact that a high degree of dynamism is present at local, regional and global scales. However, local and regional monitoring may be plagued by the unpredictability of ecological phenomena, hindering adaptive management of lakes. Although monitoring data are increasingly becoming available to study responses of lakes to global change, we still lack suitable integration of models for entire waterscapes. Research across disciplinary boundaries is needed to address the challenges that lakes face in the Anthropocene because they may play an increasingly important role in harbouring unique aquatic biota as well as providing ecosystem goods and services in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Heino
- Freshwater Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Alahuhta
- Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Luis Mauricio Bini
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Yongjiu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Anna-Stiina Heiskanen
- Freshwater Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Hellsten
- Freshwater Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Kortelainen
- Freshwater Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
- Biodiversity Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niina Kotamäki
- Freshwater Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo T Tolonen
- Freshwater Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Petteri Vihervaara
- Biodiversity Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annika Vilmi
- Freshwater Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David G Angeler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0984, U.S.A
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Abstract
The concept of resilience has arisen as a “new way of thinking” [...]
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Wieland A. Dancing the Supply Chain: Toward Transformative Supply Chain Management. JOURNAL OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT 2020. [PMCID: PMC7753537 DOI: 10.1111/jscm.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Most of the theories that have dominated supply chain management (SCM) take a reductionist and static view on the supply chain and its management, promoting a global hunt for cheap labor and resources. As a result, supply chains tend to be operated without much concern for their broader contextual environment. This perspective overlooks that supply chains have become both vulnerable and harmful systems. Recent and ongoing crises have emphasized that the structures and processes of supply chains are fluid and interwoven with political‐economic and planetary phenomena. Building on panarchy theory, this article reinterprets the supply chain as a social–ecological system and leaves behind a modernist view of SCM, replacing it with a more contemporary vision of “dancing the supply chain.” A panarchy is a structure of adaptive cycles that are linked across different levels on scales of time, space, and meaning. It represents the world’s complexities more effectively than reductionist and static theories ever could, providing the basis for transformative SCM.
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Wang Y, Shipley BR, Lauer DA, Pineau RM, McGuire JL. Plant biomes demonstrate that landscape resilience today is the lowest it has been since end-Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5914-5927. [PMID: 32741078 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Resilient landscapes have helped maintain terrestrial biodiversity during periods of climatic and environmental change. Identifying the tempo and mode of landscape transitions and the drivers of landscape resilience is critical to maintaining natural systems and preserving biodiversity given today's rapid climate and land use changes. However, resilient landscapes are difficult to recognize on short time scales, as perturbations are challenging to quantify and ecosystem transitions are rare. Here we analyze two components of North American landscape resilience over 20,000 years: residence time and recovery time. To evaluate landscape dynamics, we use plant biomes, preserved in the fossil pollen record, to examine how long a biome type persists at a given site (residence time) and how long it takes for the biome at that site to reestablish following a transition (recovery time). Biomes have a median residence time of only 230-460 years. Only 64% of biomes recover their original biome type, but recovery time is 140-290 years. Temperatures changing faster than 0.5°C per 500 years result in much reduced residence times. Following a transition, biodiverse biomes reestablish more quickly. Landscape resilience varies through time. Notably, short residence times and long recovery times directly preceded the end-Pleistocene megafauna extinction, resulting in regional destabilization, and combining with more proximal human impacts to deliver a one-two punch to megafauna species. Our work indicates that landscapes today are once again exhibiting low resilience, foreboding potential extinctions to come. Conservation strategies focused on improving both landscape and ecosystem resilience by increasing local connectivity and targeting regions with high richness and diverse landforms can mitigate these extinction risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benjamin R Shipley
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel A Lauer
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rozenn M Pineau
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jenny L McGuire
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Pearman-Gillman SB, Duveneck MJ, Murdoch JD, Donovan TM. Wildlife resistance and protection in a changing New England landscape. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239525. [PMID: 32970736 PMCID: PMC7515594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid changes in climate and land use threaten the persistence of wildlife species. Understanding where species are likely to occur now and in the future can help identify areas that are resistant to change over time and guide conservation planning. We estimated changes in species distribution patterns and spatial resistance in five future scenarios for the New England region of the northeastern United States. We present scenario-specific distribution change maps for nine harvested wildlife species, identifying regions of increasing, decreasing, or stable habitat suitability within each scenario. Next, we isolated areas where species occurrence probability is high (p > 0.7) and resistant to change across all future scenarios. Resistance was also evaluated relative to current land protection to identify patterns in and out of Protected Areas (PAs). Generally, species distributions declined in area over the 50-year assessment period (2010-2060), with the greatest average declines occurring for moose (-40.9%) and wild turkey (-22.1%). Species resistance varied considerably across the region, with coyote demonstrating the highest average regional resistance (91.81% of the region) and moose demonstrating the lowest (0.76% of the region). At the state level, average focal species resistance was highest in Maine (the largest state) and lowest in Massachusetts. Many of the focal species showed high overlap in resistance and land protection. Coyote, white-tailed deer, and black bear had the highest probability of resistance, given protection, while moose and wild turkey had the highest probability of protection, given resistance. Overall, relatively small portions of New England-ranging between 0.25% and 21.12%-were both protected and resistant for the focal species. Our results provide estimates of resistance that can inform conservation planning for commonly harvested species that are important ecologically, economically, and culturally to the region. Expanding protected area coverage to include resistant areas may provide longer term benefits to these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schuyler B. Pearman-Gillman
- Vermont Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Duveneck
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James D. Murdoch
- Wildlife and Fisheries Biology Program, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Therese M. Donovan
- Vermont Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- United States Geological Survey, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
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A spatial regime shift from predator to prey dominance in a large coastal ecosystem. Commun Biol 2020; 3:459. [PMID: 32855431 PMCID: PMC7452892 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Regime shifts in ecosystem structure and processes are typically studied from a temporal perspective. Yet, theory predicts that in large ecosystems with environmental gradients, shifts should start locally and gradually spread through space. Here we empirically document a spatially propagating shift in the trophic structure of a large aquatic ecosystem, from dominance of large predatory fish (perch, pike) to the small prey fish, the three-spined stickleback. Fish surveys in 486 shallow bays along the 1200 km western Baltic Sea coast during 1979–2017 show that the shift started in wave-exposed archipelago areas near the open sea, but gradually spread towards the wave-sheltered mainland coast. Ecosystem surveys in 32 bays in 2014 show that stickleback predation on juvenile predators (predator–prey reversal) generates a feedback mechanism that appears to reinforce the shift. In summary, managers must account for spatial heterogeneity and dispersal to better predict, detect and confront regime shifts within large ecosystems. Eklöf et al. report a spatially propagating shift in the trophic structure along the western Baltic Sea coast. The authors use fish surveys from 1979–2017 to show a shift from dominance of large predatory fish to the small prey fish, the three-spined stickleback, starting in wave-exposed areas and gradually moving to the wave-sheltered coast.
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37
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Li T, Dong Y, Liu Z. A review of social-ecological system resilience: Mechanism, assessment and management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:138113. [PMID: 32224405 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Social-ecological system (SES) resilience involves the large information and complex relationships of nature, society and economy. To promote multi-disciplinary integration to jointly balance current well-being and long-term sustainability, it is necessary to sort resilience studies on different perspectives into a comprehensive framework to establish interdisciplinary consensus. Based on literature analysis and review, this paper presents an analytical framework for resilience in regional management, and gives a review of SES resilience studies in terms of mechanism, assessment, and management. We outline the current state of resilience research, identify the remaining challenges, and make key recommendations for future research. Our recommendations include promoting interdisciplinary consensus, emphasising dynamic adaptation processes, synthesizing multiple systems and scales, building comprehensive databases, and using mixed methods approach. The paper offers a framework for researchers, practitioners and policy makers to have a more comprehensive understanding of resilience as a whole, and thus helps navigate more fully the challenge of adapting complex resource and environmental problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Geo-simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuxiang Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Geo-simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Department of Resources and Urban Planning, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510520, China.
| | - Zhenhuan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Geo-simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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38
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Truchy A, Sarremejane R, Muotka T, Mykrä H, Angeler DG, Lehosmaa K, Huusko A, Johnson RK, Sponseller RA, McKie BG. Habitat patchiness, ecological connectivity and the uneven recovery of boreal stream ecosystems from an experimental drought. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3455-3472. [PMID: 32124522 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing climate change is increasing the occurrence and intensity of drought episodes worldwide, including in boreal regions not previously regarded as drought prone, and where the impacts of drought remain poorly understood. Ecological connectivity is one factor that might influence community structure and ecosystem functioning post-drought, by facilitating the recovery of sensitive species via dispersal at both local (e.g. a nearby habitat patch) and regional (from other systems within the same region) scales. In an outdoor mesocosm experiment, we investigated how impacts of drought on boreal stream ecosystems are altered by the spatial arrangement of local habitat patches within stream channels, and variation in ecological connectivity with a regional species pool. We measured basal ecosystem processes underlying carbon and nutrient cycling: (a) algal biomass accrual; (b) microbial respiration; and (c) decomposition of organic matter, and sampled communities of aquatic fungi and benthic invertebrates. An 8-day drought event had strong impacts on both community structure and ecosystem functioning, including algal accrual, leaf decomposition and microbial respiration, with many of these impacts persisting even after water levels had been restored for 3.5 weeks. Enhanced connectivity with the regional species pool and increased aggregation of habitat patches also affected multiple response variables, especially those associated with microbes, and in some cases reduced the effects of drought to a small extent. This indicates that spatial processes might play a role in the resilience of communities and ecosystem functioning, given enough time. These effects were however insufficient to facilitate significant recovery in algal growth before seasonal dieback began in autumn. The limited resilience of ecosystem functioning in our experiment suggests that even short-term droughts can have extended consequences for stream ecosystems in the world's vast boreal region, and especially on the ecosystem processes and services mediated by algal biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Truchy
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Romain Sarremejane
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Timo Muotka
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Finnish Environment Institute, Freshwater Centre, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Mykrä
- Finnish Environment Institute, Freshwater Centre, Oulu, Finland
| | - David G Angeler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Kaisa Lehosmaa
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ari Huusko
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Paltamo, Finland
| | - Richard K Johnson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ryan A Sponseller
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Brendan G McKie
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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39
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Lam VYY, Doropoulos C, Bozec YM, Mumby PJ. Resilience Concepts and Their Application to Coral Reefs. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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40
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Fried‐Petersen HB, Araya‐Ajoy YG, Futter MN, Angeler DG. Drivers of long-term invertebrate community stability in changing Swedish lakes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1259-1270. [PMID: 31808987 PMCID: PMC7078863 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Research on ecosystem stability has had a strong focus on local systems. However, environmental change often occurs slowly at broad spatial scales, which requires regional-level assessments of long-term stability. In this study, we assess the stability of macroinvertebrate communities across 105 lakes in the Swedish "lakescape." Using a hierarchical mixed-model approach, we first evaluate the environmental pressures affecting invertebrate communities in two ecoregions (north, south) using a 23 year time series (1995-2017) and then examine how a set of environmental and physical variables affect the stability of these communities. Results show that lake latitude, size, total phosphorus and alkalinity affect community composition in northern and southern lakes. We find that lake stability is affected by species richness and lake size in both ecoregions and alkalinity and total phosphorus in northern lakes. There is large heterogeneity in the patterns of community stability of individual lakes, but relationships between that stability and environmental drivers begin to emerge when the lakescape, composed of many discrete lakes, is the focal unit of study. The results of this study highlight that broad-scale comparisons in combination with long time series are essential to understand the effects of environmental change on the stability of lake communities in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B. Fried‐Petersen
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and AssessmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Yimen G. Araya‐Ajoy
- Centre for Biodiversity DynamicsNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Martyn N. Futter
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and AssessmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - David G. Angeler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and AssessmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
- School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Nebraska – LincolnLincolnNEUSA
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41
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Weise H, Auge H, Baessler C, Bärlund I, Bennett EM, Berger U, Bohn F, Bonn A, Borchardt D, Brand F, Chatzinotas A, Corstanje R, De Laender F, Dietrich P, Dunker S, Durka W, Fazey I, Groeneveld J, Guilbaud CSE, Harms H, Harpole S, Harris J, Jax K, Jeltsch F, Johst K, Joshi J, Klotz S, Kühn I, Kuhlicke C, Müller B, Radchuk V, Reuter H, Rinke K, Schmitt‐Jansen M, Seppelt R, Singer A, Standish RJ, Thulke H, Tietjen B, Weitere M, Wirth C, Wolf C, Grimm V. Resilience trinity: safeguarding ecosystem functioning and services across three different time horizons and decision contexts. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Weise
- Dept. of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research –UFZ Leipzig Germany
- Inst. of Biology, Freie Univ. Berlin Germany
| | - Harald Auge
- Dept. of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Cornelia Baessler
- Dept. of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Ilona Bärlund
- Dept. of Aquatic Ecosystems Analysis and Management, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Magdeburg Germany
| | - Elena M. Bennett
- Dept. of Natural Resource Sciences and McGill School of Environment, McGill Univ. Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue QC Canada
| | - Uta Berger
- Dept. of Forest Sciences, Inst. of Forest Growth and Forest Computer Sciences, Technische Univ. Dresden Tharandt Germany
| | - Friedrich Bohn
- Dept. of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research –UFZ Leipzig Germany
| | - Aletta Bonn
- Dept. of Ecosystem Services, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Leipzig Germany
- Inst. of Biodiversity, Univ. of Jena Jena Germany
- C. Wirth, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Dietrich Borchardt
- Dept. of Aquatic Ecosystems Analysis and Management, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Magdeburg Germany
| | - Fridolin Brand
- ZHAW School of Management and Law Winterthur Switzerland
| | - Antonis Chatzinotas
- Dept. of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Leipzig Germany
| | - Ron Corstanje
- Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Cranfield Univ. Cranfield Bedfordshire UK
| | - Frederik De Laender
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Namur Namur Belgium
| | - Peter Dietrich
- Dept. of Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Leipzig Germany
| | - Susanne Dunker
- C. Wirth, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Dept. of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research –UFZ Leipzig Germany
| | - Walter Durka
- Dept. of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Ioan Fazey
- School of the Environment, Univ. of Dundee Dundee UK
| | - Jürgen Groeneveld
- Dept. of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research –UFZ Leipzig Germany
- Dept. of Forest Sciences, Inst. of Forest Growth and Forest Computer Sciences, Technische Univ. Dresden Tharandt Germany
- C. Wirth, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Hauke Harms
- Dept. of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Leipzig Germany
| | - Stanley Harpole
- C. Wirth, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Dept. of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research –UFZ Leipzig Germany
| | - Jim Harris
- Cranfield Inst, for Resilient Futures, Cranfield Univ. Cranfield Bedfordshire UK
| | - Kurt Jax
- Dept. of Conservation Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research –UFZ Leipzig Germany
- Chair of Restoration Ecology, Technische Univ. München Freising Germany
| | - Florian Jeltsch
- C. Wirth, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Plant Ecology and Conservation Biology, Univ. of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
| | - Karin Johst
- Dept. of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research –UFZ Leipzig Germany
| | - Jasmin Joshi
- Biodiversity Research/Systematic Botany, Univ. of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Inst. of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
| | - Stefan Klotz
- Dept. of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
- C. Wirth, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Ingolf Kühn
- Dept. of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
- C. Wirth, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Christian Kuhlicke
- Dept. of Urban and Environmental Sociology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Leipzig Germany
| | - Birgit Müller
- Dept. of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research –UFZ Leipzig Germany
| | - Viktoriia Radchuk
- Dept. of Ecological Dynammics, Leibniz Inst. for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Berlin Germany
| | - Hauke Reuter
- Dept. of Theoretical Ecology and Modelling, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT) Bremen Germany
| | - Karsten Rinke
- Dept. of Lake Research, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Magdeburg Germany
| | - Mechthild Schmitt‐Jansen
- Dept. of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research –UFZ Leipzig Germany
| | - Ralf Seppelt
- C. Wirth, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Dept. of Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Leipzig Germany
- Inst. of Geoscience and Geography, Martin Luther Univ. Halle-Wittenberg Germany
| | - Alexander Singer
- Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Rachel J. Standish
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch Univ. Murdoch WA Australia
| | - Hans‐H. Thulke
- Dept. of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research –UFZ Leipzig Germany
| | - Britta Tietjen
- Inst. of Biology, Freie Univ. Berlin Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
| | - Markus Weitere
- Dept. of River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Magdeburg Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- C. Wirth, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Christine Wolf
- C. Wirth, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Dept. of Environmental Politics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Leipzig Germany
| | - Volker Grimm
- Dept. of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research –UFZ Leipzig Germany
- C. Wirth, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Plant Ecology and Conservation Biology, Univ. of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
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Laurila-Pant M, Mäntyniemi S, Venesjärvi R, Lehikoinen A. Incorporating stakeholders' values into environmental decision support: A Bayesian Belief Network approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:134026. [PMID: 31476493 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Participatory modelling increases the transparency of environmental planning and management processes and enhances the mutual understanding among different parties. We present a sequential probabilistic approach to involve stakeholders' views in the formal decision support process. A continuous Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) model is used to estimate population parameters for stakeholder groups, based on samples of individual value judgements. The approach allows quantification and visualization of the variability in views among and within stakeholder groups. Discrete BBN is populated with these parameters, to summarize and visualize the information and to link it to a larger decision analytic influence diagram (ID). As part of ID, the resulting discrete BBN element serves as a distribution-form decision criteria in probabilistic evaluation of alternative management strategies, to help find a solution that represents the optimal compromise in the presence of potentially conflicting objectives. We demonstrate our idea using example data from the field of marine spatial planning. However, this approach is applicable to many types of management cases. We suggest that by advancing the mutual understanding and concrete participation this approach can further facilitate the stakeholder involvement also during the various stages of the environmental management process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirka Laurila-Pant
- University of Helsinki, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Fisheries and Environmental Management group, Viikinkaari 2, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Samu Mäntyniemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Venesjärvi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annukka Lehikoinen
- University of Helsinki, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Fisheries and Environmental Management group, Kotka Maritime Research Centre, Keskuskatu 10, 48100 Kotka, Finland
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43
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Cushman SA, McGarigal K. Metrics and Models for Quantifying Ecological Resilience at Landscape Scales. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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44
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Uden DR, Twidwell D, Allen CR, Jones MO, Naugle DE, Maestas JD, Allred BW. Spatial Imaging and Screening for Regime Shifts. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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45
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Chambers JC, Allen CR, Cushman SA. Operationalizing Ecological Resilience Concepts for Managing Species and Ecosystems at Risk. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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46
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Coop JD, DeLory TJ, Downing WM, Haire SL, Krawchuk MA, Miller C, Parisien M, Walker RB. Contributions of fire refugia to resilient ponderosa pine and dry mixed‐conifer forest landscapes. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Coop
- School of Environment and Sustainability Western Colorado University Gunnison Colorado 81231 USA
| | | | - William M. Downing
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Sandra L. Haire
- Haire Laboratory for Landscape Ecology Belfast Maine 04915 USA
| | - Meg A. Krawchuk
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Carol Miller
- Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute Rocky Mountain Research Station USDA Forest Service Missoula Montana 59801 USA
| | - Marc‐André Parisien
- Northern Forestry Centre Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Ryan B. Walker
- School of Environment and Sustainability Western Colorado University Gunnison Colorado 81231 USA
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47
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Reijers VC, Cruijsen PMJM, Hoetjes SCS, Akker M, Heusinkveld JHT, Koppel J, Lamers LPM, Olff H, Heide T. Loss of spatial structure after temporary herbivore absence in a high‐productivity reed marsh. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie C. Reijers
- Department of Aquatic Ecology & Environmental Biology Institute for Water and Wetland Research Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Peter M. J. M. Cruijsen
- Department of Aquatic Ecology & Environmental Biology Institute for Water and Wetland Research Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Sean C. S. Hoetjes
- Department of Aquatic Ecology & Environmental Biology Institute for Water and Wetland Research Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Marloes Akker
- Department of Aquatic Ecology & Environmental Biology Institute for Water and Wetland Research Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Koppel
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research and Utrecht University Yerseke the Netherlands
- Conservation Ecology Group Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Leon P. M. Lamers
- Department of Aquatic Ecology & Environmental Biology Institute for Water and Wetland Research Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Han Olff
- Conservation Ecology Group Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Tjisse Heide
- Department of Aquatic Ecology & Environmental Biology Institute for Water and Wetland Research Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen the Netherlands
- Conservation Ecology Group Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
- Department Coastal Systems Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research and Utrecht University Den Burg the Netherlands
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48
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Twidwell D, Wonkka CL, Wang HH, Grant WE, Allen CR, Fuhlendorf SD, Garmestani AS, Angeler DG, Taylor CA, Kreuter UP, Rogers WE. Coerced resilience in fire management. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 240:368-373. [PMID: 30953990 PMCID: PMC7388029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying the loss of ecological resilience and a shift to an alternate regime with lower ecosystem service provisioning continues to be a leading debate in ecology, particularly in cases where evidence points to human actions and decision-making as the primary drivers of resilience loss and regime change. In this paper, we introduce the concept of coerced resilience as a way to explore the interplay among social power, ecological resilience, and fire management, and to better understand the unintended and undesired regime changes that often surprise ecosystem managers and governing officials. Philosophically, coercion is the opposite of freedom, and uses influence or force to gain compliance among local actors. The coercive force imposed by societal laws and policies can either enhance or reduce the potential to manage for essential structures and functions of ecological systems and, therefore, can greatly alter resilience. Using a classical fire-dependent regime shift from North America (tallgrass prairie to juniper woodland), and given that coercion is widespread in fire management today, we quantify relative differences in resilience that emerge in a policy-coerced fire system compared to a theoretical, policy-free fire system. Social coercion caused large departures in the fire conditions associated with alternative grassland and juniper woodland states, and the potential for a grassland state to emerge to dominance became increasingly untenable with fire as juniper cover increased. In contrast, both a treeless, grassland regime and a co-dominated grass-tree regime emerged across a wide range of fire conditions in the absence of policy controls. The severe coercive forcing present in fire management in the Great Plains, and corresponding erosion of grassland resilience, points to the need for transformative environmental governance and the rethinking of social power structures in modern fire policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirac Twidwell
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
| | - Carissa L Wonkka
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Hsiao-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - William E Grant
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Craig R Allen
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Samuel D Fuhlendorf
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, 008C Agricultural Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Ahjond S Garmestani
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - David G Angeler
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charles A Taylor
- Texas A&M Agrilife Research Center, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 918, Sonora, TX, 76950, USA
| | - Urs P Kreuter
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, 2138 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - William E Rogers
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, 2138 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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49
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Mapping Urban Resilience for Spatial Planning—A First Attempt to Measure the Vulnerability of the System. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11082331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The concept of ‘resilience’ breaks down silos by providing a ‘conceptual umbrella’ under which different disciplines come together to tackle complex problems with more holistic interventions. Acknowledging the complexity of Davoudi’s approach (2012) means to recognize that ‘spatial resilience’ is influenced by many phenomena that are difficult to measure: the adaptation and transformation of a co-evolutive system. This paper introduces a pioneering approach that is propaedeutic to the spatial measure of urban resilience assuming that it is possible to define a system as being intrinsically vulnerable to stress and shocks and minimally resilient, as described by Folke in 2006. In this sense, vulnerability is counterpoised to resilience, even if they act simultaneously: the first includes the exposure to a specific hazard, whereas the second emerges from the characteristics of a complex socio-ecological and technical system. Here we present a Geographic Information System-based vulnerability matrix performed in ESRI ArcGIS 10.6 environment as an output of the spatial interaction between sensitivities, shocks, and linear pressures of the urban system. The vulnerability is the first step of measuring the resilience of the system by a semi-quantitative approach. The spatial interaction of these measures is useful to define the interventions essential to designing and building the adaptation of the built environment by planning governance. Results demonstrate how mapping resilience aids the spatial planning decision-making processes, indicating where and what interventions are necessary to adapt and transform the system.
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50
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Weldon J, Grandin U. Major disturbances test resilience at a long-term boreal forest monitoring site. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:4275-4288. [PMID: 31016004 PMCID: PMC6467845 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of disturbances on boreal forest plant communities is not fully understood, particularly when different disturbances are combined, and regime shifts to alternate stable states are possible after disturbance. A long-term monitored semi-natural forest site subject to intense combined storm and bark beetle damage beginning in 2005 provided an opportunity to investigate the postdisturbance development of the vegetation community. Previous studies suggest that a shift from Picea abies to Fagus sylvatica domination was possible.We analyzed pre- and postdisturbance vegetation data to investigate to what extent vascular plant species abundances, diversity, traits, and community composition have changed. We were particularly interested in differences between remaining apparently unaffected areas (potential refugia) and disturbed areas, and in signs of consistent change over time in community composition in response to disturbance that could indicate an impending regime shift.We found that the vegetation community present in the refuge areas has remained substantially intact through the period of disturbance. Nonrefuge areas diverged from the refuges in community composition and showed increased taxonomic and functional diversity. Despite this, and an increase in deciduous tree species (particularly F. sylvatica), P. abies has shown strong postdisturbance regeneration. The refuges may be important in the apparent ongoing recovery of the disturbed areas to a P. abies-dominated state similar to that found predisturbance. This fast recovery is interpreted as evidence of a system resilient to a potential shift to a deciduous-dominated state. Synthesis: Our results show that even powerful combined disturbances in a system with multiple stable states can be insufficient to initiate a regime shift. Resilience of the P. abies-dominated forest community is increased by the survival of refuge areas functioning as a form of ecological memory of the previous ecosystem state. The results also demonstrate the value of data generated by long-term monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Weldon
- SLU, Institutionen för vatten och miljöUppsalaSweden
| | - Ulf Grandin
- SLU, Institutionen för vatten och miljöUppsalaSweden
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