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Moldoveanu OC, Maggioni M, Dani FR. Environmental ameliorations and politics in support of pollinators. Experiences from Europe: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 362:121219. [PMID: 38838532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
At least 87% of angiosperm species require animal vectors for their reproduction, while more than two-thirds of major global food crops depend on zoogamous pollination. Pollinator insects are a wide variety of organisms that require diverse biotic and abiotic resources. Many factors have contributed to a serious decrease in the abundance of populations and diversity of pollinator species over the years. This decline is alarming, and the European Union has taken several actions aimed at counteracting it by issuing new conservation policies and standardizing the actions of member countries. In 2019, the European Green Deal was presented, aiming to restore 100% of Europe's degraded land by 2050 through financial and legislative instruments. Moreover, the Common Agricultural Policies have entailed greening measures for the conservation of habitats and beneficial species for more than 10 years. The new CAP (CAP 23-27) reinforces conservation objectives through strategic plans based on eco-schemes defined at the national level by the member countries, and some states have specifically defined eco-schemes for pollinator conservation. Here, we review the framework of EU policies, directives, and regulations, which include measures aimed at protecting pollinators in agricultural, urban, and peri-urban environments. Moreover, we reviewed the literature reporting experimental works on the environmental amelioration for pollinators, particularly those where CAP measures were implemented and evaluated, as well as studies conducted in urban areas. Among CAP measures, several experimental works have considered the sowing and management of entomophilous plants and reported results important for environmental ameliorations. Some urban, peri-urban and wasteland areas have been reported to host a considerable number of pollinators, especially wild bees, and despite the lack of specific directives, their potential to contribute to pollinator conservation could be enhanced through targeted actions, as highlighted by some studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martino Maggioni
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Centre, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Dani
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Centre, Palermo, Italy.
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2
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Lindstrom J, Ahlering M, Hamilton J. Seed sourcing for climate-resilient grasslands: The role of seed source diversity during early restoration establishment. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10756. [PMID: 38020697 PMCID: PMC10663101 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Restoration advocates for the use of local seed in restoration, but theory suggests that diverse seed sources may enhance genetic diversity and longer term evolutionary potential within restored communities. However, few empirical studies have evaluated whether species and genetic diversity within species impacts plant community composition following restoration. The goal of this research is to compare the effects of single and multi-sourced seed mix treatments on plant community diversity following restoration. Species establishment, abundance, and diversity were compared following two restoration seed mix treatments created to include 14 species commonly used in grassland restoration. We compared the application of seed mixes designed using a single population per species with those containing five populations per species across sites in Minnesota and South Dakota, United States. Early plant establishment and richness mostly reflected non-seeded species across both sites, although seeded species established at a slightly higher rate in year two following restoration. At the South Dakota site, community composition largely reflected changes associated with establishment across the growing season as opposed to seed mix treatment. This contrasted with the Minnesota site, where community composition appeared to be strongly influenced by seed mix treatment. While there is some evidence seed mix treatment may be influencing the emergent community across sites, spatial heterogeneity across the Minnesota restoration site likely influenced diversity in early emergence over that of seed mix treatment. Indeed, varying land-use history across both sites likely contributed to differences in species composition observed at this early stage of the restoration. This suggests that seed mix treatment may have limited impact on early post-restoration emergence diversity relative to the importance of land-use history. However, future monitoring will be needed to evaluate whether the impact of seed mix treatment on community composition changes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lindstrom
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth DakotaUSA
| | | | - Jill Hamilton
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth DakotaUSA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and ManagementPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
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3
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Conrady M, Lampei C, Bossdorf O, Hölzel N, Michalski S, Durka W, Bucharova A. Plants cultivated for ecosystem restoration can evolve toward a domestication syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219664120. [PMID: 37155873 PMCID: PMC10193954 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219664120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration calls for upscaling restoration efforts, but many terrestrial restoration projects are constrained by seed availability. To overcome these constraints, wild plants are increasingly propagated on farms to produce seeds for restoration projects. During on-farm propagation, the plants face non-natural conditions with different selection pressures, and they might evolve adaptations to cultivation that parallel those of agricultural crops, which could be detrimental to restoration success. To test this, we compared traits of 19 species grown from wild-collected seeds to those from their farm-propagated offspring of up to four cultivation generations, produced by two European seed growers, in a common garden experiment. We found that some plants rapidly evolved across cultivated generations towards increased size and reproduction, lower within-species variability, and more synchronized flowering. In one species, we found evolution towards less seed shattering. These trait changes are typical signs of the crop domestication syndrome, and our study demonstrates that it can also occur during cultivation of wild plants, within only few cultivated generations. However, there was large variability between cultivation lineages, and the observed effect sizes were generally rather moderate, which suggests that the detected evolutionary changes are unlikely to compromise farm-propagated seeds for ecosystem restoration. To mitigate the potential negative effects of unintended selection, we recommend to limit the maximum number of generations the plants can be cultivated without replenishing the seed stock from new wild collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Conrady
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, 48149Münster, Germany
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lampei
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, 48149Münster, Germany
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043Marburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Bossdorf
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution & Ecology, University of Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Michalski
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, 06120Halle, Germany
| | - Walter Durka
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, 06120Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Bucharova
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, 48149Münster, Germany
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043Marburg, Germany
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4
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De Vitis M, Havens K, Barak RS, Egerton-Warburton L, Ernst AR, Evans M, Fant JB, Foxx AJ, Hadley K, Jabcon J, O’Shaughnessey J, Ramakrishna S, Sollenberger D, Taddeo S, Urbina-Casanova R, Woolridge C, Xu L, Zeldin J, Kramer AT. Why are some plant species missing from restorations? A diagnostic tool for temperate grassland ecosystems. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.1028295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The U.N. Decade on Ecosystem Restoration aims to accelerate actions to prevent, halt, and reverse the degradation of ecosystems, and re-establish ecosystem functioning and species diversity. The practice of ecological restoration has made great progress in recent decades, as has recognition of the importance of species diversity to maintaining the long-term stability and functioning of restored ecosystems. Restorations may also focus on specific species to fulfill needed functions, such as supporting dependent wildlife or mitigating extinction risk. Yet even in the most carefully planned and managed restoration, target species may fail to germinate, establish, or persist. To support the successful reintroduction of ecologically and culturally important plant species with an emphasis on temperate grasslands, we developed a tool to diagnose common causes of missing species, focusing on four major categories of filters, or factors: genetic, biotic, abiotic, and planning & land management. Through a review of the scientific literature, we propose a series of diagnostic tests to identify potential causes of failure to restore target species, and treatments that could improve future outcomes. This practical diagnostic tool is meant to strengthen collaboration between restoration practitioners and researchers on diagnosing and treating causes of missing species in order to effectively restore them.
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Enclosure in Combination with Mowing Simultaneously Promoted Grassland Biodiversity and Biomass Productivity. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11152037. [PMID: 35956514 PMCID: PMC9370151 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Grassland is the primary land use in China, which has experienced extensive degradation in recent decades due to overexploitation. Here, we conducted field experiments to quantify the degraded grassland’s recovery rate in Northeast Inner Mongolia in response to restoration measures, including fallow + enclosure (FE) and mowing + enclosure (ME) in comparison to livestock grazing (LG), since 2005. Plant community properties were surveyed and aboveground biomass (AGB) sampled in summer 2013. Our results showed that the regional dominant species Leymus chinensis retained its dominance under FE, whereas a range of forb species gained dominance under LG. Vegetative cover was maximal under FE and minimal under LG. The least amount of vegetation development and AGB were observed under LG. However, plant diversity showed an opposite pattern, with maximal diversity under LG and minimal under FE. Statistical analysis revealed that AGB was negatively associated with plant diversity for all treatments except ME. For ME, a positive AGB-diversity relationship was characterized, suggesting that mowing intensity was a controlling factor for the AGB-diversity relationship. Overall, these results demonstrated that enclosure plus mowing represented an effective conservation measure that provided fair support to forage production and a progressive pathway to a more resilient grassland system.
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6
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Agneray AC, Parchman TL, Leger EA. Phenotypes and environment predict seedling survival for seven co‐occurring Great Basin plant taxa growing with invasive grass. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8870. [PMID: 35509617 PMCID: PMC9055296 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trait–environment correlations can arise from local adaptation and can identify genetically and environmentally appropriate seeds for restoration projects. However, anthropogenic changes can disrupt the relationships between traits and fitness. Finding the best seed sources for restoration may rely on describing plant traits adaptive in disturbed and invaded environments, recognizing that while traits may differ among species and functional groups, there may be similarities in the strategies that increase seedling establishment. Focusing on three grass genera, two shrub species, and two forb genera, we collected seeds of all taxa from 16 common sites in the sagebrush steppe of the western United States. We measured seed and seedling characteristics, including seed size, emergence timing, and root and shoot traits, and compiled a suite of environmental variables for each collection site. We described trait–environment associations and asked how traits or environment of origin were associated with seedling survival in invaded gardens. Sampling seven taxa from the same sites allowed us to ask how trait–environment–performance associations differ among taxa and whether natural selection favors similar traits across multiple taxa and functional groups. All taxa showed trait–environment associations consistent with local adaptation, and both environment of origin and phenotypes predicted survival in competitive restoration settings, with some commonalities among taxa. Notably, rapid emergence and larger seeds increased survival for multiple taxa. Environmental factors at collection sites, including lower slopes (especially for grasses), greater mean annual temperatures (especially for shrubs and forbs), and greater precipitation seasonality were frequently associated with increased survival. We noted one collection site with high seedling survival across all seven taxa, suggesting that conditions within some sites may result in selection for traits that increase establishment for multiple species. Thus, choosing native plant sources with the most adaptive traits, along with matching climates, will likely improve the restoration of invaded communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C. Agneray
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology Department of Biology University of Nevada, Reno Reno Nevada USA
- Nevada State Office Bureau of Land Management Reno USA
| | - Thomas L. Parchman
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology Department of Biology University of Nevada, Reno Reno Nevada USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Leger
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology Department of Biology University of Nevada, Reno Reno Nevada USA
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7
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Toczydlowski RH, Waller DM. Plastic and quantitative genetic divergence mirror environmental gradients among wild, fragmented populations of Impatiens capensis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:99-114. [PMID: 34643270 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Habitat fragmentation generates molecular genetic divergence among isolated populations, but few studies have assessed phenotypic divergence and fitness in populations where the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation are known. Phenotypic divergence could reflect plasticity, local adaptation, and/or genetic drift. METHODS We examined patterns and potential drivers of phenotypic divergence among 12 populations of jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) that show strong molecular genetic signals of isolation and drift among fragmented habitats. We measured morphological and reproductive traits in both maternal plants within natural populations and their self-fertilized progeny grown together in a common garden. We also quantified environmental divergence between home sites and the common garden. RESULTS Populations with less molecular genetic variation expressed less maternal phenotypic variation. Progeny in the common garden converged in phenotypes relative to their wild mothers but retained among-population differences in morphology, survival, and reproduction. Among-population phenotypic variance was 3-10× greater in home sites than in the common garden for 6 of 7 morphological traits measured. Patterns of phenotypic divergence paralleled environmental gradients in ways suggestive of adaptation. Progeny resembled their mothers less as the environmental distance between their home site and the common garden increased. CONCLUSIONS Despite strong molecular signatures of isolation and drift, phenotypic differences among these Impatiens populations appear to reflect both adaptive quantitative genetic divergence and plasticity. Quantifying the extent of local adaptation and plasticity and how these covary with molecular and phenotypic variation help us predict when populations may lose their adaptive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Toczydlowski
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Donald M Waller
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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8
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Cohn JL, Copp Franz S, Mandel RH, Nack CC, Brainard AS, Eallonardo A, Magar V. Strategies to work towards long-term sustainability and resiliency of nature-based solutions in coastal environments: A review and case studies. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:123-134. [PMID: 34213833 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The need for sustainable and resilient long-term strategies for coastal restoration and development projects is largely the result of pressures brought by changing climate conditions and growing human populations along coastal boundaries. As anthropogenic impacts along our coasts increase, the demand for sustainable, nature-based solutions (NbS) will grow commensurately. Trusted approaches are needed for successful implementation of NbS, especially in regions hardest hit by environmental changes. Nearshore strategies for new construction and protection of existing coastal infrastructure are shifting rapidly from hardened approaches to more ecologically aligned techniques that work with natural forces and enhance natural habitat. This paper highlights the benefits of living shorelines composed of ecotypic native plants, wave attenuation structures for coastal protection, and managed retreat to restore coastal environments while supporting and maintaining natural habitats. We review several NbS and present two case studies to illustrate the value of incorporating nature-based approaches to vulnerable coastal environments and highlight the importance of maximizing synergies and understanding trade-offs in their long-term use. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:123-134. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Cohn
- Massachusetts Department of Fish and Game, Division of Ecological Restoration, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Höfner J, Klein‐Raufhake T, Lampei C, Mudrak O, Bucharova A, Durka W. Populations restored using regional seed are genetically diverse and similar to natural populations in the region. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Höfner
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
- Department of Community Ecology (BZF) Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research‐UFZ Halle Germany
| | | | - Christian Lampei
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Ondrej Mudrak
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Třeboň Czech Republic
| | - Anna Bucharova
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
- Department of Biology Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Walter Durka
- Department of Community Ecology (BZF) Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research‐UFZ Halle Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
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10
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Raghurama M, Sankaran M. Restoring tropical forest–grassland mosaics invaded by woody exotics. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manaswi Raghurama
- Ecology & Evolution Group, National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS) Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bengaluru Karnataka 560065 India
| | - Mahesh Sankaran
- Ecology & Evolution Group, National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS) Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bengaluru Karnataka 560065 India
- School of Biology University of Leeds Leeds U.K
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11
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Crow TM, Hufford KM, Burney OT. Plant performance predicted by genetic variation and environmental distance in important restoration shrub species
Cercocarpus montanus
. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M. Crow
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Kristina M. Hufford
- Ecosystem Science and Management University of Wyoming Laramie WY 82071 U.S.A
| | - Owen T. Burney
- John T. Harrington Forestry Research Center New Mexico State University Mora NM 87732 U.S.A
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12
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Kaulfuß F, Reisch C. Restoration of species-rich grasslands by transfer of local plant material and its impact on species diversity and genetic variation-Findings of a practical restoration project in southeastern Germany. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:12816-12833. [PMID: 34594541 PMCID: PMC8462159 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoration of species-rich grasslands is a key issue of conservation. The transfer of seed-containing local plant material is a proven technique to restore species-rich grassland, since it potentially allows to establish genetically variable and locally adapted populations. In our study, we tested how the transfer of local plant material affected the species diversity and composition of restored grasslands and the genetic variation of the typical grassland plant species Knautia arvensis and Plantago lanceolata. For our study, we selected fifteen study sites in southeastern Germany. We analyzed species diversity and composition and used molecular markers to investigate genetic variation within and among populations of the study species from grasslands that served as source sites for restoration and grasslands, which were restored by transfer of green hay and threshed local plant material. The results revealed no significant differences in species diversity and composition between grasslands at source and restoration sites. Levels of genetic variation within populations of the study species Knautia arvensis and Plantago lanceolata were comparable at source and restoration sites and genetic variation among populations at source and their corresponding restoration sites were only marginal different. Our study suggests that the transfer of local plant material is a restoration approach highly suited to preserve the composition of species-rich grasslands and the natural genetic pattern of typical grassland plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Kaulfuß
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Christoph Reisch
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
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13
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Rupprecht D, Hölzel N, Bucharova A. Is there local adaptation in plant species to soil reaction? A lesson from a multispecies experiment. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Rupprecht
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group University of Münster, Institute of Landscape Ecology Münster Germany
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group University of Münster, Institute of Landscape Ecology Münster Germany
| | - Anna Bucharova
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group University of Münster, Institute of Landscape Ecology Münster Germany
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14
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Potts AS, Hunter MD. Unraveling the roles of genotype and environment in the expression of plant defense phenotypes. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8542-8561. [PMID: 34257915 PMCID: PMC8258211 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic variability results from interactions between genotype and environment and is a major driver of ecological and evolutionary interactions. Measuring the relative contributions of genetic variation, the environment, and their interaction to phenotypic variation remains a fundamental goal of evolutionary ecology.In this study, we assess the question: How do genetic variation and local environmental conditions interact to influence phenotype within a single population? We explored this question using seed from a single population of common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca, in northern Michigan. We first measured resistance and resistance traits of 14 maternal lines in two common garden experiments (field and greenhouse) to detect genetic variation within the population. We carried out a reciprocal transplant experiment with three of these maternal lines to assess effects of local environment on phenotype. Finally, we compared the phenotypic traits measured in our experiments with the phenotypic traits of the naturally growing maternal genets to be able to compare relative effect of genetic and environmental variation on naturally occurring phenotypic variation. We measured defoliation levels, arthropod abundances, foliar cardenolide concentrations, foliar latex exudation, foliar carbon and nitrogen concentrations, and plant growth.We found a striking lack of correlation in trait expression of the maternal lines between the common gardens, or between the common gardens and the naturally growing maternal genets, suggesting that environment plays a larger role in phenotypic trait variation of this population. We found evidence of significant genotype-by-environment interactions for all traits except foliar concentrations of nitrogen and cardenolide. Milkweed resistance to chewing herbivores was associated more strongly with the growing environment. We observed no variation in foliar cardenolide concentrations among maternal lines but did observe variation among maternal lines in foliar latex exudation.Overall, our data reveal powerful genotype-by-environment interactions on the expression of most resistance traits in milkweed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S. Potts
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Mark D. Hunter
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
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15
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Freitag M, Klaus VH, Bolliger R, Hamer U, Kleinebecker T, Prati D, Schäfer D, Hölzel N. Restoration of plant diversity in permanent grassland by seeding: Assessing the limiting factors along land‐use gradients. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Freitag
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | | | - Ralph Bolliger
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Ute Hamer
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Till Kleinebecker
- Department of Landscape Ecology and Resource Management Justus Liebig University Gießen Gießen Germany
| | - Daniel Prati
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | | | - Norbert Hölzel
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
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16
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Bucharova A, Lampei C, Conrady M, May E, Matheja J, Meyer M, Ott D. Plant provenance affects pollinator network: Implications for ecological restoration. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bucharova
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Christian Lampei
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Malte Conrady
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Emilia May
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Janis Matheja
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Michael Meyer
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity Monitoring Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig Bonn Germany
| | - David Ott
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity Monitoring Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig Bonn Germany
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17
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Crow TM, Buerkle CA, Runcie DE, Hufford KM. Implications of genetic heterogeneity for plant translocation during ecological restoration. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:1100-1110. [PMID: 33598117 PMCID: PMC7863393 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological restoration often requires translocating plant material from distant sites. Importing suitable plant material is important for successful establishment and persistence. Yet, published guidelines for seed transfer are available for very few species. Accurately predicting how transferred plants will perform requires multiyear and multi-environment field trials and comprehensive follow-up work, and is therefore infeasible given the number of species used in restoration programs. Alternative methods to predict the outcomes of seed transfer are valuable for species without published guidelines. In this study, we analyzed the genetic structure of an important shrub used in ecological restoration in the Southern Rocky Mountains called alder-leaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus). We sequenced DNA from 1,440 plants in 48 populations across a broad geographic range. We found that genetic heterogeneity among populations reflected the complex climate and topography across which the species is distributed. We identified temperature and precipitation variables that were useful predictors of genetic differentiation and can be used to generate seed transfer recommendations. These results will be valuable for defining management and restoration practices for mountain mahogany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M. Crow
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
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18
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Gemeinholzer B, Reiker J, Müller CM, Wissemann V. Genotypic and phenotypic distinctness of restored and indigenous populations of Pimpinella saxifraga L. 8 or more years after restoration. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:1092-1101. [PMID: 32810916 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of altered or damaged ecosystems demands large-scale reintroductions of seeds. In the past, ecological restoration in Germany was carried out with non-local seeds of naturally occurring species. We here analysed whether the genetic pattern of the introduced non-local seeds (R = restored) of Pimpinella saxifraga are still detectable several years after application and whether the phenotype differs from that of the regional gene pool (I = indigenous) of the species. We collected material from individuals of R and I sites, conducted a common garden experiment and tested for genetic, morphological and phenotypic differences. In a cutting experiment we investigate treatment effects on indigenous and restored populations. At all investigated sites we only found P. saxifraga individuals with comparatively similar genome sizes. The population genetic analysis revealed two large and quite distinct molecular clusters, separating indigenous and restored individuals along the first axis. None of the vegetative, but two of the reproductive fitness parameters differed between individuals of the R and I sites. Cutting always had a significant influence on all analysed vegetative and reproductive fitness parameters, regardless of the individuals' origin. The effects of mowing always mask origin-specific characteristics, which then disappear. Genotypic coexistence reduces the availability of niches for the local genotype and may eventually lead to genotypic competition or introgression. We therefore recommend not to use non-local genotypes of this species in the region. Instead, we recommend using the genetically diverse local genotypes of P. saxifraga for restoration purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gemeinholzer
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - J Reiker
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - C M Müller
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - V Wissemann
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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19
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Pagel E, Poschlod P, Reisch C. Habitat matters - Strong genetic and epigenetic differentiation in Linum catharticum from dry and wet grasslands. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10271-10280. [PMID: 33005381 PMCID: PMC7520193 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant species differ in their ecological amplitude, with some species occurring in very different habitats under strongly differentiated environmental conditions. We were interested in to what extent the occurrence of Linum catharticum in dry calcareous grasslands (Bromion) and wet litter meadows (Molinion), two habitats on opposing ends concerning, for example, moisture level, is reflected on the genetic and epigenetic level. Using AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphisms) and MSAP (methylation sensitive amplification polymorphisms) analyses, we studied the genetic and epigenetic variation of L. catharticum from calcareous grasslands and litter meadows. From each habitat, we included five study sites with 16 individuals per sampling location. We observed lower genetic than epigenetic diversity, but considerable differentiation among habitats, which was stronger on the genetic than the epigenetic level. Additionally, we observed a strong correlation of genetic and epigenetic distance, irrespective of geographic distance. The dataset included a large portion of fragments exclusively found in individuals from one or the other habitat. Some epigenetic fragments even occurred in different methylation states depending on the habitat. We conclude that environmental effects act on both the genetic and epigenetic level, producing the clear differentiation among plant individuals from calcareous grasslands and litter meadows. These results may also point into the direction of ecotype formation in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Pagel
- Ecology and Conservation BiologyInstitute of Plant SciencesUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Peter Poschlod
- Ecology and Conservation BiologyInstitute of Plant SciencesUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Christoph Reisch
- Ecology and Conservation BiologyInstitute of Plant SciencesUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
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20
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Davidson BE, Germino MJ. Spatial grain of adaptation is much finer than ecoregional-scale common gardens reveal. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9920-9931. [PMID: 33005354 PMCID: PMC7520178 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive variation among plant populations must be known for effective conservation and restoration of imperiled species and predicting their responses to a changing climate. Common-garden experiments, in which plants sourced from geographically distant populations are grown together such that genetic differences may be expressed, have provided much insight on adaptive variation. Common-garden experiments also form the foundation for climate-based seed-transfer guidelines. However, the spatial scale at which population differentiation occurs is rarely addressed, leaving a critical information gap for parameterizing seed-transfer guidelines and assessing species' climate vulnerability. We asked whether adaptation was evident among populations of a foundational perennial within a single "empirical" seed-transfer zone (based on previous common-garden findings evaluating very distant populations) but different "provisional" seed zones (groupings of areas of similar climate and are not parameterized from common-garden data). Seedlings from three populations originating from similar conditions within an intermediate elevation were planted into gardens nearby at the same elevation, or 250-450 m higher or lower in elevation and 0.4-25 km away. Substantial variation was observed between gardens in survival (ranging 2%-99%), foliar crown volume (7.8-22.6 dm3), and reproductive effort (0%-65%), but not among the three transplanted populations. The between garden variation was inversely related to climatic differences between the gardens and seed-source populations, specifically the site differences in maximum-minimum annual temperatures. Results suggest that substantial site-specificity in adaptation can occur at finer scales than is accounted for in empirical seed-transfer guidance when the guidance is derived from broadscale common-garden studies. Being within the same empirical seed zone, geographic unit, and even within 10 km distance may not qualify as "local" in the context of seed transfer. Moving forward, designing common-garden experiments so that they allow for testing the scale of adaptation will help in translating the resulting seed-transfer guidance to restoration projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill E. Davidson
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyBoiseIDUSA
| | - Matthew J. Germino
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyBoiseIDUSA
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21
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The Role of Population and Half-Sib Family on Driving Suitable Functional Traits for Quercus suber L. Forest Restoration. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11060680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Research Highlights: Seedlings of different Quercus suber L. populations and half-sib families differ in their response to multiple stressors, which may have consequences on the future distribution of this Mediterranean species. Background and Objectives: Global change will likely increase the frequency and severity of drought in drylands. Plant species’ distributions will largely depend on their ability to respond to the combined effect of drought and other environmental stressors. Genetic diversity in morpho-functional traits are key components of this response. Yet, information on the response to multiple stresses is scarce for many iconic species. The present study assessed the variability in the response of populations and half-sib families of a Mediterranean acidophilous tree, cork oak, to drought and changes in soil conditions. Materials and Methods: We sampled acorns of half-sib families from two cork oak populations genetically introgressed with the alkaline-tolerant species Quercus ilex L., and from a non-introgressed cork oak population located in its core habitat. We germinated the acorns and subjected seedlings to contrasted levels of water availability and additions of calcium and magnesium carbonate, and assessed their morpho-physiological response. Results: Response to drought and soil chemistry composition differed between populations and families. For some traits, introgressed populations responded similarly to drought than the non-introgressed population. Conversely, the response to soil chemistry was not clearly related to introgression. When considering half-sib families within populations, the population effect diminished, which revealed the importance of intra-population variation. However, relevant traits for water scarcity adaptations, such as specific leaf area and root:shoot ratio, remained significantly different at the population level, which highlights the relevance of these traits for management. Conclusions: Our study shows that the adaptive management and restoration of cork oak forests should consider not only geographic provenances, but also half-sib lines within populations.
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Radersma R, Noble DWA, Uller T. Plasticity leaves a phenotypic signature during local adaptation. Evol Lett 2020; 4:360-370. [PMID: 32774884 PMCID: PMC7403707 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic responses to a novel or extreme environment are initially plastic, only later to be followed by genetic change. Whether or not environmentally induced phenotypes are sufficiently recurrent and fit to leave a signature in adaptive evolution is debated. Here, we analyze multivariate data from 34 plant reciprocal transplant studies to test: (1) if plasticity is an adaptive source of developmental bias that makes locally adapted populations resemble the environmentally induced phenotypes of ancestors; and (2) if plasticity, standing phenotypic variation and genetic divergence align during local adaptation. Phenotypic variation increased marginally in foreign environments but, as predicted, the direction of ancestral plasticity was generally well aligned with the phenotypic difference between locally adapted populations, making plasticity appear to "take the lead" in adaptive evolution. Plastic responses were sometimes more extreme than the phenotypes of locally adapted plants, which can give the impression that plasticity and evolutionary adaptation oppose each other; however, environmentally induced and locally adapted phenotypes were rarely misaligned. Adaptive fine‐tuning of phenotypes—genetic accommodation—did not fall along the main axis of standing phenotypic variation or the direction of plasticity, and local adaptation did not consistently modify the direction or magnitude of plasticity. These results suggest that plasticity is a persistent source of developmental bias that shapes how plant populations adapt to environmental change, even when plasticity does not constrain how populations respond to selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinder Radersma
- Department of Biology Lund University Lund Sweden.,Biometris Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Daniel W A Noble
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Tobias Uller
- Department of Biology Lund University Lund Sweden
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23
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Cevallos D, Bede‐Fazekas Á, Tanács E, Szitár K, Halassy M, Kövendi‐Jakó A, Török K. Seed transfer zones based on environmental variables better reflect variability in vegetation than administrative units: evidence from Hungary. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Cevallos
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
- Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - Ákos Bede‐Fazekas
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
- Centre for Ecological Research GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group Tihany Hungary
| | - Eszter Tanács
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
| | - Katalin Szitár
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
| | - Melinda Halassy
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
| | - Anna Kövendi‐Jakó
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
| | - Katalin Török
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
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24
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Yoko ZG, Volk KL, Dochtermann NA, Hamilton JA. The importance of quantitative trait differentiation in restoration: landscape heterogeneity and functional traits inform seed transfer guidelines. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa009. [PMID: 32257091 PMCID: PMC7112727 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
For widely distributed species, understanding the scale over which genetic variation correlates to landscape structure and composition is critical. Particularly within the context of restoration, the evolution of genetic differences may impact success if seeds are maladapted to the restoration environment. In this study, we used Geum triflorum to quantify the scale over which genetic differences for quantitative traits important to adaptation have evolved, comparing the proportion of variance attributed to broad regional- and local population-level effects. Geum triflorum is a widely distributed species spanning a range of environments, including alvar and prairie habitats, which have extreme regional differences in soil-moisture availability. Alvar habitats are regions of thin soil over limestone that experience substantial seasonal variation in water availability, from flooding to desiccation annually. This contrasts with prairie habitats, whose deeper soils mitigate irregular flood-desiccation cycles. Using a common garden experiment, we evaluated 15 traits broadly grouped into three trait classes: resource allocation, stomatal characteristics, and leaf morphological traits for individuals sourced from prairie and alvar environments. We quantified the proportion of trait variance explained by regional- and population-scale effects and compared the proportion of regional- and population-trait variances explained across trait classes. Significant regional differentiation was observed for the majority of quantitative traits; however, population-scale effects were equal or greater than regional effects, suggesting that important genetic differences may have evolved across the finer population scale. Stomatal and resource allocation trait classes exhibited substantial regional differentiation relative to morphological traits, which may indicate increased strength of selection for stomatal and resource allocation traits relative to morphological traits. These patterns point towards the value in considering the scale over which genetic differences may have evolved for widely distributed species and identify different functional trait classes that may be valuable in establishing seed transfer guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebadiah G Yoko
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Kate L Volk
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Ned A Dochtermann
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Jill A Hamilton
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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25
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Remke MJ, Hoang T, Kolb T, Gehring C, Johnson NC, Bowker MA. Familiar soil conditions help
Pinus ponderosa
seedlings cope with warming and drying climate. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Remke
- School of Forestry Northern Arizona University PO Box 15018, 200 East Pine Knoll Drive, Flagstaff AZ 86011 U.S.A
- Mountain Studies Institute 679 East 2nd Avenue, Durango Colorado 81301 U.S.A
| | - Tonny Hoang
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California—Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Thomas Kolb
- School of Forestry Northern Arizona University PO Box 15018, 200 East Pine Knoll Drive, Flagstaff AZ 86011 U.S.A
| | - Catherine Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam‐Powell Center for Environmental Research Northern Arizona University PO Box 5640, Flagstaff AZ 86011 U.S.A
| | - Nancy C. Johnson
- School of Earth and Sustainability Northern Arizona University PO Box 5694, Flagstaff AZ 86011 U.S.A
| | - Matthew A. Bowker
- School of Forestry Northern Arizona University PO Box 15018, 200 East Pine Knoll Drive, Flagstaff AZ 86011 U.S.A
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26
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Madaj A, Michalski SG, Durka W. Establishment rate of regional provenances mirrors relative share and germination rate in a climate change experiment. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna‐Maria Madaj
- Department of Community Ecology UFZ ‐ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Theodor‐Lieser‐Strasse 4 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Stefan G. Michalski
- Department of Community Ecology UFZ ‐ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Theodor‐Lieser‐Strasse 4 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Walter Durka
- Department of Community Ecology UFZ ‐ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Theodor‐Lieser‐Strasse 4 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
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27
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St. Clair AB, Dunwiddie PW, Fant JB, Kaye TN, Kramer AT. Mixing source populations increases genetic diversity of restored rare plant populations. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Basey St. Clair
- Program in Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern University 2205 Tech Drive Evanston IL 60208 U.S.A
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionNegaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road Chicago IL 60022 U.S.A
| | | | - Jeremie B. Fant
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionNegaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road Chicago IL 60022 U.S.A
| | - Thomas N. Kaye
- Institute for Applied Ecology 563 SW Jefferson Avenue Corvallis OR 97333 U.S.A
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyOregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 U.S.A
| | - Andrea T. Kramer
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionNegaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road Chicago IL 60022 U.S.A
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28
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Catullo RA, Llewelyn J, Phillips BL, Moritz CC. The Potential for Rapid Evolution under Anthropogenic Climate Change. Curr Biol 2019; 29:R996-R1007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Dittberner H, Becker C, Jiao WB, Schneeberger K, Hölzel N, Tellier A, de Meaux J. Strengths and potential pitfalls of hay transfer for ecological restoration revealed by RAD-seq analysis in floodplain Arabis species. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:3887-3901. [PMID: 31338892 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Achieving high intraspecific genetic diversity is a critical goal in ecological restoration as it increases the adaptive potential and long-term resilience of populations. Thus, we investigated genetic diversity within and between pristine sites in a fossil floodplain and compared it to sites restored by hay transfer between 1997 and 2014. RAD-seq genotyping revealed that the stenoecious floodplain species Arabis nemorensis is co-occurring with individuals that, based on ploidy, ITS-sequencing and morphology, probably belong to the close relative Arabis sagittata, which has a documented preference for dry calcareous grasslands but has not been reported in floodplain meadows. We show that hay transfer maintains genetic diversity for both species. Additionally, in A. sagittata, transfer from multiple genetically isolated pristine sites resulted in restored sites with increased diversity and admixed local genotypes. In A. nemorensis, transfer did not create novel admixture dynamics because genetic diversity between pristine sites was less differentiated. Thus, the effects of hay transfer on genetic diversity also depend on the genetic make-up of the donor communities of each species, especially when local material is mixed. Our results demonstrate the efficiency of hay transfer for habitat restoration and emphasize the importance of prerestoration characterization of microgeographic patterns of intraspecific diversity of the community to guarantee that restoration practices reach their goal, that is maximize the adaptive potential of the entire restored plant community. Overlooking these patterns may alter the balance between species in the community. Additionally, our comparison of summary statistics obtained from de novo- and reference-based RAD-seq pipelines shows that the genomic impact of restoration can be reliably monitored in species lacking prior genomic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Becker
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wen-Biao Jiao
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Hölzel
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Aurélien Tellier
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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30
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Herden J, Eckert S, Stift M, Joshi J, van Kleunen M. No evidence for local adaptation and an epigenetic underpinning in native and non-native ruderal plant species in Germany. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9412-9426. [PMID: 31534665 PMCID: PMC6745855 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many invasive species have rapidly adapted to different environments in their new ranges. This is surprising, as colonization is usually associated with reduced genetic variation. Heritable phenotypic variation with an epigenetic basis may explain this paradox.Here, we assessed the contribution of DNA methylation to local adaptation in native and naturalized non-native ruderal plant species in Germany. We reciprocally transplanted offspring from natural populations of seven native and five non-native plant species between the Konstanz region in the south and the Potsdam region in the north of Germany. Before the transplant, half of the seeds were treated with the demethylation agent zebularine. We recorded survival, flowering probability, and biomass production as fitness estimates.Contrary to our expectations, we found little evidence for local adaptation, both among the native and among the non-native plant species. Zebularine treatment had mostly negative effects on overall plant performance, regardless of whether plants were local or not, and regardless of whether they were native or non-native. Synthesis. We conclude that local adaptation, at least at the scale of our study, plays no major role in the success of non-native and native ruderal plants. Consequently, we found no evidence yet for an epigenetic basis of local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Herden
- Ecology, Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
| | - Silvia Eckert
- Biodiversity Research/Systematic Botany, Institute of Biochemistry and BiologyUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Marc Stift
- Ecology, Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
| | - Jasmin Joshi
- Biodiversity Research/Systematic Botany, Institute of Biochemistry and BiologyUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Institute of BiologyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Institute for Landscape and Open SpaceHochschule für Technik Rapperswil (HSR)RapperswilSwitzerland
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Ecology, Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and ConservationTaizhou UniversityTaizhouChina
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31
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Del Vecchio S, Pierce S, Fantinato E, Buffa G. Increasing the germination percentage of a declining native orchid (Himantoglossum adriaticum) by pollen transfer and outbreeding between populations. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:935-941. [PMID: 30907053 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The declining native orchid Himantoglossum adriaticum H. Baumann is a European endemic of priority interest (92/43/ EEC, Annex II). Northern Italian populations of H. adriaticum are small and isolated, with depressed seed set. Given the important implications for plant population conservation, we tested the hypothesis that artificial pollen transfer (hand-pollination) and outbreeding between populations increases fruit set and seed germination percentage. The background fruit set and in vitro germination rates were determined for ten reference populations. An artificial cross-pollination experiment included (a) pollen transfer from one large population to two small and isolated populations; (b) pollen transfer between two small but not isolated populations; (c) within-population pollen transfer (control). All seeds were sown on a modified Malmgren's medium and cultured in a controlled environment. Germination percentage was compared using a Kruskal-Wallis anova. The background fruit set (mean = 18%) and germination (<5%) rates were consistently low across populations. Fruit set after hand-pollination was consistently 100%. Pollen transfer from the largest population to smaller populations resulted in an increase in total germination ranging from 0.9% to 2.9%. The largest increase in germination occurred between small-sized and less isolated populations (from 1.7% to 5.1%). The results of pollen transfer between the small populations are particularly encouraging, as the mean increase in germination was almost four times that of the control. Outbreeding can be considered a valuable tool to increase genetic flow and germination in natural populations, limit the accumulation of detrimental effects on fitness driven by repeated breeding with closely-related individuals, thereby increasing the possibility of conservation of rare or endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Del Vecchio
- Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Venice, Italy
| | - S Pierce
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DiSAA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Fantinato
- Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Venice, Italy
| | - G Buffa
- Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Venice, Italy
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32
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Weissgerber M, Jaunatre R, Dommanget F, Jacob F, Huyghe G, Evette A. Seeding Dynamics from a Local Seed Mixture on a Bioengineered Riverbank Protection Structure. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 64:178-189. [PMID: 31243537 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-019-01180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Restoration of riverbanks through soil bioengineering techniques allows managers to combine riverbank stability and riparian ecosystem functioning. This restoration often involves the sowing of a seed mixture, which helps develop herbaceous vegetation. This development and sufficient vegetation cover are essential for protection against erosion and for hosting biodiversity, two of the main goals of riverbank bioengineering. Restoration aims at recreating ecosystems closer to an undisturbed state; choosing seed mixtures of local provenance is therefore encouraged. In this study, we investigated the local seed mixture sown on bioengineered riverbanks and the conditions influencing the first steps of plant development, so as to delineate the setting favoring restoration. We focused on the composition of the seed mixture and germination capacity as well as the effect of sowing density and soil quality on vegetation cover and diversity. We tested four sowing densities: 5, 10, 15, and 30 g.m-1. The seed mixture presented considerable diversity and germination rates were heterogeneous. Sowing density had a positive impact on vegetation cover and diversity, and high cover up to 100% was rapidly reached. Soil quality did not affect vegetation diversity but had a significant effect on vegetation cover, with the nutrient content, notably nitrogen, most probably involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Weissgerber
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Irstea, UR LESSEM, 2 rue de la Papeterie-BP 76, St-Martin-d'Hères, F-38402, France.
| | - Renaud Jaunatre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Irstea, UR LESSEM, 2 rue de la Papeterie-BP 76, St-Martin-d'Hères, F-38402, France
| | - Fanny Dommanget
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Irstea, UR LESSEM, 2 rue de la Papeterie-BP 76, St-Martin-d'Hères, F-38402, France
| | - Frederick Jacob
- Électricité de France, Centre d'Ingénierie Hydraulique, Service Environnement et Société Savoie Technolac - 4, allée du lac de Tignes, La Motte Servolex, 73290, France
| | - Ghislain Huyghe
- BIOTEC Biologie appliquée, 92 quai Pierre Scize, Lyon, 69005, France
| | - André Evette
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Irstea, UR LESSEM, 2 rue de la Papeterie-BP 76, St-Martin-d'Hères, F-38402, France
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Baughman OW, Agneray AC, Forister ML, Kilkenny FF, Espeland EK, Fiegener R, Horning ME, Johnson RC, Kaye TN, Ott J, St. Clair JB, Leger EA. Strong patterns of intraspecific variation and local adaptation in Great Basin plants revealed through a review of 75 years of experiments. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:6259-6275. [PMID: 31236219 PMCID: PMC6580289 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in natural selection across heterogeneous landscapes often produces (a) among-population differences in phenotypic traits, (b) trait-by-environment associations, and (c) higher fitness of local populations. Using a broad literature review of common garden studies published between 1941 and 2017, we documented the commonness of these three signatures in plants native to North America's Great Basin, an area of extensive restoration and revegetation efforts, and asked which traits and environmental variables were involved. We also asked, independent of geographic distance, whether populations from more similar environments had more similar traits. From 327 experiments testing 121 taxa in 170 studies, we found 95.1% of 305 experiments reported among-population differences, and 81.4% of 161 experiments reported trait-by-environment associations. Locals showed greater survival in 67% of 24 reciprocal experiments that reported survival, and higher fitness in 90% of 10 reciprocal experiments that reported reproductive output. A meta-analysis on a subset of studies found that variation in eight commonly measured traits was associated with mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature at the source location, with notably strong relationships for flowering phenology, leaf size, and survival, among others. Although the Great Basin is sometimes perceived as a region of homogeneous ecosystems, our results demonstrate widespread habitat-related population differentiation and local adaptation. Locally sourced plants likely harbor adaptations at rates and magnitudes that are immediately relevant to restoration success, and our results suggest that certain key traits and environmental variables should be prioritized in future assessments of plants in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen W. Baughman
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental ScienceUniversity of NevadaRenoNevada
- Present address:
The Nature ConservancyBurnsOregon
| | - Alison C. Agneray
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental ScienceUniversity of NevadaRenoNevada
| | | | | | - Erin K. Espeland
- Pest Management Research UnitUSDA‐Agricultural Research Service Northern Plains Agricultural LaboratorySidneyMontana
| | | | - Matthew E. Horning
- Deschutes National ForestUSDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest RegionBendOregon
| | | | | | - Jeff Ott
- Rocky Mountain Research StationUSDA Forest ServiceBoiseIdaho
| | | | - Elizabeth A. Leger
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental ScienceUniversity of NevadaRenoNevada
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Kaulfuß F, Reisch C. Restoration of grasslands using commercially produced seed mixtures: genetic variation within and among natural and restored populations of three common grassland species. CONSERV GENET 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-01138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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Leger EA, Atwater DZ, James JJ. Seed and seedling traits have strong impacts on establishment of a perennial bunchgrass in invaded semi‐arid systems. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeremy J. James
- University of California Sierra Foothill Research and Extension Center Browns Valley California
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Schädler M, Buscot F, Klotz S, Reitz T, Durka W, Bumberger J, Merbach I, Michalski SG, Kirsch K, Remmler P, Schulz E, Auge H. Investigating the consequences of climate change under different land‐use regimes: a novel experimental infrastructure. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schädler
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Theodor‐Lieser‐Street 4 Halle 06120 Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Francois Buscot
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Theodor‐Lieser‐Street 4 Halle 06120 Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Theodor‐Lieser‐Street 4 Halle 06120 Germany
| | - Stefan Klotz
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Theodor‐Lieser‐Street 4 Halle 06120 Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Thomas Reitz
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Theodor‐Lieser‐Street 4 Halle 06120 Germany
- Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Theodor‐Lieser‐Street 4 Halle 06120 Germany
| | - Walter Durka
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Theodor‐Lieser‐Street 4 Halle 06120 Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Jan Bumberger
- Department of Monitoring and Exploration Technologies Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Permoserstraße 15 Leipzig 04318 Germany
| | - Ines Merbach
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Theodor‐Lieser‐Street 4 Halle 06120 Germany
| | - Stefan G. Michalski
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Theodor‐Lieser‐Street 4 Halle 06120 Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Konrad Kirsch
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Theodor‐Lieser‐Street 4 Halle 06120 Germany
| | - Paul Remmler
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Department of Monitoring and Exploration Technologies Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Permoserstraße 15 Leipzig 04318 Germany
| | - Elke Schulz
- Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Theodor‐Lieser‐Street 4 Halle 06120 Germany
| | - Harald Auge
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Theodor‐Lieser‐Street 4 Halle 06120 Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
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Zhu Y, Fu S, Liu H, Wang Z, Chen HYH. Heat stress tolerance determines the survival and growth of introduced Canadian sugar maple in subtropical China. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:417-426. [PMID: 30239951 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of species contributes to both ecological restoration and regional economics, while serving as a potential strategy to conserve species under rapid climate change. Despite an anticipated significant increase in temperature at high latitudes by the end of the 21st century, very few experimental migration trials have been conducted regarding large climate range changes. We employed a provenance trial by introducing a temperate sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) of three provenances with a mean annual temperature of 3.0 °C in Manitoba, 4.2 °C in Quebec and 9.4 °C in Ontario, Canada, to 15.8 °C at an introduced site in subtropical China. We measured survival, growth, summer photosynthesis in the field and stress-resistance responses under a temperature gradient in growth chambers with first-year seedlings. We found that the Ontario provenance had the highest propensity for survival and growth, followed by the Quebec provenance, while the Manitoba provenance had the lowest. The photosynthetic parameters of the seedlings changed over time of the day, with the Ontario provenance having a higher photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance than the Quebec and Manitoba provenances. Furthermore, the growth chamber results revealed that the Ontario provenance had the best physiological adjustment for self-protection from heat stress, followed by the Quebec and Manitoba provenances. Our results suggested that the change in climate range drove the survival and growth of introduced seedlings and that the tolerance to summer heat stress through physiological mechanisms was responsible for the success of species introduction, from a cold to a warm climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Songling Fu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hua Liu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhaocheng Wang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Han Y H Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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Galliart M, Bello N, Knapp M, Poland J, St Amand P, Baer S, Maricle B, Smith AB, Johnson L. Local adaptation, genetic divergence, and experimental selection in a foundation grass across the US Great Plains' climate gradient. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:850-868. [PMID: 30468548 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many prior studies have uncovered evidence for local adaptation using reciprocal transplant experiments. However, these studies are rarely conducted for a long enough time to observe succession and competitive dynamics in a community context, limiting inferences for long-lived species. Furthermore, the genetic basis of local adaptation and genetic associations with climate has rarely been identified. Here, we report on a long-term (6-year) experiment conducted under natural conditions focused on Andropogon gerardii, the dominant grass of the North American Great Plains tallgrass ecosystem. We focus on this foundation grass that comprises 80% of tallgrass prairie biomass and is widely used in 20,000 km2 of restoration. Specifically, we asked the following questions: (a) Whether ecotypes are locally adapted to regional climate in realistic ecological communities. (b) Does adaptive genetic variation underpin divergent phenotypes across the climate gradient? (c) Is there evidence of local adaptation if the plants are exposed to competition among ecotypes in mixed ecotype plots? Finally, (d) are local adaptation and genetic divergence related to climate? Reciprocal gardens were planted with 3 regional ecotypes (originating from dry, mesic, wet climate sources) of Andropogon gerardii across a precipitation gradient (500-1,200 mm/year) in the US Great Plains. We demonstrate local adaptation and differentiation of ecotypes in wet and dry environments. Surprisingly, the apparent generalist mesic ecotype performed comparably under all rainfall conditions. Ecotype performance was underpinned by differences in neutral diversity and candidate genes corroborating strong differences among ecotypes. Ecotype differentiation was related to climate, primarily rainfall. Without long-term studies, wrong conclusions would have been reached based on the first two years. Further, restoring prairies with climate-matched ecotypes is critical to future ecology, conservation, and sustainability under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora Bello
- Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Mary Knapp
- State Climate Office, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jesse Poland
- Dept of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | | | - Sara Baer
- Plant Biology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois
| | - Brian Maricle
- Biological Sciences, Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas
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Buhk C, Oppermann R, Schanowski A, Bleil R, Lüdemann J, Maus C. Flower strip networks offer promising long term effects on pollinator species richness in intensively cultivated agricultural areas. BMC Ecol 2018; 18:55. [PMID: 30514253 PMCID: PMC6280486 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-018-0210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intensively cultivated agricultural landscapes often suffer from substantial pollinator losses, which may be leading to decreasing pollination services for crops and wild flowering plants. Conservation measures that are easy to implement and accepted by farmers are needed to halt a further loss of pollinators in large areas under intensive agricultural management. Here we report the results of a replicated long-term study involving networks of mostly perennial flower strips covering 10% of a conventionally managed agricultural landscape in southwestern Germany. Results We demonstrate the considerable success of these measures for wild bee and butterfly species richness over an observation period of 5 years. Overall species richness of bees and butterflies but also the numbers of specialist bee species clearly increased in the ecological enhancement areas as compared to the control areas without ecological enhancement measures. A three to five-fold increase in species richness was found after more than 2 years of enhancement of the areas with flower strips. Oligolectic bee species increased significantly only after the third year. Conclusions In our long-term field experiment we used a large variety of seed mixtures and temporal variation in seeding time, ensured continuity of the flower-strips by using perennial seed mixtures and distributed the measures over c. 10% of the landscape. This led to an increase in pollinator abundance, suggesting that these measures may be instrumental for the successful support of pollinators. These measures may ensure the availability of a network of diverse habitats and foraging resources for pollinators throughout the year, as well as nesting sites for many species. The measures are applied in-field and are suitable for application in areas under intensive agriculture. We propose that flower strip networks should be implemented much more in the upcoming CAP (common agricultural policy) reform in the European Union and promoted more by advisory services for farmers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12898-018-0210-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Buhk
- Institute of Agroecology and Biodiversity (IFAB), Böcklinstr. 27, 68163, Mannheim, Germany. .,Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, 76829, Landau, Germany.
| | - Rainer Oppermann
- Institute of Agroecology and Biodiversity (IFAB), Böcklinstr. 27, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arno Schanowski
- Institut für Landschaftsökologie und Naturschutz (ILN), Sandbachstr. 2, 77815, Bühl, Germany
| | - Richard Bleil
- Institute of Agroecology and Biodiversity (IFAB), Böcklinstr. 27, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julian Lüdemann
- Institute of Agroecology and Biodiversity (IFAB), Böcklinstr. 27, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
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40
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Mable BK. Conservation of adaptive potential and functional diversity: integrating old and new approaches. CONSERV GENET 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-1129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Vidaller C, Dutoit T, Ibrahim Y, Hanslin HM, Bischoff A. Adaptive differentiation among populations of the Mediterranean dry grassland species Brachypodium retusum: The role of soil conditions, grazing, and humidity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1123-1132. [PMID: 29985539 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Genetic differentiation in plant species may result from adaptation to environmental conditions, but also from stochastic processes. The drivers selecting for local adaptation and the contribution of adaptation to genetic differentiation are often unknown. Restoration and succession studies have revealed different colonization patterns for Brachypodium retusum, a common Mediterranean grass. In order to understand these patterns, we tested population differentiation and adaptation to different environmental factors. METHODS Structured sampling of 12 populations from six sites and two soil types within site was used to analyze the spatial and environmental structure of population differentiation. Sampling sites differ in grazing intensity and climate. We tested germination and growth in a common garden. In subsets, we analyzed the differential response to stone cover, grazing and soil moisture. KEY RESULTS We found significant differences among populations. The site explained population differentiation better than soil, suggesting a dominant influence of climate and/or genetic drift. Stone cover had a positive influence on seedling establishment, and populations showed a differential response. However, this response was not related to environmental differences between collection sites. Regrowth after clipping was higher in populations from the more intensively grazed Red Mediterranean soils suggesting an adaptation to grazing. Final germination was generally high even under drought, but germination response to differences in soil moisture was similar across populations. CONCLUSIONS Adaptive population differentiation in germination and early growth may have contributed to different colonization patterns. Thus, the provenance of B. retusum needs to be carefully considered in ecological restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Vidaller
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Univ Avignon, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, IUT site Agroparc, 337 Chemin des Meinajaries BP 61207, F-84911, Avignon cedex 09, France
| | - Thierry Dutoit
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Univ Avignon, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, IUT site Agroparc, 337 Chemin des Meinajaries BP 61207, F-84911, Avignon cedex 09, France
| | - Yosra Ibrahim
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj Cedria, BP 901 Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Hans Martin Hanslin
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Nibio, Urban greening and environmental engineering department, PO box 115, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Armin Bischoff
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Univ Avignon, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, IUT site Agroparc, 337 Chemin des Meinajaries BP 61207, F-84911, Avignon cedex 09, France
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Breed MF, Harrison PA, Bischoff A, Durruty P, Gellie NJC, Gonzales EK, Havens K, Karmann M, Kilkenny FF, Krauss SL, Lowe AJ, Marques P, Nevill PG, Vitt PL, Bucharova A. Priority Actions to Improve Provenance Decision-Making. Bioscience 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Breed
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute at the University of Adelaide, in Australia
| | - Peter A Harrison
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- School of Natural Sciences and the ARC Centre for Forest Values at the University of Tasmania, in Australia
| | - Armin Bischoff
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- University of Avignon, in France
| | - Paula Durruty
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- Instituto Forestal Nacional (INFONA), in San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Nick J C Gellie
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute at the University of Adelaide, in Australia
| | - Emily K Gonzales
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- Ecological Restoration Division at Parks Canada, in Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Kayri Havens
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- School of Natural Sciences and the ARC Centre for Forest Values at the University of Tasmania, in Australia
| | - Marion Karmann
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- Forest Stewardship Council, in Bonn, Germany
| | - Francis F Kilkenny
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Boise, Idaho
| | - Siegfried L Krauss
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, in West Perth, Western Australia
| | - Andrew J Lowe
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute at the University of Adelaide, in Australia
| | - Pedro Marques
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- Big Hole Watershed Committee, in Divide, Montana
| | - Paul G Nevill
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- Department of Environment and Agriculture at Curtin University, in Australia
| | - Pati L Vitt
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- Chicago Botanic Garden, in Glencoe, Illinois
| | - Anna Bucharova
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- Department of Plant Evolutionary Ecology at Karl Eberhard University and with the Department of Landscape Ecology and Nature Conservation at Albert Ludwigs University, in Freiburg, Germany
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Spatio-environmental determinants of the genetic structure of three steppe species in a highly fragmented landscape. Basic Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Shi J, Joshi J, Tielbörger K, Verhoeven KJF, Macel M. Costs and benefits of admixture between foreign genotypes and local populations in the field. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:3675-3684. [PMID: 29686848 PMCID: PMC5901173 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Admixture is the hybridization between populations within one species. It can increase plant fitness and population viability by alleviating inbreeding depression and increasing genetic diversity. However, populations are often adapted to their local environments and admixture with distant populations could break down local adaptation by diluting the locally adapted genomes. Thus, admixed genotypes might be selected against and be outcompeted by locally adapted genotypes in the local environments. To investigate the costs and benefits of admixture, we compared the performance of admixed and within-population F1 and F2 generations of the European plant Lythrum salicaria in a reciprocal transplant experiment at three European field sites over a 2-year period. Despite strong differences between site and plant populations for most of the measured traits, including herbivory, we found limited evidence for local adaptation. The effects of admixture depended on experimental site and plant population, and were positive for some traits. Plant growth and fruit production of some populations increased in admixed offspring and this was strongest with larger parental distances. These effects were only detected in two of our three sites. Our results show that, in the absence of local adaptation, admixture may boost plant performance, and that this is particularly apparent in stressful environments. We suggest that admixture between foreign and local genotypes can potentially be considered in nature conservation to restore populations and/or increase population viability, especially in small inbred or maladapted populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shi
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology Plant Ecology Group University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany.,Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences Ningbo China
| | - Jasmin Joshi
- Biodiversity Research/Systematic Botany Institute of Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Institute of Biology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Katja Tielbörger
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology Plant Ecology Group University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Koen J F Verhoeven
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Mirka Macel
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology Plant Ecology Group University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany.,Molecular Interaction Ecology Department of Plant Science Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen the Netherlands.,Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry Leiden Institute of Biology Leiden the Netherlands
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Bucharova A, Bossdorf O, Hölzel N, Kollmann J, Prasse R, Durka W. Mix and match: regional admixture provenancing strikes a balance among different seed-sourcing strategies for ecological restoration. CONSERV GENET 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-1067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Proft KM, Jones ME, Johnson CN, Burridge CP. Making the connection: expanding the role of restoration genetics in restoring and evaluating connectivity. Restor Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin M. Proft
- School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55 Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Menna E. Jones
- School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55 Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Christopher N. Johnson
- School of Natural Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55 Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Christopher P. Burridge
- School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55 Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia
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47
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Giencke LM, Carol Denhof R, Katherine Kirkman L, Stribling Stuber O, Brantley ST. Seed sourcing for longleaf pine ground cover restoration: using plant performance to assess seed transfer zones and home-site advantage. Restor Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Giencke
- Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center; Newton GA 39870 U.S.A
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48
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Espeland EK, Johnson RC, Horning ME. Plasticity in native perennial grass populations: Implications for restoration. Evol Appl 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eva.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard C. Johnson
- Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing Research Unit; USDA-ARS; Pullman WA USA
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49
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Bucharova A, Durka W, Hölzel N, Kollmann J, Michalski S, Bossdorf O. Are local plants the best for ecosystem restoration? It depends on how you analyze the data. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10683-10689. [PMID: 29299248 PMCID: PMC5743477 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key questions in ecosystem restoration is the choice of the seed material for restoring plant communities. The most common strategy is to use local seed sources, based on the argument that many plants are locally adapted and thus local seed sources should provide the best restoration success. However, the evidence for local adaptation is inconsistent, and some of these inconsistencies may be due to different experimental approaches that have been used to test for local adaptation. We illustrate how conclusions about local adaptation depend on the experimental design and in particular on the method of data analysis. We used data from a multispecies reciprocal transplant experiment and analyzed them in three different ways: (1) comparing local vs. foreign plants within species and sites, corresponding to tests of the “local is best” paradigm in ecological restoration, (2) comparing sympatric vs. allopatric populations across sites but within species, and (3) comparing sympatric and allopatric populations across multiple species. These approaches reflect different experimental designs: While a local vs. foreign comparison can be done even in small experiments with a single species and site, the other two approaches require a reciprocal transplant experiment with one or multiple species, respectively. The three different analyses led to contrasting results. While the local/foreign approach indicated lack of local adaptation or even maladaptation, the more general sympatric/allopatric approach rather suggested local adaptation, and the most general cross‐species sympatric/allopatric test provided significant evidence for local adaptation. The analyses demonstrate how the design of experiments and methods of data analysis impact conclusions on the presence or absence of local adaptation. While small‐scale, single‐species experiments may be useful for identifying the appropriate seed material for a specific restoration project, general patterns can only be detected in reciprocal transplant experiments with multiple species and sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bucharova
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology Institute of Evolution & Ecology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany.,Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Walter Durka
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ Halle Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Johannes Kollmann
- Department of Ecology & Ecosystem Management Restoration Ecology Technical University of Munich München Germany.,Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO) Ås Norway
| | - Stefan Michalski
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ Halle Germany
| | - Oliver Bossdorf
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology Institute of Evolution & Ecology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
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50
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Hulvey KB, Leger EA, Porensky LM, Roche LM, Veblen KE, Fund A, Shaw J, Gornish ES. Restoration islands: a tool for efficiently restoring dryland ecosystems? Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin B. Hulvey
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
- The Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth A. Leger
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada, Reno 1664 N. Virginia Street Reno NV 89557 U.S.A
| | - Lauren M. Porensky
- Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit USDA‐ARS 1701 Centre Avenue Fort Collins CO 80526 U.S.A
| | - Leslie M. Roche
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Kari E. Veblen
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
- The Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
| | - Adam Fund
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
- The Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
| | - Julea Shaw
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Elise S. Gornish
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 U.S.A
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