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Eerola T, Vuoskoski JK, Kautiainen H, Peltola HR, Putkinen V, Schäfer K. Being moved by listening to unfamiliar sad music induces reward-related hormonal changes in empathic listeners. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1502:121-131. [PMID: 34273130 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many people enjoy sad music, and the appeal for tragedy is widespread among the consumers of film and literature. The underlying mechanisms of such aesthetic experiences are not well understood. We tested whether pleasure induced by sad, unfamiliar instrumental music is explained with a homeostatic or a reward theory, each of which is associated with opposite patterns of changes in the key hormones. Sixty-two women listened to sad music (or nothing) while serum was collected for subsequent measurement of prolactin (PRL) and oxytocin (OT) and stress marker (cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone) concentrations. Two groups of participants were recruited on the basis of low and high trait empathy. In the high empathy group, PRL and OT levels were significantly lower with music compared with no music. And compared to the low empathy group, the high empathy individuals reported an increase of positive mood and higher ratings of being moved with music. None of the stress markers showed any changes across the conditions or the groups. These hormonal changes, inconsistent with the homeostatic theory proposed by Huron, exhibit a pattern expected of general reward. Our findings illuminate how unfamiliar and low arousal music may give rise to pleasurable experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Eerola
- Music Department, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonna K Vuoskoski
- Music Department, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylän yliopisto, Finland.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Vesa Putkinen
- Music Department, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylän yliopisto, Finland
| | - Katharina Schäfer
- Music Department, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylän yliopisto, Finland
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2
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Wulff AN, Thomas AK. The Dynamic and Fragile Nature of Eyewitness Memory Formation: Considering Stress and Attention. Front Psychol 2021; 12:666724. [PMID: 33927674 PMCID: PMC8076587 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.666724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eyewitnesses are often susceptible to recollection failures and memory distortions. These failures and distortions are influenced by several factors. The present review will discuss two such important factors, attention failures and stress. We argue that acute stress, often experienced by eyewitnesses and victims of crimes, directly influences attentional processes, which likely has downstream consequences for memory. Attentional failures may result in individuals missing something unusual or important in a complex visual field. Amongst eyewitnesses, this can lead to individuals missing details, even unusual or important central details, regarding the crime. Surprisingly, few studies have investigated attentional failures in eyewitness scenarios, and none have investigated the relationship between stress, attention, and witness memory. This review will discuss the impact of attentional failures, mainly those resulting from inattentional blindness, in applied contexts in order to bridge to eyewitness scenarios. In addition, we will integrate the applied literature on attentional failures with literature that examines the influences of arousal and stress on attention. We will conclude by presenting how future research may tease apart the independent contributions of arousal and stress on attentional failures and successes and how this research may inform understanding of eyewitness reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia N Wulff
- Cognitive Aging and Memory Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Ayanna K Thomas
- Cognitive Aging and Memory Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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3
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Hirasawa Y, Shirasu M, Okamoto M, Touhara K. Subjective unpleasantness of malodors induces a stress response. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 106:206-215. [PMID: 31003137 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Unpleasant odors impair our mood and may affect physical health, even when the odorants are not toxic. A possible cause for such negative effects is stress induced by odors; however, whether the unpleasantness itself elicited stress or not has not been clear. Thus, we examined whether unpleasantness of odors induced the stress responses of emotion, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Six experiments were conducted, where salivary cortisol or salivary alpha amylase (sAA), markers for activities of the HPA and the SNS, respectively, were measured, along with subjective ratings of odors and emotion. First, the responses to three malodors listed in the Offensive Odor Control Law in Japan were examined. While these odors were rated as unpleasant, and exposure to them increased anxiety, no response of the HPA was observed (experiment 1, n = 69). In contrast, an increase of the SNS activity was observed after exposure to two of the three malodors, while the SNS did not respond to pleasant odors (experiments 2-4, n = 35, 34 and 30). To examine the effect of unpleasantness further, the SNS response was examined while subjective unpleasantness of odors was manipulated by adding negative verbal information (experiment 5, n = 92), or by mixing in a pleasant odor (experiment 6, n = 35). The SNS responses upon inhalation of the same odorous substances were found to be dependent on whether they were perceived as unpleasant. Finally, a correlation analysis on the pooled data from experiments 2-6 showed that the odor-elicited SNS activity and anxiety were strongly correlated with perceived unpleasantness of odors. These results suggest that subjective unpleasantness of odors per se can induce the stress response of emotion and the SNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukei Hirasawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan; ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mika Shirasu
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan; ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masako Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan; ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Kazushige Touhara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan; ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan.
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Edwards KL, Edes AN, Brown JL. Stress, Well-Being and Reproductive Success. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1200:91-162. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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5
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Eerola T, Vuoskoski JK, Peltola HR, Putkinen V, Schäfer K. An integrative review of the enjoyment of sadness associated with music. Phys Life Rev 2018; 25:100-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Littman R, Takács Á. Do all inhibitions act alike? A study of go/no-go and stop-signal paradigms. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186774. [PMID: 29065184 PMCID: PMC5655479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition is frequently measured by the Go/no-go and Stop-signal tasks. These two are often used indiscriminately under the assumption that both measure similar inhibitory control abilities. However, accumulating evidence show differences in both tasks' modulations, raising the question of whether they tap into equivalent cognitive mechanisms. In the current study, a comparison of the performance in both tasks took place under the influence of negative stimuli, following the assumption that ''controlled inhibition'', as measured by Stop-signal, but not ''automatic inhibition'', as measured by Go/no-go, will be affected. 54 young adults performed a task in which negative pictures, neutral pictures or no-pictures preceded go trials, no-go trials, and stop-trials. While the exposure to negative pictures impaired performance on go trials and improved the inhibitory capacity in Stop-signal task, the inhibitory performance in Go/no-go task was generally unaffected. The results support the conceptualization of different mechanisms operated by both tasks, thus emphasizing the necessity to thoroughly fathom both inhibitory processes and identify their corresponding cognitive measures. Implications regarding the usage of cognitive tasks for strengthening inhibitory capacity among individuals struggling with inhibitory impairments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Littman
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Addictology, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Izabella utca 46., Hungary
| | - Ádám Takács
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Izabella utca 46., Hungary
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Mishra SK, Togneri E, Tripathi B, Trikamji B. Spirituality and Religiosity and Its Role in Health and Diseases. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2017; 56:1282-1301. [PMID: 26345679 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-015-0100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Religiosity is a factor involved in the management of health and diseases/patient longevity. This review article uses comprehensive, evidence-based studies to evaluate the nature of religiosity that can be used in clinical studies, thus avoiding contradictory reports which arise from misinterpretation of religiosity. We conclude that religiosity is multidimensional in nature and ultimately associated with inherent protection against diseases and overall better quality of life. However, a number of untouched aspects of religiosity need to be investigated further before we can introduce religiosity in its fully functional form to the realm of health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shri K Mishra
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, VA Greater Los Angeles HCS, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Olive View UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, CA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Togneri
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Byomesh Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, VA Greater Los Angeles HCS, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bhavesh Trikamji
- Department of Neurology, VA Greater Los Angeles HCS, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Olive View UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, CA, USA
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Brinkmann L, Poller H, Herrmann MJ, Miltner W, Straube T. Initial and sustained brain responses to threat anticipation in blood-injection-injury phobia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 13:320-329. [PMID: 28066706 PMCID: PMC5200881 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Blood-injection-injury (BII) phobia differs from other subtypes of specific phobia in that it is associated with elevated disgust-sensitivity as well as specific autonomic and brain responses during processing of phobia-relevant stimuli. To what extent these features play a role already during threat anticipation is unclear. In the current fMRI experiment, 16 female BII phobics and 16 female healthy controls anticipated the presentation of phobia-specific and neutral pictures. On the behavioral level, anxiety dominated the anticipatory period in BII phobics relative to controls, while both anxiety and disgust were elevated during picture presentation. By applying two different models for the analysis of brain responses to anticipation of phobia-specific versus neutral stimuli, we found initial and sustained increases of activation in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula, lateral and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), thalamus and visual areas, as well as initial activation in the amygdala for BII phobics as compared to healthy controls. These results suggest that BII phobia is characterized by activation of a typical neural defense network during threat anticipation, with anxiety as the predominant emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Brinkmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Hendrik Poller
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Am Steiger 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin J Herrmann
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Functional Imaging, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Fuechsleinstraße 15, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Miltner
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Am Steiger 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Straube
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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Yoo J, Miyamoto Y, Ryff CD. Positive affect, social connectedness, and healthy biomarkers in Japan and the U.S. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 16:1137-1146. [PMID: 27348497 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that positive affect (PA) and social connectedness predict better health in the United States (U.S.). However, the relevance of such findings for other cultural contexts has been largely ignored. The present study investigated the interplay of PA, social connectedness, and health using large probability samples of Japanese and U.S. adults. Health was measured objectively with biomarkers that represent well-functioning physiological systems: HDL (high-density lipoprotein) and DHEA-S (dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate). Lower levels of both biomarkers (i.e., less healthy biomarker profile) were found among those in Japan who reported high PA in combination with low social connectedness. In the U.S., the general pattern was that those with greater PA showed healthier HDL levels regardless of social connectedness. The findings highlight cultural variations in the health implications of how PA and social connectedness come together. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiah Yoo
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin
| | | | - Carol D Ryff
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin
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Asthma-Related Immune Responses in Youth With Asthma: Associations With Maternal Responsiveness and Expressions of Positive and Negative Affect in Daily Life. Psychosom Med 2015; 77:892-902. [PMID: 26407226 PMCID: PMC4641672 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Stressful family environments early in life have negative effects on physical health. However, less is known about the health effects of positive aspects of families. We examined the associations between maternal responsiveness and immune markers among youth with asthma and identified youth expressions of positive affect as a potential mechanism of these associations. METHODS Forty-three youths with asthma (26 boys; aged 10-17 years) wore the Electronically Activated Recorder for 4 days to assess maternal responsiveness and youth expressions of affect from audio-recordings of daily life. Trained coders rated Electronically Activated Recorder sound files for expressions of maternal responsiveness and affect displayed by the youth. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, cultured, and assayed to determine stimulated levels of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, and interferon-γ. RESULTS Greater maternal responsiveness was associated with decreased stimulated production of IL-5 (r = -0.38, p = .012) and IL-13 (r = -0.33, p = .031). Greater total positive affect in youth was linked to decreased stimulated production of IL-5 (r = -0.46, p = .002) and IL-13 (r = -0.37, p = .014). Total negative affect among youth was unrelated to immune responses. There was a significant indirect effect of maternal responsiveness via positive affect in youth on lower levels of IL-5 (95% confidence interval = -3.41 to -0.03) and IL-13 (95% confidence interval = -2.34 to -0.01) when adjusting for caregiver-youth conflict and negative affect among youth. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate the importance of positive family interactions for youth and provide preliminary evidence for a mechanism through which parenting can influence immune responses in youth with asthma.
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Peterson ZD, Janssen E, Goodrich D, Heiman JR. Physiological reactivity in a community sample of sexually aggressive young men: a test of competing hypotheses. Aggress Behav 2014; 40:152-64. [PMID: 24310818 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Men's sexually aggressive behavior potentially could relate to either physiological hyporeactivity or hyperreactivity, and these two different physiological profiles could be associated with different underlying causes of sexual aggression. Thus, measurement of physiological reactivity could provide insight into mechanisms relevant to the etiology of sexual aggression. The relationship between sexual aggression and physiological reactivity was investigated in 78 community men (38 sexually aggressive and 40 non-aggressive men). In a laboratory protocol, the men were exposed to neutral, negative-affect-inducing, and positive-affect-inducing stimuli. Men's salivary cortisol concentrations and electrodermal activity (EDA) were measured throughout the laboratory procedure. Sexually aggressive men demonstrated (1) lower overall cortisol levels and (2) lower EDA reactivity in some conditions as compared to non-aggressive men. Results of this study were consistent with the idea that men's sexual aggression is associated with physiological hyporeactivity, a physiological profile that has been found to be associated with externalizing behaviors and psychopathic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë D. Peterson
- Department of Psychology; University of Missouri-St. Louis; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Erick Janssen
- The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction; Indiana University; Bloomington Indiana
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Indiana University; Bloomington Indiana
| | - David Goodrich
- The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction; Indiana University; Bloomington Indiana
| | - Julia R. Heiman
- The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction; Indiana University; Bloomington Indiana
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Indiana University; Bloomington Indiana
- Department of Psychiatry; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis Indiana
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Feliu-Soler A, Pascual JC, Borràs X, Portella MJ, Martín-Blanco A, Armario A, Alvarez E, Pérez V, Soler J. Effects of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy-Mindfulness Training on Emotional Reactivity in Borderline Personality Disorder: Preliminary Results. Clin Psychol Psychother 2013; 21:363-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Feliu-Soler
- Department of Psychiatry, Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM. Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica-Sant Pau (IIB-SANT PAU); Barcelona Spain
- Stress and Health Research Group (GIES), Faculty of Psychology; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Juan C. Pascual
- Department of Psychiatry, Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM. Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica-Sant Pau (IIB-SANT PAU); Barcelona Spain
| | - Xavier Borràs
- Stress and Health Research Group (GIES), Faculty of Psychology; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Maria J. Portella
- Department of Psychiatry, Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM. Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica-Sant Pau (IIB-SANT PAU); Barcelona Spain
| | - Ana Martín-Blanco
- Department of Psychiatry, Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM. Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica-Sant Pau (IIB-SANT PAU); Barcelona Spain
| | - Antonio Armario
- Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Neurosciences Institute; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Enric Alvarez
- Department of Psychiatry, Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM. Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica-Sant Pau (IIB-SANT PAU); Barcelona Spain
| | - Víctor Pérez
- Department of Psychiatry, Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM. Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica-Sant Pau (IIB-SANT PAU); Barcelona Spain
| | - Joaquim Soler
- Department of Psychiatry, Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM. Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica-Sant Pau (IIB-SANT PAU); Barcelona Spain
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Stress, emotion regulation and cognitive performance: The predictive contributions of trait and state relative frontal EEG alpha asymmetry. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 87:115-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Emotional responses to a negative emotion induction procedure in Borderline Personality Disorder. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1697-2600(13)70002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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15
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Sánchez-Navarro JP, Maldonado EF, Martínez-Selva JM, Enguix A, Ortiz C. Salivary alpha-amylase changes promoted by sustained exposure to affective pictures. Psychophysiology 2012; 49:1601-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alfredo Enguix
- Hospital Universitario “Virgen de la Victoria,”; Laboratorio Clínico; Málaga; Spain
| | - Carmen Ortiz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Análisis Clínicos; Hospital Reina Sofía; Córdoba; Spain
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Walter S, Kessler H, Gruss S, Jerg-Bretzke L, Scheck A, Ströbel J, Hoffmann H, Traue HC. The influence of neuroticism and psychological symptoms on the assessment of images in three-dimensional emotion space. PSYCHO-SOCIAL MEDICINE 2011; 8:Doc04. [PMID: 21698089 PMCID: PMC3118695 DOI: 10.3205/psm000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The present study investigated the influence of neuroticism (NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI)) and psychological symptoms (Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)) on pleasure, arousal, and dominance (PAD) ratings of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). Methods: The subjects (N=131) were presented with images from the IAPS (30 images) and new images (30 images). The influence of neuroticism and BSI (median split: high vs. low) on the assessment of pleasure, arousal and dominance of the images was examined. Correlations of pleasure, arousal and dominance were presented in a 3-D video animation. Results: Subjects with high scores (compared to subjects with low scores by median split) of neuroticism and psychological symptoms of the BSI rated the presented emotional images more negative in the valence dimension (pleasure), higher in arousal and less dominant. Conclusion: Neuroticism and psychological symptoms influence the subjective emotional evaluation of emotional images. Therefore the location in the three-dimensional emotion space depends on individual differences. Such differences must be kept in mind, if correlations between emotion ratings and other variables like psychobiological measures are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Walter
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Psychology, University of Ulm, Germany
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Stevenson RJ, Hodgson D, Oaten MJ, Barouei J, Case TI. The effect of disgust on oral immune function. Psychophysiology 2010; 48:900-7. [PMID: 21166686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Disgust motivates avoidance of pathogen sources, but whether its role in disease avoidance extends into activating the immune system is unexplored. This was tested here by comparing oral immune markers before and after a disgust induction, relative to neutral and negative induction control groups. The disgust group, but not controls, revealed an oral inflammatory response, with increased salivary tumor necrotizing factor alpha and albumin, as well as a down-regulation of immunoglobulin A (SIgA) secretion. It has been hypothesized that disgust evolved in animals to clear toxins from the oral cavity by gaping and increased salivary flow. Our data suggest down-regulated SIgA secretion may be a vestige of this response so as to conserve protein, while the inflammatory reaction may reflect an adaptive response to disease threat, selectively triggered by disgust. The broader implications of these data for a discrete neuro-gut-immune axis are examined.
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Baba A, Mannen T, Ohdaira Y, Shinbo K, Kato K, Kaneko F, Fukuda N, Ushijima H. Detection of adrenaline on poly(3-aminobenzylamine) ultrathin film by electrochemical-surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:18476-18482. [PMID: 21058678 DOI: 10.1021/la1034992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this Article, we present a novel method to detect adrenaline on poly(3-aminobenzylamine) (PABA) ultrathin films by electrochemical-surface plasmon resonance (EC-SPR) spectroscopy. We prepared a PABA film, which specifically reacts with adrenaline, on a gold electrode by electropolymerization of 3-aminobenzylamine. The specific reaction of benzylamine within the PABA structure with adrenaline was studied by XPS, UV-vis spectroscopy, and EC-SPR techniques. Adrenaline was detected in real time by EC-SPR spectroscopy, which provides simultaneous monitoring of both optical SPR reflectivity and electrochemical current responses upon injecting adrenaline into the PABA thin film. The number of changes in both current and SPR reflectivity on the injection of adrenaline exhibited the linear relation to the concentration, and the detection limit was 100 pM. The responses were distinctive to those for uric acid and ascorbic acid, which are major interferences of adrenaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Baba
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research and Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-nocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
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Hauswald A, Schulz H, Iordanov T, Kissler J. ERP dynamics underlying successful directed forgetting of neutral but not negative pictures. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2010; 6:450-9. [PMID: 20601423 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsq061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Subjective experience suggests that negatively arousing memories are harder to control than neutral ones. Here, we investigate this issue in an item-cued directed forgetting experiment. Electroencephalogram event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded as participants viewed un-arousing neutral and highly arousing negative photographs, each followed by a cue to remember or forget it. Directed forgetting, that is reduced recognition of 'to-be-forgotten' items, occurred for neutral but not negative pictures. ERPs revealed three underlying effects: first, during picture viewing a late parietal positive potential (LPP) was more pronounced for negative than for neutral pictures. Second, 'remember' cues were associated with larger LPPs than 'forget' cues. Third, an enhanced frontal positivity appeared for 'forget' cues. This frontal positivity was generated in right dorso-lateral prefrontal regions following neutral pictures and in medial frontal cortex following negative pictures. LPP magnitude when viewing negative pictures was correlated with reduced directed forgetting, whereas both the enhanced frontal positivity for forget cues and the larger parietal positivity for remember cues predicted more directed forgetting. This study indicates that both processes of selective rehearsal (parietal positivities) and frontally controlled inhibition contribute to successful directed forgetting. However, due to their deeper incidental processing, highly arousing negative pictures are exempt from directed forgetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hauswald
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Box D23, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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20
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Saracino MA, Gerra G, Somaini L, Colombati M, Raggi MA. Chromatographic analysis of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid and homovanillic acid in dried blood spots and platelet poor and rich plasma samples. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4808-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
Intuitively, phobic exposure would seem to be a very stressful experience. However, it is not clear whether the characteristic feature of a classic stress response, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is present in phobic fear. Some instances of phobic fear have been found to be accompanied by robust increases in cortisol, whereas in other instances a dissociation between subjective-behavioural arousal and the HPA-axis has been found. The latter is referred to as desynchrony of fear. The aim of the current study was to test the hypothesis that phobic fear is similar to normal fear and, as such, is accompanied by a robust increase in cortisol values. In all, 16 spider phobic subjects and 16 healthy controls participated in the study. During and following a standardised stepwise exposure paradigm, saliva samples were collected for cortisol determination. In contrast to the controls, the spider phobics reacted with a strong fear reaction to the spiders. However, cortisol levels remained unaffected. The phobic response did not resemble the classic 'fight or flight' response. Some suggest that the HPA-axis response has become extinguished in modern man. Yet, it is possible that phobic fear is not a derivative of an ancient fear but rather a separate entity that relies on other neuroendocrinological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A van Duinen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Vijverdal Academic Anxiety Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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22
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Codispoti M, Surcinelli P, Baldaro B. Watching emotional movies: affective reactions and gender differences. Int J Psychophysiol 2008; 69:90-5. [PMID: 18433903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have found that unpleasant film clips depicting mutilated bodies or injuries evoke a sustained heart rate deceleration which has been interpreted as reflecting a stimulus-specific aversive response or as increased orienting and attentional processing that varies with stimulus significance. Few studies, however, have examined cardiac changes during the viewing of high arousal pleasant films. To clarify this issue, the present study assessed evaluative, facial and autonomic reactions in both men and women during the viewing of highly arousing pleasant, as well as unpleasant, films. Results indicated a similar skin conductance increase and heart rate deceleration which were greater than those observed during the viewing of a neutral film. Compared to men, women rated both films as less pleasant and rated the unpleasant film as more arousing. The present findings suggest that sustained exposure to pleasant and unpleasant stimuli elicit similar cardiac orienting when stimuli are equated for subjective report of emotional arousal.
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Weber CS, Thayer JF, Rudat M, Perschel FH, Buchholz K, Deter HC. Emotional irritation before mental stress is associated with enhanced peripheral norepinephrine. Scand J Psychol 2008; 48:459-66. [PMID: 18028068 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests equivocal findings on associations of catecholamines and mood. Our study investigated the associations of emotional state, blood pressure and catecholamines in 55 healthy males undergoing mental stress. We especially checked the reported link between norepinephrine (NE) and emotional irritation. Blood pressure (SBP, DBP) and heart rate (HR) were continuously monitored. NE and epinephrine (EPI) were measured before, after, and 20 minutes after stress. Participants were divided into irritated versus non-irritated and anxious versus non-anxious subjects by median split on their baseline questionnaires. The task elicited significant cardiovascular, hormonal, and psychological stress responses. NE levels were significantly correlated with irritation before stress. Irritated subjects showed significantly higher DBP and NE than non-irritated subjects. The higher NE and DBP levels in the irritated participants suggest detrimental psycho-physiological interrelations promoting the development of stress-mediated cardiovascular diseases. Heightened emotional irritation before stress may be regarded as a psychological risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Stefanie Weber
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Mendonça-de-Souza ACF, Souza GGL, Vieira A, Fischer NL, Souza WF, Rumjanek VM, Figueira I, Mendlowicz MV, Volchan E. Negative affect as a predisposing factor for cortisol release after an acute stress--the impact of unpleasant priming. Stress 2007; 10:362-7. [PMID: 17853064 DOI: 10.1080/10253890701379999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have a key role in stress responses. There are, however, substantial differences in cortisol reactivity among individuals. We investigated if affective trait and mood induction influence the reactivity to psychological stress in a group of 63 young adults, male (n=27) and female (n=36), aged ca. 21 years. On the experimental day the participants viewed either a block of pleasant or unpleasant pictures for 5 min to induce positive or negative mood, respectively. Then, they had 5 min to prepare a speech to be delivered in front of a video-camera. Saliva samples were collected to measure cortisol, and questionnaire-based affective scales were used to estimate emotional states and traits. Compared to basal levels, a cortisol response to the acute speech stressor was only seen for those who had first viewed unpleasant pictures and scored above the average on the negative affect scale. There were no sex differences. In conclusion, high negative affect associated with exposure to an unpleasant context increased sensitivity to an acute stressor, and was critical to stimulation of cortisol release by the speech stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C F Mendonça-de-Souza
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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26
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Socioeconomic status and psychological well-being predict cross-time change in glycosylated hemoglobin in older women without diabetes. Psychosom Med 2007; 69:777-84. [PMID: 17942843 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0b013e318157466f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether socioeconomic status and psychological well-being (eudaimonic and hedonic aspects) predicted nondiabetic levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) over time, after adjusting for covariates and baseline level of HbA1c. METHODS These questions were investigated with a longitudinal sample (n = 97; age = 61-91 years) of older women without diabetes. Socioeconomic status, well-being, and health behaviors were assessed using self-administered questionnaires. Fasting blood samples for assays of HbA1c were obtained before 7 AM during the respondents' overnight stay at the General Clinical Research Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. All measurements were obtained at baseline and 2-year follow-up. RESULTS Regression analyses showed that higher income and positive affect predicted lower levels of HbA1c, after controlling for baseline HbA1c and health factors. Additionally, three well-being measures (purpose in life, personal growth, and positive affect) moderated the relationship between income and HbA1c. CONCLUSION These results suggest that psychological well-being and socioeconomic status interact in important ways in influencing nondiabetic glucose metabolism.
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Howell RT, Kern ML, Lyubomirsky S. Health benefits: Meta-analytically determining the impact of well-being on objective health outcomes. Health Psychol Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/17437190701492486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Shackman AJ, Sarinopoulos I, Maxwell JS, Pizzagalli DA, Lavric A, Davidson RJ. Anxiety selectively disrupts visuospatial working memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 6:40-61. [PMID: 16637749 DOI: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of a review of the extant literature describing emotion-cognition interactions, the authors propose 4 methodological desiderata for studying how task-irrelevant affect modulates cognition and present data from an experiment satisfying them. Consistent with accounts of the hemispheric asymmetries characterizing withdrawal-related negative affect and visuospatial working memory (WM) in prefrontal and parietal cortices, threat-induced anxiety selectively disrupted accuracy of spatial but not verbal WM performance. Furthermore, individual differences in physiological measures of anxiety statistically mediated the degree of disruption. A second experiment revealed that individuals characterized by high levels of behavioral inhibition exhibited more intense anxiety and relatively worse spatial WM performance in the absence of threat, solidifying the authors' inference that anxiety causally mediates disruption. These observations suggest a revision of extant models of how anxiety sculpts cognition and underscore the utility of the desiderata.
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Abstract
This review highlights consistent patterns in the literature associating positive affect (PA) and physical health. However, it also raises serious conceptual and methodological reservations. Evidence suggests an association of trait PA and lower morbidity and of state and trait PA and decreased symptoms and pain. Trait PA is also associated with increased longevity among older community-dwelling individuals. The literature on PA and surviving serious illness is inconsistent. Experimentally inducing intense bouts of activated state PA triggers short-term rises in physiological arousal and associated (potentially harmful) effects on immune, cardiovascular, and pulmonary function. However, arousing effects of state PA are not generally found in naturalistic ambulatory studies in which bouts of PA are typically less intense and often associated with health protective responses. A theoretical framework to guide further study is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheldon Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University
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30
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Ohira H, Nomura M, Ichikawa N, Isowa T, Iidaka T, Sato A, Fukuyama S, Nakajima T, Yamada J. Association of neural and physiological responses during voluntary emotion suppression. Neuroimage 2006; 29:721-33. [PMID: 16249100 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Revised: 08/06/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent neuroimaging studies have shown that several prefrontal regions play critical roles in inhibiting activation of limbic regions during voluntary emotion regulation. The present study aimed to confirm prior findings and to extend them by identifying the frontal neural circuitry associated with regulation of peripheral physiological responses during voluntary emotion suppression. Ten healthy female subjects were presented with affectively positive, neutral, and negative pictures in each of an Attending and Suppression task. Regional cerebral blood-flow changes were measured using 15O-water positron emission tomography, and autonomic (heart rate: HR, skin conductance response: SCR) and endocrine (adrenocorticotropic hormone: ACTH) indices were measured during both tasks. The left amygdala and the right anterior temporal pole were activated during the Attending task, whereas activation was observed in the left lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), including the adjacent medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), and medial orbitofrontal cortex (MOFC) during the Suppression task. In the Attending task, activation in the amygdala and MOFC positively correlated with magnitudes of the SCR and ACTH responses. Emotion suppression elicited enhancement of SCR and the strength of the effect positively correlated with activation in the MOFC. These results suggest that the MOFC plays a pivotal role in top-down regulation of peripheral physiological responses accompanying emotional experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ohira
- Department of Psychology, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan.
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31
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Lo WK, vansonnenberg E, Shankar S, Morrison PR, Silverman SG, Tuncali K, Rabin M. Percutaneous CT–guided Radiofrequency Ablation of Symptomatic Bilateral Adrenal Metastases in a Single Session. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2006; 17:175-9. [PMID: 16415149 DOI: 10.1097/01.rvi.0000188748.51764.ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous computed tomography (CT)-guided radiofrequency (RF) ablation has been used in the palliative treatment of symptomatic bilateral adrenal tumors, often with each tumor addressed separately over the course of multiple treatment sessions. In the present case, a 71-year-old man with a diagnosis of lung cancer and painful bilateral metastases to the adrenal glands underwent percutaneous CT-guided RF thermal ablation of both adrenal masses in a single session (left adrenal mass, 4.7 cm; right adrenal mass, 4.3 cm), without occurrence of blood pressure instability or other acute complications. Measurement of plasma levels of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and glucose before and after RF ablation revealed transient changes that suggested preservation of endocrine feedback mechanisms. The patient experienced marked relief in pain bilaterally. By 5 days after the procedure, cortisol, ACTH, and glucose levels returned to preprocedural levels. On further follow-up at 6 months, the patient noted a lack of endocrine sequelae and continued pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Kit Lo
- Department of Radiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Codispoti M, Ferrari V, De Cesarei A, Cardinale R. Implicit and explicit categorization of natural scenes. UNDERSTANDING EMOTIONS 2006; 156:53-65. [PMID: 17015074 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(06)56003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Event-related potential (ERP) studies have consistently found that emotionally arousing (pleasant and unpleasant) pictures elicit a larger late positive potential (LPP) than neutral pictures in a window from 400 to 800 ms after picture onset. In addition, an early ERP component has been reported to vary with emotional arousal in a window from about 150 to 300 ms with affective, compared to neutral stimuli, prompting significantly less positivity over occipito-temporal sites. Similar early and late ERP components have been found in explicit categorization tasks, suggesting that selective attention to target features results in similar cortical changes. Several studies have shown that the affective modulation of the LPP persisted even when the same pictures are repeated several times, when they are presented as distractors, or when participants are engaged in a competing task. These results indicate that categorization of affective stimuli is an obligatory process. On the other hand, perceptual factors (e.g., stimulus size) seem to affect the early ERP component but not the affective modulation of the LPP. Although early and late ERP components vary with stimulus relevance, given that they are differentially affected by stimulus and task manipulations, they appear to index different facets of picture processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Codispoti
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat, 5-40127 Bologna, Italy.
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Azevedo TM, Volchan E, Imbiriba LA, Rodrigues EC, Oliveira JM, Oliveira LF, Lutterbach LG, Vargas CD. A freezing-like posture to pictures of mutilation. Psychophysiology 2005; 42:255-60. [PMID: 15943678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Postural sway and heart rate were recorded in young men viewing emotionally engaging pictures. It was hypothesized that they would show a human analog of "freezing" behavior (i.e., immobility and heart rate deceleration) when confronted with a sustained block of unpleasant (mutilation) images, relative to their response to pleasant/arousing (sport action) or neutral (objects) pictures. Volunteers stood on a stabilometric platform during picture viewing. Significantly reduced body sway was recorded during the unpleasant pictures, along with increased mean power frequency (indexing muscle stiffness). Heart rate during unpleasant pictures also showed the expected greater deceleration. This pattern resembles the "freezing" and "fear bradycardia" seen in many species when confronted with threatening stimuli, mediated by neural circuits that promote defensive survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M Azevedo
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Davydov DM, Shapiro D, Goldstein IB, Chicz-DeMet A. Moods in everyday situations: effects of menstrual cycle, work, and stress hormones. J Psychosom Res 2005; 58:343-9. [PMID: 15992570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined women's mood responsiveness on work and off days during different phases of the menstrual cycle. METHODS Self-reports of negative, positive, and energy dimensions of mood were obtained throughout the day on two work and two off days during the luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle in 203 women nurses. Individual differences in daytime and nighttime epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol were assessed. RESULTS High daytime norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol levels were associated with higher ratings of stress and tired, and with lower ratings of happy. The phase of the menstrual cycle and the day factor (workday, off day) were also associated with mood differences, and the direction of the effects depended on hormone levels and hormone sampling period. CONCLUSION The experience of moods is affected by the arousal-related interaction of hormone levels with the phase of the menstrual cycle and occupational stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M Davydov
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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35
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Pereira MG, Volchan E, Oliveira L, Machado-Pinheiro W, Rodrigues JA, Nepomuceno FVP, Pessoa L. Behavioral modulation by mutilation pictures in women. Braz J Med Biol Res 2004; 37:353-62. [PMID: 15060703 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2004000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that women are more emotionally expressive than men. It is unclear, however, if women are also more susceptible to the emotional modulation of behavior imposed by an affective stimulus. To investigate this issue, we devised a task in which female subjects performed six sequential trials of visual target detection following the presentation of emotional (mutilation and erotic) or neutral pictures (domestic utensils and objects) and compared the data obtained in the present study with those described in a previous study with male subjects. The experiment consisted of three blocks of 24 pictures and each block had an approximate duration of 4 min. Our sample consisted of 36 subjects (age range: 18 to 26 years) and each subject performed all blocks. Trials following the presentation of mutilation pictures (283 ms) had significantly slower reaction times than those following neutral (270 ms) pictures. None of the trials in the "pleasant block" (271 ms) was significantly different from those in the "neutral block". The increase in reaction time observed in the unpleasant block may be related in part to the activation of motivational systems leading to an avoidance behavior. The interference effect observed in this study was similar to the pattern previously described for men. Thus, although women may be more emotionally expressive, they were not more reactive to aversive stimuli than men, as measured by emotional interference in a simple reaction time task.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Pereira
- Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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