1
|
Scott LJ, Nobles J, Sillero-Rejon C, Brockman R, Toumpakari Z, Jago R, Cummins S, Blake S, Horwood J, de Vocht F. Advertisement of unhealthy commodities in Bristol and South Gloucestershire and rationale for a new advertisement policy. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1078. [PMID: 37277744 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15995-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bristol City Council introduced a new advertisement policy in 2021/2022 which included prohibiting the advertising of unhealthy food and drink (HFSS), alcohol, gambling and payday loans across council-owned advertising spaces. This mixed methods study is part of the BEAR study, and aimed to explore the rationale and the barriers and facilitators to implementing the policy, and describe the perceived advertising environment prior to implementation. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were carried out with seven stakeholders involved in the design and implementation of the advertising policy. A stakeholder topic guide was developed before interviews took place to help standardise the lines of inquiry between interviewees. A resident survey was developed to collect socio-demographic data and, for the purpose of this study, information regarding observations of advertising for HFSS products, alcohol and gambling. RESULTS Fifty-eight percent of respondents residing in Bristol and South Gloucestershire reported seeing advertisements for unhealthy commodities in the week prior to completing the survey. This was highest for HFSS products (40%). 16% of residents reported seeing HFSS product advertisements specifically appealing to children. For HFSS products in particular, younger people were more likely to report seeing adverts than older people, as were those who were from more deprived areas. An advertisement policy that restricts the advertisement of such unhealthy commodities, and in particular for HFSS products, has the potential to reduce health inequalities. This rationale directly influenced the development of the advertisement policy in Bristol. Implementation of the policy benefitted from an existing supportive environment following the 'health in all policies' initiative and a focus on reducing health inequalities across the city. CONCLUSIONS Unhealthy product advertisements, particularly for unhealthy food and drinks, were observed more by younger people and those living in more deprived areas. Policies that specifically restrict such advertisements, therefore, have the potential to reduce health inequalities, as was the hope when this policy was developed. Future evaluation of the policy will provide evidence of any public health impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Scott
- National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration West (NIHR ARC West), Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
- University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - James Nobles
- National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration West (NIHR ARC West), Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
- University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
- Obesity Institute, School of Health, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Carlos Sillero-Rejon
- National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration West (NIHR ARC West), Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
- University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Rowan Brockman
- National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration West (NIHR ARC West), Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
- University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Zoi Toumpakari
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Russell Jago
- National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration West (NIHR ARC West), Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
- University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Steven Cummins
- Department of Public Health, Environments & Society, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sarah Blake
- National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration West (NIHR ARC West), Bristol, UK
| | - Jeremy Horwood
- National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration West (NIHR ARC West), Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
- University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Frank de Vocht
- National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration West (NIHR ARC West), Bristol, UK.
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.
- University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Amevinya GS, Vandevijvere S, Kelly B, Afagbedzi SK, Aryeetey R, Adjei AP, Quarpong W, Tandoh A, Nanema S, Agyemang C, Zotor F, Laar ME, Mensah K, Laryea D, Asiki G, Holdsworth M, Laar A. Advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages around primary and junior high schools in Ghana's most urbanized and populous region. Front Public Health 2022; 10:917456. [PMID: 36211683 PMCID: PMC9539976 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.917456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The advertising of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and beverages is a common feature in obesogenic food environments. Such advertising, within and around settings where children live, learn, and play, negatively affects their food acquisition and consumption. We examined the extent and nature of food and beverage advertising around primary and junior high schools in Ghana's most populous and urbanized region, Greater Accra. Materials and methods Outdoor advertisements for foods and beverages within a 250 m road network distance of 200 randomly sampled schools were geocoded. For each food and beverage advertisement, information was collected on the setting, type, size, and number of product types featured in the advertisement. Promotional techniques (promotional characters and premium offers) used in advertisements were documented. Advertised foods and beverages were classified using the INFORMAS and NOVA food classification systems. Results A total of 5,887 advertisements were identified around the schools surveyed, 42% of which were for foods and beverages. Advertisements were most prevalent at food outlets (78% of all food advertisements), but also along roads and on non-food structures. Overall, 70% of food advertisements featured non-core/unhealthy products, while 12 and 14% had core/healthy and miscellaneous (including soup cubes, seasonings, and tea) products. About 4% of food advertisements had only a product/brand name or logo displayed. One out of two of the foods and beverages advertised were ultra-processed foods, 30% processed, 3% processed culinary ingredients, and 17% unprocessed or minimally processed foods. Sugar-sweetened beverages were the most advertised food product type (32%). Promotional characters were found on 14% of all food advertisements (most-69% were cartoons or manufacturer's characters), while 8% of all food advertisements had premium offers (including price discounts and gift/collectables). Conclusions There is an abundance of unhealthy food advertisements around primary and junior high schools in the Greater Accra Region. Policy actions such as restricting the promotion of unhealthy foods in children's settings are needed to protect pupils from such advertising practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Senyo Amevinya
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Bridget Kelly
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Seth Kwaku Afagbedzi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richmond Aryeetey
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Akosua Pokua Adjei
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Wilhemina Quarpong
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Akua Tandoh
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Silver Nanema
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Charles Agyemang
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Francis Zotor
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Matilda E. Laar
- Department Family and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kobby Mensah
- Department of Marketing and Entrepreneurship, University of Ghana Business School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dennis Laryea
- Non-communicable Disease Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gershim Asiki
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Michelle Holdsworth
- UMR MoISA (Montpellier Interdisciplinary Centre on Sustainable Agri-Food Systems), (Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAMM, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Amos Laar
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Finlay A, Robinson E, Jones A, Maden M, Cerny C, Muc M, Evans R, Makin H, Boyland E. A scoping review of outdoor food marketing: exposure, power and impacts on eating behaviour and health. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1431. [PMID: 35896996 PMCID: PMC9330687 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is convincing evidence that unhealthy food marketing is extensive on television and in digital media, uses powerful persuasive techniques, and impacts dietary choices and consumption, particularly in children. It is less clear whether this is also the case for outdoor food marketing. This review (i) identifies common criteria used to define outdoor food marketing, (ii) summarises research methodologies used, (iii) identifies available evidence on the exposure, power (i.e. persuasive creative strategies within marketing) and impact of outdoor food marketing on behaviour and health and (iv) identifies knowledge gaps and directions for future research. METHODS A systematic search was conducted of Medline (Ovid), Scopus, Science Direct, Proquest, PsycINFO, CINAHL, PubMed, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and a number of grey literature sources. Titles and abstracts were screened by one researcher. Relevant full texts were independently checked by two researchers against eligibility criteria. RESULTS Fifty-three studies were conducted across twenty-one countries. The majority of studies (n = 39) were conducted in high-income countries. All measured the extent of exposure to outdoor food marketing, twelve also assessed power and three measured impact on behavioural or health outcomes. Criteria used to define outdoor food marketing and methodologies adopted were highly variable across studies. Almost a quarter of advertisements across all studies were for food (mean of 22.1%) and the majority of advertised foods were unhealthy (mean of 63%). The evidence on differences in exposure by SES is heterogenous, which makes it difficult to draw conclusions, however the research suggests that ethnic minority groups have a higher likelihood of exposure to food marketing outdoors. The most frequent persuasive creative strategies were premium offers and use of characters. There was limited evidence on the relationship between exposure to outdoor food marketing and eating behaviour or health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the extent of unhealthy outdoor food marketing globally and the powerful methods used within this marketing. There is a need for consistency in defining and measuring outdoor food marketing to enable comparison across time and place. Future research should attempt to measure direct impacts on behaviour and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Finlay
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK.
| | - Eric Robinson
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Andrew Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Michelle Maden
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GB, UK
| | - Caroline Cerny
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
- Obesity Health Alliance, Liverpool, UK
| | - Magdalena Muc
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Rebecca Evans
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Harriet Makin
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Emma Boyland
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The distribution of harmful product marketing in public outdoor spaces and the effectiveness of marketing bans. Health Place 2022; 76:102861. [PMID: 35830748 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Children's exposure to the marketing of harmful products in public outdoor spaces may influence their consumption of those products and affect health into adulthood. This study aimed to: i) examine the spatial distribution of children's exposure to three types of marketing-related 'harms' (alcohol, unhealthy food, and gambling) in outdoor spaces in the Wellington region, New Zealand/Aotearoa; ii) compare differences in the distribution of harms by socioeconomic deprivation; and iii) estimate the effectiveness of different policies that ban such marketing. Data were from 122 children aged 11-13y who wore wearable cameras and GPS devices for four consecutive days from July 2014 to June 2015. Images were analysed to identify harmful product marketing exposures in public outdoor spaces. Eight policy scenarios were examined to identify the effectiveness of marketing bans, for all children and by socioeconomic deprivation. Children's ratio of harmful marketing was higher for children from high deprivation households and was also found to cluster, with hots spots observed around city centers. The effectiveness of marketing bans depended on the target setting and ban area, with banning 400 m around bus stops leading to the largest reduction. Effectiveness varied also by type of harm and socioeconomic deprivation. For example, banning alcohol marketing in residential areas was estimated to have a larger effect on exposure reduction for children from high deprivation households. Our findings suggest that alcohol, unhealthy food and gambling marketing often cluster outdoors and that targeted bans of such marketing would likely improve child health and, for some banning scenarios, promote equity.
Collapse
|
5
|
Fraser KT, Ilieva RT, James CJ, Chong VP, Shapiro S, Willingham C, Roberts C, Freudenberg N. Use of environmental scan to assess density, content, and variation of predatory food and beverage marketing in New York City. Health Place 2022; 76:102843. [PMID: 35728454 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To explore the presence of predatory food and beverage marketing in different neighborhoods in New York City (NYC), this study describes the methodology of an outdoor environmental scan of the physical environment. The study was conducted in four NYC neighborhoods over a three-week period, in which pairs of trained researchers canvassed designated neighborhoods to document the presence of food and beverage marketing using photographs taken on digital smart phone devices. Commercial areas in the vicinity of NYC Public Schools and NYC Housing Authority campuses located in four neighborhoods with the highest and lowest nutrition related health indicators were studied: South Bronx, Pelham Throggs Neck, Upper West Side, Chelsea/Greenwich Village. Advertisements were coded against 50+ indicators to quantify pertinent variables including the frequency and content of food and beverages advertised and all forms of predatory marketing observed. Comparisons of prevalence and content of food and beverage advertisements and predatory marketing were made across neighborhoods with the highest and lowest health indicators, using chi-squared analysis, and a significance level of p < 0.05. This article demonstrates a disproportionate presence of predatory marketing in low income NYC neighborhoods with negative health outcomes compared to wealthier neighborhoods. Further, this paper demonstrates the benefits and limitations of using an environmental scan methodology to assess predatory food and beverage marketing in a large urban area such as NYC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Tomaino Fraser
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, Urban Food Policy Institute, 55 W 125th Street, Room 603, New York City, New York, 10027, United States.
| | - Rositsa T Ilieva
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, Urban Food Policy Institute, 55 W 125th Street, Room 603, New York City, New York, 10027, United States
| | - Charita Johnson James
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, Urban Food Policy Institute, 55 W 125th Street, Room 603, New York City, New York, 10027, United States
| | - Valerie Peter Chong
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, Urban Food Policy Institute, 55 W 125th Street, Room 603, New York City, New York, 10027, United States
| | - Sarah Shapiro
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, Urban Food Policy Institute, 55 W 125th Street, Room 603, New York City, New York, 10027, United States
| | - Craig Willingham
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, Urban Food Policy Institute, 55 W 125th Street, Room 603, New York City, New York, 10027, United States
| | | | - Nicholas Freudenberg
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, Urban Food Policy Institute, 55 W 125th Street, Room 603, New York City, New York, 10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nanchahal K, Vasiljevic M, Petticrew M. A content analysis of the aims, strategies, and effects of food and nonalcoholic drink advertising based on advertising industry case studies. Obes Sci Pract 2022; 8:208-218. [PMID: 35388346 PMCID: PMC8976544 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Placing limitations on advertising of food and nonalcoholic drinks to children is an effective strategy in addressing childhood obesity. The industry maintains that further restrictions are unnecessary. Aims To ascertain whether the advertising campaigns were successful according to the industry evaluations and more specifically the effects of marketing on children. Materials & Methods A total of 117 case studies (1980–2016) published by the advertising industry which evaluate the effects of advertising campaigns were reviewed. This industry data source had been previously used to analyze the effects of alcohol advertising campaigns. The nutrition profile of the products was assessed by applying the World Health Organisation Nutrition Profile model designed to restrict the marketing of foods and beverages to children. Results The food and drink industry advertising campaigns target specific consumers including children, use several persuasive marketing techniques (utilizing celebrities and gamification), often position unhealthy products as healthy, and lead to increased sales of the advertised product with good returns on investment. The health‐related claims made, and aspects of the campaigns related to the marketing of the products to children are summarized. Discussion Our analysis of food and non‐alcoholic drinks case studies aligns with similar analyses of tobacco and alcohol advertising Conclusion This analysis, based on internal industry data, presents important evidence on the effects of advertising on consumption‐related outcomes and the mechanisms by which they are achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Nanchahal
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK
| | | | - Mark Petticrew
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chung A, Zorbas C, Riesenberg D, Sartori A, Kennington K, Ananthapavan J, Backholer K. Policies to restrict unhealthy food and beverage advertising in outdoor spaces and on publicly owned assets: A scoping review of the literature. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13386. [PMID: 34783421 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Unhealthy food marketing influences attitudes, preferences, and consumption of unhealthy foods, leading to excess weight gain. Outdoor advertising is highly visible (often displayed on publicly owned assets), but the evidence supporting regulation is unclear. This systematic scoping review of academic and grey literature aimed to (1) describe potential health and economic impacts of implementing government-led policies that restrict unhealthy food advertising in outdoor spaces or on public assets (including studies examining prevalence of advertising, associations with health outcomes and interventional studies); (2) identify and describe existing policies; and (3) identify factors perceived to have influenced policy implementation. Thirty-six academic studies were eligible for inclusion. Most reported on prevalence of unhealthy food advertising, demonstrating high prevalence around schools and in areas of lower socioeconomic position. None examined health and economic impacts of implemented policies. Four jurisdictions were identified with existing regulations; five had broader marketing or consumer protection policies that captured outdoor food marketing. Facilitators of policy implementation included collaboration, effective partnerships, and strong political leadership. Barriers included lobbying by food, media, and advertising industries. Implementation of food marketing policies in outdoor spaces and on public assets is feasible and warranted. Strong coalitions and leadership will be important to drive the policy agenda forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Chung
- Global Obesity Centre, Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christina Zorbas
- Global Obesity Centre, Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Devorah Riesenberg
- Global Obesity Centre, Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | | | - Jaithri Ananthapavan
- Global Obesity Centre, Deakin Health Economics, Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Kathryn Backholer
- Global Obesity Centre, Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Finlay AH, Lloyd S, Lake A, Armstrong T, Fishpool M, Green M, Moore HJ, O’Malley C, Boyland EJ. An analysis of food and beverage advertising on bus shelters in a deprived area of Northern England. Public Health Nutr 2022; 25:1-12. [PMID: 34974851 PMCID: PMC9991712 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021005048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the extent of food and beverage advertising on bus shelters in a deprived area of the UK, to identify the healthfulness of advertised products, and any differences by level of deprivation. The study also sought to assess the creative strategies used and extent of appeal to young people. DESIGN Images of bus shelter advertisements were collected via in person photography (in 2019) and Google Street View (photos recorded in 2018). Food and beverage advertisements were grouped into one of seventeen food categories and classified as healthy/less healthy using the UK Nutrient Profile Model. The deprivation level of the advertisement location was identified using the UK Index of Multiple Deprivation. SETTING Middlesbrough and Redcar and Cleveland in South Teesside. PARTICIPANTS N/A. RESULTS Eight hundred and thirty-two advertisements were identified, almost half (48·9 %) of which were for foods or beverages. Of food and non-alcoholic beverage adverts, 35·1 % were less healthy. Most food advertisements (98·9 %) used at least one of the persuasive creative strategies. Food advertisements were found to be of appeal to children under 18 years of age (71·9 %). No differences in healthiness of advertised foods were found by level of deprivation. CONCLUSIONS Food advertising is extensive on bus shelters in parts of the UK, and a substantial proportion of this advertising is classified as less healthy and would not be permitted to be advertised around television programming for children. Bus shelter advertising should be considered part of the UK policy deliberations around restricting less healthy food marketing exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott Lloyd
- Public Health South Tees, Middlesbrough, UK
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Teesside University and Fuse – Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, London, UK
| | - Amelia Lake
- SHLS Allied Health Professions Centre for Public Health, Teesside University, and Fuse – Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, London, UK
| | - Thomas Armstrong
- SHLS Allied Health Professions Centre for Public Health, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | | | - Mark Green
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Helen J Moore
- SHLS Allied Health Professions Centre for Public Health, Teesside University, and Fuse – Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, London, UK
| | - Claire O’Malley
- SHLS Allied Health Professions Centre for Public Health, Teesside University, and Fuse – Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, London, UK
| | - Emma J Boyland
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 7ZA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Robertson T, Jepson R, Lambe K, Olsen JR, Thornton LE. Socio-economic patterning of food and drink advertising at public transport stops in Edinburgh, UK. Public Health Nutr 2021; 25:1-9. [PMID: 34886922 PMCID: PMC7612707 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021004766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Outdoor advertisements for food and drink products form a large part of the food environment and they disproportionately promote unhealthy products. However, less is known about the social patterning of such advertisements. The main aim of this study was to explore the socio-economic patterning of food and drink advertising at bus stops in Scotland's capital city, Edinburgh. DESIGN Bus stop advertisements were audited to identify food/drink adverts and classify them by food/drink category (i.e. 'advert category'). This data were then linked to area-based deprivation and proximity measures. Neighbourhood deprivation was measured using the bus stop x/y co-ordinates, which were converted to postcodes to identify the matching 2012 deprivation level via the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation. Distance to schools and leisure centres were also collected using location data. Generalised estimating equations and linear regression analyses were used to assess associations between the promotion of advert categories and deprivation and proximity to schools/leisure centres, respectively. SETTING Edinburgh city, United Kingdom. RESULTS 561 food/drink advertisements were identified across 349 bus stops, with 8 advertisement categories noted and included in the final analysis, including alcohol, fast food outlets and confectionary. The majority of adverts were for 'unhealthy' food and drink categories, however there was no evidence for any socio-economic patterning of these advertisements. There was no evidence of a relationship between advertisements and proximity to schools and leisure centres. CONCLUSIONS While there is no evidence for food and drink advertising being patterned by neighbourhood deprivation, the scale of unhealthy advertising is an area for policy evaluations and interventions on the control of such outdoor advertising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Robertson
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Cottrell Building, University of Stirling, StirlingFK9 4LA, UK
| | - Ruth Jepson
- Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kyle Lambe
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan R Olsen
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lukar E Thornton
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Department of Marketing, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Trapp G, Hooper P, Thornton L, Kennington K, Sartori A, Wickens N, Mandzufas J, Billingham W. Children's exposure to outdoor food advertising near primary and secondary schools in Australia. Health Promot J Austr 2021; 33:642-648. [PMID: 34418222 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Previous research has highlighted children's frequent exposure to advertisements of unhealthy food and beverages on television. However, the food industry is increasingly utilising non-broadcast channels such as outdoor advertising (eg billboards, bus shelters, shop fronts) for product marketing. Few studies have investigated children's exposure to outdoor food advertising around primary and secondary schools. This study aimed to quantify the presence and content of outdoor food advertisements within a 500 m radius of primary and secondary schools in Perth, Western Australia. METHODS A cross-sectional design was used to capture outdoor advertisements within a 500 m radial buffer around the school boundary. The INFORMAS protocol for monitoring outdoor advertising around child-serving institutions was used. Sixty-four primary and secondary schools in Perth, Australia, were selected using random sampling within socio-economic and population density strata. RESULTS In total, 5636 outdoor advertisements were identified within a 500 m radius of all 64 schools combined and 30% were for food. Of the 1708 food advertisements, 74% were for unhealthy (non-core) food. The most frequently advertised food products were alcohol, fast food and sugar-sweetened beverages. Only 8% of food advertisements featured a healthy product. The majority of schools (75%) had at least one food advertisement within 500 m (mean 36, range 3-190). Schools in lower socio-economic areas had more food advertisements and a significantly higher proportion of unhealthy food advertisements within 250 m. CONCLUSION Outdoor advertising around schools constitutes a potential frequent source of children's exposure to unhealthy food and alcohol advertising. SO WHAT?: Policy interventions restricting the content of outdoor food advertising near schools are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Trapp
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paula Hooper
- Australian Urban Design Research Centre, School of Design, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lukar Thornton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly Kennington
- Cancer Council Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ainslie Sartori
- Cancer Council Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole Wickens
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joelie Mandzufas
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wesley Billingham
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Trapp G, Hooper P, Thornton LE, Kennington K, Sartori A, Wickens N, Billingham W. Exposure to unhealthy food and beverage advertising during the school commute in Australia. J Epidemiol Community Health 2021; 75:1232-1235. [PMID: 34281992 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2021-217032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food marketing exposure has the potential to influence children's dietary behaviours and health status, however, few studies have identified how 'obesogenic' the outdoor food marketing environment is along public transport (bus and/or train) or walking routes that children take to school. METHODS Audits of all outdoor advertisements present along likely train, bus and walking routes to 24 secondary schools (ie, 3 routes per school, 72 routes total) were conducted in Perth, Western Australia (WA). The size, content, type and setting of each advertisement were recorded in accordance with the International Network for Food and Obesity/non-communicable diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support protocol for monitoring outdoor advertising. RESULTS Of the 4016 total advertisements observed, almost half were for food (n=1754, 44%) and of these, 80% (n=1397) advertised discretionary (non-core) foods, and 8% (n=138) advertised healthy (core) foods. On average, commuting to school by train, bus and walking exposed Perth schoolchildren to 37.1, 22 and 4.5 discretionary (non-core) food ads per one-way trip to school, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Children living in Perth, WA experience a high level of exposure to unhealthy outdoor food advertisements during the school commute. Policies which restrict the placement and content of outdoor advertising, could be a useful strategy in the fight against childhood obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Trapp
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paula Hooper
- The University of Western Australia School of Design, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lukar E Thornton
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly Kennington
- Cancer Council Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ainslie Sartori
- Cancer Council Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole Wickens
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wesley Billingham
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Olsen JR, Patterson C, Caryl FM, Robertson T, Mooney SJ, Rundle AG, Mitchell R, Hilton S. Exposure to unhealthy product advertising: Spatial proximity analysis to schools and socio-economic inequalities in daily exposure measured using Scottish Children's individual-level GPS data. Health Place 2021; 68:102535. [PMID: 33636594 PMCID: PMC9227708 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to understand socio-spatial inequalities in the placement of unhealthy commodity advertisements at transportation stops within the Central Belt of Scotland and to measure advertisement exposure using children's individual-level mobility data. We found that children who resided within more deprived areas had greater contact with the transport network and also greater exposure to unhealthy food and drink product advertising, compared to those living in less deprived areas. Individual-level mobility data provide evidence that city- or country-wide restrictions to advertising on the transport network might be required to reduce inequalities in children's exposure to unhealthy commodity advertising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Olsen
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Chris Patterson
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fiona M Caryl
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tony Robertson
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Stephen J Mooney
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew G Rundle
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Mitchell
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shona Hilton
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Backholer K, Gupta A, Zorbas C, Bennett R, Huse O, Chung A, Isaacs A, Golds G, Kelly B, Peeters A. Differential exposure to, and potential impact of, unhealthy advertising to children by socio-economic and ethnic groups: A systematic review of the evidence. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13144. [PMID: 33073488 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Children's exposure to advertising of unhealthy food and nonalcoholic beverages that are high in saturated fats, salt and/or sugar is extensive and increases children's preferences for, and intake of, targeted products. This systematic review examines the differential potential exposure and impact of unhealthy food advertising to children according to socio-economic position (SEP) and/or ethnicity. Nine databases (health, business, marketing) and grey literature were searched in November 2019 using terms relating to 'food or drink', 'advertising' and 'socioeconomic position or ethnicity'. Studies published since 2007 were included. Article screening and data extraction were conducted by two independent reviewers. Quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality scale. Of the 25 articles included, 14 focused on exposure to unhealthy food advertising via television, nine via outdoor mediums and two via multiple mediums. Most studies (n = 19) revealed a higher potential exposure or a greater potential impact of unhealthy food advertising among ethnic minority or lower SEP children. Few studies reported no difference (n = 3) or mixed findings (n = 3). Children from minority and socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds are disproportionately exposed to unhealthy food advertising. Regulations to restrict unhealthy food advertising to children should be implemented to improve children's diets and reduce inequities in dietary intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Backholer
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development
| | - Adyya Gupta
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development
| | - Christina Zorbas
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development
| | - Rebecca Bennett
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development
| | - Oliver Huse
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development
| | - Alexandra Chung
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna Isaacs
- Centre for Food Policy, University of London, London, UK
| | - Gabby Golds
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development
| | - Bridget Kelly
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anna Peeters
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu W, Barr M, Pearson AL, Chambers T, Pfeiffer KA, Smith M, Signal L. Space-time analysis of unhealthy food advertising: New Zealand children's exposure and health policy options. Health Promot Int 2020; 35:812-820. [PMID: 31407790 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing children's exposure to unhealthy food advertising is an accepted strategy to end childhood obesity. This study aimed to (i) measure children's space-time exposures to unhealthy food advertising in public outdoor spaces, using GPS and wearable cameras; and (ii) test effectiveness of banning options. We compiled data (collected July 2014-June 2015) on 138 12-year-old children in Wellington, New Zealand, using wearable cameras and GPS devices worn over 4 days. In 2017-18, we linked 59 150 images taken in public outdoor spaces to GPS data. Of these, 1631 contained unhealthy food advertising exposures, defined as ≥50% of an advertisement observed in each image. We examined spatial patterns using kernel density mapping and graphed space-time trends. We interpolated a kriged exposure rate across Wellington to estimate exposure reductions for potential bans. Children were exposed to 7.4 (95% CI 7.0-7.8) unhealthy food advertisements/hour spent in outdoor public spaces. Exposures occurred in shopping centres, residential areas and sports facilities, commonly involving fast food, sugary drinks and ice cream. Peak exposure times were weekend afternoons/evenings and weekdays before/after school. In Wellington, we estimated that banning such advertising within 400 m of playgrounds would yield a 33% reduction in exposure, followed by in residential areas (27%), within 400 m of schools (25%), and 50% for a ban combining all above. This work documents the extent of children's exposure to unhealthy food advertising and the potential impact of bans. Given the ubiquity of advertising in public spaces, this New Zealand research offers innovative methods and findings likely relevant in other jurisdictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Geography, Environment & Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Michelle Barr
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Amber L Pearson
- Department of Geography, Environment & Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Tim Chambers
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Karin A Pfeiffer
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Moira Smith
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Louise Signal
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Franco JV, Garcia MT, Canella DS, Louzada IDR, Bógus CM. Food environment at subway stations: a study in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2020; 26:3187-3198. [PMID: 34378708 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021268.09422020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the food environment within subway stations in São Paulo and describe the availability of food and drinks according to the social vulnerability of the area where the stations are located. A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 19 subway stations, and checklist instruments were used to audit outlets and vending machines. The São Paulo Social Vulnerability Index was adopted to characterize the location of the stations. Sixty-six outlets were found. The median of outlets per station was the same in all categories of the territory's social vulnerability (median=2 establishments/station). The most frequent types of food sold were convenience foods, present in all of the outlets. The territory's vulnerability did not result in a difference in the availability of healthy and unhealthy marker foods. The food environment at subway stations is marked by the high availability of ultra-processed food and drinks at all outlets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Vaz Franco
- Departamento de Política, Gestão e Saúde, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Av. Doutor Arnaldo 715, Cerqueira César. 01246-904 São Paulo SP Brasil.
| | | | - Daniela Silva Canella
- Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Instituto de Nutrição, Universidade de Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil
| | | | - Cláudia Maria Bógus
- Departamento de Política, Gestão e Saúde, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Av. Doutor Arnaldo 715, Cerqueira César. 01246-904 São Paulo SP Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
AbstractObjectives:To examine the extent and characteristics of food and beverage (F&B) promotion in Hong Kong mass transit railway (MTR) stations in districts with different socioeconomic statuses (SES) and school density.Design:All advertisements located in the eight selected MTR stations were recorded by photographs or videos, and classified into F&B and non-F&B. The percentage of F&B advertisements and unhealthy F&B being promoted, and common persuasive marketing strategies used in F&B advertisements were compared between low v. high SES districts and school zones v. non-school zones.Setting:MTR stations in Hong Kong.Participants:Not applicable.Results:Of the 8064 advertisements documented, 861 (10·7 %) were F&B advertisements, promoting 1860 F&B items. More than half of the these were unhealthy foods. Stations in high SES districts or school zones tend to advertise more unhealthy items (high v. low SES: 55·8 v. 50·8 %, P = 0·049; school v. non-school: 60·8 v. 49·3 %, P < 0·001). More than one-third of the F&B advertisements recorded did not utilise any of those persuasive marketing techniques that were examined, and using models (13·9 %) or providing discounts (8·8 %) were the two most frequently used non-festival-related persuasive marketing strategies.Conclusions:Unhealthy F&B advertising in MTR stations is prevalent regardless of SES and school density, and persuasive marketing strategies were infrequently used. These suggest that a ban on unhealthy F&B advertising around schools or the use of persuasive marketing strategies alone would be ineffective in Hong Kong. To align with the recommendation from WHO, a universal ban of junk food advertising should be enacted.
Collapse
|
17
|
Bus Stops Near Schools Advertising Junk Food and Sugary Drinks. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041192. [PMID: 32344514 PMCID: PMC7230930 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Children rarely understand the full extent of the persuasive purpose of advertising on their eating behaviours. Addressing the obesogenic environments in which children live, through a quantification of outdoor advertising, is essential in informing policy changes and enforcing stricter regulations. This research explores the proportion of bus stop advertisements promoting non-core food and beverages within walking distance (500 m) from schools in Auckland, New Zealand while using Google Street View. Information was collected on: school type, decile, address, Walk Score®, and Transit Score for all 573 schools in the Auckland region. Ground-truthing was conducted on 10% of schools and showed an alignment of 87.8%. The majority of advertisements on bus shelters were for non-food items or services (n = 541, 64.3%). Of the advertisements that were for food and/or beverages, the majority were for non-core foods (n = 108, 50.2%). There was no statistically significant difference between the variables core and non-core food and beverages and School decile (tertiles), Walk Score (quintiles), and Transit Score (quintiles). 12.8% of all bus stop advertisements in this study promoted non-core dietary options; highlighting an opportunity for implementing stricter regulations and policies preventing advertising unhealthy food and drink to children in New Zealand.
Collapse
|
18
|
Cameron AJ, Sayers SJ, Sacks G, Thornton LE. Do the foods advertised in Australian supermarket catalogues reflect national dietary guidelines? Health Promot Int 2019; 32:113-121. [PMID: 28180259 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dav089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Cameron
- Deakin Population Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Stacey J Sayers
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Gary Sacks
- Deakin Population Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Lukar E Thornton
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Public transport and the promotion of unhealthy food and drink. THE LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 3:e312. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
20
|
Sainsbury E, Hendy C, Magnusson R, Colagiuri S. Public support for government regulatory interventions for overweight and obesity in Australia. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:513. [PMID: 29669551 PMCID: PMC5907362 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is growing recognition among public health circles of the need for regulatory action for overweight and obesity, but there has been limited research into whether the Australian public supports government intervention. This study aimed to determine the level of public support for food-related regulations for obesity, and to assess the determinants of support. Methods A nationally representative sample of Australian adults (n = 2011) was recruited by market research company Online Research Unit to complete an online survey. The survey measured respondents’ perception of the obesity problem in Australia, and level of agreement on a 5-point Likert scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree) with proposed regulations in three domains; advertising, sponsorship of children’s sport, and taxation. Binary logistic regression models were run to examine the association between demographic variables and support for regulation. Results The majority of respondents (92.5%) considered overweight and obesity to be a somewhat or very serious problem in Australia, and almost 90% felt there should be at least some government regulation to protect the public. Respondents agreed that the government should regulate food and beverage advertising (69.5%), with strongest support for restricting unhealthy food advertising to children (78.9%). There was lower support for prohibiting unhealthy food and beverage company sponsorship of children’s sport (63.4% agreement), and for taxing sugar-sweetened beverages (54.5%), although the majority were still in favour. Support for fiscal policies slightly increased if revenue was to be used for health purposes. Females and tertiary educated respondents showed stronger agreement with proposed regulations (p < 0.05). Conclusions The survey findings suggest the majority of the Australian population recognises obesity to be a serious health problem, and support government regulation of the food environment as a population-level preventative strategy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5455-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sainsbury
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, Australia.
| | - Chelsea Hendy
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, Australia
| | - Roger Magnusson
- Sydney Law School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen Colagiuri
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Parnell A, Edmunds M, Pierce H, Stoneham MJ. The volume and type of unhealthy bus shelter advertising around schools in Perth, Western Australia: Results from an explorative study. Health Promot J Austr 2018; 30:88-93. [PMID: 29577507 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Exposure to advertising for unhealthy food, alcohol and gambling has been shown to influence children and adolescents' behaviours and attitudes. This exploratory study aimed to assess the volume and type of unhealthy bus shelter advertisements near schools in five local government areas in Perth, Western Australia and to monitor whether the volume of unhealthy advertisements varied seasonally. METHODS The 29 local governments in the Perth metropolitan region were contacted seeking information regarding the locations of bus shelters featuring advertisements in their local government area. Five local governments provided sufficient information for an audit of the bus shelter advertisements in their area to be conducted. Every bus shelter within 500 m of a school was photographed and the type of advertisement recorded. The advertisements in the food, non-alcoholic beverage, alcohol, or gambling categories were then classified as being healthy, moderate, or unhealthy. This process was carried out in June, September, December 2016, and March 2017 to ascertain whether the type of advertisements displayed changed depending on the season. RESULTS Of the 293 advertisements recorded over the four audits, 31% featured unhealthy products, 3% moderate, and <1% healthy. Only two of the 293 advertisements were classified as being healthy. Seasonal variation in the volume of unhealthy advertisements was not identified. SO WHAT?: Western Australian school students are regularly exposed to unhealthy bus shelter advertisements. Stricter regulation of outdoor advertising is needed to ensure that young people are protected from the influence of unhealthy industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melinda Edmunds
- Public Health Advocacy Institute of Western Australia, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hannah Pierce
- McCusker Centre for Action on Alcohol and Youth, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Melissa J Stoneham
- Public Health Advocacy Institute of Western Australia, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Food swamps by area socioeconomic deprivation in New Zealand: a national study. Int J Public Health 2017; 62:869-877. [DOI: 10.1007/s00038-017-0983-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
23
|
Sainsbury E, Colagiuri S, Magnusson R. An audit of food and beverage advertising on the Sydney metropolitan train network: regulation and policy implications. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:490. [PMID: 28532472 PMCID: PMC5440940 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased marketing of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods has been identified as a driver of the global obesity epidemic and a priority area for preventative efforts. Local and international research has focused on the unhealthiness of television advertising, with limited research into the growing outdoor advertising industry. This study aimed to examine the extent of food and beverage advertising on the Sydney metropolitan train network, and to assess the nutritional quality of advertised products against the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. METHODS All 178 train stations on the Sydney metropolitan train network were surveyed in summer and winter. A survey tool was developed to collect information for all advertisements on and immediately surrounding the train station. Information included product, brand, location and advertisement format. Advertisements were coded by nutrition category, product subcategory and size. Chi-square, ANOVA and ANCOVA tests were conducted to test for differences in the amount of food and beverage advertising by season and area socioeconomic status (SES). RESULTS Of 6931 advertisements identified, 1915 (27.6%) were promoting a food or beverage. The majority of food and beverage advertisements were for unhealthy products; 84.3% were classified as discretionary, 8.0% core and 7.6% miscellaneous. Snack foods and sugar-sweetened beverages were the most frequently advertised products, regardless of season. Coca-Cola and PepsiCo were the largest advertisers on the network, contributing 10.9% and 6.5% of total advertisements respectively. There was no difference in the mean number of food and beverage advertisements by area SES, but the proportion of advertising that was for discretionary foods was highest in low SES areas (41.9%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that, irrespective of season, food and beverage advertisements across the Sydney metropolitan train network are overwhelmingly for unhealthy (discretionary) products. The results of this study highlight the inadequacy of Australia's voluntary self-regulatory system in protecting members of the public from exposure to unhealthy food advertising. Regulatory action by government, such as placing a cap on the amount of unhealthy food advertisements, or requiring a proportion of all advertising to be for the promotion of healthy foods, is required to address this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sainsbury
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Stephen Colagiuri
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Roger Magnusson
- Sydney Law School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Peeters A, Blake MRC. Socioeconomic Inequalities in Diet Quality: from Identifying the Problem to Implementing Solutions. Curr Nutr Rep 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-016-0167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
Logan AC. Dysbiotic drift: mental health, environmental grey space, and microbiota. J Physiol Anthropol 2015; 34:23. [PMID: 25947328 PMCID: PMC4438628 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-015-0061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in research concerning the mental health implications of dietary patterns and select nutrients have been remarkable. At the same time, there have been rapid increases in the understanding of the ways in which non-pathogenic microbes can potentially influence many aspects of human health, including those in the mental realm. Discussions of nutrition and microbiota are often overlapping. A separate, yet equally connected, avenue of research is that related to natural (for example, green space) and built environments, and in particular, how they are connected to human cognition and behaviors. It is argued here that in Western industrial nations a ‘disparity of microbiota’ might be expected among the socioeconomically disadvantaged, those whom face more profound environmental forces. Many of the environmental forces pushing against the vulnerable are at the neighborhood level. Matching the developing microbiome research with existing environmental justice research suggests that grey space may promote dysbiosis by default. In addition, the influence of Westernized lifestyle patterns, and the marketing forces that drive unhealthy behaviors in deprived communities, might allow dysbiosis to be the norm rather than the exception in those already at high risk of depression, subthreshold (subsyndromal) conditions, and subpar mental health. If microbiota are indeed at the intersection of nutrition, environmental health, and lifestyle medicine (as these avenues pertain to mental health), then perhaps the rapidly evolving gut-brain-microbiota conversation needs to operate through a wider lens. In contrast to the more narrowly defined psychobiotic, the term eco-psychotropic is introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Logan
- CAMNR, 23679 Calabasas Road Suite 542, Calabasas, CA, 91302, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
We live in an 'obesogenic environment' where we are constantly bombarded with choices that encourage us to move less and eat more. Many factors influence our dietary choices, including the expert marketers who advise manufacturers on ways to encourage the population to buy more, especially profitable, palatable 'ultra-processed' foods. Supermarkets themselves have become skilled in manipulating buying behaviour, using their layout and specific product placement as well as advertising to maximise purchases of particular foods. Increasingly, supermarkets push their own 'house' brands. Those marketing fast foods also use persuasive tactics to attract customers, especially children who they entice with non-food items such as promotional or collectable toys. There is no mystery to the increase in obesity: our energy intake from foods and drinks has increased over the same period that energy output has decreased. Obesity has a range of relevant factors, but there is little doubt that marketing from supermarkets and fast food retailers has played a role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary A Stanton
- School of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, 2866 Moss Vale Road, Barrengarry, 2577, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|