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Matsuo T, Nakao K, Hara K. Inhibitory Effects of the Heat-Killed Lactic Acid Bacterium Enterococcus faecalis on the Growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis. CURRENT THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH 2024; 100:100731. [PMID: 38380421 PMCID: PMC10877105 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2024.100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Background Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative obligate anaerobic bacterium, is a major pathogen involved in the onset and progression of periodontal disease, a chronic inflammatory disorder observed in approximately two-thirds of the Japanese population older than age 30 years. P gingivalis cells produce and secrete gingipain, a powerful proteolytic enzyme, on their surfaces and in external environments. Objectives The effects of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis (HkEf), a lactic acid bacterium, on the growth of P gingivalis were evaluated in vitro by measuring the viable cell count of P gingivalis and gingipain activity. Methods HkEf solution (1.63 or 163 mg/mL) was added to 1 mL P gingivalis culture to generate a final HkEf concentration of 0.64 or 64 mg/mL. The cultures were incubated anaerobically. The number of viable P gingivalis cells and gingipain activity were measured after incubation for 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours. The number of viable P gingivalis cells was calculated by counting the number of colonies after culture. Gingipain activity was quantified by adding a chromogenic substrate to P gingivalis culture medium and measuring the absorbance of the reaction solution with a plate reader. Mean (SE) was calculated for viable cell counts and gingipain activity, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to test for significant differences. Results The counts of viable P gingivalis cells in the control group increased as incubation time progressed for 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours; similar results were observed in the low-concentration HkEf group. In the high-concentration HkEf group, the increase in the viable cell count was significantly inhibited compared with that of the control group. Furthermore, gingipain activity in the low- and high-concentration HkEf groups was significantly inhibited over time compared with that of the control group. Although the pH of the culture solution tended to decrease in the high-concentration HkEf group, it was not considered to have affected the growth of P gingivalis. Conclusions HkEf exhibits inhibitory effects on the growth of P gingivalis and gingipain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koji Nakao
- Academic Division, NUTRI Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hara
- Academic Division, NUTRI Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Piccioni A, Cicchinelli S, Valletta F, De Luca G, Longhitano Y, Candelli M, Ojetti V, Sardeo F, Navarra S, Covino M, Franceschi F. Gut Microbiota and Autoimmune Diseases: A Charming Real World Together with Probiotics. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:3147-3159. [PMID: 34551690 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210922161913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of gut microbiota in human disease is fascinating for hundreds of researchers worldwide. Many works have highlighted that gut microbiota modulates the immune system and that its disruption can trigger autoimmune and inflammatory immune-mediated diseases. Probiotics are able to positively modify microbiota composition. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to report the most important findings regarding the effects of probiotics administration in the most common autoimmune disease and inflammatory immune-mediated diseases. METHODS Literature research was performed in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Medline, as well as in specific journal websites using the keywords: "autoimmunity", "microbiota", and "probiotics". The article selection has been made independently by three authors, and controversies have been solved by a fourth researcher. Only English-language articles were included and preference was given to clinical trials, meta-analysis, and case series. After the review process, 68 articles have been considered. RESULTS Relying on this evidence, many studies have investigated the potential of probiotics in restoring gut eubiosis, thus affecting pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and course of these pathologies. Even in the light of few and sometimes contradictory studies, physicians should start to consider these preliminary findings when approaching patients suffering from autoimmune disease. After an accurate case-by-case evaluation of potential candidates, probiotics might be introduced besides the standard therapeutic plan as supportive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Piccioni
- Emergency Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Cicchinelli
- Emergency Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Valletta
- Emergency Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio De Luca
- Emergency Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Yaroslava Longhitano
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa - Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Unit, IRCCS Polyclinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcello Candelli
- Emergency Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Ojetti
- Emergency Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardeo
- Emergency Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Navarra
- Emergency Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Covino
- Emergency Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Franceschi
- Emergency Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Severance EG, Leister F, Lea A, Yang S, Dickerson F, Yolken RH. Complement C4 associations with altered microbial biomarkers exemplify gene-by-environment interactions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2021; 234:87-93. [PMID: 33632634 PMCID: PMC8373622 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex brain disorder with genetic and environmental factors contributing to its etiology. Complement C4 genes are schizophrenia susceptibility loci and are activated in response to infections and gut microbiome imbalances. We hypothesize that C4 genetic susceptibility predisposes individuals to neuropathological effects from pathogen exposures or a microbiome in dysbiosis. In 214 individuals with schizophrenia and 123 non-psychiatric controls, we examined C4 gene copy number and haplotype groups for associations with schizophrenia and microbial plasma biomarkers. C4A copy number and haplotypes containing HERV-K insertions (C4A-long; C4AL-C4AL) conferred elevated odds ratios for schizophrenia diagnoses (OR 1.58-2.56, p < 0.0001), while C4B-short (C4BS) haplogroups conferred decreased odds (OR 0.43, p < 0.0001). Haplogroup-microbe combinations showed extensive associations with schizophrenia including C4AL with Candida albicans IgG (OR 2.16, p < 0.0005), C4AL-C4BL with cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG (OR 1.79, p < 0.008), C4BS with lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) (OR 1.18, p < 0.0001), and C4AL-C4AL with Toxoplasma gondii IgG (OR = 17.67, p < 0.0001). In controls, only one haplogroup-microbe combination was significant: C4BS with CMV IgG (OR 0.52, p < 0.02). In schizophrenia only, LBP and CMV IgG levels were inversely correlated with C4A and C4S copy numbers, respectively (R2 = 0.13-0.16, p < 0.0001). C4 haplogroups were associated with altered scores of cognitive functioning in both cases and controls and with psychiatric symptom scores in schizophrenia. Our findings link complement C4 genes with a susceptibility to infections and a dysbiotic microbiome in schizophrenia. These results support immune system mechanisms by which gene-environmental interactions may be operative in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Severance
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Flora Leister
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashley Lea
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shuojia Yang
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Robert H Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Bellando-Randone S, Russo E, Venerito V, Matucci-Cerinic M, Iannone F, Tangaro S, Amedei A. Exploring the Oral Microbiome in Rheumatic Diseases, State of Art and Future Prospective in Personalized Medicine with an AI Approach. J Pers Med 2021; 11:625. [PMID: 34209167 PMCID: PMC8306274 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11070625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome is receiving growing interest from the scientific community, as the mouth is the gateway for numerous potential etiopathogenetic factors in different diseases. In addition, the progression of niches from the mouth to the gut, defined as "oral-gut microbiome axis", affects several pathologies, as rheumatic diseases. Notably, rheumatic disorders (RDs) are conditions causing chronic, often intermittent pain affecting the joints or connective tissue. In this review, we examine evidence which supports a role for the oral microbiome in the etiology and progression of various RDs, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren's syndrome (SS), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In addition, we address the most recent studies endorsing the oral microbiome as promising diagnostic biomarkers for RDs. Lastly, we introduce the concepts of artificial intelligence (AI), in particular, machine learning (ML) and their general application for understanding the link between oral microbiota and rheumatic diseases, speculating the application of a possible AI approach-based that can be applied to personalized medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bellando-Randone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.B.-R.); (E.R.); (M.M.-C.)
| | - Edda Russo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.B.-R.); (E.R.); (M.M.-C.)
| | - Vincenzo Venerito
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (V.V.); (F.I.)
| | - Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.B.-R.); (E.R.); (M.M.-C.)
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Florenzo Iannone
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (V.V.); (F.I.)
| | - Sabina Tangaro
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica “M. Merlin”, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.B.-R.); (E.R.); (M.M.-C.)
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Novella-Navarro M, Plasencia-Rodríguez C, Nuño L, Balsa A. Risk Factors for Developing Rheumatoid Arthritis in Patients With Undifferentiated Arthritis and Inflammatory Arthralgia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:668898. [PMID: 34211986 PMCID: PMC8239127 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.668898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is an increasing interest in treating patients at risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to prevent the development of this chronic disease. In this sense, research has focused attention on the early identification of predictive factors of this disease. Autoantibodies and markers of systemic inflammation can be present before clinical arthritis and RA development. So, the phase of inflammatory arthralgia preceding clinical arthritis is an important part of the window of opportunity and, starting treatment might prevent progression to chronic arthritis. Additionally, the early diagnosis and treatment initiation, in patients with inflammatory arthritis at risk of persistence and/or erosive progression, are fundamental because may allow optimal clinical responses, better chances of achieving sustained remission, preventing irreversible organ damage and optimizing long-term outcomes. This review aims to give an overview of clinical risk factors for developing RA, both in suspected arthralgia and in undifferentiated arthritis. Besides taking into consideration the role of serological markers (immunological and acute phase reactants) and clinical features assessed at consultation such as: articular affection and patient's clinical perception. Other features as sociodemographic and environmental factors (lifestyle habits, microbiota, periodontal disease among others), have been included in this revision to give an insight on strategies to prevent development of RA and/or to treat it in early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Nuño
- Rheumatology Department Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Balsa
- Rheumatology Department Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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Ali Khan S, Saeed MA, Farman S, Sajid Z, Ahmad N, Alam M. Foot Involvement as the First Manifestation in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in Lahore. Cureus 2021; 13:e15347. [PMID: 34235024 PMCID: PMC8244407 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to determine the involvement of the foot as the first manifestation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods This study was conducted on 100 patients who presented to the outpatient department of the Rheumatology Department at Fatima Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine and Dentistry in Lahore, Pakistan. The period of this cross-sectional study was three months - from October 2017 to December 2017. One hundred patients aged more than 16 years, who were diagnosed as cases of RA with foot involvement, and with a disease duration of less than two years (to minimize recall bias), were enrolled for the study. Results Out of the 100 patients, 20% were male and 80% were female. The mean age of the study population was 41.16 ± 12.343 years. Foot Involvement as the first manifestation was noted in 29 (29%) of the cases. The pattern of foot involvement shows a 59% forefoot involvement, 27% hindfoot involvement, and 14% midfoot involvement. Walking difficulty was most common in forefoot involvement (71.42% of cases), followed by hindfoot involvement (20% of cases), and least common in midfoot involvement (8.57% of cases) (p=0.0001). Conclusion Foot involvement as the first manifestation is quite common in RA and should not be ignored, especially in patients with large joint involvement sparing the hands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Ali Khan
- Rheumatology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, PAK
| | - Muhammad Ahmad Saeed
- Rheumatology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, PAK
| | - Sumaira Farman
- Rheumatology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, PAK
| | | | - Nighat Ahmad
- Rheumatology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, PAK
| | - Masood Alam
- Pulmonology, Chaudhary Pervaiz Elahi Institute of Cardiology, Multan, PAK
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Shivaji S. A systematic review of gut microbiome and ocular inflammatory diseases: Are they associated? Indian J Ophthalmol 2021; 69:535-542. [PMID: 33595467 PMCID: PMC7942081 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1362_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary focus of this review was to establish the possible association of dysbiotic changes in the gut bacterial microbiomes with both intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases with emphasis on ocular diseases such as bacterial keratitis, fungal keratitis, uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, and ocular mucosal diseases. For this particular purpose, a systematic search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar for publications related to gut microbiome and human health (using the keywords: gut microbiome, ocular disease, dysbiosis, keratitis, uveitis, and AMD). The predictions are that microbiome studies would help to unravel dysbiotic changes in the gut bacterial microbiome at the taxonomic and functional level and thus form the basis to mitigate inflammatory diseases of the eye by using nutritional supplements or fecal microbiota transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisinthy Shivaji
- Scientist Emeritus and Distinguished Scientist, Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Prof Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Cannarella LAT, Mari NL, Alcântara CC, Iryioda TMV, Costa NT, Oliveira SR, Lozovoy MAB, Reiche EMV, Dichi I, Simão ANC. Mixture of probiotics reduces inflammatory biomarkers and improves the oxidative/nitrosative profile in people with rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition 2021; 89:111282. [PMID: 34111674 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies have demonstrated that the gut microbiota of people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is different from that of healthy individuals and could influence inflammation and oxidative stress. In this study, we sought to evaluate the effects of supplementation with a mixture of probiotics on cytokine plasma levels, inflammatory biomarkers, oxidative/nitrosative stress profile, and Disease Activity Score-28 in people with RA. METHODS A randomized and double-blind placebo-controlled study was carried out with 42 participants with RA divided into two groups-the probiotic group (n = 21), who over 60 d took a daily ingestion of probiotics in a sachet containing 109 CFU/g each of five freeze-dried strains: Lactobacillus acidophilus La-14, Lactobacillus casei Lc-11, Lactococcus lactis Ll-23, Bifidobacterium lactis Bl-04 and B. bifidum Bb-06; and the placebo group (n = 21) who over 60 d took a daily ingestion of maltodextrin. RESULTS The probiotic group showed a significant reduction in white blood cell count (P = 0.012) and tumor necrosis factor-α (P = 0.004) and interleukin 6 plasma levels (P = 0.039). However, no differences were observed in interleukin-10, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ferritin, or Disease Activity Score-28 between the two groups. Regarding oxidative/nitrosative stress biomarkers, the probiotic group showed lower nitric oxide metabolites (P = 0.004) and higher sulfhydryl group (P = 0.028) and total radical-trapping antioxidant parameters (P = 0.019) than the placebo group. However, lipid hydroperoxide and protein carbonyl did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The mixture of probiotics reduced inflammatory biomarkers and improved the oxidative/nitrosative profile in people with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naiara Lourenço Mari
- Research Laboratory in Applied Immunology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Sayonara Rangel Oliveira
- Research Laboratory in Applied Immunology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Marcell Alysson Batisti Lozovoy
- Research Laboratory in Applied Immunology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche
- Research Laboratory in Applied Immunology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Isaias Dichi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Andréa Name Colado Simão
- Research Laboratory in Applied Immunology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
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Bai Y, Li Y, Marion T, Tong Y, Zaiss MM, Tang Z, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Luo Y. Resistant starch intake alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by modulating gut microbiota and promoting concomitant propionate production. J Autoimmun 2021; 116:102564. [PMID: 33203617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis precedes clinic symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and has been implicated in the initiation and persistence of RA. The early treatment of RA is critical to better clinical outcome especially for joint destruction. Although dietary interventions have been reported to be beneficial for RA patients, it is unclear to whether diet-induced gut microbiome changes can be a preventive strategy to RA development. Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. RS-HFD significantly reduced arthritis severity and bone erosion in CIA mice. The therapeutic effects of RS-HFD were correlated with splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion and serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) increase. The increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Lachnoclostridium genera concomitant with CIA were eliminated in CIA mice fed the RS-HFD diet. Notably, RS-HFD also led to a predominance of Bacteroidetes, and increased abundances of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Bacteroidales_S24-7_group genera in CIA mice. Accompanied with the gut microbiome changes, serum levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate and isobutyrate detected by GC-TOFMS were also increased in CIA mice fed RS-HFD. While, addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD significantly decreased serum propionate and completely eliminated RS-HFD-induced disease improvement, Treg cell increase and IL-10 production in CIA mice. Moreover, exogenous propionate added to drinking water replicated the protective role of RS-HFD in CIA including reduced bone damage. The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro was further explored as at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA. Taken together, RS-HFD significantly reduced CIA and bone damage and altered gut microbial composition with concomitant increase in circulating propionate, indicating that RS-rich diet might be a promising therapy especially in the early stage of RA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/blood
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Bacteria/classification
- Bacteria/genetics
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cytokines/blood
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fatty Acids, Volatile/blood
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin-10/blood
- Intestines/drug effects
- Intestines/immunology
- Intestines/microbiology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Propionates/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Resistant Starch/administration & dosage
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqiang Bai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tony Marion
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yanli Tong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mario M Zaiss
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitäts Klinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zhigang Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yubin Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Buschhart AL, Bolten L, Volzke J, Ekat K, Kneitz S, Mikkat S, Kreikemeyer B, Müller-Hilke B. Periodontal pathogens alter the synovial proteome. Periodontal pathogens do not exacerbate macroscopic arthritis but alter the synovial proteome in mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242868. [PMID: 33382721 PMCID: PMC7774964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis (PD) are chronic inflammatory diseases that appear to occur in tandem. However, the mutual impact PD exerts on RA and vice versa has not yet been defined. To address this issue, we set up an animal model and analyzed how two prime inducers of periodontitis—Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa)–differ in their pathogenic potential. Our experimental setup included collagen induced arthritis (CIA) in the mouse, oral inoculation with Pg or Aa to induce alveolar bone loss and the combination of both diseases in inverted orders of events. Neither pathobiont impacted on macroscopic arthritis and arthritis did not exacerbate alveolar bone loss. However, there were subtle differences between Pg and Aa with the former inducing more alveolar bone loss if PD was induced before CIA. On a molecular level, Pg and Aa led to differential expression patterns in the synovial membranes that were reminiscent of cellular and humoral immune responses, respectively. The Pg and Aa specific signatures in the synovial proteomes suggest a role for oral pathogens in shaping disease subtypes and setting the stage for subsequent therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Buschhart
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting & Cell Analysis, Laboratory for Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lennart Bolten
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting & Cell Analysis, Laboratory for Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Johann Volzke
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting & Cell Analysis, Laboratory for Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Katharina Ekat
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Susanne Kneitz
- Physiological Chemistry, Theodor Boveri Institute (Biocenter), University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Mikkat
- Core Facility for Proteome Analysis, Center for Medical Research, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Müller-Hilke
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting & Cell Analysis, Laboratory for Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Severance EG, Yolken RH. Tracking a dysregulated gut-brain axis with biomarkers of the microbiome. Biomark Neuropsychiatry 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionps.2019.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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12
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Ayyappan P, Harms RZ, Seifert JA, Bemis EA, Feser ML, Deane KD, Demoruelle MK, Mikuls TR, Holers VM, Sarvetnick NE. Heightened Levels of Antimicrobial Response Factors in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:427. [PMID: 32265916 PMCID: PMC7100537 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic progressive autoimmune disease leading to considerable disability over time. The disease can be characterized by the presence of multiple autoantibodies in the serum and synovial fluid. Microbial dysbiosis is proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of RA. Increased systemic bacterial exposure leads to elevated levels of antimicrobial response factors (ARFs) in the circulation. In the present study, we tested whether RA patients have increased levels of ARFs by analyzing the levels of multiple ARFs in serum from RA patients and healthy age and sex-matched controls. The levels of soluble CD14 (sCD14), lysozyme, and CXCL16 were significantly elevated in RA patients compared to healthy controls. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) levels remained unchanged in RA patients compared to healthy controls. A positive correlation of LBP with rheumatoid factor (RF) was also found in RA subjects. Interestingly, the levels of anti-endotoxin core antibodies (EndoCAb) IgM, total IgM, EndoCAb IgA, and total IgA were significantly elevated in RA patients compared to healthy controls. No significant changes in the levels of EndoCAb IgG and total IgG were observed in RA patients compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, lysozyme and CXCL16 levels were positively correlated with disease severity among RA subjects. Increases in the levels of several ARFs and their correlations with clinical indices suggest systemic microbial exposure in the RA cohort. Modulation of microbial exposure may play an important role in disease pathogenesis in individuals with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathapan Ayyappan
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Robert Z. Harms
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Seifert
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Bemis
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Marie L. Feser
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kevin D. Deane
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Ted R. Mikuls
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - V. Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nora E. Sarvetnick
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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13
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Chiang HI, Li JR, Liu CC, Liu PY, Chen HH, Chen YM, Lan JL, Chen DY. An Association of Gut Microbiota with Different Phenotypes in Chinese Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111770. [PMID: 31652955 PMCID: PMC6912313 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the association of gut microbiota with disease activity, inflammatory parameters, and auto-antibodies profile in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A total of 138 RA patients and 21 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. Fecal samples were collected for bacterial DNA extraction and 16S ribosome (r)RNA sequencing, followed by analyses of gut microbiota composition. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-17A were determined by using ELISA. Our results indicated that RA patients had lower diversity index, which reflects both evenness and richness of gut microbiota, compared to HC. The alpha-diversity was lower in anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA)-positive patients than in HC. The phylum Verrucomicrobiae and genus Akkermansia were more abundant in patients compared to HC. There was increased relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae as well as Klebsiella, and less abundance of Bifidobacterium in patients with high levels of TNF-α or IL-17A compared to those who had low levels of these cytokines. In addition, ACPA-positive patients had higher proportions of Blautia, Akkermansia, and Clostridiales than ACPA-negative patients. Gut dysbiosis in RA patients was presented as different microbial composition and its association with inflammatory parameters as well as ACPA seropositivity. These findings support the involvement of gut microbiota in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-I Chiang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Jian-Rong Li
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chi Liu
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Yu Liu
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
- Division of Infection, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Hua Chen
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Joung-Liang Lan
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Laboratory, Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
| | - Der-Yuan Chen
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Multiple studies have shown that there is a pre-clinical period preceding the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). During this period, complex interactions between the environmental and genetic causes occur, and the expression "preclinical RA" has been proposed to define it. Early treatment intervention is associated with less joint damage and has an increased possibility of achieving remission. In this review, we provide an overview of the preclinical phases of RA, new immunological and imaging biomarkers, and the clinical features, and the management of individuals at-risk of developing RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Martins
- Serviço de Reumatologia e Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Portugal; Unidade de Investigação Em Reumatologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - João Eurico Fonseca
- Serviço de Reumatologia e Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Portugal; Unidade de Investigação Em Reumatologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Portugal
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15
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Khandaker GM, Meyer U, Jones PB. From Infection to the Microbiome: An Evolving Role of Microbes in Schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 44:67-84. [PMID: 30847804 PMCID: PMC6732248 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi, and protozoa in the context of psychiatric disorders may be surprising to some. This intersection of disciplines, however, has a rich history and is currently revitalized by newfound functions of the microbiome and the gut-brain axis in human diseases. Schizophrenia, in particular, fits this model as a disorder with gene and environmental roots that may be anchored in the immune system. In this context, the combination of a precisely timed pathogen exposure in a person with genetically encoded altered immunity may have especially destructive consequences for the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, significant components of immunity, such as the development of the immune response and the concept of immune tolerance, are largely dictated by the commensal residents of the microbiome. When this community of microbes is imbalanced, perhaps as the result of a pathogen invasion, stress, or immune gene deficiency, a pathological cycle of localized inflammation, endothelial barrier compromise, translocation of gut-derived products, and systemic inflammation may ensue. If these pathologies enable access of gut and microbial metabolites and immune molecules to the CNS across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and studies of the gut-brain axis support this hypothesis, a worsening of cognitive deficits and psychiatric symptoms is predicted to occur in susceptible individuals with schizophrenia. In this chapter, we review the role of microbes in various stages of this model and how these organisms may contribute to documented phenotypes of schizophrenia. An increased understanding of the role of pathogens and the microbiome in psychiatric disorders will better guide the development of microbial and immune-based therapeutics for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam M. Khandaker
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Urs Meyer
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Verhaltensneurobiologie, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Peter B. Jones
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
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16
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De Filippo C, Di Paola M, Giani T, Tirelli F, Cimaz R. Gut microbiota in children and altered profiles in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Autoimmun 2019; 98:1-12. [PMID: 30638708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microbial diversity plays a key role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and in the development of the immune system in the gut mucosa. Maybe one of the most important function of our gut microbiota is the immune system education, in particular the discrimination of friends from foes that occurs during childhood. In addition to bacterial antigens, several metabolites of microbial origin have a crucial role in training of the immune system, such as Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs). There are many evidences on the role of the gut microbiota in rheumatic diseases, in particular modifications of microbiota composition causing dysbiosis that, in turn, can induce gut permeability, and thus immunological imbalance and trigger inflammation. In particular, immune cells can reach extra-intestinal sites, such as joints and trigger local inflammation. Childhood is a crucial period of life for development and evolution of the gut microbiota, especially for the acquisition of fundamental functions such as immunotolerance of commensal microorganisms. For this reason, gut dysbiosis is gaining interest as a potential pathogenetic factor for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). Here we summarized the studies conducted on JIA patients in which a pro-arthritogenic microbial profiles has been observed; this, together with a depletion of microbial biodiversity, clearly distinguish patients' from healthy subjects' microbiota. Further studies are however needed to better clarify the role of microbiota in JIA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta De Filippo
- Institute of Biology and Agrarian Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Di Paola
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Teresa Giani
- Rheumatology Unit, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 24, 50139, Florence, Italy; Department of Medica Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Mario Bracci, 16 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Tirelli
- Rheumatology Unit, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 24, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Rolando Cimaz
- Rheumatology Unit, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 24, 50139, Florence, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
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17
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Severance EG, Yolken RH. Deciphering microbiome and neuroactive immune gene interactions in schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 135:104331. [PMID: 30471416 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The body's microbiome represents an actively regulated network of novel mechanisms that potentially underlie the etiology and pathophysiology of a wide range of diseases. For complex brain disorders such as schizophrenia, understanding the cellular and molecular pathways that intersect the bidirectional gut-brain axis is anticipated to lead to new methods of treatment. The means by which the microbiome might differ across neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders are not known. Brain disorders as diverse as schizophrenia, major depression, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis appear to share a common pathology of an imbalanced community of commensal microbiota, often measured in terms of a leaky gut phenotype accompanied by low level systemic inflammation. While environmental factors associated with these disease states might contribute to intestinal pathologies, products from a perturbed microbiome may also directly promote specific signs, symptoms and etiologies of individual disorders. We hypothesize that in schizophrenia, it is the putatively unique susceptibility related to genes that modulate the immune system and the gut-brain pleiotropy of these genes which leads to a particularly neuropathological response when challenged by a microbiome in dysbiosis. Consequences from exposure to this dysbiosis may occur during pre- or post-natal time periods and thus may interfere with normal neurodevelopment in those who are genetically predisposed. Here, we review the evidence from the literature which supports the idea that the intersection of the microbiome and immune gene susceptibility in schizophrenia is relevant etiologically and for disease progression. Figuring prominently at both ends of the gut-brain axis and at points in between are proteins encoded by genes found in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), including select MHC as well as non-MHC complement pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Severance
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Robert H Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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18
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Shamriz O. Probiotics and autoimmunity: Current evidence. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2018; 17:1150-1151. [PMID: 30213698 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oded Shamriz
- Pediatric Division, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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19
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Abstract
Typical and atypical antipsychotics are the first-line treatments for schizophrenia, but these classes of drugs are not universally effective, and they can have serious side effects that impact compliance. Antipsychotic drugs generally target the dopamine pathways with some variation. As research of schizophrenia pathophysiology has shifted away from a strictly dopamine-centric focus, the development of new pharmacotherapies has waned. A field of inquiry with centuries-old roots is gaining traction in psychiatric research circles and may represent a new frontier for drug discovery in schizophrenia. At the forefront of this investigative effort is the immune system and its many components, pathways and phenotypes, which are now known to actively engage the brain. Studies in schizophrenia reveal an intricate association of environmentally-driven immune activation in concert with a disrupted genetic template. A consistent conduit through this gene-environmental milieu is the gut-brain axis, which when dysregulated can generate pathological autoimmunity. In this review, we present epidemiological and biochemical evidence in support of an autoimmune component in schizophrenia and depict gut processes and a dysbiotic microbiome as a source and perpetuator of autoimmune dysfunction in the brain. Within this framework, we review the role of infectious agents, inflammation, gut dysbioses and autoantibody propagation on CNS pathologies such as neurotransmitter receptor hypofunction and complement pathway-mediated synaptic pruning. We then review the new pharmacotherapeutic horizon and novel agents directed to impact these pathological conditions. At the core of this discourse is the understanding that schizophrenia is etiologically and pathophysiologically heterogeneous and thus its treatment requires individualized attention with disease state variants diagnosed with objective biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert H Yolken
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Reduction of Articular and Systemic Inflammation by Kava-241 in a Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced Arthritis Murine Model. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00356-18. [PMID: 29914930 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00356-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease that has been linked to several risk factors, including periodontitis. Identification of new anti-inflammatory compounds to treat arthritis is needed. We had previously demonstrated the beneficial effect of Kava-241, a kavain-derived compound, in the management of Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis. The present study evaluated systemic and articular effects of Kava-241 in an infective arthritis murine model triggered by P. gingivalis bacterial inoculation and primed with a collagen antibody cocktail (CIA) to induce joint inflammation and tissular destruction. Clinical inflammation score and radiological analyses of the paws were performed continuously, while histological assessment was obtained at sacrifice. Mice exposed to P. gingivalis and a CIA cocktail and treated concomitantly with Kava-241 exhibited a reduced clinical inflammatory score and a decreased number of inflammatory cells and osteoclasts within joint. Kava-241 treatment also decreased significantly tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in serum from mice injected with a Toll-like receptor 2 or 4 (TLR-2/4) ligand, P. gingivalis-lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Finally, bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with P. gingivalis and exposed to Kava-241 displayed reduced TLR-2/4, reduced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-related signal elements, and reduced LPS-induced TNF-α factor (LITAF), all explaining the observed reduction of TNF-α secretion. Taken together, these results emphasized the novel properties of Kava-241 in the management of inflammatory conditions, especially TNF-α-related diseases such as infective RA.
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21
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Kim D, Kim WU. Editorial: Can Prevotella copri Be a Causative Pathobiont in Rheumatoid Arthritis? Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 68:2565-2567. [PMID: 27390139 PMCID: PMC5129594 DOI: 10.1002/art.39807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Uk Kim
- Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics and The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Badsha H. Role of Diet in Influencing Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity. Open Rheumatol J 2018; 12:19-28. [PMID: 29515679 PMCID: PMC5827298 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901812010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) frequently ask their doctors about which diets to follow, and even in the absence of advice from their physicians, many patients are undertaking various dietary interventions. DISCUSSION However, the role of dietary modifications in RA is not well understood. Several studies have tried to address these gaps in our understanding. Intestinal microbial modifications are being studied for the prevention and management of RA. Some benefits of vegan diet may be explained by antioxidant constituents, lactobacilli and fibre, and by potential changes in intestinal flora. Similarly, Mediterranean diet shows anti-inflammatory effects due to protective properties of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins, but also by influencing the gut microbiome. Gluten-free and elemental diets have been associated with some benefits in RA though the existing evidence is limited. Long-term intake of fish and other sources of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are protective for development of RA. The benefits of fasting, anti-oxidant supplementation, flavanoids, and probiotics in RA are not clear. Vitamin D has been shown to influence autoimmunity and specifically decrease RA disease activity. The role of supplements such as fish oils and vitamin D should be explored in future trials to gain new insights in disease pathogenesis and develop RA-specific dietary recommendations. CONCLUSION Specifically more research is needed to explore the association of diet and the gut microbiome and how this can influence RA disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humeira Badsha
- Dr. Humeira Badsha Medical Center, Beach Park Plaza, Jumeira Road, Dubai, UAE
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23
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Severance EG, Tveiten D, Lindström LH, Yolken RH, Reichelt KL. The Gut Microbiota and the Emergence of Autoimmunity: Relevance to Major Psychiatric Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 22:6076-6086. [PMID: 27634185 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666160914183804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune phenotypes are prevalent in major psychiatric disorders. Disequilibria of cellular processes occurring in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract likely contribute to immune dysfunction in psychiatric disorders. As the venue of a complex community of resident microbes, the gut in a homeostatic state equates with a functional digestive system, cellular barrier stability and properly regulated recognition of self and non-self antigens. When gut processes become disrupted as a result of environmental or genetic factors, autoimmunity may ensue. METHODS Here, we review the issues pertinent to autoimmunity and the microbiome in psychiatric disorders and show that many of the reported immune risk factors for the development of these brain disorders are in fact related and consistent with dysfunctions occurring in the gut. We review the few human microbiome studies that have been done in people with psychiatric disorders and supplement this information with mechanistic data gleaned from experimental rodent studies. RESULTS These investigations demonstrate changes in behavior and brain biochemistry directly attributable to alterations in the gut microbiome. We present a model by which autoantigens are produced by extrinsicallyderived food and microbial factors bound to intrinsic components of the gut including receptors present in the enteric nervous system. CONCLUSION This new focus on examining activities outside of the CNS for relevance to the etiology and pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders may require new modalities or a re-evaluation of pharmaceutical targets found in peripheral systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Severance
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology; Department of Pediatrics; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; 600 North Wolfe Street; Blalock 1105; Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to frame the discussion of the potential use of probiotics for the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the historical and scientific context linking the human microbiota to the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of RA. Given this context, the review then details the clinical trials that have been carried out so far that have tried to address the question. RECENT FINDINGS A variety of laboratory and clinical observations link the flora of the oral cavity and lower gastrointestinal tract with citrullination, as well as immunological alterations that may contribute to the risk of developing RA. Clinical trials to date have been small and mostly short term. Statistically significant change in certain disparate clinical endpoints has been reported, but these endpoints have varied from study to study and have been of limited clinical significance. No consistent, robust impact on patient reported, or laboratory outcome measures has emerged from clinical trials so far. There remain theoretical reasons to further investigate the use of probiotics as adjunctive therapies for autoimmune disease, but changes in trial design may be needed to reveal the benefit of this intervention.
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25
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Amaral WZ, Lubach GR, Proctor A, Lyte M, Phillips GJ, Coe CL. Social Influences on Prevotella and the Gut Microbiome of Young Monkeys. Psychosom Med 2017; 79:888-897. [PMID: 28178033 PMCID: PMC5547018 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to evaluate the bacterial profiles of young monkeys as they were weaned into peer groups with a particular focus on Prevotella, an important taxon in both human and nonhuman primates. The weaning of infants and increased social contact with peers is a developmental stage that is likely to affect the gut microbiome. METHODS Gut bacteria were assessed in 63 rhesus monkeys living in social groups comprised of 4 to 7 individuals. Two groups were assessed prospectively on day 1 and 2 weeks after rehousing away from the mother and group formation. Ten additional groups were assessed at 2 weeks after group establishment. Fecal genomic DNA was extracted and 16S ribosomal RNA sequenced by Illumina MiSeq (5 social groups) and 454-amplicon pyrosequencing (7 social groups). RESULTS Combining weaned infants into small social groups led to a microbial convergence by 2 weeks (p < .001). Diversity analyses indicated more similar community structure within peer groups than across groups (p < .01). Prevotella was the predominant taxon, and its abundance differed markedly across individuals. Indices of richness, microbial profiles, and less abundant taxa were all associated with the Prevotella levels. Functional Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses suggested corresponding shifts in metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS The formation of small groups of young rhesus monkeys was associated with significant shifts in the gut microbiota. The profiles were closely associated with the abundance of Prevotella, a predominant taxon in the rhesus monkey gut. Changes in the structure of the gut microbiome are likely to induce differences in metabolic and physiologic functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Z Amaral
- From the Harlow Center for Biological Psychology (Amaral, Lubach, Coe), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; and the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Medicine (Proctor, Lyte, Phillips), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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26
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Abstract
Host-microbe interactions are influenced by complex host genetics and environment. Studies across animal taxa have aided our understanding of how intestinal microbiota influence vertebrate development, disease, and physiology. However, traditional mammalian studies can be limited by the use of isogenic strains, husbandry constraints that result in small sample sizes and limited statistical power, reliance on indirect characterization of gut microbial communities from fecal samples, and concerns of whether observations in artificial conditions are actually reflective of what occurs in the wild. Fish models are able to overcome many of these limitations. The extensive variation in the physiology, ecology, and natural history of fish enriches studies of the evolution and ecology of host-microbe interactions. They share physiological and immunological features common among vertebrates, including humans, and harbor complex gut microbiota, which allows identification of the mechanisms driving microbial community assembly. Their accelerated life cycles and large clutch sizes and the ease of sampling both internal and external microbial communities make them particularly well suited for robust statistical studies of microbial diversity. Gnotobiotic techniques, genetic manipulation of the microbiota and host, and transparent juveniles enable novel insights into mechanisms underlying development of the digestive tract and disease states. Many diseases involve a complex combination of genes which are difficult to manipulate in homogeneous model organisms. By taking advantage of the natural genetic variation found in wild fish populations, as well as of the availability of powerful genetic tools, future studies should be able to identify conserved genes and pathways that contribute to human genetic diseases characterized by dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Lescak
- University of Alaska Anchorage, Department of Biological Sciences, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
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The role of autoantibodies in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:437-446. [PMID: 28451788 PMCID: PMC5486798 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation. The presence of autoantibodies in the sera of RA patients has provided many clues to the underlying disease pathophysiology. Based on the presence of several autoantibodies like rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), anti-carbamylated protein antibodies (anti-CarP), and more recently anti-acetylated protein antibodies RA can be subdivided into seropositive and seronegative disease. The formation of these autoantibodies is associated with both genetic and environmental risk factors for RA, like specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and smoking. Autoantibodies can be detected many years before disease onset in a subset of patients, suggesting a sequence of events in which the first autoantibodies develop in predisposed hosts, before an inflammatory response ensues leading to clinically apparent arthritis. Research on the characteristics and effector functions of these autoantibodies might provide more insight in pathophysiological processes underlying arthritis in RA. Recent data suggests that ACPA might play a role in perpetuating inflammation once it has developed. Furthermore, pathophysiological mechanisms have been discovered supporting a direct link between the presence of ACPA and both bone erosions and pain in RA patients. In conclusion, investigating the possible pathogenic potential of autoantibodies might lead to improved understanding of the underlying pathophysiological processes in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Iwai K, Yoshikawa Y, Miyoshi N, Fukutomi R, Asada K, Ohashi N. Effects of Short-Term Intake of Wheat Bran with Different Particle Sizes on the Murine Intestinal Environment. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.23.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuki Iwai
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yuko Yoshikawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Noriyuki Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | | | | | - Norio Ohashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The use of biomarkers in rheumatology can help identify disease risk, improve diagnosis and prognosis, target therapy, assess response to treatment, and further our understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of disease. Here, we discuss the recent advances in biomarkers for rheumatic disorders, existing impediments to progress in this field, and the potential of biomarkers to enable precision medicine and thereby transform rheumatology. RECENT FINDINGS Although significant challenges remain, progress continues to be made in biomarker discovery and development for rheumatic diseases. The use of next-generation technologies, including large-scale sequencing, proteomic technologies, metabolomic technologies, mass cytometry, and other single-cell analysis and multianalyte analysis technologies, has yielded a slew of new candidate biomarkers. Nevertheless, these biomarkers still require rigorous validation and have yet to make their way into clinical practice and therapeutic development. This review focuses on advances in the biomarker field in the last 12 months as well as the challenges that remain. SUMMARY Better biomarkers, ideally mechanistic ones, are needed to guide clinical decision making in rheumatology. Although the use of next-generation techniques for biomarker discovery is making headway, it is imperative that the roadblocks in our search for new biomarkers are overcome to enable identification of biomarkers with greater diagnostic and predictive utility. Identification of biomarkers with robust diagnostic and predictive utility would enable precision medicine in rheumatology.
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Di Paola M, Cavalieri D, Albanese D, Sordo M, Pindo M, Donati C, Pagnini I, Giani T, Simonini G, Paladini A, Lionetti P, De Filippo C, Cimaz R. Alteration of Fecal Microbiota Profiles in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Associations with HLA-B27 Allele and Disease Status. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1703. [PMID: 27833598 PMCID: PMC5080347 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alteration of gut microbiota is involved in several chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, and gut microbial “pro-arthritogenic” profiles have been hypothesized. Intestinal inflammation may be involved in spondyloarthropathies and in a subset of patients affected by Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), the most common chronic rheumatic disease of childhood. We compared the fecal microbiota composition of JIA patients with healthy subjects (HS), evaluating differences in microbial profiles between sub-categories of JIA, such as enthesitis-related arthritis (JIA-ERA), in which inflammation of entheses occurs, and polyarticular JIA, non-enthesitis related arthritis (JIA-nERA). Through taxon-level analysis, we discovered alteration of fecal microbiota components that could be involved in subclinical gut inflammation, and promotion of joint inflammation. We observed abundance in Ruminococcaceae in both JIA categories, reduction in Clostridiaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae in JIA-ERA, and increase in Veillonellaceae in JIA-nERA, respectively, compared with HS. Among the more relevant genera, we found an increase in Clostridium cluster XIVb, involved in colitis and arthritis, in JIA-ERA patients compared with HS, and a trend of decrease in Faecalibacterium, known for anti-inflammatory properties, in JIA-nERA compared with JIA-ERA and HS. Differential abundant taxa identified JIA patients for the HLA-B27 allele, including Bilophila, Clostridium cluster XIVb, Oscillibacter, and Parvimonas. Prediction analysis of metabolic functions showed that JIA-ERA metagenome was differentially enriched in bacterial functions related to cell motility and chemotaxis, suggesting selection of potential virulence traits. We also discovered differential microbial profiles and intra-group variability among active disease and remission, suggesting instability of microbial ecosystem in autoimmune diseases with respect to healthy status. Similarly to other chronic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, different microbial profiles, as observed among different JIA subgroups compared to HS, and potential functional acquisition related to migration, could promote inflammation and contribute to the disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Di Paola
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | | | - Davide Albanese
- Fondazione E. Mach, Research and Innovation Center Trento, Italy
| | - Maddalena Sordo
- Fondazione E. Mach, Research and Innovation Center Trento, Italy
| | - Massimo Pindo
- Fondazione E. Mach, Research and Innovation Center Trento, Italy
| | - Claudio Donati
- Fondazione E. Mach, Research and Innovation Center Trento, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pagnini
- Rheumatology Unit, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - Teresa Giani
- Rheumatology Unit, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriele Simonini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy; Rheumatology Unit, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
| | - Alessia Paladini
- Rheumatology Unit, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Lionetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | | | - Rolando Cimaz
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy; Rheumatology Unit, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
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31
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Müller-Ladner U. [The microbiome in rheumatic diseases : Driving force or confusing factor?]. Z Rheumatol 2016; 75:854-858. [PMID: 27531193 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-016-0175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U Müller-Ladner
- Abt. Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Kerckhoff Klinik Bad Nauheim, Justus-Liebig Universität Gießen, Benekestr. 2-8, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Deutschland.
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Gut microbiota in autoimmunity: potential for clinical applications. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1565-1576. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0796-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Vehreschild MJGT, Cornely OA. Fecal Microbiota Transfer 2.0. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:169-70. [PMID: 26908719 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J G T Vehreschild
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine Center for Integrated Oncology Köln/Bonn, University Hospital of Cologne Bonn-Cologne Partner Site, German Center for Infection Research
| | - Oliver A Cornely
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine Center for Integrated Oncology Köln/Bonn, University Hospital of Cologne Bonn-Cologne Partner Site, German Center for Infection Research Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases Clinical Trials Center Cologne, ZKS Köln, University of Cologne, Germany
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