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Visontay R, Mewton L, Sunderland M, Chapman C, Slade T. Is low-level alcohol consumption really health-protective? A critical review of approaches to promote causal inference and recent applications. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:771-780. [PMID: 38643426 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Heavy and disordered alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for several health conditions and is associated with considerable disease burden. However, at low-to-moderate levels, evidence suggests that drinking is associated with reduced risk for certain health outcomes. Whether these findings represent genuine protective effects or mere methodological artifacts remains unclear, but has substantial consequences for policy and practice. This critical review introduces methodological advances capable of enhancing causal inference from observational research, focusing on the 'G-methods' and Mendelian Randomization. We also present and evaluate recent research applying these methods and compare findings to the existing evidence base. Future directions are proposed for improving our causal understanding of the relationships between alcohol and long-term health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Visontay
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise Mewton
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew Sunderland
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cath Chapman
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tim Slade
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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McCambridge J, Golder S. Alcohol, cardiovascular disease and industry funding: A co-authorship network analysis of epidemiological studies. Addict Behav 2024; 151:107932. [PMID: 38103279 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol's effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) are controversial. Alcohol industry actors have shown particular interest in this subject, and been extensively involved through research funding, and in other ways, generating concerns about bias, particularly in reviews. MATERIAL & METHODS We conducted a co-authorship network analysis of the primary studies included within a previous co-authorship study of 60 systematic reviews on the impact of alcohol on CVD. Additionally, we examined the relationships between declared alcohol industry funding and network structure. RESULTS There were 713 unique primary studies with 2832 authors published between 1969 and 2019 located within 229 co-authorship subnetworks. There was industry funding across subnetworks and approximately 8% of all papers declared industry funding. The largest subnetwork dominated, comprising 43% of all authors, with sparse evidence of substantial industry funding. The second largest subnetwork contained approximately 4% of all authors, with largely different industry funders involved. Harvard affiliated authors who at the review level formed co-authorship subnetworks with industry funded authors were seen at the primary study level to belong to the largest epidemiological subnetwork. A small number of key authors make extensive alcohol industry funding declarations. CONCLUSIONS There was no straightforward relationship between co-authorship network formation and alcohol industry funding of epidemiological studies on alcohol and CVD. More fine-grained attention to patterns of alcohol industry funding and to key nodes may shed further light on how far industry funding may be responsible for conflicting findings on alcohol and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim McCambridge
- Department of Health Sciences, Seebohm Rowntree Building, University of York, Heslington York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
| | - Su Golder
- Department of Health Sciences, Seebohm Rowntree Building, University of York, Heslington York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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Guo J, Li K, Lin Y, Liu Y. Protective effects and molecular mechanisms of tea polyphenols on cardiovascular diseases. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1202378. [PMID: 37448666 PMCID: PMC10336229 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1202378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is the most important factor contributing to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and the incidence and severity of cardiovascular events tend to increase with age. Currently, CVD is the leading cause of death in the global population. In-depth analysis of the mechanisms and interventions of cardiovascular aging and related diseases is an important basis for achieving healthy aging. Tea polyphenols (TPs) are the general term for the polyhydroxy compounds contained in tea leaves, whose main components are catechins, flavonoids, flavonols, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, condensed phenolic acids and polymeric phenols. Among them, catechins are the main components of TPs. In this article, we provide a detailed review of the classification and composition of teas, as well as an overview of the causes of aging-related CVDs. Then, we focus on ten aspects of the effects of TPs, including anti-hypertension, lipid-lowering effects, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-proliferation, anti-angiogenesis, anti-atherosclerosis, recovery of endothelial function, anti-thrombosis, myocardial protective effect, to improve CVDs and the detailed molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Li
- General Surgery Department, The First People’s Hospital of Tai’an City, Tai’an, China
| | - Yajun Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghua Liu
- Department of Nutrition, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Qiu W, Cai A, Li L, Feng Y. Longitudinal Trajectories of Alcohol Consumption with All-Cause Mortality, Hypertension, and Blood Pressure Change: Results from CHNS Cohort, 1993-2015. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235073. [PMID: 36501103 PMCID: PMC9739068 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated a J-shaped association of alcohol consumption with all-cause mortality and hypertension, but the majority of these studies focus on a single measurement of alcohol intake and were conducted in a Western population. Whether long-term trajectories of alcohol consumption are associated with all-cause mortality, hypertension, and a change in blood pressure remains to be elucidated. METHODS In the large, population-based China Health and Nutrition Survey cohort from between 1993 and 2015, group-based trajectory modeling was conducted to identify distinct alcohol-consumption trajectory classes. We investigated their association with all-cause mortality and hypertension using Cox regression and binary logistics regression models. A restricted cubic spline was performed to determine the nonlinear relationships of mean alcohol intake with mortality and hypertension. Multivariate-adjusted generalized linear mixed-effects models were conducted to assess the change in blood pressure among alcohol-consumption trajectory classes. RESULTS Among the 5298 participants, 48.4% were women and the mean age was 62.6 years. After 22 years of follow-up, 568 (10.7%) of the participants died and 1284 (24.2%) developed hypertension. Long-term light and moderate drinkers had a lower risk of death than the non-drinkers, and a restricted cubic spline showed a J-shaped relationship between mean alcohol intake and mortality. Although blood pressure increased slower in light and moderate drinkers, a reduced risk of hypertension was only observed in the former. The long-term heavy drinkers had the highest blood pressure and death rate. CONCLUSIONS Light alcohol intake might be protective even in the long run, while heavy drinking reversed the beneficial effect. The causality of such a connection needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weida Qiu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Cardiology, Hypertension Research Laboratory, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510100, China
| | - Anping Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Hypertension Research Laboratory, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510100, China
| | - Liwen Li
- Department of Cardiology, Hypertension Research Laboratory, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510100, China
| | - Yingqing Feng
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Cardiology, Hypertension Research Laboratory, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510100, China
- Correspondence:
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Rim SJ, Jo M, Lee JH, Park S. Analyzing Untreated Alcohol Use Disorder and Factors Related to Help-Seeking Status. Psychiatry Investig 2021; 18:936-942. [PMID: 34619821 PMCID: PMC8542744 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2021.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a global burden but is also one of the most undertreated mental disorders. This study estimates the treatment rate (i.e., help-seeking status) of high-risk drinkers and factors associated with not receiving treatment in Korea using nationally representative National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) data. METHODS Among 1,025,340 participants, we eliminated those under 20 and those who did not respond to the question regarding alcohol consumption. High-risk drinkers were classified based on their frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption (4 or more drinks for women, 5 or more drinks for men per day on average). In total, 32,225 high-risk drinkers were checked for an actual AUD diagnosis to see their treatment-seeking status. RESULTS Among 32,225 high-risk drinkers, only 1.24% had an AUD diagnosis, showing that over 98% of those who could be diagnosed with AUD are not seeking treatment. Factors associated with not seeking treatment were female sex, BMI higher or equal to 18.6, former smoker, middle-aged, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). CONCLUSION Our data show that many high-risk drinkers do not seek treatment in Korea. Experts, policymakers, and clinicians should promote help-seeking behavior for AUD and pay close attention to those at risk of not receiving treatment for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jung Rim
- Department of Research Planning, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - MinKyung Jo
- Department of Research Planning, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun H Lee
- National Center for Disaster and Trauma, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Park
- Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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OPPENHEIMER GERALDM, BAYER RONALD. Is Moderate Drinking Protective Against Heart Disease? The Science, Politics and History of a Public Health Conundrum. Milbank Q 2020; 98:39-56. [PMID: 31803980 PMCID: PMC7077768 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Policy Points For more than 40 years, most research by epidemiologists, social scientists, and alcohol policy experts found that moderate alcohol consumption was cardioprotective. In the early 2000s, that consensus was shaken by new critics who subjected the previous research to vigorous methodological and empirical analysis, precipitating a bitter controversy, seemingly unresolvable despite numerous observational epidemiological studies. The effort to finally put that debate to rest through a large, multiyear randomized controlled trial under the aegis of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, generated external criticism and adverse newspaper coverage, particularly because the trial was largely funded by the alcohol industry, forcing National Institutes of Health leadership to abruptly terminate the study shortly after it started. In the absence of definitive evidence and given the contentious debate over the risks and benefits of moderate alcohol consumption, those who formulate health policy have a responsibility to clearly acknowledge to the public the existence of evidentiary uncertainty when making recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- GERALD M. OPPENHEIMER
- Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia University
- CUNY School of Public Health and ManagementCity University of New York
| | - RONALD BAYER
- Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia University
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Bell S. Alcohol Consumption, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Health Across the Life Course: There Is No Such Thing as a One-Size-Fits-All Approach. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.118.009698. [PMID: 29950487 PMCID: PMC6064877 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Bell
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge University of Cambridge Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom .,UK Medical Research Council/British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Towers A, Philipp M, Dulin P, Allen J. The "Health Benefits" of Moderate Drinking in Older Adults may be Better Explained by Socioeconomic Status. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2018; 73:649-654. [PMID: 27927745 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbw152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess whether a relationship between alcohol use and health exists for older adults before and after controlling for proxy and full indicators of socioeconomic status (SES). Method Secondary analysis of data from 2,908 participants in the New Zealand Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2012) completing measures of alcohol use, health, SES proxies (income, education) and SES. Sample mean age was 65, 52% were female, more than 80% were drinkers, and more than 75% had educational qualifications. Results Moderate drinkers had better health and SES than heavier or nondrinkers. The positive influence of moderate alcohol consumption on health was observed for men and women when controlling for SES proxies, but was substantially reduced in women and completely disappeared for men when controlling for full SES. Discussion SES plays a key role in presumed "heath benefits" of moderate alcohol consumption for older adults. It accounts for any alcohol-health relationship in a sample of men of whom 45% consume at least one drink daily, and substantially attenuates the association between alcohol and health in a sample of women who are not frequent drinkers. Prior research may have missed the influence of SES on this alcohol-health relationship due to the use of incomplete SES measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Towers
- School of Public Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Michael Philipp
- School of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Dulin
- Department of Psychology, University of Alaska, Anchorage
| | - Joanne Allen
- School of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Naimi TS, Stockwell T, Zhao J, Xuan Z, Dangardt F, Saitz R, Liang W, Chikritzhs T. Selection biases in observational studies affect associations between 'moderate' alcohol consumption and mortality. Addiction 2017; 112:207-214. [PMID: 27316346 DOI: 10.1111/add.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Selection biases may lead to systematic overestimate of protective effects from 'moderate' alcohol consumption. Overall, most sources of selection bias favor low-volume drinkers in relation to non-drinkers. Studies that attempt to address these types of bias generally find attenuated or non-significant relationships between low-volume alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease, which is the major source of possible protective effects on mortality from low-volume consumption. Furthermore, observed mortality effects among established low-volume consumers are of limited relevance to health-related decisions about whether to initiate consumption or to continue drinking purposefully into old age. Short of randomized trials with mortality end-points, there are a number of approaches that can minimize selection bias involving low-volume alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Naimi
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy Stockwell
- Centre for Addiction Research of BC, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jinhui Zhao
- Centre for Addiction Research of BC, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ziming Xuan
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Rich Saitz
- Centre for Addiction Research of BC, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wenbin Liang
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Tanya Chikritzhs
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Manning K, Senekal M, Harbron J. Non-communicable disease risk factors and treatment preference of obese patients in Cape Town. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 2016; 8:e1-e12. [PMID: 27380784 PMCID: PMC4926721 DOI: 10.4102/phcfm.v8i1.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insights into the characteristics of treatment seekers for lifestyle changes and treatment preferences are necessary for intervention planning. AIM To compile a profile of treatment-seeking obese patients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) or NCD risk factors and to compare patients who choose group-based (facility-based therapeutic group [FBTG]) versus usual care (individual consultations) treatment. SETTING A primary healthcare facility in Cape Town, South Africa. METHODS One hundred and ninety-three patients were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Ninety six chose FBTG while 97 chose usual care. A questionnaire, the hospital database and patients' folders were used to collect data. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured. STATA 11.0 was used for descriptive statistics and to compare the two groups. RESULTS The subjects' mean age was 50.4 years, 78% were women and of low education levels and income, and 41.5% had type 2 diabetes, 83.4% hypertension and 69.5% high cholesterol. Mean (s.d.) HbA1c was 9.1 (2.0)%, systolic BP 145.6 (21.0) mmHg, diastolic BP 84.5 (12.0) mmHg, cholesterol 5.4 (1.2) mmol/L), body mass indicator (BMI) 39.3 (7.3) kg/m2 and waist circumference 117 (12.6) cm). These figures were undesirable although pharmacological treatment for diabetes and hypertension was in place. Only 14% were physically active, while TV viewing was > 2h/day. Mean daily intake of fruit and vegetables (2.2 portions/day) was low while added sugar (5 teaspoons) and sugar-sweetened beverages (1.3 glasses) were high. Usual care patients had a higher smoking prevalence, HbA1c, number of NCD risk factors and refined carbohydrate intake, and a lower fruit and vegetable intake. CONCLUSION Treatment seekers were typically middle-aged, low income women with various modifiable and intermediate risk factors for NCDs. Patients choosing usual care could have more NCD risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janetta Harbron
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town.
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Greenfield TK. The Importance of Methodological Meta-Analyses and a Call to Assess Current and Former Drinking Patterns: A Commentary on Stockwell et al. (2016). J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2016; 77:199-200;discussion 205-7. [PMID: 26997175 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2016.77.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Greenfield
- Scientific Director, Alcohol Research Group Public Health Institute 6475 Christie Avenue, Suite 400 Emeryville, CA 94608
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Boban M, Stockley C, Teissedre PL, Restani P, Fradera U, Stein-Hammer C, Ruf JC. Drinking pattern of wine and effects on human health: why should we drink moderately and with meals? Food Funct 2016; 7:2937-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00218h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies examining the effects of alcoholic beverages on human health may be unclear if they do not take into account drinking pattern parameters such as beverage type, regular moderateversusbinge drinking and drinking with meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Boban
- Department of Pharmacology
- University of Split School of Medicine
- 21 000 Split
- Croatia
| | - Creina Stockley
- The Australian Wine Research Institute
- Glen Osmond 5061
- Australia
| | | | - Patrizia Restani
- Dept. Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | | | | | - Jean-Claude Ruf
- International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV)
- Paris
- France
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Saitz
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. .,Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, 4th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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Naimi TS, Babor T, Chikritzhs T, Stockwell TR, McCambridge J, Miller P, Xuan Z, Bradley K, Blanchette JG, Kypri K, Saitz R. Let's Not "Relax" Evidence Standards when Recommending Risky Preventive Therapeutic Agents. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1275-6. [PMID: 25912415 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Naimi
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas Babor
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Tanya Chikritzhs
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy R Stockwell
- Centre for Addiction Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jim McCambridge
- Department of Addictive Behaviors and Public Health, University of York, York, UK
| | - Peter Miller
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ziming Xuan
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Australia
| | | | - Jason G Blanchette
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kypros Kypri
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Adamstown Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Saitz
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Australia
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Greenfield TK, Kerr WC. Physicians' prescription for lifetime abstainers aged 40 to 50 to take a drink a day is not yet justified. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:2893-5. [PMID: 25581646 PMCID: PMC4293086 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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