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Kiive E, Kurrikoff T, Veidebaum T, Harro J. To Each His Own Fear: Gender-Related Association of Anxiety, Substance Use, and Eating Disorders in a Representative Birth Cohort Sample of Young Adults with Either COMT Val158Met allele. Neuropsychobiology 2024; 83:41-48. [PMID: 38228118 PMCID: PMC10871680 DOI: 10.1159/000535912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in catecholamine neurotransmitter metabolism has led to the investigation of variants of the corresponding gene in the etiology of different psychiatric disorders, but the results are inconclusive. METHODS We have examined the relationship between COMT Val158Met single nucleotide polymorphism (rs4680) and the occurrence of psychiatric disorders in a highly representative birth cohort sample of young adults in the Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study (original n = 1,238). The lifetime occurrence of psychiatric disorders at the age of 25 years was assessed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. RESULTS Both Val- and Met-alleles of the COMT Val158Met were associated with specific psychiatric disorders. Met-allele carriers had a significantly higher occurrence of agoraphobia (3.2% vs. 0.5%; χ2 = 4.10; p < 0.05) compared to Val/Val homozygotes. Also, the occurrence of panic disorder was significantly higher in female Met-allele carriers than in Val/Val homozygote females (10.2% vs. 3.6%; χ2 = 4.62 p = 0.03). In contrast, the occurrence of generalized anxiety disorder was higher in Val/Val females when compared to Met-allele carriers (12.7% vs. 6.8%; χ2 = 4.16; p = 0.04). Also, female Val/Val homozygotes (15.5%) had a higher occurrence of eating disorders than Met-allele carriers (6.1%) of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism (χ2 = 10.39; p = 0.002). In the whole sample, Met-allele homozygotes had a higher occurrence of alcohol use and substance use disorders than Val-allele carriers (χ2 = 3.62 and 3.68, respectively; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In a regional highly birth cohort representative sample, either COMT rs4680 variant was observed in association with specific psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Kiive
- Division of Special Education, Department of Education, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Triin Kurrikoff
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Veidebaum
- Department of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Bøhle K, Otterholt E, Bjørkly SK. A Prospective Biopsychosocial Repeated Measures Study of Stress and Dropout from Substance Addiction Treatment. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2023; 14:61-75. [PMID: 37465017 PMCID: PMC10351681 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s376389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This prospective, repeated-measures observational study tested biopsychosocial variables as risk factors for dropping out of inpatient substance addiction treatment. Substance use disorder (SUD) is viewed as a chronic relapsing disease caused by an interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors. However, there is a lack of prospective studies that combine biopsychosocial variables when assessing dropout. The aims of this study were to investigate whether there was 1) An association between biopsychosocial factors and dropping out of inpatient substance addiction treatment, 2) An interaction with SUD diagnosis and cortisol, and 3) Different dropout rates between short-term and long-term institutions. Materials and Methods Patients (n = 173) were recruited from two inpatient treatment centers in Norway between 2018 and 2021. The following biopsychosocial variables were measured at four timepoints: ward atmosphere (Ward Atmosphere Scale, WAS), psychological distress (Hopkins Symptom Checklist 10, HSCL-10), motivation (M-scale of the Circumstances, Motivation, Readiness, and Suitability questionnaire), and concentration of salivary cortisol (CORT- nmol/L). Cortisol levels were measured for two consecutive days at each timepoint and calculated by two cortisol indices, daytime cortisol slope (DCS) and area under the curve with respect to the ground (AUCG). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to find an association between dropout rates and the biopsychosocial variables. Results The results suggest a lower dropout odds for patients with high motivation (OR = 0.76, p = 0.022) and patients admitted to short-term treatment (OR = 0.06, p = 0.005). An interaction with stimulant SUD and DCS (OR = 13.74, p = 0.024) also revealed higher dropout odds. No statistical significance was found for psychological distress, WAS, and cortisol AUCG. Conclusion The results support monitoring motivation during treatment and further investigating biopsychosocial variables when assessing dropout risk together with SUD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Bøhle
- Faculty of Health and Social Science, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
- Clinic of Mental Health and Addiction, Møre and Romsdal Hospital Trust, Molde, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eli Otterholt
- Faculty of Health and Social Science, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
- Clinic of Mental Health and Addiction, Møre and Romsdal Hospital Trust, Molde, Norway
| | - Stål Kapstø Bjørkly
- Faculty of Health and Social Science, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
- Regional Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Oshchepkov DY, Makovka YV, Ponomarenko MP, Redina OE, Markel AL. Age-Dependent Changes in the Relationships between Traits Associated with the Pathogenesis of Stress-Sensitive Hypertension in ISIAH Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10984. [PMID: 37446162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most significant risk factors for many cardiovascular diseases. At different stages of hypertension development, various pathophysiological processes can play a key role in the manifestation of the hypertensive phenotype and of comorbid conditions. Accordingly, it is thought that when diagnosing and choosing a strategy for treating hypertension, it is necessary to take into account age, the stage of disorder development, comorbidities, and effects of emotional-psychosocial factors. Nonetheless, such an approach to choosing a treatment strategy is hampered by incomplete knowledge about details of age-related associations between the numerous features that may contribute to the manifestation of the hypertensive phenotype. Here, we used two groups of male F2(ISIAHxWAG) hybrids of different ages, obtained by crossing hypertensive ISIAH rats (simulating stress-sensitive arterial hypertension) and normotensive WAG rats. By principal component analysis, the relationships among 21 morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits were examined. It was shown that the development of stress-sensitive hypertension in ISIAH rats is accompanied not only by an age-dependent (FDR < 5%) persistent increase in basal blood pressure but also by a decrease in the response to stress and by an increase in anxiety. The plasma corticosterone concentration at rest and its increase during short-term restraint stress in a group of young rats did not have a straightforward relationship with the other analyzed traits. Nonetheless, in older animals, such associations were found. Thus, the study revealed age-dependent relationships between the key features that determine hypertension manifestation in ISIAH rats. Our results may be useful for designing therapeutic strategies against stress-sensitive hypertension, taking into account the patients' age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Yu Oshchepkov
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Yulia V Makovka
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Mikhail P Ponomarenko
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Olga E Redina
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Arcady L Markel
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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Sami A, Elimairi I, Anthony Ryan C, Paul Ross R, Stanton C. Sudanese Toombak smokeless tobacco users harbour significantly altered long-term cortisol body production. Steroids 2023; 193:109189. [PMID: 36738817 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Sudanese, in particular its male population, are known to utilise a smokeless tobacco product (Toombak) which is placed in the oral cavity and can be replaced several times a day. Toombak has been shown to harm human health and is highly addictive. The effect on body cortisol response over a retrospective period in users of this product has not been previously explored. In addition, psycho-dependency scores of Toombak users have not been analysed. In this study, 37 male subjects, age 18-45 years were recruited, of which 18 were non-users of Toombak and 19 were Toombak users. One hair sample was collected from each user and non-user of Toombak. Each hair sample (n=37) was placed in a pre-prepared long piece of foil with two labels on either side marked: 'scalp-side' and 'distant-side'. Cortisol was extracted by mincing 10 mg of 'scalp-side' hair, not exceeding 3 cm, with methanol addition, incubation, and sonication. Cortisol was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Enzo Life Sciences, UK). The amount of hair cortisol in the samples was determined using spectrophotometry at wavelength 405 nm measured in pg/ml and visualised with a four parametric logistic curve. Toombak users were further asked to complete the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco questionnaire (FTND-ST) comprising of six questions. Scores of > 5 indicated a significant dependence, while a score of < 4 marked low to moderate dependence. The mean concentration of hair cortisol in Toombak users (9.7 pg/ml) was significantly lower (p=0.023) compared to non-users (19.4 pg/ml), with total concentrations ranging from 2.1 to 55.6 pg/ml. FTND-ST scores ranged from 4 to 9, with high levels of psycho-dependency (score > 5) and nicotine tolerance found in 85 % of Toombak users. Cortisol body release in Sudanese smokeless tobacco users was found to be significantly altered. While low cortisol levels do lead to anxiolytic effects, in the long-term, this can allow for increased susceptibility to low cortisol-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Sami
- APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Europe; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, National Ribat University, Nile Street, Khartoum 1111, Sudan
| | - Imad Elimairi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, National Ribat University, Nile Street, Khartoum 1111, Sudan.
| | - C Anthony Ryan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork T12 DFK4, Europe
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Europe
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Europe; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
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Lü W, Ji H, Li Y. Early life adversity and cardiovascular responses to repeated stress among adolescents: Moderating role of COMT gene rs4680 polymorphism. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 150:106029. [PMID: 36702041 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life adversity (ELA) increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases through dysregulation of cardiovascular stress responses manifested by either exaggerated or blunted reactivity. The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene rs4680 polymorphism has been identified in gene-environment interaction (G×E) studies to explain individual differences in the effects of ELA on physiological stress responses. However, little is known about whether ELA interacts with COMT gene rs4680 polymorphism to affect cardiovascular responses to repeated stress exposures. OBJECTIVE The current study examined the associations between ELA and cardiovascular responses to repeated stress exposures, and the moderating role of COMT rs4680 polymorphism in these associations. METHODS The childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) was administered to 359 junior school students who underwent a two-successive stress exposures protocol with continuous cardiovascular monitoring [heart rate (HR) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP)] across four laboratory phases, and their saliva samples for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) genotyping were collected. RESULTS ELA was associated with blunted HR reactivity to the first and second stress exposures, blunted SBP reactivity to the first stress exposure, and attenuated SBP habituation to repeated stress exposures. Moreover, COMT rs4680 moderated these associations, such that the associations between ELA and blunted HR, SBP, and DBP reactivity to the first stress and disrupted DBP habituation to repeated stress exposures only existed in GA/AA genotype carriers but not in GG genotype carriers. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the A allele of COMT rs4680 is vulnerable to the negative effects of ELA on the developmental dysregulation of stress physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lü
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shaanxi Key Research Center for Children Mental and Behavior Health, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, China.
| | - Huayu Ji
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shaanxi Key Research Center for Children Mental and Behavior Health, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, China
| | - Yushan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shaanxi Key Research Center for Children Mental and Behavior Health, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, China
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Kanarik M, Grimm O, Mota NR, Reif A, Harro J. ADHD co-morbidities: A review of implication of gene × environment effects with dopamine-related genes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104757. [PMID: 35777579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ADHD is a major burden in adulthood, where co-morbid conditions such as depression, substance use disorder and obesity often dominate the clinical picture. ADHD has substantial shared heritability with other mental disorders, contributing to comorbidity. However, environmental risk factors exist but their interaction with genetic makeup, especially in relation to comorbid disorders, remains elusive. This review for the first time summarizes present knowledge on gene x environment (GxE) interactions regarding the dopamine system. Hitherto, mainly candidate (GxE) studies were performed, focusing on the genes DRD4, DAT1 and MAOA. Some evidence suggest that the variable number tandem repeats in DRD4 and MAOA may mediate GxE interactions in ADHD generally, and comorbid conditions specifically. Nevertheless, even for these genes, common variants are bound to suggest risk only in the context of gender and specific environments. For other polymorphisms, evidence is contradictory and less convincing. Particularly lacking are longitudinal studies testing the interaction of well-defined environmental with polygenic risk scores reflecting the dopamine system in its entirety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margus Kanarik
- Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A Chemicum, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina Roth Mota
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A Chemicum, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Psychiatry Clinic, North Estonia Medical Centre, Paldiski Road 52, 10614 Tallinn, Estonia.
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Wiss DA, Brewerton TD, Tomiyama AJ. Limitations of the protective measure theory in explaining the role of childhood sexual abuse in eating disorders, addictions, and obesity: an updated model with emphasis on biological embedding. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:1249-1267. [PMID: 34476763 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its immediate negative consequences, childhood sexual abuse is associated with lifelong deleterious mental and physical health outcomes. This review employs a biopsychosocial perspective to better understand pathways from childhood sexual abuse to eating disorders, food and drug addictions, and obesity across the life course. Guided by an updated conceptual model, this review delineates how the biological embedding of childhood sexual abuse triggers a cascade of interrelated conditions that often result in failed attempts at weight suppression and eventually obesity. Such biological embedding involves pathways such as inflammation, allostatic load, reward sensitivity, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, epigenetics, and structural and functional changes in the brain. These pathways are in turn theorized to lead to food addiction, substance use disorder, and eating disorders-each with potential pathways toward obesity over time. Predisposing factors to childhood sexual abuse including gender, culture, and age are discussed. This model calls into question the longstanding "protective measure" theory that purports individuals exposed to sexual abuse will deliberately or subconsciously gain weight in attempt to prevent future victimization. A more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which childhood sexual abuse becomes biologically embedded may help clinicians and survivors normalize and/or address disordered eating and weight-related outcomes, as well as identify intervention strategies.Level of evidence: Level V: opinions of respected authorities, based on descriptive studies, narrative reviews, clinical experience, or reports of expert committees.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wiss
- Community Health Sciences Department, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Timothy D Brewerton
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - A Janet Tomiyama
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Mulligan CJ, Clukay CJ, Matarazzo A, Hadfield K, Nevell L, Dajani R, Panter-Brick C. Novel GxE effects and resilience: A case:control longitudinal study of psychosocial stress with war-affected youth. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266509. [PMID: 35377919 PMCID: PMC8979449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Responses to early life adversity differ greatly across individuals. Elucidating which factors underlie this variation can help us better understand how to improve health trajectories. Here we used a case:control study of refugee and non-refugee youth, differentially exposed to war-related trauma, to investigate the effects of genetics and psychosocial environment on response to trauma. We investigated genetic variants in two genes (serotonin transporter, 5-HTT, and catechol-O-methyltransferase, COMT) that have been implicated in response to trauma. We collected buccal samples and survey data from 417 Syrian refugee and 306 Jordanian non-refugee youth who were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial to evaluate a mental health-focused intervention. Measures of lifetime trauma exposure, resilience, and six mental health and psychosocial stress outcomes were collected at three time points: baseline, ~13 weeks, and ~48 weeks. We used multilevel models to identify gene x environment (GxE) interactions and direct effects of the genetic variants in association with the six outcome measures over time. We did not identify any interactions with trauma exposure, but we did identify GxE interactions with both genes and resilience; 1) individuals with high expression (HE) variants of 5-HTTLPR and high levels of resilience had the lowest levels of perceived stress and 2) individuals homozygous for the Val variant of COMT with high levels of resilience showed stable levels of post-traumatic stress symptoms. We also identified a direct protective effect of 5-HTTLPR HE homozygotes on perceived insecurity. Our results point to novel interactions between the protective effects of genetic variants and resilience, lending support to ideas of differential susceptibility and altered stress reactivity in a cohort of war-affected adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie J. Mulligan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christopher J. Clukay
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Anthony Matarazzo
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kristin Hadfield
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Global Health, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lisa Nevell
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rana Dajani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Catherine Panter-Brick
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Jackson Institute of Global Affairs, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Bøhle K, Otterholt E, Bjørkly S. Is There an Association Between Salivary Cortisol and Dropping Out of Inpatient Substance Addiction Treatments? A Prospective Repeated Measures Study. Subst Abuse 2022; 16:11782218221106797. [PMID: 35800884 PMCID: PMC9253992 DOI: 10.1177/11782218221106797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have found an association between salivary cortisol levels and
dropping out of inpatient substance addiction treatment programs. The results
are mixed due to variations in the study design and the lack of standardized
routines for cortisol assessment. The aim of this study was to investigate
whether there was (1) an association between salivary cortisol levels and
dropping out from inpatient substance addiction treatments; (2) higher
predictive validity for dropout in one of the cortisol indexes: Area Under the
Curve with respect to ground (AUCG) or Daily Cortisol Slope (DCS);
(3) an interaction effect with time for each cortisol index; and (4) different
dropout rates for sex and patients in short-term versus long-term treatment
programs. This was a prospective, repeated-measures observational study.
Patients (n = 173) were recruited from 2 inpatient facilities in the central
region of Norway between 2018 and 2021. Salivary cortisol was measured 4 times
during the treatment period, with 8 samples collected over 2 consecutive days at
each time point. Cortisol levels were calculated using the cortisol indices
AUCG and DCS. Dropout was used as the outcome measure at each
time point. Associations were calculated using a logistic linear regression. The
results suggest a main effect of AUCG, whereby higher levels reduce
dropout risk (OR = 0.92, P = .047). An interaction with time in
treatment also revealed a higher dropout risk (OR = 1.09,
P = .044) during week 4 of the treatment, depending on the
AUCG. These results support using AUCG as the
recommended index when assessing cortisol, and that the relationship between
cortisol levels and length of treatment should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Bøhle
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Clinic of Mental Health and Addiction, Møre and Romsdal Hospital Trust, Molde, Norway
| | - Eli Otterholt
- Clinic of Mental Health and Addiction, Møre and Romsdal Hospital Trust, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
| | - Stål Bjørkly
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Molde, Norway
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Acheson A, Vincent AS, Cohoon AJ, Lovallo WR. Early life adversity and increased antisocial and depressive tendencies in young adults with family histories of alcohol and other substance use disorders: Findings from the Family Health Patterns project. Addict Behav Rep 2021; 15:100401. [PMID: 35434243 PMCID: PMC9006666 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Family histories of alcohol/drug use disorders are linked to risk-related traits. Early life adversity was linked to additive increases in antisocial tendencies. Similar results were seen for depressive tendencies. Early life adversity may strongly contribute to family history associated risk.
Background Individuals with a family history of alcohol and other substance use disorders (FH+) are several times more likely to develop alcohol problems compared to individuals with no such family histories (FH–). Here we sought to evaluate associations of early life adversity (ELA) with two key risk-related FH+ phenotypic characteristics: increased antisocial and depressive tendencies. Methods We examined data from 1187 FH+ and FH– young adults (average age 23.6 years old) with and without personal histories of substance use disorders. Antisocial tendencies were evaluated with the Socialization scale of the California Personality Inventory (CPI-So), while depressive tendencies were evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI). Results In general, being FH+, having a personal substance use disorder history, and experiencing greater levels of ELA were associated with lower CPI-So scores (indicating more antisocial tendencies) and higher BDI scores (indicating more depressive tendencies). Conclusions These results suggest that ELA is linked to increased antisocial and depressive tendencies observed in FH+ persons. Given that FH+ individuals are disproportionately exposed to ELA, this increased exposure may be a major contributor to these and other risk-related characteristics commonly present in FH+ individuals. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the impact of ELA on risk-related phenotypic characteristics, including prospective studies in early childhood and mechanistic studies evaluating pathways by which ELA exerts its effects on FH phenotypic characteristics.
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Srivastava K, Ochuba O, Sandhu JK, Alkayyali T, Ruo SW, Waqar A, Jain A, Joseph C, Poudel S. Effect of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Genotype Polymorphism on Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Progressing Towards Personalized Medicine. Cureus 2021; 13:e18311. [PMID: 34725583 PMCID: PMC8553290 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Different polymorphisms of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene affect the COMT enzyme activity. The COMT enzyme plays a major role in the pathophysiology of various neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review article aims to discuss what recent research has discovered about the association of COMT genotype polymorphism with neurological and psychiatric disorders and the scope for the knowledge to be applied for advancement in therapeutics. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar databases and found 1656 articles. We included observational studies, clinical trials, and meta-analyses in the English language published between 2019 and 2021. We screened the articles based on the title and the abstract and found 26 relevant articles. Diseases or conditions studied primarily were schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, substance use, and depression. This article highlights how genetics influences the susceptibility of an individual to neurological and psychiatric diseases and the variations in the specific symptoms of those diseases. The review showed that the variability in individual response to therapeutic interventions stems from the gene level. This knowledge can contribute towards the dawn of a new era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosha Srivastava
- Neurology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Olive Ochuba
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Jasmine K Sandhu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Tasnim Alkayyali
- Pathology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sheila W Ruo
- General Surgery Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ahsan Waqar
- Family Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ashish Jain
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Christine Joseph
- Urology and Obstetrics & Gynecology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sujan Poudel
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.,Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, USA
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12
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Whittaker AC, Ginty A, Hughes BM, Steptoe A, Lovallo WR. Cardiovascular Stress Reactivity and Health: Recent Questions and Future Directions. Psychosom Med 2021; 83:756-766. [PMID: 34297004 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High cardiovascular reactions to psychological stress are associated with the development of hypertension, systemic atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. However, it has become apparent that low biological stress reactivity also may have serious consequences for health, although less is known about the mechanisms of this. The objectives of this narrative review and opinion article are to summarize and consider where we are now in terms of the usefulness of the reactivity hypothesis and reactivity research, given that both ends of the reactivity spectrum seem to be associated with poor health, and to address some of the key criticisms and future challenges for the research area. METHODS This review is authored by the members of a panel discussion held at the American Psychosomatic Society meeting in 2019, which included questions such as the following: How do we measure high and low reactivity? Can high reactivity ever indicate better health? Does low or blunted reactivity simply reflect less effort on task challenges? Where does low reactivity originate from, and what is a low reactor? RESULTS Cardiovascular (and cortisol) stress reactivity are used as a model to demonstrate an increased understanding of the different individual pathways from stress responses to health/disease and show the challenges of how to understand and best use the reconstruction of the long-standing reactivity hypothesis given recent data. CONCLUSIONS This discussion elucidates the gaps in knowledge and key research issues that still remain to be addressed in this field, and that systematic reviews and meta-analyses continue to be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Whittaker
- From the Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport (Whittaker), University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience (Ginty), Baylor University, Waco, Texas; School of Psychology (Hughes), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Institute of Epidemiology & Health (Steptoe), University College London, London, United Kingdom; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Lovallo), Norman, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and VA Medical Center, Oklahoma
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13
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al'Absi M, DeAngelis B, Nakajima M, Hatsukami D, Allen S. Early life adversity and appetite hormones: The effects of smoking status, nicotine withdrawal, and relapse on ghrelin and peptide YY during smoking cessation. Addict Behav 2021; 118:106866. [PMID: 33640833 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence suggesting that ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) modulate stress responses and the rewarding effects of drugs, although no research has examined the impact of exposure to early life stress on these hormones in smokers nor during smoking cessation. This study examined the relationships between early life adversity (ELA) and circulating ghrelin and PYY during ad libitum smoking and early withdrawal in tobacco smokers (N = 98) who were interested in cessation. We also included a comparison group of nonsmokers (N = 36). We prospectively compared levels of hormones between smokers who were successful in quitting within a 2-week period, smokers who relapsed during that period, and nonsmokers. Results showed that ELA was positively associated with elevated ghrelin in nonsmokers. Among those reporting no ELA, successful quitters had higher ghrelin levels than nonsmokers during ad libitum smoking, while relapsers had higher ghrelin levels than nonsmokers during withdrawal. In addition, having no ELA was associated with a decline in ghrelin from the ad libitum to abstinence sessions in successful quitters; this withdrawal-related decline was not found in relapsers. Although effects of ELA, smoking group, and time on PYY were not significant, greater PYY was associated with reduced urges to smoke during withdrawal. These findings suggest the importance of considering changes in appetite-related hormones in individuals who are dependent on tobacco. This research provides additional indications for effects of ELA on appetite-stimulating hormones.
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14
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Oswald LM, Dunn KE, Seminowicz DA, Storr CL. Early Life Stress and Risks for Opioid Misuse: Review of Data Supporting Neurobiological Underpinnings. J Pers Med 2021; 11:315. [PMID: 33921642 PMCID: PMC8072718 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11040315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A robust body of research has shown that traumatic experiences occurring during critical developmental periods of childhood when neuronal plasticity is high increase risks for a spectrum of physical and mental health problems in adulthood, including substance use disorders. However, until recently, relatively few studies had specifically examined the relationships between early life stress (ELS) and opioid use disorder (OUD). Associations with opioid use initiation, injection drug use, overdose, and poor treatment outcome have now been demonstrated. In rodents, ELS has also been shown to increase the euphoric and decrease antinociceptive effects of opioids, but little is known about these processes in humans or about the neurobiological mechanisms that may underlie these relationships. This review aims to establish a theoretical model that highlights the mechanisms by which ELS may alter opioid sensitivity, thereby contributing to future risks for OUD. Alterations induced by ELS in mesocorticolimbic brain circuits, and endogenous opioid and dopamine neurotransmitter systems are described. The limited but provocative evidence linking these alterations with opioid sensitivity and risks for OUD is presented. Overall, the findings suggest that better understanding of these mechanisms holds promise for reducing vulnerability, improving prevention strategies, and prescribing guidelines for high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M. Oswald
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Kelly E. Dunn
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21230, USA;
| | - David A. Seminowicz
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Carla L. Storr
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
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15
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al'Absi M, Ginty AT, Lovallo WR. Neurobiological mechanisms of early life adversity, blunted stress reactivity and risk for addiction. Neuropharmacology 2021; 188:108519. [PMID: 33711348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Blunted stress reactivity resulting from early exposure to stress during childhood and adolescence may increase vulnerability to addiction. Early life adversity (ELA) affects brain structure and function and results in blunted stress axis reactivity. In this review, we focus on the underlying neurobiological mechanisms associated with a blunted response to stress, ELA, and risk for addictive disorders. ELA and blunted reactivity are accompanied by unstable mood regulation, impulsive behaviors, and reduced cognitive function. Neuroimaging studies reveal cortical and subcortical changes in persons exposed to ELA and those who have a genetic disposition for addiction. We propose a model in which blunted stress reactivity may be a marker of risk for addiction through an altered motivational and behavioral reactivity to stress that contribute to disinhibited behavioral reactivity and impulsivity leading in turn to increased vulnerability for substance use. Evidence supporting this hypothesis in the context of substance use initiation, maintenance, and risk for relapse is presented. The effects of ELA on persons at risk for addiction may lead to early experimentation with drugs of abuse. Early adoption of drug intake may alter neuroregulation in such vulnerable persons leading to a permanent dysregulation of motivational responses consistent with dependence. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa al'Absi
- Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA.
| | - Annie T Ginty
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - William R Lovallo
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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16
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Padula CB, Hansen A, Hughes RL, McNerney MW. Dimensions of Craving Interact with COMT Genotype to Predict Relapse in Individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder Six Months after Treatment. Brain Sci 2021; 11:62. [PMID: 33419001 PMCID: PMC7825287 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with poor medical, psychological, and psychosocial outcomes and approximately 60% of individuals with AUD relapse six months after treatment. Craving is a core aspect of AUD and associated with high risk of relapse. One promising avenue to improve outcomes may be in understanding the relationship between COMT genotype, craving, and treatment outcomes. (2) Methods: To this end, we assessed craving, recent drinking history, and impulsivity in 70 individuals with AUD undergoing a standard course of treatment at a regional Veteran Affairs (VA) medical center. Saliva samples were collected to determine COMT genotype. In this prospective observational study, participants were followed for six months to determine who went on to relapse after treatment. (3) Results: Results revealed a significant interaction between craving and catechol-O-methyltransferse (COMT) genotype in predicting relapse. Post hoc exploratory analyses indicated that Met/Met homozygotes reported the highest levels of craving, and craving was associated with recent drinking history. Among Val/Val homozygotes, who had higher rates of relapse, craving was associated with impulsivity. (4) Conclusions: These associations highlight that specific profiles of psychological and biological factors may be important in understanding which individuals are at highest risk of relapse following treatment. Future studies that build on these findings are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia B. Padula
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (R.L.H.); (M.W.M.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Annika Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Rachel L. Hughes
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (R.L.H.); (M.W.M.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - M. Windy McNerney
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (R.L.H.); (M.W.M.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
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Abstract
The cumulative science linking stress to negative health outcomes is vast. Stress can affect health directly, through autonomic and neuroendocrine responses, but also indirectly, through changes in health behaviors. In this review, we present a brief overview of (a) why we should be interested in stress in the context of health; (b) the stress response and allostatic load; (c) some of the key biological mechanisms through which stress impacts health, such as by influencing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and cortisol dynamics, the autonomic nervous system, and gene expression; and (d) evidence of the clinical relevance of stress, exemplified through the risk of infectious diseases. The studies reviewed in this article confirm that stress has an impact on multiple biological systems. Future work ought to consider further the importance of early-life adversity and continue to explore how different biological systems interact in the context of stress and health processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl B O'Connor
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA;
| | - Kavita Vedhara
- Division of Primary Care, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom;
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18
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Kaminskaite M, Jokubka R, Janaviciute J, Lelyte I, Sinkariova L, Pranckeviciene A, Borutaite V, Bunevicius A. Epistatic effect of Ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 - Dopamine receptor D2 and catechol-o-methyltransferase single nucleotide polymorphisms on the risk for hazardous use of alcohol in Lithuanian population. Gene 2020; 765:145107. [PMID: 32889058 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM The Lithuanian population has outstanding rates of alcohol consumption and alcohol related mortality. Alteration of brain dopaminergic system play a role in the risk for addiction disorders. We evaluated the association of one single nucleotide polymorphism rs1800497 in the Ankyrin Repeat and Kinase Domain Containing 1 - Dopamine Receptor D2 complex (ANKK1-DRD2) and a catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) rs4680 single nucleotide polymorphism with the risk for alcohol use disorder and impulsiveness in Lithuanian population. Both genetic polymorphisms are known to alter brain dopaminergic activity, thus we also investigated the possible interaction effect of these polymorphisms. METHODS The study included 329 participants recruited from the local community. Hazardous alcohol use was evaluated using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). Impulsiveness was measured using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale - 11 (BIS-11). Between group differences of AUDIT and BIS-11 scores were examined stratified by genetic polymorphisms and their combinations. The independent effect of each polymorphism and their interaction for hazardous alcohol use were evaluated using adjusted logistic regression analyses. RESULTS The ANKK1-DRD2 rs1800497 polymorphism was associated with total AUDIT score, but not with the hazardous use of alcohol, as indicated by the AUDIT test cut-off of 8. The COMT rs4680 GG genotype was associated with the hazardous use of alcohol (adjusted OR = 2.094, p = 0.029), but this association was not statistically significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Presence of both COMT rs4680 and ANKK1-DRD2 rs1800497 GGxCT/TT polymorphisms was associated with significantly increased risk for hazardous use of alcohol (adjusted OR = 5.016, p = 0.005). The COMT rs4680 and ANKK1-DRD2 rs1800497 genetic polymorphisms, and their combination were not associated with impulsiveness. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that the interaction of COMT rs4680 and ANKK1-DRD2 rs1800497 genetic polymorphisms is associated with a hazardous use of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migle Kaminskaite
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Ramunas Jokubka
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Inesa Lelyte
- Department of Psychology, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Liuda Sinkariova
- Department of Psychology, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aiste Pranckeviciene
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vilmante Borutaite
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Adomas Bunevicius
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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19
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Abraham E, Scott MA, Blair C. Catechol- O-methyltransferase Val158Met Genotype and Early-Life Family Adversity Interactively Affect Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Symptoms Across Childhood. Front Genet 2020; 11:724. [PMID: 32765586 PMCID: PMC7381281 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorders of childhood. The dopaminergic system has been shown to have substantial effects on its etiology, with both functional Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met genotype and early-life environmental adversity involved in the risk of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. In this prospective longitudinal study, we examined for the first time the impact of proximal and distal early-life family adversity and COMT Val158Met polymorphism gene - both the direct and the interactive effects, on children's ADHD symptoms across childhood. Data came from the Family Life Project, a prospective longitudinal study of 1,292 children and families in high poverty from birth to 11 years. In infancy, data regarding socioeconomic (SES)-risk-factors, observed-caregiving behaviors, and DNA genotyping were collected. In early and middle childhood teachers rated the occurrence and severity of the child's ADHD symptoms. Multilevel growth curve models revealed independent effects of COMT, early-life SES-risk and negative caregiving on ADHD symptoms in early and middle childhood. Significant gene-environment interactions were found, indicating that overall, carriers of at least one COMT158Met allele were more sensitive to early-life adversity, showing higher inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms severity in childhood when exposed to high SES-risk factors in infancy, compared to Val-Val carriers. Findings provide new insights into the complex etiology of ADHD and underline the need for further investigation of the neuronal mechanisms underlying gene-environment interactions. Findings might have implications for prevention and intervention strategies with a focus on early-life family relationships in genetically at-risk children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Abraham
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
- Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marc A. Scott
- Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Clancy Blair
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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20
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Moss HB, Ge S, Trager E, Saavedra M, Yau M, Ijeaku I, Deas D. Risk for Substance Use Disorders in young adulthood: Associations with developmental experiences of homelessness, foster care, and adverse childhood experiences. Compr Psychiatry 2020; 100:152175. [PMID: 32345436 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple developmental risk factors for Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) during young adulthood have been identified. In this investigation, we examined the impact of homelessness, foster care, and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) prior to 12th grade on the development of three common SUDs during young adulthood-Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), Tobacco Use Disorder (TUD) and Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD). Our hypothesis was that while both homelessness and ACEs are significant risk factors for young adult SUDs, foster care involvement might convey protection. METHODS Using nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, measures of ACEs were derived from the CDC-Kaiser ACE study, and DSM-V SUD diagnoses were derived from items originally based on DSM-IV. SUD diagnoses were binned into "mild", "moderate", and "severe" groupings. Survey-based logistic models were used to estimate risks of SUDs while controlling for demographics. RESULTS The results suggest that the experience of homelessness prior to 12th grade in addition to ACEs were significantly associated with the development in young adulthood of the most severe forms of AUD and TUD and all severity levels of CUD. Foster care was not associated with either risk or protection from SUDs. CONCLUSIONS The experience of homelessness during development may be viewed as another detrimental ACE that is a risk factor for the most common SUDs in young adulthood. Given the magnitude of the current epidemic of homelessness in the U.S., these results should raise substantial concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard B Moss
- University of California at Riverside School of Medicine, United States of America.
| | - Shaokui Ge
- University of California at Riverside School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Evan Trager
- Stanford University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Madeline Saavedra
- University of California at Riverside School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Margaret Yau
- University of California at Riverside School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Ijeoma Ijeaku
- University of California at Riverside School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Deborah Deas
- University of California at Riverside School of Medicine, United States of America
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21
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al'Absi M. The influence of stress and early life adversity on addiction: Psychobiological mechanisms of risk and resilience. STRESS AND BRAIN HEALTH: IN CLINICAL CONDITIONS 2020; 152:71-100. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Marceau K, Brick LA, Knopik VS, Reijneveld SA. Developmental Pathways from Genetic, Prenatal, Parenting and Emotional/Behavioral Risk to Cortisol Reactivity and Adolescent Substance Use: A TRAILS Study. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 49:17-31. [PMID: 31786769 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol reactivity is a frequently studied biomarker of substance use, though infrequently examined in adolescence. However, past research provides evidence that multiple developmental influences, including genetics and both prenatal and postnatal environmental influences, contribute both to cortisol reactivity and adolescent substance use. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of these earlier developmental influences on cortisol reactivity to a social stress challenge and adolescent substance use (smoking, alcohol, and marijuana use frequency assessed at age 16 years), using data from the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS; N= 2230 adolescents, 51% female). Developmental pathways included polygenic risk, prenatal stress, warm parenting (age 11), and internalizing and externalizing problems (intercepts and change from 11-16 years). Cortisol reactivity was associated with smoking but not alcohol or marijuana use. Externalizing problems were the stronger predictor of adolescent substance use, but internalizing problems also had an important role. Prenatal stress and middle childhood parenting operated via middle childhood externalizing problems, and parenting also operated via trajectories of growth of externalizing problems in predicting adolescent substance use outcomes. Further, there were protective effects of internalizing problems for alcohol and marijuana use in the context of a more comprehensive model. These developmental influences did not attenuate the association of cortisol reactivity and smoking. These findings suggest a need to understand the broader developmental context regarding the impact of internalizing pathways to substance use, and that it is unlikely that cortisol reactivity and smoking are associated solely because of common developmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Marceau
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, 225 Hanley Hall, 1202 West State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Leslie A Brick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, 225 Hanley Hall, 1202 West State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - S A Reijneveld
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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