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Brouwer A, Carhart‐Harris RL, Raison CL. Psychotomimetic compensation versus sensitization. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e1217. [PMID: 38923845 PMCID: PMC11194300 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
It is a paradox that psychotomimetic drugs can relieve symptoms that increase risk of and cooccur with psychosis, such as attention and motivational deficits (e.g., amphetamines), pain (e.g., cannabis) and symptoms of depression (e.g., psychedelics, dissociatives). We introduce the ideas of psychotomimetic compensation and psychotomimetic sensitization to explain this paradox. Psychotomimetic compensation refers to a short-term stressor or drug-induced compensation against stress that is facilitated by engagement of neurotransmitter/modulator systems (endocannabinoid, serotonergic, glutamatergic and dopaminergic) that mediate the effects of common psychotomimetic drugs. Psychotomimetic sensitization occurs after repeated exposure to stress and/or drugs and is evidenced by the gradual intensification and increase of psychotic-like experiences over time. Theoretical and practical implications of this model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Brouwer
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, School of Human EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Robin L. Carhart‐Harris
- Department of Neurology and PsychiatryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Charles L. Raison
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Vail Health Behavioral Health Innovation CenterVailColoradoUSA
- Center for the Study of Human HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Spiritual HealthEmory University Woodruff Health Sciences CenterAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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2
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Gobira PH, Joca SR, Moreira FA. Roles of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors in the modulation of psychostimulant responses. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2024; 36:67-77. [PMID: 35993329 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2022.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Addiction to psychostimulant drugs, such as cocaine, D-amphetamine, and methamphetamine, is a public health issue that substantially contributes to the global burden of disease. Psychostimulant drugs promote an increase in dopamine levels within the mesocorticolimbic system, which is central to the rewarding properties of such drugs. Cannabinoid receptors (CB1R and CB2R) are expressed in the main areas of this system and implicated in the neuronal mechanisms underlying the rewarding effect of psychostimulant drugs. Here, we reviewed studies focusing on pharmacological intervention targeting cannabinoid CB1R and CB2R and their interaction in the modulation of psychostimulant responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Gobira
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - S R Joca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - F A Moreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Desai RI, Kangas BD, Luc OT, Solakidou E, Smith EC, Dawes MH, Ma X, Makriyannis A, Chatterjee S, Dayeh MA, Muñoz-Jaramillo A, Desai MI, Limoli CL. Complex 33-beam simulated galactic cosmic radiation exposure impacts cognitive function and prefrontal cortex neurotransmitter networks in male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7779. [PMID: 38012180 PMCID: PMC10682413 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Astronauts will encounter extended exposure to galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) during deep space exploration, which could impair brain function. Here, we report that in male mice, acute or chronic GCR exposure did not modify reward sensitivity but did adversely affect attentional processes and increased reaction times. Potassium (K+)-stimulation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) elevated dopamine (DA) but abolished temporal DA responsiveness after acute and chronic GCR exposure. Unlike acute GCR, chronic GCR increased levels of all other neurotransmitters, with differences evident between groups after higher K+-stimulation. Correlational and machine learning analysis showed that acute and chronic GCR exposure differentially reorganized the connection strength and causation of DA and other PFC neurotransmitter networks compared to controls which may explain space radiation-induced neurocognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev I Desai
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Brian D Kangas
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Oanh T Luc
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Eleana Solakidou
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Evan C Smith
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Monica H Dawes
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Maher A Dayeh
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78238, USA
- University of San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | | | - Mihir I Desai
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78238, USA
- University of San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, 92697, USA
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Alegre-Zurano L, García-Baos A, Castro-Zavala A, Medrano M, Gallego-Landin I, Valverde O. The FAAH inhibitor URB597 reduces cocaine intake during conditioned punishment and mitigates cocaine seeking during withdrawal. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115194. [PMID: 37499453 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is prominently implicated in the control of cocaine reinforcement due to its relevant role in synaptic plasticity and neurotransmitter modulation in the mesocorticolimbic system. The inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and the resulting increase in anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines, represents a promising strategy for reducing drug seeking. In the present study, we aimed to assess the effects of the FAAH inhibitor URB597 (1 mg/kg) on crucial features of cocaine addictive-like behaviour in mice. Therefore, we tested the effects of URB597 on acquisition of cocaine (0.6 mg/kg/inf) self-administration, compulsive-like cocaine intake and cue-induced drug-seeking behaviour during withdrawal. URB597 reduced cocaine intake under conditioned punishment while having no impact on acquisition. This result was associated to increased cannabinoid receptor 1 gene expression in the ventral striatum and medium spiny neurons activation in the nucleus accumbens shell. Moreover, URB597 mitigated cue-induced drug-seeking behaviour during prolonged abstinence and prevented the withdrawal-induced increase in FAAH gene expression in the ventral striatum. In this case, URB597 decreased activation of medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens core. Our findings evidence the prominent role of endocannabinoids in the development of cocaine addictive-like behaviours and support the potential of FAAH inhibition as a therapeutical target for the treatment of cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Alegre-Zurano
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba García-Baos
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM-Hospital Del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana Castro-Zavala
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Medrano
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ines Gallego-Landin
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Valverde
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM-Hospital Del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Ceccarini J, Koole M, Van Laere K. Cannabinoid receptor availability modulates the magnitude of dopamine release in vivo in the human reward system: A preliminary multitracer positron emission tomography study. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13167. [PMID: 35470551 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The established role of dopamine (DA) in the mediation of reward and positive reinforcement, reward processing is strongly influenced by the type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1 Rs). Although considerable preclinical evidence has demonstrated several functional CB1 R-DA interactions, the relation between human CB1 R availability, DA release capacity and drug-reinforcing effects has been never investigated so far. Here, we perform a multitracer [18 F]MK-9470 and [18 F]fallypride positron emission tomography (PET) study in 10 healthy male subjects using a placebo-controlled and single-blinded amphetamine (AMPH) (30 mg) administration paradigm to (1) investigate possible functional interactions between CB1 R expression levels and DA release capacity in a normo-DAergic state, relating in vivo AMPH-induced DA release to CB1 R availability, and (2) to test the hypothesis that the influence of striatal DAergic signalling on the positive reinforcing effects of AMPH may be regulated by prefrontal CB1 R levels. Compared with placebo, AMPH significantly reduced [18 F]fallypride binding potential (hence increase DA release; ΔBPND ranging from -6.1% to -9.6%) in both striatal (p < 0.005, corrected for multiple comparisons) and limbic extrastriatal regions (p ≤ 0.04, uncorrected). Subjects who reported a greater dopaminergic response in the putamen also showed higher CB1 R availability in the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (r = 0.72; p = 0.02), which are regions involved in salience attribution, motivation and decision making. On the other hand, the magnitude of DA release was greater in those subjects with lower CB1 R availability in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (r = -0.66; p = 0.03). Also, the correlation between the DA release in the nucleus accumbens with the subjective AMPH effect liking was mediated through the CB1 R availability in the ACC (c' = -0.76; p = 0.01). Our small preliminary study reports for the first time that the human prefrontal CB1 R availability is a determinant of DA release within both the ventral and dorsal reward corticostriatal circuit, contributing to a number of studies supporting the existence of an interaction between CB1 R and DA receptors at the molecular and behavioural level. These preliminary findings warrant further investigation in pathological conditions characterized by hypo/hyper excitability to DA release such as addiction and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Ceccarini
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Michel Koole
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Nuclear Medicine University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
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De Sa Nogueira D, Bourdy R, Alcala-Vida R, Filliol D, Andry V, Goumon Y, Zwiller J, Romieu P, Merienne K, Olmstead MC, Befort K. Hippocampal Cannabinoid 1 Receptors Are Modulated Following Cocaine Self-administration in Male Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1896-1911. [PMID: 35032317 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02722-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a complex pathology inducing long-term neuroplastic changes that, in turn, contribute to maladaptive behaviors. This behavioral dysregulation is associated with transcriptional reprogramming in brain reward circuitry, although the mechanisms underlying this modulation remain poorly understood. The endogenous cannabinoid system may play a role in this process in that cannabinoid mechanisms modulate drug reward and contribute to cocaine-induced neural adaptations. In this study, we investigated whether cocaine self-administration induces long-term adaptations, including transcriptional modifications and associated epigenetic processes. We first examined endocannabinoid gene expression in reward-related brain regions of the rat following self-administered (0.33 mg/kg intravenous, FR1, 10 days) cocaine injections. Interestingly, we found increased Cnr1 expression in several structures, including prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, dorsal striatum, hippocampus, habenula, amygdala, lateral hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, and rostromedial tegmental nucleus, with most pronounced effects in the hippocampus. Endocannabinoid levels, measured by mass spectrometry, were also altered in this structure. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by qPCR in the hippocampus revealed that two activating histone marks, H3K4Me3 and H3K27Ac, were enriched at specific endocannabinoid genes following cocaine intake. Targeting CB1 receptors using chromosome conformation capture, we highlighted spatial chromatin re-organization in the hippocampus, as well as in the nucleus accumbens, suggesting that destabilization of the chromatin may contribute to neuronal responses to cocaine. Overall, our results highlight a key role for the hippocampus in cocaine-induced plasticity and broaden the understanding of neuronal alterations associated with endocannabinoid signaling. The latter suggests that epigenetic modifications contribute to maladaptive behaviors associated with chronic drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David De Sa Nogueira
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives Et Adaptatives (LNCA), Centre de La Recherche Nationale Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue Goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France.,Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Romain Bourdy
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives Et Adaptatives (LNCA), Centre de La Recherche Nationale Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue Goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rafael Alcala-Vida
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives Et Adaptatives (LNCA), Centre de La Recherche Nationale Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue Goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Filliol
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives Et Adaptatives (LNCA), Centre de La Recherche Nationale Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue Goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Virginie Andry
- Institut Des Neurosciences Cellulaires Et Intégratives (INCI), UPR 3212, CNRS, 8 Allée du Général Rouvillois, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannick Goumon
- Institut Des Neurosciences Cellulaires Et Intégratives (INCI), UPR 3212, CNRS, 8 Allée du Général Rouvillois, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Zwiller
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives Et Adaptatives (LNCA), Centre de La Recherche Nationale Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue Goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Romieu
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives Et Adaptatives (LNCA), Centre de La Recherche Nationale Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue Goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karine Merienne
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives Et Adaptatives (LNCA), Centre de La Recherche Nationale Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue Goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mary C Olmstead
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Katia Befort
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives Et Adaptatives (LNCA), Centre de La Recherche Nationale Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue Goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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Hersey M, Bacon AK, Bailey LG, Coggiano MA, Newman AH, Leggio L, Tanda G. Psychostimulant Use Disorder, an Unmet Therapeutic Goal: Can Modafinil Narrow the Gap? Front Neurosci 2021; 15:656475. [PMID: 34121988 PMCID: PMC8187604 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.656475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of individuals affected by psychostimulant use disorder (PSUD) has increased rapidly over the last few decades resulting in economic, emotional, and physical burdens on our society. Further compounding this issue is the current lack of clinically approved medications to treat this disorder. The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a common target of psychostimulant actions related to their use and dependence, and the recent availability of atypical DAT inhibitors as a potential therapeutic option has garnered popularity in this research field. Modafinil (MOD), which is approved for clinical use for the treatment of narcolepsy and sleep disorders, blocks DAT just like commonly abused psychostimulants. However, preclinical and clinical studies have shown that it lacks the addictive properties (in both behavioral and neurochemical studies) associated with other abused DAT inhibitors. Clinical availability of MOD has facilitated its off-label use for several psychiatric disorders related to alteration of brain dopamine (DA) systems, including PSUD. In this review, we highlight clinical and preclinical research on MOD and its R-enantiomer, R-MOD, as potential medications for PSUD. Given the complexity of PSUD, we have also reported the effects of MOD on psychostimulant-induced appearance of several symptoms that could intensify the severity of the disease (i.e., sleep disorders and impairment of cognitive functions), besides the potential therapeutic effects of MOD on PSUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Hersey
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amanda K. Bacon
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lydia G. Bailey
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mark A. Coggiano
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amy H. Newman
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Clinical Psychoneuroendo- crinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Turner BD, Smith NK, Manz KM, Chang BT, Delpire E, Grueter CA, Grueter BA. Cannabinoid type 1 receptors in A2a neurons contribute to cocaine-environment association. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1121-1131. [PMID: 33454843 PMCID: PMC8386588 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1Rs) are widely expressed within the brain's reward circuits and are implicated in regulating drug induced behavioral adaptations. Understanding how CB1R signaling in discrete circuits and cell types contributes to drug-related behavior provides further insight into the pathology of substance use disorders. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS We sought to determine how cell type-specific expression of CB1Rs within striatal circuits contributes to cocaine-induced behavioral plasticity, hypothesizing that CB1R function in distinct striatal neuron populations would differentially impact behavioral outcomes. We crossed conditional Cnr1fl/fl mice and striatal output pathway cre lines (Drd1a -cre; D1, Adora2a -cre; A2a) to generate cell type-specific CB1R knockout mice and assessed their performance in cocaine locomotor and associative behavioral assays. RESULTS Both knockout lines retained typical locomotor activity at baseline. D1-Cre x Cnr1fl/fl mice did not display hyperlocomotion in response to acute cocaine dosing, and both knockout lines exhibited blunted locomotor activity across repeated cocaine doses. A2a-cre Cnr1fl/fl, mice did not express a preference for cocaine paired environments in a two-choice place preference task. CONCLUSIONS This study aids in mapping CB1R-dependent cocaine-induced behavioral adaptations onto distinct striatal neuron subtypes. A reduction of cocaine-induced locomotor activation in the D1- and A2a-Cnr1 knockout mice supports a role for CB1R function in the motor circuit. Furthermore, a lack of preference for cocaine-associated context in A2a-Cnr1 mice suggests that CB1Rs on A2a-neuron inhibitory terminals are necessary for either reward perception, memory consolidation, or recall. These results direct future investigations into CB1R-dependent adaptations underlying the development and persistence of substance use disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cocaine-Related Disorders/psychology
- Conditioning, Operant/drug effects
- Corpus Striatum/drug effects
- Environment
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Neurons/drug effects
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/drug effects
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Reward
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D Turner
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Nicholas K Smith
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kevin M Manz
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Betty T Chang
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Carrie A Grueter
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Brad A Grueter
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Anesthesiology Research Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2213 Garland Avenue, P435H MRB IV, Nashville, TN, 37232-0413, USA.
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Laksmidewi AAAP, Soejitno A. Endocannabinoid and dopaminergic system: the pas de deux underlying human motivation and behaviors. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:615-630. [PMID: 33712975 PMCID: PMC8105194 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been identified ever since cannabinoid, an active substance of Cannabis, was known to interact with endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid/eCB) receptors. It later turned out that eCB was more intricate than previously thought. It has a pervasive role and exerts a multitude of cellular signaling mechanisms, regulating various physiological neurotransmission pathways in the human brain, including the dopaminergic (DA) system. eCB roles toward DA system were robust, clearly delineated, and reproducible with respect to physiological as well as pathological neurochemical and neurobehavioral manifestations of DA system, particularly those involving the nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic pathways. The eCB–DA system regulates the basics in the Maslow’s pyramid of hierarchy of needs required for individual survival such as food and sexual activity for reproductive purpose to those of higher needs in the pyramid, including self-actualization behaviors leading to achievement and reward (e.g., academic- and/or work-related performance and achievements). It is, thus, interesting to specifically discuss the eCB–DA system, not only on the molecular level, but also its tremendous potential to be developed as a future therapeutic strategy for various neuropsychiatric problems, including obesity, drug addiction and withdrawal, pathological hypersexuality, or low motivation behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A A Putri Laksmidewi
- Neurobehavioral and Cognitive Division, Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University/Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.
| | - Andreas Soejitno
- Neurobehavioral and Cognitive Division, Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University/Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
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10
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Friend LN, Wu B, Edwards JG. Acute cocaine exposure occludes long-term depression in ventral tegmental area GABA neurons. Neurochem Int 2021; 145:105002. [PMID: 33617930 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain is essential in incentive salience of reward behavior. Drugs of abuse increase midbrain dopamine cell activity and/or dopamine levels, and can alter endogenous VTA glutamate plasticity, leading to addiction or dependence. VTA dopamine cells are regulated by local inhibitory GABA cells, which exhibit a form of pre-synaptic cannabinoid receptor 1-dependent long-term depression of their glutamatergic inputs. Our current aim was to determine cocaine's influence on VTA GABA cell glutamate plasticity and circuity. Using whole cell voltage-clamp electrophysiology in VTA slices of GAD67-GFP knock-in mice, we recorded excitatory inputs on VTA GABA cells. Acute and chronic injections of cocaine were sufficient to occlude long-term depression. The plasticity could be reversed to the naïve state however, as long-term depression was again observed following a 7-day abstinence from acute cocaine exposure. Furthermore, chronic cocaine decreased AMPA/NMDA ratios at glutamate synapses onto VTA GABA cells, compared to vehicle injection controls, the opposite change noted in dopamine cells. Collectively, our data suggest the cellular mechanism of cocaine-mediated synaptic modification that may result in dependence/withdrawal could involve changes in glutamate input to VTA GABA circuitry in addition to VTA dopamine cells. Therefore VTA GABA cells may also play a role, possibly in a synergistic manner with the dopamine circuit, in cocaine-induced changes to the VTA reward pathway than previously known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey N Friend
- Brigham Young University, Neuroscience Center, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Bridget Wu
- Brigham Young University, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Edwards
- Brigham Young University, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Provo, UT, 84602, USA; Brigham Young University, Neuroscience Center, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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11
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Harraz MM, Guha P, Kang IG, Semenza ER, Malla AP, Song YJ, Reilly L, Treisman I, Cortés P, Coggiano MA, Veeravalli V, Rais R, Tanda G, Snyder SH. Cocaine-induced locomotor stimulation involves autophagic degradation of the dopamine transporter. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:370-382. [PMID: 33414501 PMCID: PMC8625012 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine exerts its stimulant effect by inhibiting dopamine reuptake leading to increased dopamine signaling. This action is thought to reflect binding of cocaine to the dopamine transporter (DAT) to inhibit its function. However, cocaine is a relatively weak inhibitor of DAT, and many DAT inhibitors do not share the behavioral actions of cocaine. We previously showed that toxic levels of cocaine induce autophagic neuronal cell death. Here, we show that subnanomolar concentrations of cocaine elicit neural autophagy in vitro and in vivo. Autophagy inhibitors reduce the locomotor stimulant effect of cocaine in mice. Cocaine-induced autophagy degrades transporters for dopamine but not serotonin in the nucleus accumbens. Autophagy inhibition impairs cocaine conditioned place preference in mice. Our findings indicate that autophagic degradation of DAT modulates behavioral actions of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged M Harraz
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Prasun Guha
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - In Guk Kang
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Evan R Semenza
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Adarsha P Malla
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Young Jun Song
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Luke Reilly
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Isaac Treisman
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Pedro Cortés
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mark A Coggiano
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Vijayabhaskar Veeravalli
- Department of Neurology and Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery (JHDD) Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Department of Neurology and Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery (JHDD) Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Solomon H Snyder
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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12
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Jain U, Soni S, Balhara YPS, Khanuja M, Chauhan N. Dual-Layered Nanomaterial-Based Molecular Pattering on Polymer Surface Biomimetic Impedimetric Sensing of a Bliss Molecule, Anandamide Neurotransmitter. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10750-10758. [PMID: 32455194 PMCID: PMC7240810 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this endeavor, a novel electrochemical biosensor was designed using multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)- and nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs)-embedded anandamide (AEA) imprinted polymer. The NiNPs so synthesized were mortared with MWCNTs and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), which enhanced sensitivity and selectivity of the developed sensor, respectively. The characterization methods of AEA-based MIP included X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, which supported the successful synthesis of the polymer. Electrochemical studies of fabricated sensor were performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in potentiostatic mode (PEIS). In this first phase of AEA-specific sensor development, MWCNT/NiNP/MIP@SPE was found to successfully discriminate between different concentrations of AEA. The developed sensing platform demonstrated a 100 pM-1 nM linear range with a 0.01 nM detection limit (LOD), 0.0149 mA/pM sensitivity, and 50% stability within 4 months. The sensor demonstrated selectivity toward AEA: although acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine acted as strong interfering components because of their chemical similarity, the spiked AEA samples demonstrated ∼90% recoveries. Hence, our results have passed the first step in AEA detection at home, although with a clinical setup, future advancement is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh Jain
- Amity
Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity
University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shringika Soni
- Amity
Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity
University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yatan Pal Singh Balhara
- Department
of Psychiatry and NDDTC, All India Institute
of Medical Science (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Manika Khanuja
- Centre
for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Jamia
Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Nidhi Chauhan
- Amity
Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity
University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Prieto JP, González B, Muñiz J, Bisagno V, Scorza C. Molecular changes in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex associated with the locomotor sensitization induced by coca paste seized samples. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1481-1491. [PMID: 32034449 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In previous studies, we have demonstrated that seized samples of a smokable form of cocaine, also known as coca paste (CP), induced behavioral sensitization in rats. Interestingly, this effect was accelerated and enhanced when the samples were adulterated with caffeine. While the cocaine phenomenon is associated with persistent functional and structural alterations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), the molecular mechanisms underlying the CP sensitization and the influence of caffeine remains still unknown. OBJECTIVE We examined the gene expression in NAc and mPFC after the expression caffeine-adulterated and non-adulterated CP locomotor sensitization. METHODS The locomotor sensitization was established in C57BL/6 mice, repeatedly treated with a CP-seized sample adulterated with caffeine (CP-2) and a non-adulterated one (CP-1). We then assessed the mRNA expression of receptor subunits of the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems in the medial PFC (mPFC) and NAc. Other molecular markers (e.g., adenosinergic, endocannabinoid receptor subunits, and synaptic plasticity-associated genes) were also analyzed. RESULTS Only CP-2-treated mice expressed locomotor sensitization. This phenomenon was associated with increased Drd1a, Gria1, Cnr1, and Syn mRNA expression levels in the NAc. Drd3 mRNA expression levels were only significantly increased in mPFC of CP-2-treated group. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that caffeine actively collaborates in the induction of the molecular changes underlying CP sensitization. The present study provides new knowledge on the impact of active adulterants to understand the early dependence induced by CP consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedro Prieto
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Betina González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Muñiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Bisagno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Scorza
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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14
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Lopes JB, Bastos JR, Costa RB, Aguiar DC, Moreira FA. The roles of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors in cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization and conditioned place preference in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:385-394. [PMID: 31667531 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cocaine is a psychostimulant drug that facilitates monoaminergic neurotransmission. The endocannabinoid system, comprising the cannabinoid receptors (CB1R and CB2R), the endocannabinoids, and their metabolizing-enzymes, modulates the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway and represents a potential target for the treatment of addiction. OBJECTIVES Here, we tested the hypothesis that the cannabinoid receptors are implicated in cocaine-induced motor sensitization, conditioned place preference (CPP), and hippocampal activation. METHODS Male Swiss mice received injections of AM251 (CB1R antagonist; 0.3-10 mg/kg) or JWH133 (CB2R agonist; 1-10 mg/kg) before acquisition or expression of cocaine (20 mg/kg)-induced sensitization and CPP. After the CPP test, cFos-staining was employed as a marker of neuronal activation in the hippocampus. RESULTS AM251 inhibited the acquisition (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg) and expression (1 and 3 mg/kg) of sensitization, as well as the acquisition (10 mg/kg) of CPP. JWH133 inhibited the acquisition (0.3 and 1 mg/kg) and expression (1 and 3 mg/kg) of both sensitization and CPP. JWH133 effects were reversed by AM630 (CB2R antagonist; 5 mg/kg). AM251 and JWH133 also prevented neuronal activation (c-Fos expression) in the hippocampus of CPP-exposed animals. CONCLUSIONS CB1R and CB2R have opposite roles in modulating cocaine-induced sensitization and CPP, possibly by preventing neuronal activation in the hippocampus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cannabinoids/pharmacology
- Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology
- Cocaine/pharmacology
- Conditioning, Classical/drug effects
- Conditioning, Classical/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/physiology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadna B Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Juliana R Bastos
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rayssa B Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Daniele C Aguiar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Fabrício A Moreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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15
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Keighron JD, Quarterman JC, Cao J, DeMarco EM, Coggiano MA, Gleaves A, Slack RD, Zanettini C, Newman AH, Tanda G. Effects of ( R)-Modafinil and Modafinil Analogues on Dopamine Dynamics Assessed by Voltammetry and Microdialysis in the Mouse Nucleus Accumbens Shell. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2012-2021. [PMID: 30645944 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries have improved our understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of the dopamine transporter (DAT); however, only a few drugs are clinically available for DAT-implicated disorders. Among those drugs, modafinil (MOD) and its ( R)-enantiomer (R-MOD) have been used off-label as therapies for psychostimulant use disorders, but they have shown limited effectiveness in clinical trials. Recent preclinical studies on MOD and R-MOD have led to chemically modified structures aimed toward improving their neurobiological properties that might lead to more effective therapeutics for stimulant use disorders. This study examines three MOD analogues (JJC8-016, JJC8-088, and JJC8-091) with improved DAT affinities compared to their parent compound. These compounds were investigated for their effects on the neurochemistry (brain microdialysis and FSCV) and behavior (ambulatory activity) of male Swiss-Webster mice. Our data indicate that these compounds have dissimilar effects on tonic and phasic dopamine in the nucleus accumbens shell and variability in producing ambulatory activity. These results suggest that small changes in the chemical structure of a DAT inhibitor can cause compounds such as JJC8-088 to produce effects similar to abused psychostimulants like cocaine. In contrast, other compounds like JJC8-091 do not share cocaine-like effects and have a more atypical DAT-inhibitor profile, which may prove to be an advancement in the treatment of psychostimulant use disorders.
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16
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Scherma M, Masia P, Satta V, Fratta W, Fadda P, Tanda G. Brain activity of anandamide: a rewarding bliss? Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:309-323. [PMID: 30050084 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anandamide is a lipid mediator that acts as an endogenous ligand of CB1 receptors. These receptors are also the primary molecular target responsible for the pharmacological effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the psychoactive ingredient in Cannabis sativa. Several studies demonstrate that anandamide exerts an overall modulatory effect on the brain reward circuitry. Several reports suggest its involvement in the addiction-producing actions of other abused drugs, and it can also act as a behavioral reinforcer in animal models of drug abuse. Importantly, all these effects of anandamide appear to be potentiated by pharmacological inhibition of its metabolic degradation. Enhanced brain levels of anandamide after treatment with inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase, the main enzyme responsible for its degradation, seem to affect the rewarding and reinforcing actions of many drugs of abuse. In this review, we will provide an overview from a preclinical perspective of the current state of knowledge regarding the behavioral pharmacology of anandamide, with a particular emphasis on its motivational/reinforcing properties. We will also discuss how modulation of anandamide levels through inhibition of enzymatic metabolic pathways could provide a basis for developing new pharmaco-therapeutic tools for the treatment of substance use disorders.
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17
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Puhl MD, Desai RI, Takagi S, Presti KT, Doyle MR, Donahue RJ, Landino SM, Bergman J, Carlezon WA, Coyle JT. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor co-agonist availability affects behavioral and neurochemical responses to cocaine: insights into comorbid schizophrenia and substance abuse. Addict Biol 2019; 24:40-50. [PMID: 29168271 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Both schizophrenia (SZ) and substance abuse (SA) exhibit significant heritability. Moreover, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of both SZ and SA. We hypothesize that the high prevalence of comorbid SA in SZ is due to dysfunction of NMDARs caused by shared risk genes. We used transgenic mice with a null mutation of the gene encoding serine racemase (SR), the enzyme that synthesizes the NMDAR co-agonist d-serine and an established risk gene for SZ, to recreate the pathology of SZ. We determined the effect of NMDAR hypofunction resulting from the absence of d-serine on motivated behavior by using intracranial self-stimulation and neurotransmitter release in the nucleus accumbens by using in vivo microdialysis. Compared with wild-type mice, SR-/- mice exhibited similar baseline intracranial self-stimulation thresholds but were less sensitive to the threshold-lowering (rewarding) and the performance-elevating (stimulant) effects of cocaine. While basal dopamine (DA) and glutamate release were elevated in the nucleus accumbens of SR-/- mice, cocaine-induced increases in DA and glutamate release were blunted. γ-Amino-butyric acid efflux was unaffected in the SR-/- mice. Together, these findings suggest that the impaired NMDAR function and a consequent decrease in sensitivity to cocaine effects on behavior are mediated by blunted DA and glutamate responses normally triggered by the drug. Projected to humans, NMDAR hypofunction due to mutations in SR or other genes impacting glutamatergic function in SZ may render abused substances less potent and effective, thus requiring higher doses to achieve a hedonic response, resulting in elevated drug exposure and increased dependence/addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Puhl
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
| | - Rajeev I. Desai
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Preclinical Pharmacology Laboratory; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
| | - Shunsuke Takagi
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kendall T. Presti
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
| | - Michelle R. Doyle
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Preclinical Pharmacology Laboratory; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
| | - Rachel J. Donahue
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
| | - Samantha M. Landino
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
| | - Jack Bergman
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Preclinical Pharmacology Laboratory; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
| | - William A. Carlezon
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
| | - Joseph T. Coyle
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
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18
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Gobira PH, Oliveira AC, Gomes JS, da Silveira VT, Asth L, Bastos JR, Batista EM, Issy AC, Okine BN, de Oliveira AC, Ribeiro FM, Del Bel EA, Aguiar DC, Finn DP, Moreira FA. Opposing roles of CB 1 and CB 2 cannabinoid receptors in the stimulant and rewarding effects of cocaine. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1541-1551. [PMID: 30101419 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) bind to CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the brain and modulate the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. This neurocircuitry is engaged by psychostimulant drugs, including cocaine. Although CB1 receptor antagonism and CB2 receptor activation are known to inhibit certain effects of cocaine, they have been investigated separately. Here, we tested the hypothesis that there is a reciprocal interaction between CB1 receptor blockade and CB2 receptor activation in modulating behavioural responses to cocaine. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Swiss mice received i.p. injections of cannabinoid-related drugs followed by cocaine, and were then tested for cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion, c-Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens and conditioned place preference. Levels of endocannabinoids after cocaine injections were also analysed. KEY RESULTS The CB1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant, and the CB2 receptor agonist, JWH133, prevented cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion. The same results were obtained by combining sub-effective doses of both compounds. The CB2 receptor antagonist, AM630, reversed the inhibitory effects of rimonabant in cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion and c-Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens. Selective inhibitors of anandamide and 2-AG hydrolysis (URB597 and JZL184, respectively) failed to modify this response. However, JZL184 prevented cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion when given after a sub-effective dose of rimonabant. Cocaine did not change brain endocannabinoid levels. Finally, CB2 receptor blockade reversed the inhibitory effect of rimonabant in the acquisition of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The present data support the hypothesis that CB1 and CB2 receptors work in concert with opposing functions to modulate certain addiction-related effects of cocaine. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on 8th European Workshop on Cannabinoid Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H Gobira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana C Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Julia S Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vivian T da Silveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Laila Asth
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana R Bastos
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Edleusa M Batista
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana C Issy
- Department of Morphology, Stomatology and Basic Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Bright N Okine
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Antonio C de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabiola M Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Elaine A Del Bel
- Department of Morphology, Stomatology and Basic Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniele C Aguiar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - David P Finn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Fabricio A Moreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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19
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Hamid Z, Summa M, Armirotti A. A Swath Label-Free Proteomics insight into the Faah -/- Mouse Liver. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12142. [PMID: 30108271 PMCID: PMC6092373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an important enzyme for lipid metabolism and an interesting pharmacological target, given its role in anandamide breakdown. The FAAH−/− genotype is the most widely used mouse model to investigate the effects of a complete pharmacological inhibition of this enzyme. In this paper, we explore, by means of label-free SWATH proteomics, the changes in protein expression occurring in the liver of FAAH−/− knockout (KO) mice. We identified several altered biological processes and pathways, like fatty acid synthesis and glycolysis, which explain the observed phenotype of this mouse. We also observed the alteration of other proteins, like carboxylesterases and S-methyltransferases, apparently not immediately related to FAAH, but known to have important biological roles. Our study, reporting more than 3000 quantified proteins, offers an in-depth analysis of the liver proteome of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Hamid
- D3Validation, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.,Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna. via Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Summa
- Analytical Chemistry and In-vivo Facility, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical Chemistry and In-vivo Facility, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.
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20
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Bystrowska B, Frankowska M, Smaga I, Pomierny-Chamioło L, Filip M. Effects of Cocaine Self-Administration and Its Extinction on the Rat Brain Cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 Receptors. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:547-558. [PMID: 29754307 PMCID: PMC6154179 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the expression of cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) receptor proteins in several brain regions in rats undergoing cocaine self-administration and extinction training. We used a triad-yoked procedure to distinguish between the motivational and pharmacological effects of cocaine. Using immunohistochemistry, we observed a significant decrease in CB1 receptor expression in the prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, and the basolateral and basomedial amygdala following cocaine (0.5 mg/kg/infusion) self-administration. Increased CB1 receptor expression in the ventral tegmental area in rats with previous cocaine exposure was also found. Following cocaine abstinence after 10 days of extinction training, we detected increases in the expression of CB1 receptors in the substantia nigra in both cocaine groups and in the subregions of the amygdala for only the yoked cocaine controls, while any method of cocaine exposure resulted in a decrease in CB2 receptor expression in the prefrontal cortex (p < 0.01), nucleus accumbens (p < 0.01), and medial globus pallidus (p < 0.01). Our findings further support the idea that the eCB system and CB1 receptors are involved in cocaine-reinforced behaviors. Moreover, we detected a cocaine-evoked adaptation in CB2 receptors in the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and globus pallidus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Bystrowska
- Department of Toxicology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Frankowska
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Irena Smaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lucyna Pomierny-Chamioło
- Department of Toxicology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Filip
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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Cavaccini A, Gritti M, Giorgi A, Locarno A, Heck N, Migliarini S, Bertero A, Mereu M, Margiani G, Trusel M, Catelani T, Marotta R, De Luca MA, Caboche J, Gozzi A, Pasqualetti M, Tonini R. Serotonergic Signaling Controls Input-Specific Synaptic Plasticity at Striatal Circuits. Neuron 2018; 98:801-816.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Fischer KD, Houston ACW, Desai RI, Doyle MR, Bergman J, Mian M, Mannix R, Sulzer DL, Choi SJ, Mosharov EV, Hodgson NW, Bechtholt A, Miczek KA, Rosenberg PA. Behavioral phenotyping and dopamine dynamics in mice with conditional deletion of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 in neurons: resistance to the acute locomotor effects of amphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1371-1387. [PMID: 29468294 PMCID: PMC5999338 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4848-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE GLT-1 is the major glutamate transporter in the brain and is expressed predominantly in astrocytes but is also present in excitatory axon terminals. To understand the functional significance of GLT-1 expressed in neurons, we generated a conditional GLT-1 knockout mouse and inactivated GLT-1 in neurons using Cre-recombinase expressed under the synapsin 1 promoter, (synGLT-1 KO). OBJECTIVES Abnormalities of glutamate homeostasis have been shown to affect hippocampal-related behaviors including learning and memory as well as responses to drugs of abuse. Here, we asked whether deletion of GLT-1 specifically from neurons would affect behaviors that assessed locomotor activity, cognitive function, sensorimotor gating, social interaction, as well as amphetamine-stimulated locomotor activity. METHODS/RESULTS We found that the neuronal GLT-1 KO mice performed similarly to littermate controls in the behavioral tests we studied. Although performance in open field testing was normal, the acute locomotor response to amphetamine was significantly blunted in the synGLT-1 KO (40% of control). We found no change in amphetamine-stimulated extracellular dopamine in the medial shell of the nucleus accumbens, no change in electrically stimulated or amphetamine-induced dopamine release, and no change in dopamine tissue content. CONCLUSIONS These results support the view that GLT-1 expression in neurons is required for amphetamine-induced behavioral activation, and suggest that this phenotype is not produced through a change in dopamine uptake or release. Although GLT-1 is highly expressed in neurons in the CA3 region of the hippocampus, the tests used in this study were not able to detect a behavioral phenotype referable to hippocampal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn D Fischer
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alex C W Houston
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rajeev I Desai
- Preclinical Pharmacology Program, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Michelle R Doyle
- Preclinical Pharmacology Program, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Jack Bergman
- Preclinical Pharmacology Program, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Maha Mian
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rebekah Mannix
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David L Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Se Joon Choi
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Eugene V Mosharov
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Hodgson
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anita Bechtholt
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Klaus A Miczek
- Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Paul A Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Epigenetic mechanisms associated with addiction-related behavioural effects of nicotine and/or cocaine: implication of the endocannabinoid system. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 28:493-511. [PMID: 28704272 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The addictive use of nicotine (NC) and cocaine (COC) continues to be a major public health problem, and their combined use has been reported, particularly during adolescence. In neural plasticity, commonly induced by NC and COC, as well as behavioural plasticity related to the use of these two drugs, the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms, in which the reversible regulation of gene expression occurs independently of the DNA sequence, has recently been reported. Furthermore, on the basis of intense interactions with the target neurotransmitter systems, the endocannabinoid (ECB) system has been considered pivotal for eliciting the effects of NC or COC. The combined use of marijuana with NC and/or COC has also been reported. This article presents the addiction-related behavioural effects of NC and/or COC, based on the common behavioural/neural plasticity and combined use of NC/COC, and reviews the interacting role of the ECB system. The epigenetic processes inseparable from the effects of NC and/or COC (i.e. DNA methylation, histone modifications and alterations in microRNAs) and the putative therapeutic involvement of the ECB system at the epigenetic level are also discussed.
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Moore CF, Schlain GS, Mancino S, Sabino V, Cottone P. A behavioral and pharmacological characterization of palatable diet alternation in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 163:1-8. [PMID: 29097161 PMCID: PMC5911178 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and eating disorders are widespread in Western societies. Both the increased availability of highly palatable foods and dieting are major risk factors contributing to the epidemic of disorders of feeding. The purpose of this study was to characterize an animal model of maladaptive feeding induced by intermittent access to a palatable diet alternation in mice. In this study, mice were either continuously provided with standard chow food (Chow/Chow), or provided with standard chow for 2days and a high-sucrose, palatable food for 1day (Chow/Palatable). Following stability of intake within the cycling paradigm, we then investigated the effects of several pharmacological treatments on excessive eating of palatable food: naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist, SR141716A, a cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, and BD-1063, a sigma-1 receptor antagonist. Over successive cycles, Chow/Palatable mice showed an escalation of palatable food intake within the first hour of renewed access to palatable diet and displayed hypophagia upon its removal. Naltrexone, SR141716A, and BD-1063 all reduced overconsumption of palatable food during this first hour. Here we provide evidence of strong face and convergent validity in a palatable diet alternation model in mice, confirming multiple shared underlying mechanisms of pathological eating across species, and thus making it a useful therapeutic development tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F Moore
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabrielle S Schlain
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samantha Mancino
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valentina Sabino
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pietro Cottone
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Liu S, Wang Z, Li Y, Sun X, Ge F, Yang M, Wang X, Wang N, Wang J, Cui C. CRFR1 in the ventromedial caudate putamen modulates acute stress-enhanced expression of cocaine locomotor sensitization. Neuropharmacology 2017; 121:60-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Delis F, Polissidis A, Poulia N, Justinova Z, Nomikos GG, Goldberg SR, Antoniou K. Attenuation of Cocaine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference and Motor Activity via Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor Agonism and CB1 Receptor Antagonism in Rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 20:269-278. [PMID: 27994006 PMCID: PMC5408977 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown the involvement of cannabinoid (CB) receptors in the behavioral and neurobiological effects of psychostimulants. Most of these studies have focused on the role of CB1 receptors in the psychostimulant effects of cocaine, while very few have investigated the respective role of CB2 receptors. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the extent of CB receptor involvement in the expression of cocaine-induced effects. METHODS The role of CB1 and CB2 receptors in the rewarding and motor properties of cocaine was assessed in conditioned place preference, conditioned motor activity, and open field activity in rats. RESULTS The CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant (3 mg/kg) decreased the acquisition and the expression of conditioned place preference induced by cocaine (20 mg/kg). Rimonabant inhibited cocaine-elicited conditioned motor activity when administered during the expression of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. Rimonabant decreased ambulatory and vertical activity induced by cocaine. The CB2 receptor agonist JWH-133 (10 mg/kg) decreased the acquisition and the expression of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. JWH-133 inhibited cocaine-elicited conditioned motor activity when administered during the acquisition and the expression of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. JWH-133 decreased ambulatory activity and abolished vertical activity induced by cocaine. The effects of JWH-133 on cocaine conditioned and stimulated responses were abolished when the CB2 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist AM630 (5 mg/kg) was preadministered. CONCLUSIONS Cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors modulate cocaine-induced rewarding behavior and appear to have opposite roles in the regulation of cocaine's reinforcing and psychomotor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Delis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (Dr Delis, Dr Polissidis, Ms Poulia, and Dr Anoniou)
| | - Alexia Polissidis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (Dr Delis, Dr Polissidis, Ms Poulia, and Dr Anoniou);,Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (Dr Polissidis)
| | - Nafsika Poulia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (Dr Delis, Dr Polissidis, Ms Poulia, and Dr Anoniou)
| | - Zuzana Justinova
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD (Drs Justinova and Goldberg)
| | - George G. Nomikos
- Global Clinical Science, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, Deerfield, IL (Dr Nomikos)
| | - Steven R. Goldberg
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD (Drs Justinova and Goldberg)
| | - Katerina Antoniou
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (Dr Delis, Dr Polissidis, Ms Poulia, and Dr Anoniou)
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Mereu M, Chun LE, Prisinzano TE, Newman AH, Katz JL, Tanda G. The unique psychostimulant profile of (±)-modafinil: investigation of behavioral and neurochemical effects in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 45:167-174. [PMID: 27545285 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of dopamine (DA) reuptake via the dopamine transporter (DAT) is a primary mechanism identified as underlying the therapeutic actions of (±)-modafinil (modafinil) and its R-enantiomer, armodafinil. Herein, we explored the neurochemical and behavioral actions of modafinil to better characterize its psychostimulant profile. Swiss-Webster mice were implanted with microdialysis probes in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAS) or core (NAC) to evaluate changes in DA levels related to acute reinforcing actions of drugs of abuse. Additionally, subjective effects were studied in mice trained to discriminate 10 mg/kg cocaine (i.p.) from saline. Modafinil (17-300 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased NAS and NAC DA levels that at the highest doses reached ~300% at 1 h, and lasted > 6 h in duration. These elevated DA levels did not show statistically significant regional differences between the NAS and NAC. Modafinil produced cocaine-like subjective effects at 56-100 mg/kg when administered at 5 and 60 min before the start of the session, and enhanced cocaine effects when the two were administered in combination. Despite sharing subjective effects with cocaine, modafinil's psychostimulant profile was unique compared to that of cocaine and like compounds. Modafinil had lower potency and efficacy than cocaine in stimulating NAS DA. In addition, the cocaine-like subjective effects of modafinil were obtained at lower doses and earlier onset times than expected based on its dopaminergic effects. These studies suggest that although inhibition of DA reuptake may be a primary mechanism underlying modafinil's therapeutic actions, non DA-dependent actions may be playing a role in its psychostimulant profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Mereu
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Lauren E Chun
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Amy H Newman
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.,Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan L Katz
- Psychobiology Section, Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
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Sex differences in drug addiction and response to exercise intervention: From human to animal studies. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 40:24-41. [PMID: 26182835 PMCID: PMC4712120 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated research supports the idea that exercise could be an option of potential prevention and treatment for drug addiction. During the past few years, there has been increased interest in investigating of sex differences in exercise and drug addiction. This demonstrates that sex-specific exercise intervention strategies may be important for preventing and treating drug addiction in men and women. However, little is known about how and why sex differences are found when doing exercise-induced interventions for drug addiction. In this review, we included both animal and human that pulled subjects from a varied age demographic, as well as neurobiological mechanisms that may highlight the sex-related differences in these potential to assess the impact of sex-specific roles in drug addiction and exercise therapies.
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Hernandez G, Cheer JF. To Act or Not to Act: Endocannabinoid/Dopamine Interactions in Decision-Making. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:336. [PMID: 26733830 PMCID: PMC4681836 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision-making is an ethologically adaptive construct that is impaired in multiple psychiatric disorders. Activity within the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system has been traditionally associated with decision-making. The endocannabinoid system through its actions on inhibitory and excitatory synapses modulates dopamine activity and decision-making. The aim of this brief review is to present a synopsis of available data obtained when the endocannabinoid system is manipulated and dopamine activity recorded. To this end, we review research using different behavioral paradigms to provide further insight into how this ubiquitous signaling system biases dopamine-related behaviors to regulate decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Hernandez
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal Montréal, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Joseph F Cheer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, Maryland, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, Maryland, MD, USA
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Abstract
Brain endocannabinoid (eCB) signalling influences the motivation for natural rewards (such as palatable food, sexual activity and social interaction) and modulates the rewarding effects of addictive drugs. Pathological forms of natural and drug-induced reward are associated with dysregulated eCB signalling that may derive from pre-existing genetic factors or from prolonged drug exposure. Impaired eCB signalling contributes to dysregulated synaptic plasticity, increased stress responsivity, negative emotional states and cravings that propel addiction. Understanding the contributions of eCB disruptions to behavioural and physiological traits provides insight into the eCB influence on addiction vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren H Parsons
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Yasmin L Hurd
- Friedman Brain Institute, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York City, New York 10029, USA
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Sagheddu C, Muntoni AL, Pistis M, Melis M. Endocannabinoid Signaling in Motivation, Reward, and Addiction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 125:257-302. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Blanco E, Pavón FJ, Palomino A, Luque-Rojas MJ, Serrano A, Rivera P, Bilbao A, Alen F, Vida M, Suárez J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. Cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization is associated with changes in the expression of endocannabinoid and glutamatergic signaling systems in the mouse prefrontal cortex. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 18:pyu024. [PMID: 25539508 PMCID: PMC4368868 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocannabinoids modulate the glutamatergic excitatory transmission by acting as retrograde messengers. A growing body of studies has reported that both signaling systems in the mesocorticolimbic neural circuitry are involved in the neurobiological mechanisms underlying drug addiction. METHODS We investigated whether the expression of both endocannabinoid and glutamatergic systems in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were altered by an acute and/or repeated cocaine administration schedule that resulted in behavioral sensitization. We measured the protein and mRNA expression of the main endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes and the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1). We also analyzed the mRNA expression of relevant components of the glutamate-signaling system, including glutamate-synthesizing enzymes, metabotropic receptors, and ionotropic receptors. RESULTS Although acute cocaine (10 mg/kg) produced no significant changes in the endocannabinoid-related proteins, repeated cocaine administration (20 mg/kg daily) induced a pronounced increase in the CB1 receptor expression. In addition, acute cocaine administration (10 mg/kg) in cocaine-sensitized mice (referred to as cocaine priming) induced a selective increase in the endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). These protein changes were accompanied by an overall decrease in the ratios of endocannabinoid synthesis/degradation, especially the N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D/FAAH and diacylglycerol lipase alpha/MAGL ratios. Regarding mRNA expression, while acute cocaine administration produced a decrease in CB1 receptors and N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D, repeated cocaine treatment enhanced CB1 receptor expression. Cocaine-sensitized mice that were administered priming injections of cocaine mainly displayed an increased FAAH expression. These endocannabinoid changes were associated with modifications in glutamatergic transmission-related genes. An overall decrease was observed in the mRNA expression of the glutamate-synthesizing gene kidney-type glutaminase (KGA), the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR3 and GluR), and subunits of NMDA ionotropic receptors (NR1, NR2A, NR2B and NR2C) after acute cocaine administration, while mice repeatedly exposed to cocaine only displayed an increase in NR2C. However, in cocaine-sensitized mice primed with cocaine, this inhibition was reversed and a strong increase was detected in the mGluR5, NR2 subunits, and both GluR1 and GluR3. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that cocaine sensitization is associated with an endocannabinoid downregulation and a hyperglutamatergic state in the PFC that, overall, contribute to an enhanced glutamatergic input into PFC-projecting areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Palomino
- * These authors contributed equally as first authors
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto IBIMA-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain (Drs Blanco, Pavón, Palomino, Luque-Rojas, Serrano, Rivera, Alen, Vida, Suárez, and de Fonseca); Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain (Dr Blanco); Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Bilbao).
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Palomino A, Pavón FJ, Blanco-Calvo E, Serrano A, Arrabal S, Rivera P, Alén F, Vargas A, Bilbao A, Rubio L, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Suárez J. Effects of acute versus repeated cocaine exposure on the expression of endocannabinoid signaling-related proteins in the mouse cerebellum. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8:22. [PMID: 24634647 PMCID: PMC3943208 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing awareness of cerebellar involvement in addiction is based on the cerebellum's intermediary position between motor and reward, potentially acting as an interface between motivational and cognitive functions. Here, we examined the impact of acute and repeated cocaine exposure on the two main signaling systems in the mouse cerebellum: the endocannabinoid (eCB) and glutamate systems. To this end, we investigated whether eCB signaling-related gene and protein expression {cannabinoid receptor type 1 receptors and enzymes that produce [diacylglycerol lipase alpha/beta (DAGLα/β) and N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD)] and degrade [monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amino hydrolase (FAAH)] eCB} were altered. In addition, we analyzed the gene expression of relevant components of the glutamate signaling system [glutamate synthesizing enzymes liver-type glutaminase isoform (LGA) and kidney-type glutaminase isoform (KGA), metabotropic glutamatergic receptor (mGluR3/5), NMDA-ionotropic glutamatergic receptor (NR1/2A/2B/2C) and AMPA-ionotropic receptor subunits (GluR1/2/3/4)] and the gene expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, because noradrenergic terminals innervate the cerebellar cortex. Results indicated that acute cocaine exposure decreased DAGLα expression, suggesting a down-regulation of 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) production, as well as gene expression of TH, KGA, mGluR3 and all ionotropic receptor subunits analyzed in the cerebellum. The acquisition of conditioned locomotion and sensitization after repeated cocaine exposure were associated with an increased NAPE-PLD/FAAH ratio, suggesting enhanced anandamide production, and a decreased DAGLβ/MAGL ratio, suggesting decreased 2-AG generation. Repeated cocaine also increased LGA gene expression but had no effect on glutamate receptors. These findings indicate that acute cocaine modulates the expression of the eCB and glutamate systems. Repeated cocaine results in normalization of glutamate receptor expression, although sustained changes in eCB is observed. We suggest that cocaine-induced alterations to cerebellar eCB should be considered when analyzing the adaptations imposed by psychostimulants that lead to addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Palomino
- Laboratorio de Investigación (Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco-Javier Pavón
- Laboratorio de Investigación (Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo Blanco-Calvo
- Laboratorio de Investigación (Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain ; Departament de Pedagogia i Psicologia, Facultat de Ciències de l'Educació, Universitat de Lleida Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Laboratorio de Investigación (Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Sergio Arrabal
- Laboratorio de Investigación (Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Rivera
- Laboratorio de Investigación (Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Alén
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Vargas
- Laboratorio de Investigación (Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Bilbao
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
| | - Leticia Rubio
- Departamento de Anatomía y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Investigación (Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Laboratorio de Investigación (Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
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Blanco-Calvo E, Rivera P, Arrabal S, Vargas A, Pavón FJ, Serrano A, Castilla-Ortega E, Galeano P, Rubio L, Suárez J, Rodriguez de Fonseca F. Pharmacological blockade of either cannabinoid CB1 or CB2 receptors prevents both cocaine-induced conditioned locomotion and cocaine-induced reduction of cell proliferation in the hippocampus of adult male rat. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 7:106. [PMID: 24409127 PMCID: PMC3884150 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Addiction to major drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, has recently been linked to alterations in adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus. The endogenous cannabinoid system modulates this proliferative response as demonstrated by the finding that pharmacological activation/blockade of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors not only modulates neurogenesis but also modulates cell death in the brain. In the present study, we evaluated whether the endogenous cannabinoid system affects cocaine-induced alterations in cell proliferation. To this end, we examined whether pharmacological blockade of either CB1 (Rimonabant, 3 mg/kg) or CB2 receptors (AM630, 3 mg/kg) would affect cell proliferation [the cells were labeled with 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU)] in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and the dentate subgranular zone (SGZ). Additionally, we measured cell apoptosis (as monitored by the expression of cleaved caspase-3) and glial activation [by analyzing the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Iba-1] in the striatum and hippocampus during acute and repeated (4 days) cocaine administration (20 mg/kg). The results showed that acute cocaine exposure decreased the number of BrdU-immunoreactive (ir) cells in the SVZ and SGZ. In contrast, repeated cocaine exposure reduced the number of BrdU-ir cells only in the SVZ. Both acute and repeated cocaine exposure increased the number of cleaved caspase-3-, GFAP- and Iba1-ir cells in the hippocampus, and this effect was counteracted by AM630 or Rimonabant, which increased the number of BrdU-, GFAP-, and Iba1-ir cells in the hippocampus. These results indicate that the changes in neurogenic, apoptotic and gliotic processes that were produced by repeated cocaine administration were normalized by pharmacological blockade of CB1 and CB2. The restorative effects of cannabinoid receptor blockade on hippocampal cell proliferation were associated with the prevention of the induction of conditioned locomotion but not with the prevention of cocaine-induced sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Blanco-Calvo
- Departament de Pedagogia i Psicologia, Facultat de Ciències de l'Educació, Universitat de Lleida Lleida, Spain ; Laboratorio de Investigación-UGC de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Rivera
- Laboratorio de Investigación-UGC de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Sergio Arrabal
- Laboratorio de Investigación-UGC de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Vargas
- Laboratorio de Investigación-UGC de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pavón
- Laboratorio de Investigación-UGC de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Laboratorio de Investigación-UGC de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Estela Castilla-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Investigación-UGC de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Pablo Galeano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leticia Rubio
- Departamento de Anatomía y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Laboratorio de Investigación-UGC de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodriguez de Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Investigación-UGC de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
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De Luca MA, Valentini V, Bimpisidis Z, Cacciapaglia F, Caboni P, Di Chiara G. Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Self-Administration by Sprague-Dawley Rats and Stimulation of in vivo Dopamine Transmission in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:140. [PMID: 25368584 PMCID: PMC4201088 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most potent endogenous ligand of brain cannabinoid CB1 receptors and is synthesized on demand from 2-arachidonate-containing phosphoinositides by the action of diacylglycerol lipase in response to increased intracellular calcium. Several studies indicate that the endocannabinoid (eCB) system is involved in the mechanism of reward and that diverse drugs of abuse increase brain eCB levels. In addition, eCB are self-administered (SA) by squirrel monkeys, and anandamide increases nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell dopamine (DA) in rats. To date, there is no evidence on the reinforcing effects of 2-AG and its effects on DA transmission in rodents. In order to fill this gap, we studied intravenous 2-AG SA and monitored the effect of 2-AG on extracellular DA in the NAc shell and core via microdialysis in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were implanted with jugular catheters and trained to self-administer 2-AG [25 mg/kg/inf intravenously (iv)] in single daily 1 h sessions for 5 weeks under initial fixed ratio (FR) 1 schedule. The ratio was subsequently increased to FR2. Active nose poking increased from the 6th SA session (acquisition phase) but no significant increase of nose pokes was observed after FR2. When 2-AG was substituted for vehicle (25th SA session, extinction phase), rate responding as well as number of injections slowly decreased. When vehicle was replaced with 2-AG, SA behavior immediately recovered (reacquisition phase). The reinforcing effects of 2-AG in SA behavior were fully blocked by the CB1 receptor inverse agonist/antagonist rimonabant (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally, 30 min before SA session). In the microdialysis studies, we observed that 2-AG (0.1-1.0 mg/kg iv) preferentially stimulates NAc shell as compared to the NAc core. NAc shell DA increased by about 25% over basal value at the highest doses tested (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg iv). The results obtained suggest that the eCB system, via 2-AG, plays an important role in reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta De Luca
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy ; National Institute of Neuroscience (INN) , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Valentina Valentini
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy ; National Institute of Neuroscience (INN) , Cagliari , Italy ; Centre of Excellence for Studies on the Neurobiology of Addiction , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Zisis Bimpisidis
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Fabio Cacciapaglia
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Pierluigi Caboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Gaetano Di Chiara
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy ; National Institute of Neuroscience (INN) , Cagliari , Italy ; Centre of Excellence for Studies on the Neurobiology of Addiction , Cagliari , Italy ; Cagliari Section, Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy , Cagliari , Italy
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