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Prasadani M, Kodithuwakku S, Pennarossa G, Fazeli A, Brevini TAL. Therapeutic Potential of Bovine Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5543. [PMID: 38791583 PMCID: PMC11122584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Milk is a fundamental component of the human diet, owing to its substantial nutritional content. In addition, milk contains nanoparticles called extracellular vesicles (EVs), which have indicated their potential beneficial roles such as cell-to-cell communication, disease biomarkers, and therapeutics agents. Amidst other types of EVs, milk EVs (MEVs) have their significance due to their high abundance, easy access, and stability in harsh environmental conditions, such as low pH in the gut. There have been plenty of studies conducted to evaluate the therapeutic potential of bovine MEVs over the past few years, and attention has been given to their engineering for drug delivery and targeted therapy. However, there is a gap between the experimental findings available and clinical trials due to the many challenges related to EV isolation, cargo, and the uniformity of the material. This review aims to provide a comprehensive comparison of various techniques for the isolation of MEVs and offers a summary of the therapeutic potential of bovine MEVs described over the last decade, analyzing potential challenges and further applications. Although a number of aspects still need to be further elucidated, the available data point to the role of MEVs as a potential candidate with therapeutics potential, and the supplementation of MEVs would pave the way to understanding their in-depth effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusha Prasadani
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (M.P.); (S.K.); (A.F.)
| | - Suranga Kodithuwakku
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (M.P.); (S.K.); (A.F.)
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Georgia Pennarossa
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Center for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Alireza Fazeli
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (M.P.); (S.K.); (A.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK
| | - Tiziana A. L. Brevini
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Center for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
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2
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Zhang Y, Lin Y, He J, Song S, Luo Y, Lu Y, Chen S, Wang Q, Li Y, Ren F, Guo H. Milk-derived small extracellular vesicles: a new perspective on dairy nutrition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37819268 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2263573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Milk contains bioactive compounds that have multiple essential benefits. Milk-derived small extracellular vesicles (M-sEVs) have emerged as novel bioactive milk components with various beneficial biological functions and broad applications. The M-sEVs from different mammalian sources have similar composition and bioactive functions. The digestive stability and biocompatibility of the M-sEVs provide a good foundation for their physiological functions. Evidence suggests that M-sEVs promote intestinal, immune, bone, neural, liver, and heart health and show therapeutic effects against cancer, indicating their potential for use in functional foods. In addition, M-sEVs can be developed as natural delivery carriers owing to their superior structural characteristics. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between the specific components and functions of M-sEVs, standardize their extraction processes, and refine relevant clinical trials to advance the future applications of M-sEVs. This review summarizes the structure and composition of M-sEVs isolated from different milk sources and discusses several common extraction methods. Since the introduction of M-sEVs for digestion and absorption, studies have been conducted on their biological functions. Furthermore, we outline the theoretical industrial production route, potential application scenarios of M-sEVs, and the future perspectives of M-sEV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yingying Lin
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Jian He
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Sijia Song
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe, PR China
| | - Yujia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | | | - Qingyu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huiyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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Garofoli F, Civardi E, Pisoni C, Angelini M, Ghirardello S. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Allergic Properties of Colostrum from Mothers of Full-Term and Preterm Babies: The Importance of Maternal Lactation in the First Days. Nutrients 2023; 15:4249. [PMID: 37836533 PMCID: PMC10574092 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Our narrative review focuses on colostrum components, particularly those that influence the neonatal immune system of newborns. Colostrum is secreted in small volumes by the alveolar cells of the breast during the first two to five days after birth. Colostrum is poor in fat and carbohydrates, with larger protein and bioactive compounds than mature milk. It plays a crucial role in driving neonates' immunity, transferring those immunological factors which help the correct development of the neonatal immune system and support establishing a healthy gut microbiome. The newborn has an innate and adaptive immune system deficiency, with a consequent increase in infection susceptibility. In particular, neonates born prematurely have reduced immunological competencies due to an earlier break in the maternal trans-placenta transfer of bioactive components, such as maternal IgG antibodies. Moreover, during pregnancy, starting from the second trimester, maternal immune cells are conveyed to the fetus and persist in small quantities post-natal, whereby this transfer is known as microchimerism (MMc). Thus, preterm newborns are deficient in this maternal heritage, and have their own immune system under-developed, but colostrum can compensate for the lack. Early breastfeeding, which should be strongly encouraged in mothers of preterm and full-term babies, provides those immunomodulant compounds that can act as a support, allowing the newborn to face immune needs, including fronting infections and establishing tolerance. Moreover, making mothers aware that administering colostrum helps their infants in building a healthy immune system is beneficial to sustain them in the difficult post-partum period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Civardi
- Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.G.); (C.P.); (M.A.); (S.G.)
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4
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Zheng Z, Mo J, Lin F, Wang J, Chen J, Luo H, Liu Y, Su C, Gu X, Xiong F, Zha L. Milk Exosomes from Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and Healthy Parturient Exhibit Differential miRNAs Profiles and Distinct Regulatory Bioactivity on Hepatocyte Proliferation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300005. [PMID: 37357556 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Exosomes, a novel type of bioactive component in human milk (HM), affect infant development, growth, and health. Recent studies indicate that HM exosomes and miRNAs relate to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, the miRNAs profiles and functionalities of HM exosomes from GDM parturient remain unclear. This study aims to compare the differential miRNAs in HM exosomes from GDM and healthy parturient, and investigate the HM exosomes bioactivities in regulating hepatocyte proliferation and insulin sensitivity. METHODS AND RESULTS This study extracted HM exosomes from GDM (GDM-EXO) and healthy (NOR-EXO) parturient by ultracentrifugation, high-throughput sequenced and compared the exosomal miRNAs profiles, and explored the regulatory bioactivities on hepatocyte proliferation in HepG2 cells and Balb/c mice. As compared to NOR-EXO, GDM-EXO has similar morphology, size, concentration, and exosome-specific markers (CD9 and TSG101) expression. GDM-EXO and NOR-EXO specifically harbor 1299 and 8 miRNAs, respectively. Moreover, GDM-EXO had 176 upregulated and 47 downregulated miRNAs compared with NOR-EXO. Both GDM-EXO and NOR-EXO were absorbed in cultured HepG2 hepatocytes and mice liver. GDM-EXO inhibited hepatocytes proliferation by downregulating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) possibly via exosomal miR-101-3p delivery. CONCLUSION HM exosomes from GDM and healthy parturient exhibit differential miRNAs profiles and distinct regulatory bioactivity on hepatocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongdaixi Zheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Mo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Fengjuan Lin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Jiexian Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Junbin Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Huiyu Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yuguo Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Chuhong Su
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Xiangfu Gu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Fei Xiong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Longying Zha
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
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Reniker LN, Frazer LC, Good M. Key biologically active components of breast milk and their beneficial effects. Semin Pediatr Surg 2023; 32:151306. [PMID: 37276783 PMCID: PMC10330649 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2023.151306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal breast milk is the penultimate nutritional source for term and preterm neonates. Its composition is highly complex and includes multiple factors that enhance the development of nearly every neonatal organ system leading to both short- and long-term health benefits. Intensive research is focused on identifying breast milk components that enhance infant health. However, this research is complicated by the significant impact of maternal factors and the processing of pumped breast milk on bioactive ingredients. Optimizing enteral nutrition is particularly important for preterm neonates who miss the transplacental acquisition of nutrients in the third trimester of pregnancy and are at risk for illnesses associated with gut barrier dysfunction, including sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. In this review, we will discuss the health benefits of breast milk and its bioactive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Reniker
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27599
| | - Lauren C Frazer
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27599
| | - Misty Good
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27599.
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6
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Giovanazzi A, van Herwijnen MJC, Kleinjan M, van der Meulen GN, Wauben MHM. Surface protein profiling of milk and serum extracellular vesicles unveils body fluid-specific signatures. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8758. [PMID: 37253799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35799-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are currently in the limelight as potential disease biomarkers. The promise of EV-based liquid biopsy resides in the identification of specific disease-associated EV signatures. Knowing the reference EV profile of a body fluid can facilitate the identification of such disease-associated EV-biomarkers. With this aim, we purified EVs from paired human milk and serum samples and used the MACSPlex bead-based flow-cytometry assay to capture EVs on bead-bound antibodies specific for a certain surface protein, followed by EV detection by the tetraspanins CD9, CD63, and CD81. Using this approach we identified body fluid-specific EV signatures, e.g. breast epithelial cell signatures in milk EVs and platelet signatures in serum EVs, as well as body fluid-specific markers associated to immune cells and stem cells. Interestingly, comparison of pan-tetraspanin detection (simultaneous CD9, CD63 and CD81 detection) and single tetraspanin detection (detection by CD9, CD63 or CD81) also unveiled body fluid-specific tetraspanin distributions on EVs. Moreover, certain EV surface proteins were associated with a specific tetraspanin distribution, which could be indicative of the biogenesis route of this EV subset. Altogether, the identified body fluid-specific EV profiles can contribute to study EV profile deviations in these fluids during disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberta Giovanazzi
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- TRAIN-EV Marie Skłodowska-Curie Action-ITN, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J C van Herwijnen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Kleinjan
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- TRAIN-EV Marie Skłodowska-Curie Action-ITN, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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7
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Ganji N, Li B, Lee C, Pierro A. Necrotizing enterocolitis: recent advances in treatment with translational potential. Pediatr Surg Int 2023; 39:205. [PMID: 37247104 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-023-05476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most prevalent and devastating gastrointestinal disorders in neonates. Despite advances in neonatal care, the incidence and mortality due to NEC remain high, highlighting the need to devise novel treatments for this disease. There have been a number of recent advancements in therapeutic approaches for the treatment of NEC; these involve remote ischemic conditioning (RIC), stem cell therapy, breast milk components (human milk oligosaccharides, exosomes, lactoferrin), fecal microbiota transplantation, and immunotherapy. This review summarizes the most recent advances in NEC treatment currently underway as well as their applicability and associated challenges and limitations, with the aim to provide new insight into the paradigm of care for NEC worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Ganji
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bo Li
- Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carol Lee
- Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Agostino Pierro
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
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8
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Loric S, Denis JA, Desbene C, Sabbah M, Conti M. Extracellular Vesicles in Breast Cancer: From Biology and Function to Clinical Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7208. [PMID: 37108371 PMCID: PMC10139222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the first worldwide most frequent cancer in both sexes and the most commonly diagnosed in females. Although BC mortality has been thoroughly declining over the past decades, there are still considerable differences between women diagnosed with early BC and when metastatic BC is diagnosed. BC treatment choice is widely dependent on precise histological and molecular characterization. However, recurrence or distant metastasis still occurs even with the most recent efficient therapies. Thus, a better understanding of the different factors underlying tumor escape is mainly mandatory. Among the leading candidates is the continuous interplay between tumor cells and their microenvironment, where extracellular vesicles play a significant role. Among extracellular vesicles, smaller ones, also called exosomes, can carry biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and generate signal transmission through an intercellular transfer of their content. This mechanism allows tumor cells to recruit and modify the adjacent and systemic microenvironment to support further invasion and dissemination. By reciprocity, stromal cells can also use exosomes to profoundly modify tumor cell behavior. This review intends to cover the most recent literature on the role of extracellular vesicle production in normal and cancerous breast tissues. Specific attention is paid to the use of extracellular vesicles for early BC diagnosis, follow-up, and prognosis because exosomes are actually under the spotlight of researchers as a high-potential source of liquid biopsies. Extracellular vesicles in BC treatment as new targets for therapy or efficient nanovectors to drive drug delivery are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Loric
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | | | - Cédric Desbene
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | - Michèle Sabbah
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | - Marc Conti
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
- INTEGRACELL SAS, 91160 Longjumeau, France
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9
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Donoso-Meneses D, Figueroa-Valdés AI, Khoury M, Alcayaga-Miranda F. Oral Administration as a Potential Alternative for the Delivery of Small Extracellular Vesicles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030716. [PMID: 36986578 PMCID: PMC10053447 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have burst into biomedicine as a natural therapeutic alternative for different diseases. Considered nanocarriers of biological origin, various studies have demonstrated the feasibility of their systemic administration, even with repeated doses. However, despite being the preferred route of physicians and patients, little is known about the clinical use of sEVs in oral administration. Different reports show that sEVs can resist the degradative conditions of the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, accumulating regionally in the intestine, where they are absorbed for systemic biodistribution. Notably, observations demonstrate the efficacy of using sEVs as a nanocarrier system for a therapeutic payload to obtain a desired biological (therapeutic) effect. From another perspective, the information to date indicates that food-derived vesicles (FDVs) could be considered future nutraceutical agents since they contain or even overexpress different nutritional compounds of the foods from which they are derived, with potential effects on human health. In this review, we present and critically analyze the current information on the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of sEVs when administered orally. We also address the molecular and cellular mechanisms that promote intestinal absorption and that command the therapeutic effects that have been observed. Finally, we analyze the potential nutraceutical impact that FDVs would have on human health and how their oral use could be an emerging strategy to balance nutrition in people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Donoso-Meneses
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago 7620086, Chile
| | - Aliosha I. Figueroa-Valdés
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago 7620086, Chile
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago 7550101, Chile
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- Cells for Cells, Santiago 7620157, Chile
| | - Francisca Alcayaga-Miranda
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago 7550101, Chile
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- Cells for Cells, Santiago 7620157, Chile
- Correspondence:
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10
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Abstract
Human breast milk is the optimal nutrition for all infants and is comprised of many bioactive and immunomodulatory components. The components in human milk, such as probiotics, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), extracellular vesicles, peptides, immunoglobulins, growth factors, cytokines, and vitamins, play a critical role in guiding neonatal development beyond somatic growth. In this review, we will describe the bioactive factors in human milk and discuss how these factors shape neonatal immunity, the intestinal microbiome, intestinal development, and more from the inside out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Andres
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric GI Division, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97229, United States
| | - Brian Scottoline
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Misty Good
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, Campus Box 7596, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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11
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Chiba T, Maeda T. Human Milk Exosomes Induce ZO-1 Expression via Inhibition of REDD1 Expression in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:893-897. [PMID: 37394640 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Human milk exosomes (HMEs) enhance intestinal barrier function and contribute to an improvement in inflammation and mucosal injury, such as necrotizing enteritis (NEC), in infants. Here, we aimed to elucidate the intracellular factors involved in HME-induced expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), a tight junction protein, in Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells. HME treatment for 72 h significantly increased transepithelial electrical resistance in these cells. The mean ZO-1 protein levels in cells treated with HME for 72 h were significantly higher than those in the control cells. The mRNA and protein levels of regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 (REDD1) in HME-treated cells were significantly lower than those in the control cells. Although HME treatment did not increase the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) level in Caco-2 cells, it significantly increased the phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR) level and p-mTOR/mTOR ratio. The ZO-1 protein levels in cells treated with an inducer of REDD1, cobalt chloride (CoCl2) alone were significantly lower than those in the control cells. However, ZO-1 protein levels in cells co-treated with HME and CoCl2 were significantly higher than those in cells treated with CoCl2 alone. Additionally, REDD1 protein levels in cells treated with CoCl2 alone were significantly higher than those in the control cells. However, REDD1 protein levels in cells co-treated with HME and CoCl2 were significantly lower than those in cells treated with CoCl2 alone. This HME-mediated effect may contribute to the development of barrier function in the infant intestine and protect infants from diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Chiba
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science
- Creation Research Institute of Life Science in KITA-no-DAICHI, Hokkaido University of Science
| | - Tomoji Maeda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmaceutics, Nihon Pharmaceutical University
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12
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Liu J, Sun W, Liu C, Na Q. Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Exosomes in Maternal-Fetal Disease: a Review. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:54-61. [PMID: 35157260 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-00879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The nutrients and other factors transported by umbilical cord blood, which is vital for fetal survival, play crucial roles in fetal development. There are various communication modes between the fetal-placental system and the maternal-placental system, and these communication modes are all mediated by umbilical cord blood. During the process of umbilical cord blood transportation, the changes of some nutrients and factors may play a key role in fetal development. Exosomes, which are members of the extracellular vesicle family, are present in the umbilical cord blood and play roles in information transmission as a result of their efficient cellular communication activity. The study of umbilical cord blood-derived exosomes provides a new approach for research on the etiology of maternal-fetal diseases and they may be useful for the development of intrauterine treatments. This review summarizes specific functions and research directions regarding umbilical cord blood-derived exosomes, and their potential associations with pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Caixia Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Quan Na
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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13
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Comparison and Investigation of Exosomes from Human Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells and Human Breast Milk in Alleviating Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 19:754-766. [PMID: 36385400 PMCID: PMC10070207 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In view of the devastating impact of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) on newborns, the research on its intervention is particularly important. Although exosomes from human amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSC) and human breast milk (HBM) can protect against NEC, their mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we intend to compare the intervention effects of two types of exosomes on NEC mouse model and reveal their respective regulatory mechanisms. In general, both AFSC-derived exosomes (AFSC-exos) and HBM-derived exosomes (HBM- exos) can alleviate NEC- associated intestinal injury, significantly reduce NEC score, and reduce systemic and ileal inflammation and NEC related brain injury during experimental NEC. However, the mode and mechanism of action of the two sources of exosomes were not identical. In vivo, the number of ileal crypts was more significantly restored after HBM-exos intervention than AFSC-exos, and in vitro, HBM-exos preferentially inhibited the inflammatory response of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), whereas AFSC-exos preferentially regulated the migration of IECs. Mechanistically, GO and KEGG analyses revealed the different therapeutic mechanisms of AFSC-exos and HBM-exos in NEC. Taken together, our results illustrate that AFSC-exos and HBM-exos reduce the severity of experimental NEC and intestinal damage through different mechanisms, supporting the potential of cell-free or breast milk free exosome therapy for NEC.
Graphical Abstract
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14
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Rashidi M, Bijari S, Khazaei AH, Shojaei-Ghahrizjani F, Rezakhani L. The role of milk-derived exosomes in the treatment of diseases. Front Genet 2022; 13:1009338. [PMID: 36338966 PMCID: PMC9634108 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1009338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes (EXOs) are natural nanoparticles of endosome origin that are secreted by a variety of cells in the body. Exosomes have been found in bio-fluids such as urine, saliva, amniotic fluid, and ascites, among others. Milk is the only commercially available biological liquid containing EXOs. Proof that exosomes are essential for cell-to-cell communication is increasingly being reported. Studies have shown that they migrate from the cell of origin to various bioactive substances, including membrane receptors, proteins, mRNAs, microRNAs, and organelles, or they can stimulate target cells directly through interactions with receptors. Because of the presence of specific proteins, lipids, and RNAs, exosomes act in physiological and pathological conditions in vivo. Other salient features of EXOs include their long half-life in the body, no tumorigenesis, low immune response, good biocompatibility, ability to target cells through their surface biomarkers, and capacity to carry macromolecules. EXOs have been introduced to the scientific community as important, efficient, and attractive nanoparticles. They can be extracted from different sources and have the same characteristics as their parents. EXOs present in milk can be separated by size exclusion chromatography, density gradient centrifugation, or (ultra) centrifugation; however, the complex composition of milk that includes casein micelles and milk fat globules makes it necessary to take additional issues into consideration when employing the mentioned techniques with milk. As a rich source of EXOs, milk has unique properties that, in addition to its role as a carrier, promotes its use in treating diseases such as digestive problems, skin ulcers, and cancer, Moreover, EXOs derived from camel milk are reported to reduce the risk of oxidative stress and cancer. Milk-derived exosomes (MDEs) from yak milk improves gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, yak-MDEs have been suggested to be the best treatment for intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6 cell line). Because of their availability as well as the non-invasiveness and cost-effectiveness of their preparation, isolates from mammals milk can be excellent resources for studies related to EXOs. These features also make it possible to exploit MDEs in clinical trials. The current study aimed to investigate the therapeutic applications of EXOs isolated from various milk sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rashidi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Islamic Azad University of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Salar Bijari
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Khazaei
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Leila Rezakhani
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- *Correspondence: Leila Rezakhani, ,
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15
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Extracellular vesicles as an emerging drug delivery system for cancer treatment: Current strategies and recent advances. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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16
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Wu X, Xu X, Xiang Y, Fan D, An Q, Yue G, Jin Z, Ding J, Hu Y, Du Q, Xu J, Xie R. Exosome-mediated effects and applications in inflammatory diseases of the digestive system. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:163. [PMID: 36045437 PMCID: PMC9429695 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membranous vesicles containing RNA and proteins that are specifically secreted in vivo. Exosomes have many functions, such as material transport and signal transduction between cells. Many studies have proven that exosomes can not only be used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis but also as carriers to transmit information between cells. Exosomes participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including the immune response, antigen presentation, cell migration, cell differentiation, and tumour development. Differences in exosome functions depend on cell type. In recent years, exosome origin, cargo composition, and precise regulatory mechanisms have been the focus of research. Although exosomes have been extensively reported in digestive tumours, few articles have reviewed their roles in inflammatory diseases of the digestive system, especially inflammatory-related diseases (such as reflux oesophagitis, gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis, and pancreatitis). This paper briefly summarizes the roles of exosomes in inflammatory diseases of the digestive system to provide a basis for research on the mechanism of inflammatory diseases of the digestive system targeted by exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yiwei Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dongdong Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qiming An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Gengyu Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhe Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jianhong Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yanxia Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China. .,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China. .,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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17
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Human Milk Extracellular Vesicles: A Biological System with Clinical Implications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152345. [PMID: 35954189 PMCID: PMC9367292 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of human milk by a breastfeeding infant is associated with positive health outcomes, including lower risk of diarrheal disease, respiratory disease, otitis media, and in later life, less risk of chronic disease. These benefits may be mediated by antibodies, glycoproteins, glycolipids, oligosaccharides, and leukocytes. More recently, human milk extracellular vesicles (hMEVs) have been identified. HMEVs contain functional cargos, i.e., miRNAs and proteins, that may transmit information from the mother to promote infant growth and development. Maternal health conditions can influence hMEV composition. This review summarizes hMEV biogenesis and functional contents, reviews the functional evidence of hMEVs in the maternal–infant health relationship, and discusses challenges and opportunities in hMEV research.
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18
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Wang L, Gao R, Li B, Alganabi M, He W, Shen C, Zhu H, Pierro A. Human breast milk-derived exosomes protect against intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in neonatal rats. J Pediatr Surg 2022; 57:1264-1268. [PMID: 35379491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2022.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury like that seen in midgut volvulus can be life-threatening in the pediatric population. Human breast milk-derived exosomes (HMDEs) can prevent intestinal inflammation in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis and other intestinal diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of HMDEs on intestinal damage related to IR injury. METHODS Exosomes were isolated from human breast milk by ultracentrifugation then confirmed by Nanoparticle tracking analysis and detection of exosome membrane markers. 2-weeks old Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: a) Sham (n = 8) with laparotomy alone, b) Sham with HMDEs administration by gavage (n = 8), c) Intestinal IR injury (n = 8) by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) for 30 min followed by reperfusion, and d) Intestinal IR by SMA occlusion with HMDEs administration by gavage (n = 8). Six hours after laparotomy, animals were euthanized, and the ilea (10 cm to cecum) were harvested. Mucosal injury was scored histologically. The intestines were further examined for inflammatory cytokine TNFα, and epithelial proliferation marker Ki67. RESULTS Compared to sham, the small intestine of IR rats had more intestinal damage, increased expression of inflammatory cytokine TNFα and decreased intestinal proliferation. HMDEs significantly counteracted all these changes. CONCLUSIONS Human breast milk-derived exosomes protect the intestine against damage by IR injury. This beneficial effect is associated with decreased intestinal inflammation and enhanced epithelial proliferation. This study implicates the potential novel application of HMDEs in preventing intestinal damage in infants with intestinal IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Runnan Gao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Li
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mashriq Alganabi
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Weijing He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Shen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China; Clinical Research Unit, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Agostino Pierro
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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19
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Li X, Su L, Zhang X, Chen Q, Wang Y, Shen Z, Zhong T, Wang L, Xiao Y, Feng X, Yu X. Recent Advances on the Function and Purification of Milk Exosomes: A Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:871346. [PMID: 35757254 PMCID: PMC9219579 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.871346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-scale extracellular vesicles, which can be used as drug carriers, tumor treatment, intestinal development and immune regulator. That is why it has great potential in pharmacy, functional foods, nutritional supplements, especially those for infants, postoperative patients, chemotherapy patients and the elderly. In addition, abnormal exosome level is also related to diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, tumor, diabetes, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases, as well as infectious diseases. Despite its high biological significance, pharmaceutical and nutritional value, the low abundancy of exosomes in milk is one of the bottlenecks restricting its in-depth research and real-life application. At present, there is no unified standard for the extraction of breast milk exosomes. Therefore, choosing the proper extraction method is very critical for its subsequent research and development. Based on this, this paper reviewed the purification techniques, the function and the possible applications of milk exosomes based on 47 latest references. Humble advices on future directions, prospects on new ideas and methods which are useful for the study of exosomes are proposed at the end of the paper as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Li
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan Su
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinling Zhang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenwei Shen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Zhong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Schocker F, Jappe U. Breastfeeding: Maternally Transferred Allergens in Breast Milk: Protective or Sensitizing? Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200066. [PMID: 35619210 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
According to a thorough literature search, the following allergen sources have been associated with allergy symptoms in the exclusively breastfed child: hen's egg, cow's milk, peanut, trout. Subsequently, several studies use the advantage of molecular allergology and investigate the potential transfer of single allergens into breastmilk. This is shown for caseins, whey proteins, gliadin, ovalbumin, ovomucoid, the peanut allergens Ara h 2 and Ara h 6, as well as the inhalant allergens Der p 1 and Blo t 5. It is still a matter of debate whether or not food allergens transferred via breastfeeding to the baby promote allergic sensitization or induce tolerance and via which mechanisms they may shift the immune response to the one or other side. Noteworthy, some breastfed children are described to be sensitized to foods before being exposed to solid foods, and this exposure may have occurred through breastmilk. In the light of these findings the investigation of food allergens transferred from the mother's diet into breastmilk and their impact on sensitization or allergy prevention remains a current topic in research. This review describes breastmilk in its composition and provides data on the identification of food allergens therein including human and mouse studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Schocker
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Priority Research Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Germany
| | - Uta Jappe
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Priority Research Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Allergy Outpatient Clinic, Department of Pneumology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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21
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Lokossou GAG, Kouakanou L, Schumacher A, Zenclussen AC. Human Breast Milk: From Food to Active Immune Response With Disease Protection in Infants and Mothers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849012. [PMID: 35450064 PMCID: PMC9016618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is associated with long-term wellbeing including low risks of infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases such as asthma, cancer, autoimmune diseases and obesity during childhood. In recent years, important advances have been made in understanding the human breast milk (HBM) composition. Breast milk components such as, non-immune and immune cells and bioactive molecules, namely, cytokines/chemokines, lipids, hormones, and enzymes reportedly play many roles in breastfed newborns and in mothers, by diseases protection and shaping the immune system of the newborn. Bioactive components in HBM are also involved in tolerance and appropriate inflammatory response of breastfed infants if necessary. This review summarizes the current literature on the relationship between mother and her infant through breast milk with regard to disease protection. We will shed some light on the mechanisms underlying the roles of breast milk components in the maintenance of health of both child and mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gatien A. G. Lokossou
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, Department Human Biology Engineering, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Léonce Kouakanou
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Anne Schumacher
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research and Perinatal Immunology, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ana C. Zenclussen
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research and Perinatal Immunology, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Ohta M, Koshida S, Jimbo I, Oda M, Inoue R, Tsukahara T, Terahara M, Nakamura Y, Maruo Y. Highest concentration of breast-milk-derived exosomes in colostrum. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e15346. [PMID: 36370374 DOI: 10.1111/ped.15346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles, that play important roles in intercellular immune regulation. They have potential therapeutic utility for neonatal diseases including necrotizing enterocolitis. Breast-milk-derived exosomes have recently shown beneficial effects on intestinal damage in vitro and in vivo. However, the chronological change in breast-milk-derived exosome concentrations after delivery are unclear. METHODS In this prospective study, we enrolled 17 mothers who delivered premature infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit in Japan. We measured the consecutive concentrations of breast-milk-derived exosomes in the mothers for 48 weeks after delivery. RESULTS The median concentration of breast-milk-derived exosomes was 1.62 × 108 particles/ml in colostrum, showing a significant decrease after 2 weeks (P < 0.01). There was no association between the exosome concentration in colostrum and maternal perinatal factors including parity, mode of delivery, maternal age, and gestational age at delivery. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that breast-milk-derived exosomes were the richest in colostrum. Our basic data regarding breast-milk-derived exosomes are expected to aid in the clinical application of exosomes for treating neonatal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Ohta
- Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shigeki Koshida
- Perinatal Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Itsuki Jimbo
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Machi Oda
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University - Hirakata Campus, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University - Hirakata Campus, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Masaki Terahara
- R&D Management Department, Meiji Co., Ltd., Hachiouji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nakamura
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., Hachiouji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Maruo
- Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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23
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Taylor M, Pillaye J, Horsnell WGC. Inherent maternal type 2 immunity: Consequences for maternal and offspring health. Semin Immunol 2021; 53:101527. [PMID: 34838445 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An inherent elevation in type 2 immunity is a feature of maternal and offspring immune systems. This has diverse implications for maternal and offspring biology including influencing success of pregnancy, offspring immune development and maternal and offspring ability to control infection and diseases such as allergies. In this review we provide a broad insight into how this immunological feature of pregnancy and early life impacts both maternal and offspring biology. We also suggest how understanding of this axis of immune influence is and may be utilised to improve maternal and offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, The Kings Buildings, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.
| | - Jamie Pillaye
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - William Gordon Charles Horsnell
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
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24
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Askenase PW. Exosomes provide unappreciated carrier effects that assist transfers of their miRNAs to targeted cells; I. They are 'The Elephant in the Room'. RNA Biol 2021; 18:2038-2053. [PMID: 33944671 PMCID: PMC8582996 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1885189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV), such as exosomes, are emerging biologic entities that mediate important newly recognized functional effects. Exosomes are intracellular endosome-originating, cell-secreted, small nano-size EV. They can transfer cargo molecules like miRNAs to act intracellularly in targeted acceptor cells, to then mediate epigenetic functional alterations. Exosomes among EV, are universal nanoparticles of life that are present across all species. Some critics mistakenly hold exosomes to concepts and standards of cells, whereas they are subcellular nanospheres that are a million times smaller, have neither nuclei nor mitochondria, are far less complex and currently cannot be studied deeply and elegantly by many and diverse technologies developed for cells over many years. There are important concerns about the seeming impossibility of biologically significant exosome transfers of very small amounts of miRNAs resulting in altered targeted cell functions. These hesitations are based on current canonical concepts developed for non-physiological application of miRNAs alone, or artificial non-quantitative genetic expression. Not considered is that the natural physiologic intercellular transit via exosomes can contribute numerous augmenting carrier effects to functional miRNA transfers. Some of these are particularly stimulated complex extracellular and intracellular physiologic processes activated in the exosome acceptor cells that can crucially influence the intracellular effects of the transferred miRNAs. These can lead to molecular chemical changes altering DNA expression for mediating functional changes of the targeted cells. Such exosome mediated molecular transfers of epigenetic functional alterations, are the most exciting and life-altering property that these nano EV bring to virtually all of biology and medicine. .Abbreviations: Ab, Antibody Ag Antigen; APC, Antigen presenting cells; CS, contact sensitivity; DC, Dendritic cells; DTH, Delayed-type hypersensitivity; EV, extracellular vesicles; EV, Extracellular vesicle; FLC, Free light chains of antibodies; GI, gastrointestinal; IP, Intraperitoneal administration; IV, intravenous administration; OMV, Outer membrane vesicles released by bacteria; PE, Phos-phatidylethanolamine; PO, oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W. Askenase
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Hu Y, Thaler J, Nieuwland R. Extracellular Vesicles in Human Milk. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1050. [PMID: 34681274 PMCID: PMC8539554 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk supports the growth and development of infants. An increasing number of mostly recent studies have demonstrated that milk contains a hitherto undescribed component called extracellular vesicles (EVs). This presents questions regarding why milk contains EVs and what their function is. Recently, we showed that EVs in human milk expose tissue factor, the protein that triggers coagulation or blood clotting, and that milk-derived EVs promote coagulation. Because bovine milk, which also contains EVs, completely lacks this coagulant activity, important differences are present in the biological functions of human milk-derived EVs between species. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding the presence and biochemical composition of milk EVs, their function(s) and potential clinical applications such as in probiotics, and the unique problems that milk EVs encounter in vivo, including survival of the gastrointestinal conditions encountered in the newborn. The main focus of this review will be human milk-derived EVs, but when available, we will also include information regarding non-human milk for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry and Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Thaler
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry and Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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Kim H, Jang H, Cho H, Choi J, Hwang KY, Choi Y, Kim SH, Yang Y. Recent Advances in Exosome-Based Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174435. [PMID: 34503245 PMCID: PMC8430743 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Exosomes derived from various sources can deliver therapeutic agents such as small molecule drugs, nucleic acids, and proteins to cancer cells by passive or active targeting. These exosomes can encapsulate drugs inside the exosomes, extending drug half-life and increasing drug release stability. In addition, exosomes are highly biocompatible due to their endogenous origin and can be used as nanocarriers for tissue-specific targeted delivery. This review discusses recent advances in exosome-based drug delivery for cancer therapy. Abstract Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles, with a size of about 100 nm, secreted by most cells and carrying various bioactive molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and reflect the biological status of parent cells. Exosomes have natural advantages such as high biocompatibility and low immunogenicity for efficient delivery of therapeutic agents such as chemotherapeutic drugs, nucleic acids, and proteins. In this review, we introduce the latest explorations of exosome-based drug delivery systems for cancer therapy, with particular focus on the targeted delivery of various types of cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyosuk Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (H.K.); (H.J.); (H.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Hochung Jang
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (H.K.); (H.J.); (H.C.); (J.C.)
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Haeun Cho
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (H.K.); (H.J.); (H.C.); (J.C.)
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Jiwon Choi
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (H.K.); (H.J.); (H.C.); (J.C.)
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Kwang Yeon Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Yeonho Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Sun Hwa Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (H.K.); (H.J.); (H.C.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.H.K.); (Y.Y.); Tel.: +82-02-958-6639 (S.H.K.); +82-02-958-6655 (Y.Y.)
| | - Yoosoo Yang
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (H.K.); (H.J.); (H.C.); (J.C.)
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.H.K.); (Y.Y.); Tel.: +82-02-958-6639 (S.H.K.); +82-02-958-6655 (Y.Y.)
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Zhu L, Chen Y, Chen M, Wang W. Mechanism of miR-204-5p in exosomes derived from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid on the progression of pulmonary fibrosis via AP1S2. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1068. [PMID: 34422980 PMCID: PMC8339838 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-8033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles secreted by various types of cells that are responsible for intracellular communication. Despite that bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) has been proven to involve in tumor development, more efforts are required to investigate the impact of BALF on pulmonary fibrosis (PF). This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of how exosomal miR-204-5p from BALF facilitates PF progression in rats. Methods PF rat model was established by intratracheal injection of bleomycin. BALF-derived exosomes (Exo) were extracted from normal and PF rats. PF-Exo (BALF-derived Exo from PF rats) and miR-204-5p antagomir were injected into rats to investigate the effect of exosomal miR-204-5p on PF. Collagen content in lung tissues of rats was assessed by Masson staining, hydroxyproline (HYP) content assay and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Primary lung fibroblasts were isolated, and treated by TGF-β1. After co-transfection of PF-Exo, miR-204-5p inhibitor and sh-AP1S2, cell proliferation, levels of miR-204-5p, fibrotic markers α-SMA and collagen 1 (Col 1), and proteins of autophagy markers LC3II, LC3I and P62 were measured. The interaction between miR-204-5p and AP1S2 was determined by bioinformatics online software TargetScan and dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results miR-204-5p was abundantly expressed in the PF-Exo group. PF-Exo injection potentiated PF progression and proliferation ability of lung fibroblasts in vivo and in vitro. Injection with PF-Exo and miR-204-5p antagomir significantly increased the LC3II/I ratio and decreased the HYP content, proteins of α-SMA, Col 1 and P62, collagen content in rat lung tissues of PF rats. TGF-β1 induction elevated the LC3II/LC3I ratio, suppressed the cell proliferation rate, and decreased the levels of α-SMA, Col 1 and P62. Additionally, AP1S2 was a direct target of miR-204-5p. miR-204-5p inhibitor can counteract the effect of PF-Exo in proliferation of lung fibroblasts, while sh-AP1S2 eliminated the effect of miR-204-5p inhibitor. Conclusions Exosomal miR-204-5p from BALF inhibits autophagy to promote the progression of PF rats by targeting AP1S2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhu
- Department of Rheumatism Immunology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yahui Chen
- Department of Rheumatism Immunology, Ningbo Sixth Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Rheumatism Immunology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Department of Rheumatism Immunology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Shirejini SZ, Inci F. The Yin and Yang of exosome isolation methods: conventional practice, microfluidics, and commercial kits. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107814. [PMID: 34389465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles released from various cells, and they can be found in different bodily fluids. Exosomes are used as biomarkers to diagnose many diseases and to monitor therapy efficiency as they represent the status and origin of the cell, which they are released from. Considering that they co-exist in bodily fluids with other types of particles, their isolation still remains challenging since conventional separation methods are time-consuming, user-dependent, and result in low isolation yield. This review summarizes the conventional strategies and microfluidic-based methods for exosome isolation along with their strengths and limitations. Microfluidic devices emerge as a promising approach to overcome the limitations of the conventional methods due to their inherent characteristics, such as the need for minute sample volume and rapid operation, in order to isolate exosomes with a high yield and a high purity in a short amount of time, which make them unprecedented tools for molecular biology and clinical applications. This review elaborates on the existing microfluidic-based exosome isolation methods and denotes their benefits and drawbacks. Herein, we also introduce various commercially available platforms and kits for exosome isolation along with their working principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedreza Zeibi Shirejini
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatih Inci
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
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Adriano B, Cotto NM, Chauhan N, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC, Yallapu MM. Milk exosomes: Nature's abundant nanoplatform for theranostic applications. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2479-2490. [PMID: 33553829 PMCID: PMC7856328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a unique subpopulation of naturally occurring extracellular vesicles which are smaller intracellular membrane nanoparticle vesicles. Exosomes have proven to be excellent nanocarriers for carrying lipids, proteins, mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, and DNAs, and disseminating long-distance intercellular communications in various biological processes. Among various cell-line or biological fluid derived exosomes, milk exosomes are abundant in nature and exhibit many nanocarrier characteristics favorable for theranostic applications. To be an effective delivery carrier for their clinical translation, exosomes must inbuilt loading, release, targeting, and imaging/tracking characteristics. Considering the unmet gaps of milk exosomes in theranostic technology it is essential to focus the current review on drug delivery and imaging applications. This review delineates the efficiency of exosomes to load therapeutic or imaging agents and their successful delivery approaches. It is emphasized on possible modifications of exosomes towards increasing the stability and delivery of agents. This article also summarizes the specific applications and the process of developing milk exosomes as a future pharmaceutical drug delivery vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benilde Adriano
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Nycol M. Cotto
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Neeraj Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Subhash C. Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Murali M. Yallapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
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Macchiaverni P, Rekima A, van den Elsen L, Renz H, Verhasselt V. Allergen shedding in human milk: Could it be key for immune system education and allergy prevention? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:679-688. [PMID: 34310930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In addition to being a source of nutrients for the developing newborn, human milk contains thousands of bioactive compounds, which influence infant health in the short-term as exemplified by its major benefits on infectious disease prevention. Many of the human milk compounds also have the required characteristics to instruct immune development and guide long-term health. Prebiotics, probiotics, and varied antimicrobial molecules all have the potential to shape the composition and function of the establishing gut microbiota, which is known to be a major determinant of immune function. Another and less explored way human milk can instruct long-term immunity is through antigen shedding. Here, we will review the evidence that antigens from maternal environment and more specifically from allergen sources are found in human milk. We will discuss data from rodent models and birth cohorts showing that allergen shedding in breast milk may influence long-term allergy risk. We will uncover the variables that may underlie heterogeneity in oral tolerance induction and allergy prevention in children breast-fed by allergen-exposed mothers. We will focus on the parameters that control antigen transfer to breast milk, on the unique biological characteristics of allergens in breast milk, and on the milk bioactive compounds that were found to influence immune response in offspring. We propose this understanding is fundamental to guide maternal interventions leading to lifelong allergen tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Macchiaverni
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Akila Rekima
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Lieke van den Elsen
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Member of the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Marburg, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany; In Vivo Planetary Health, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York
| | - Valerie Verhasselt
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia; In Vivo Planetary Health, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York.
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Ong SL, Blenkiron C, Haines S, Acevedo-Fani A, Leite JAS, Zempleni J, Anderson RC, McCann MJ. Ruminant Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Nutritional and Therapeutic Opportunity? Nutrients 2021; 13:2505. [PMID: 34444665 PMCID: PMC8398904 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk has been shown to contain a specific fraction of extracellular particles that are reported to resist digestion and are purposefully packaged with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to exert specific biological effects. These findings suggest that these particles may have a role in the quality of infant nutrition, particularly in the early phase of life when many of the foundations of an infant's potential for health and overall wellness are established. However, much of the current research focuses on human or cow milk only, and there is a knowledge gap in how milk from other species, which may be more commonly consumed in different regions, could also have these reported biological effects. Our review provides a summary of the studies into the extracellular particle fraction of milk from a wider range of ruminants and pseudo-ruminants, focusing on how this fraction is isolated and characterised, the stability and uptake of the fraction, and the reported biological effects of these fractions in a range of model systems. As the individual composition of milk from different species is known to differ, we propose that the extracellular particle fraction of milk from non-traditional and minority species may also have important and distinct biological properties that warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Ling Ong
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, AgResearch Ltd., Massey University Campus, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1051, New Zealand;
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1051, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Haines
- Beyond Food Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Lincoln 7674, New Zealand;
| | - Alejandra Acevedo-Fani
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (A.A.-F.); (J.A.S.L.)
| | - Juliana A. S. Leite
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (A.A.-F.); (J.A.S.L.)
| | - Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Rachel C. Anderson
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, AgResearch Ltd., Massey University Campus, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (A.A.-F.); (J.A.S.L.)
| | - Mark J. McCann
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, AgResearch Ltd., Massey University Campus, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (A.A.-F.); (J.A.S.L.)
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Shen Q, Huang Z, Yao J, Jin Y. Extracellular vesicles-mediated interaction within intestinal microenvironment in inflammatory bowel disease. J Adv Res 2021; 37:221-233. [PMID: 35499059 PMCID: PMC9039646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
EVs derived from different sources play modulatory functions in the intestine, especially interaction associated with microbiota. An EV-mediated interaction system was established to describe the possible mechanism of IBD pathogenesis and its cure. EVs-based treatments show great potential of clinical applications in IBD diagnosis and therapy.
Background The intestinal tract is a complicated ecosystem with dynamic homeostasis via interaction of intestine and microbiota. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is chronic intestinal inflammation involving dysbiosis of intestinal microenvironment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as vital characteristics of cell–cell and cell-organism communication, contribute to homeostasis in intestine. Recently, EVs showed excellent potential for clinical applications in disease diagnoses and therapies. Aim of Review Our current review discusses the modulatory functions of EVs derived from different sources in intestine, especially their effects and applications in IBD clinical therapy. EV-mediated interaction systems between host intestine and microbiota were established to describe possible mechanisms of IBD pathogenesis and its cure. Key Scientific Concepts of Review EVs are excellent vehicles for delivering molecules containing genetic information to recipient cells. Multiple pieces of evidence have illustrated that EVs participate the interaction between host and microbiota in intestinal microenvironment. In inflammatory intestine with dysbiosis of microbiota, EVs as regulators target promoting immune response and microbial reconstruction. EVs-based immunotherapy could be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of IBD in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichen Shen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhuizui Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jiachen Yao
- Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Corresponding author at: 18, Chaowang Road, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.
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Jiang X, You L, Zhang Z, Cui X, Zhong H, Sun X, Ji C, Chi X. Biological Properties of Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Their Physiological Functions in Infant. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:693534. [PMID: 34249944 PMCID: PMC8267587 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.693534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by all cells under pathological and physiological conditions. EVs harbor various biomolecules, including protein, lipid, non-coding RNA, messenger RNA, and DNA. In 2007, mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) carried by EVs were found to have regulatory functions in recipient cells. The biological function of EVs has since then increasingly drawn interest. Breast milk, as the most important nutritional source for infants, contains EVs in large quantities. An increasing number of studies have provided the basis for the hypothesis associated with information transmission between mothers and infants via breast milk-derived EVs. Most studies on milk-derived EVs currently focus on miRNAs. Milk-derived EVs contain diverse miRNAs, which remain stable both in vivo and in vitro; as such, they can be absorbed across different species. Further studies have confirmed that miRNAs derived from milk-derived EVs can resist the acidic environment and enzymatic hydrolysis of the digestive tract; moreover, they can be absorbed by intestinal cells in infants to perform physiological functions. miRNAs derived from milk EVs have been reported in the maturation of immune cells, regulation of immune response, formation of neuronal synapses, and development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. This article reviews current status and advances in milk-derived EVs, including their history, biogenesis, molecular contents, and biological functions. The effects of milk-derived EVs on growth and development in both infants and adults were emphasized. Finally, the potential application and future challenges of milk-derived EVs were discussed, providing comprehensive understanding and new insight into milk-derived EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiang
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Lianghui You
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianwei Cui
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Zhong
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingzhen Sun
- The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Chenbo Ji
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Chi
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Dong P, Zhang Y, Yan DY, Wang Y, Xu X, Zhao YC, Xiao TT. Protective Effects of Human Milk-Derived Exosomes on Intestinal Stem Cells Damaged by Oxidative Stress. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720912690. [PMID: 32193954 PMCID: PMC7444213 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720912690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding has been shown to have a protective effect on the occurrence of
necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), but the mechanism remains unclear. In the
context of NEC pathogenesis, many of the protective properties of exosomes on
the intestinal epithelial compartment make it an ideal therapeutic target. In
the present study, our hypothesis was that intestinal stem cells (ISCs) would be
protected from injury by human milk-derived exosomes (HMDEs). Human breast milk
was collected, and exosomes were isolated using ExoQuick reagent.
Magnetic-activated cell sorting isolation of prominin-1+ ISCs was
performed from small intestines of neonatal rat. ISCs were treated with or
without H2O2, and HMDEs, an equal volume of HMDE-free
milk, or a control solution [phosphate-buffered solution (PBS)] was added,
respectively. In the absence of HMDEs, exposure of ISCs to
H2O2 led to decreased cell viability. However,
addition of HMDEs to ISCs exposed to H2O2 led to
significantly increased ISC viability. There was a significant upregulation of
mRNA expression of Axin2, c-Myc, and Cyclin D1 genes of the Wnt/β-catenin axis
in ISCs treated with HMDEs (6.99 ± 2.34, 4.21 ± 1.68, 6.17 ± 2.22, respectively,
P < 0.05 for all), as compared to control. In the
presence of carnosic acid (a specific Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitor), the
cell viability was significantly decreased. Thus, HMDEs protect ISCs from
oxidative stress injury in vitro, which were possibly mediated
via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Our findings indicate that oral
administration of HMDEs might be a promising measure in treating NEC or in
preventing the development of NEC in high-risk infants when breast milk is not
available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Dong
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Yong Yan
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu Xu
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Chun Zhao
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Tian Xiao
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Shanghai, China
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35
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Melnik BC, Stremmel W, Weiskirchen R, John SM, Schmitz G. Exosome-Derived MicroRNAs of Human Milk and Their Effects on Infant Health and Development. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060851. [PMID: 34200323 PMCID: PMC8228670 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple biologically active components of human milk support infant growth, health and development. Milk provides a wide spectrum of mammary epithelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MEVs) for the infant. Although the whole spectrum of MEVs appears to be of functional importance for the growing infant, the majority of recent studies report on the MEV subfraction of milk exosomes (MEX) and their miRNA cargo, which are in the focus of this review. MEX and the dominant miRNA-148a play a key role in intestinal maturation, barrier function and suppression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling and may thus be helpful for the prevention and treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis. MEX and their miRNAs reach the systemic circulation and may impact epigenetic programming of various organs including the liver, thymus, brain, pancreatic islets, beige, brown and white adipose tissue as well as bones. Translational evidence indicates that MEX and their miRNAs control the expression of global cellular regulators such as DNA methyltransferase 1-which is important for the up-regulation of developmental genes including insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, α-synuclein and forkhead box P3-and receptor-interacting protein 140, which is important for the regulation of multiple nuclear receptors. MEX-derived miRNA-148a and miRNA-30b may stimulate the expression of uncoupling protein 1, the key inducer of thermogenesis converting white into beige/brown adipose tissue. MEX have to be considered as signalosomes derived from the maternal lactation genome emitted to promote growth, maturation, immunological and metabolic programming of the offspring. Deeper insights into milk's molecular biology allow the conclusion that infants are both "breast-fed" and "breast-programmed". In this regard, MEX miRNA-deficient artificial formula is not an adequate substitute for breastfeeding, the birthright of all mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-5241-988060
| | - Wolfgang Stremmel
- Private Praxis for Internal Medicine, Beethovenstraße 2, D-76530 Baden-Baden, Germany;
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Swen Malte John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany;
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany;
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36
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Zeng R, Wang J, Zhuo Z, Luo Y, Sha W, Chen H. Stem cells and exosomes: promising candidates for necrotizing enterocolitis therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:323. [PMID: 34090496 PMCID: PMC8180168 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease predominately affecting neonates. Despite therapeutic advances, NEC remains the leading cause of mortality due to gastrointestinal conditions in neonates. Stem cells have been exploited in various diseases, and the application of different types of stem cells in the NEC therapy is explored in the past decade. However, stem cell transplantation possesses several deficiencies, and exosomes are considered potent alternatives. Exosomes, especially those derived from stem cells and breast milk, demonstrate beneficial effects for NEC both in vivo and in vitro and emerge as promising options for clinical practice. In this review, the function and therapeutic effects of stem cells and exosomes for NEC are investigated and summarized, which provide insights for the development and application of novel therapeutic strategies in pediatric diseases. Further elucidation of mechanisms, improvement in preparation, bioengineering, and administration, as well as rigorous clinical trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zewei Zhuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yujun Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weihong Sha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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37
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Review of Methodological Approaches to Human Milk Small Extracellular Vesicle Proteomics. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060833. [PMID: 34204944 PMCID: PMC8228857 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics can map extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, across disease states between organisms and cell types. Due to the diverse origin and cargo of EVs, tailoring methodological and analytical techniques can support the reproducibility of results. Proteomics scans are sensitive to in-sample contaminants, which can be retained during EV isolation procedures. Contaminants can also arise from the biological origin of exosomes, such as the lipid-rich environment in human milk. Human milk (HM) EVs and exosomes are emerging as a research interest in health and disease, though the experimental characterization and functional assays remain varied. Past studies of HM EV proteomes have used data-dependent acquisition methods for protein detection, however, improvements in data independent acquisition could allow for previously undetected EV proteins to be identified by mass spectrometry. Depending on the research question, only a specific population of proteins can be compared and measured using isotope and other labelling techniques. In this review, we summarize published HM EV proteomics protocols and suggest a methodological workflow with the end-goal of effective and reproducible analysis of human milk EV proteomes.
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38
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Kadbhane A, Patel M, Srivastava S, Singh PK, Madan J, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Perspective insights and application of exosomes as a novel tool against neurodegenerative disorders: An expository appraisal. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Extracellular Vesicles and Asthma-More Than Just a Co-Existence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094984. [PMID: 34067156 PMCID: PMC8124625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures, which are secreted by almost every cell type analyzed so far. In addition to their importance for cell-cell communication under physiological conditions, EVs are also released during pathogenesis and mechanistically contribute to this process. Here we summarize their functional relevance in asthma, one of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases. Asthma is a complex persistent inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction and, from a long-term perspective, airway remodeling. Overall, mechanistic studies summarized here indicate the importance of different subtypes of EVs and their variable cargoes in the functioning of the pathways underlying asthma, and show some interesting potential for the development of future therapeutic interventions. Association studies in turn demonstrate a good diagnostic potential of EVs in asthma.
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40
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Chen W, Chen X, Qian Y, Wang X, Zhou Y, Yan X, Yu B, Yao S, Yu Z, Zhu J, Han S. Lipidomic Profiling of Human Milk Derived Exosomes and Their Emerging Roles in the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000845. [PMID: 33715285 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Human milk can prevent the development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Human milk is rich in cargo-carrying exosomes that participate in intercellular communication. This study investigated the effects of term and preterm human milk-derived exosomes, and elucidated their lipid expression profiles. METHODS AND RESULTS Milk from healthy mothers is collected who have delivered full-term or preterm infants, and exosomes are isolated and quantified. Administration of term and preterm milk exosomes significantly enhances epithelial proliferation and migration in vitro, and ameliorates the severity of NEC in vivo. A total of 395 lipids are identified in term and preterm human milk-derived exosomes. Bioinformatics analysis and western blotting reveal that top 50 lipids regulate intestinal epithelial cell function via the Extracellular-Signal-Regulated Kinase/Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway. CONCLUSION This study reveals for the first time the lipidomic complexities in exosomes derived from preterm and term milk. The results provide novel mechanistic insight on how human milk prevents the development of NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, China
| | - Yun Qian
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, China
| | - Xingyun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, China
| | - Yahui Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, China
| | - Xiangyun Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, China
| | - Boshi Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, China
| | - Shuwen Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, China
| | - Zhangbin Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, China
| | - Jingai Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, China
| | - Shuping Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, China
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41
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Kupsco A, Prada D, Valvi D, Hu L, Petersen MS, Coull B, Grandjean P, Weihe P, Baccarelli AA. Human milk extracellular vesicle miRNA expression and associations with maternal characteristics in a population-based cohort from the Faroe Islands. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5840. [PMID: 33712635 PMCID: PMC7970999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk plays a critical role in infant development and health, particularly in cognitive, immune, and cardiometabolic functions. Milk contains extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can transport biologically relevant cargo from mother to infant, including microRNAs (miRNAs). We aimed to characterize milk EV-miRNA profiles in a human population cohort, assess potential pathways and ontology, and investigate associations with maternal characteristics. We conducted the first study to describe the EV miRNA profile of human milk in 364 mothers from a population-based mother-infant cohort in the Faroe Islands using small RNA sequencing. We detected 1523 miRNAs with ≥ one read in 70% of samples. Using hierarchical clustering, we determined five EV-miRNA clusters, the top three consisting of 15, 27 and 67 miRNAs. Correlation coefficients indicated that the expression of many miRNAs within the top three clusters was highly correlated. Top-cluster human milk EV-miRNAs were involved in pathways enriched for the endocrine system, cellular community, neurodevelopment, and cancers. miRNA expression was associated with time to milk collection post-delivery, maternal body mass index, and maternal smoking, but not maternal parity. Future studies investigating determinants of human EV-miRNAs and associated health outcomes are needed to elucidate the role of human milk EV-miRNAs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Kupsco
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, 10023, USA.
| | - Diddier Prada
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, 10023, USA
- Unit for Biomedical Research in Cancer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Damaskini Valvi
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Lisa Hu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, 10023, USA
| | - Maria Skaalum Petersen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
- Center of Health Science, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Brent Coull
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Pal Weihe
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
- Center of Health Science, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, 10023, USA
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42
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Zonneveld MI, van Herwijnen MJC, Fernandez-Gutierrez MM, Giovanazzi A, de Groot AM, Kleinjan M, van Capel TMM, Sijts AJAM, Taams LS, Garssen J, de Jong EC, Kleerebezem M, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM, Redegeld FA, Wauben MHM. Human milk extracellular vesicles target nodes in interconnected signalling pathways that enhance oral epithelial barrier function and dampen immune responses. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12071. [PMID: 33732416 PMCID: PMC7944547 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal milk is nature's first functional food. It plays a crucial role in the development of the infant's gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the immune system. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of lipid bilayer enclosed vesicles released by cells for intercellular communication and are a component of milk. Recently, we discovered that human milk EVs contain a unique proteome compared to other milk components. Here, we show that physiological concentrations of milk EVs support epithelial barrier function by increasing cell migration via the p38 MAPK pathway. Additionally, milk EVs inhibit agonist‐induced activation of endosomal Toll like receptors TLR3 and TLR9. Furthermore, milk EVs directly inhibit activation of CD4+ T cells by temporarily suppressing T cell activation without inducing tolerance. We show that milk EV proteins target key hotspots of signalling networks that can modulate cellular processes in various cell types of the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke I Zonneveld
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J C van Herwijnen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Alberta Giovanazzi
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Anne Marit de Groot
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marije Kleinjan
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Toni M M van Capel
- Department of Experimental Immunology Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands Centre for inflammation University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II) Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Alice J A M Sijts
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Leonie S Taams
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology Department of Inflammation Biology School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences King's College London London UK
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands.,Global Centre of Excellence Immunology Danone Nutricia Research Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Esther C de Jong
- Department of Experimental Immunology Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands Centre for inflammation University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II) Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group Department of Animal Sciences Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Esther N M Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Frank A Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
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43
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The Gut‒Breast Axis: Programming Health for Life. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020606. [PMID: 33673254 PMCID: PMC7917897 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut is a pivotal organ in health and disease. The events that take place in the gut during early life contribute to the programming, shaping and tuning of distant organs, having lifelong consequences. In this context, the maternal gut plays a quintessence in programming the mammary gland to face the nutritional, microbiological, immunological, and neuroendocrine requirements of the growing infant. Subsequently, human colostrum and milk provides the infant with an impressive array of nutrients and bioactive components, including microbes, immune cells, and stem cells. Therefore, the axis linking the maternal gut, the breast, and the infant gut seems crucial for a correct infant growth and development. The aim of this article is not to perform a systematic review of the human milk components but to provide an insight of their extremely complex interactions, which render human milk a unique functional food and explain why this biological fluid still truly remains as a scientific enigma.
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44
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Civra A, Francese R, Donalisio M, Tonetto P, Coscia A, Sottemano S, Balestrini R, Faccio A, Cavallarin L, Moro GE, Bertino E, Lembo D. Human Colostrum and Derived Extracellular Vesicles Prevent Infection by Human Rotavirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Vitro. J Hum Lact 2021; 37:122-134. [PMID: 33534629 DOI: 10.1177/0890334420988239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is known that breastfeeding protects the infant from enteric and respiratory infections; however, the antiviral properties of human milk against enteric and respiratory viruses are largely unexplored. RESEARCH AIMS To explore the antiviral activity of human preterm colostrum against rotavirus and respiratory syncytial virus and to assess whether the derived extracellular vesicle contribute to this activity. METHODS We used a cross-sectional, prospective two-group non-experimental design. Colostra were collected from mothers of preterm newborns (N = 10) and extracellular vesicles were purified and characterized. The antiviral activity of colostra and derived extracellular vesicles were tested in vitro against rotavirus and respiratory syncytial virus and the step of viral replication inhibited by extracellular vesicles was investigated. RESULTS Each sample of colostrum and colostrum-derived extracellular vesicles had significant antiviral activity with a wide interpersonal variability. Mechanism of action studies demonstrated that extracellular vesicles acted by interfering with the early steps of the viral replicative cycle. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the intrinsic antiviral activity of human colostrum against rotavirus and respiratory syncytial virus and we showed that extracellular vesicles substantially contribute to the overall protective effect. Our results contribute to unravelling novel mechanisms underlying the functional role of human milk as a protective and therapeutic agent in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Civra
- 93149314 Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Rachele Francese
- 93149314 Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- 93149314 Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Tonetto
- Neonatal Care Unit of the University, City of Health and Science Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Neonatal Care Unit of the University, City of Health and Science Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Sottemano
- Neonatal Care Unit of the University, City of Health and Science Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council - Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Turin Unit, Italy
| | - Antonella Faccio
- National Research Council - Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Turin Unit, Italy
| | - Laura Cavallarin
- 9327 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Guido E Moro
- Italian Association of Human Milk Banks, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Neonatal Care Unit of the University, City of Health and Science Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- 93149314 Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
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45
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Azad MB, Nickel NC, Bode L, Brockway M, Brown A, Chambers C, Goldhammer C, Hinde K, McGuire M, Munblit D, Patel AL, Pérez-Escamilla R, Rasmussen KM, Shenker N, Young BE, Zuccolo L. Breastfeeding and the origins of health: Interdisciplinary perspectives and priorities. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2020; 17:e13109. [PMID: 33210456 PMCID: PMC7988860 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Breastfeeding and human milk (HM) are critically important to maternal, infant and population health. This paper summarizes the proceedings of a workshop that convened a multidisciplinary panel of researchers to identify key priorities and anticipated breakthroughs in breastfeeding and HM research, discuss perceived barriers and challenges to achieving these breakthroughs and propose a constructive action plan to maximize the impact of future research in this field. Priority research areas identified were as follows: (1) addressing low breastfeeding rates and inequities using mixed methods, community partnerships and implementation science approaches; (2) improving awareness of evidence-based benefits, challenges and complexities of breastfeeding and HM among health practitioners and the public; (3) identifying differential impacts of alternative modes of HM feeding including expressed/pumped milk, donor milk and shared milk; and (4) developing a mechanistic understanding of the health effects of breastfeeding and the contributors to HM composition and variability. Key barriers and challenges included (1) overcoming methodological limitations of epidemiological breastfeeding research and mechanistic HM research; (2) counteracting 'breastfeeding denialism' arising from negative personal breastfeeding experiences; (3) distinguishing and aligning research and advocacy efforts; and (4) managing real and perceived conflicts of interest. To advance research on breastfeeding and HM and maximize the reach and impact of this research, larger investments are needed, interdisciplinary collaboration is essential, and the scientific community must engage families and other stakeholders in research planning and knowledge translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan B Azad
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Human Capital & Economic Opportunity Global Working Group, Center for the Economics of Human Development, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nathan C Nickel
- Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences and Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Meredith Brockway
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Amy Brown
- Department of Public Health, Policy and Social Sciences and Centre for Lactation, Infant Feeding and Translation, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Christina Chambers
- Mommy's Milk Human Milk Research Biorepository, Center for Better Beginnings, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Katie Hinde
- Center of Evolution and Medicine and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Michelle McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Daniel Munblit
- Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,inVIVO Planetary Health, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, New Jersey, USA
| | - Aloka L Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Rush University Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rafael Pérez-Escamilla
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Natalie Shenker
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Human Milk Foundation, Harpenden, UK
| | - Bridget E Young
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Luisa Zuccolo
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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46
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Kim KU, Kim WH, Jeong CH, Yi DY, Min H. More than Nutrition: Therapeutic Potential of Breast Milk-Derived Exosomes in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7327. [PMID: 33023062 PMCID: PMC7582863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk (HBM) is an irreplaceable source of nutrition for early infant growth and development. Breast-fed children are known to have a low prevalence and reduced risk of various diseases, such as necrotizing enterocolitis, gastroenteritis, acute lymphocytic leukemia, and acute myeloid leukemia. In recent years, HBM has been found to contain a microbiome, extracellular vesicles or exosomes, and microRNAs, as well as nutritional components and non-nutritional proteins, including immunoregulatory proteins, hormones, and growth factors. Especially, the milk-derived exosomes exert various physiological and therapeutic function in cell proliferation, inflammation, immunomodulation, and cancer, which are mainly attributed to their cargo molecules such as proteins and microRNAs. The exosomal miRNAs are protected from enzymatic digestion and acidic conditions, and play a critical role in immune regulation and cancer. In addition, the milk-derived exosomes are developed as drug carriers for delivering small molecules and siRNA to tumor sites. In this review, we examined the various components of HBM and their therapeutic potential, in particular of exosomes and microRNAs, towards cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Uk Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (K.-U.K.); (W.-H.K.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Wan-Hoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (K.-U.K.); (W.-H.K.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Chi Hwan Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (K.-U.K.); (W.-H.K.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Dae Yong Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul 06973, Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Min
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (K.-U.K.); (W.-H.K.); (C.H.J.)
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47
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O'Reilly D, Dorodnykh D, Avdeenko NV, Nekliudov NA, Garssen J, Elolimy AA, Petrou L, Simpson MR, Yeruva L, Munblit D. Perspective: The Role of Human Breast-Milk Extracellular Vesicles in Child Health and Disease. Adv Nutr 2020; 12:59-70. [PMID: 32838428 PMCID: PMC7849950 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk (HM) contains multiple bioactive substances determining its impact on children's health. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of secreted nanoparticles that are present in HM and may be partially responsible for its beneficial effects. The precise roles and content of EVs in HM remain largely unknown. To examine this, we performed a short narrative review on the literature focusing on HM EVs to contextualize the available data, followed by a scoping review of MEDLINE and Embase databases. We identified 424 nonduplicate citations with 19 original studies included. In this perspective, we summarize the evidence around HM EVs, highlight some theoretical considerations based on existing evidence, and provide an overview of some challenges associated with the complexity and heterogeneity of EV research. We consider how the existing data from HM studies conform to the minimal information for studies of EVs (MISEV) guidelines. Across the studies a variety of research methods were utilized involving both bench-based and translational methods, and a range of different EV contents were examined including RNA, proteins, and glycopeptides. We observed a variety of health outcomes in these studies, including allergy and atopy, necrotizing enterocolitis, and HIV. While some promising results have been demonstrated, the heterogeneity in outcomes of interest, methodological limitations, and relatively small number of studies in the field make comparison between studies or further translational work problematic. To date, no studies have examined normative values of HM EVs in a large, diverse population or with respect to potentially important influencing factors such as timing (hind- vs. foremilk), stage (colostrum vs. mature milk), and infant age (preterm vs. term), which makes extrapolation from bench or "basic" research impossible. Future research should focus on addressing the current inadequacies in the literature and utilize MISEV guidelines to inform study design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Dorodnykh
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina V Avdeenko
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita A Nekliudov
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ahmed A Elolimy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA,Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Loukia Petrou
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Rae Simpson
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway,Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Laxmi Yeruva
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA,Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
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48
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Orally Administered Exosomes Suppress Mouse Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity by Delivering miRNA-150 to Antigen-Primed Macrophage APC Targeted by Exosome-Surface Anti-Peptide Antibody Light Chains. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155540. [PMID: 32748889 PMCID: PMC7432818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously discovered suppressor T cell-derived, antigen (Ag)-specific exosomes inhibiting mouse hapten-induced contact sensitivity effector T cells by targeting antigen-presenting cells (APCs). These suppressive exosomes acted Ag-specifically due to a coating of antibody free light chains (FLC) from Ag-activated B1a cells. Current studies are aimed at determining if similar immune tolerance could be induced in cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the protein Ag (ovalbumin, OVA). Intravenous administration of a high dose of OVA-coupled, syngeneic erythrocytes similarly induced CD3+CD8+ suppressor T cells producing suppressive, miRNA-150-carrying exosomes, also coated with B1a cell-derived, OVA-specific FLC. Simultaneously, OVA-immunized B1a cells produced an exosome subpopulation, originally coated with Ag-specific FLC, that could be rendered suppressive by in vitro association with miRNA-150. Importantly, miRNA-150-carrying exosomes from both suppressor T cells and B1a cells efficiently induced prolonged DTH suppression after single systemic administration into actively immunized mice, with the strongest effect observed after oral treatment. Current studies also showed that OVA-specific FLC on suppressive exosomes bind OVA peptides suggesting that exosome-coating FLC target APCs by binding to peptide-Ag-major histocompatibility complexes. This renders APCs capable of inhibiting DTH effector T cells. Thus, our studies describe a novel immune tolerance mechanism mediated by FLC-coated, Ag-specific, miRNA-150-carrying exosomes that act on the APC and are particularly effective after oral administration.
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49
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Exosome: A New Player in Translational Nanomedicine. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082380. [PMID: 32722531 PMCID: PMC7463834 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Summary: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by the vast majority of cell types both in vivo and ex vivo, upon the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the cellular plasma membrane. Two main functions have been attributed to exosomes: their capacity to transport proteins, lipids and nucleic acids between cells and organs, as well as their potential to act as natural intercellular communicators in normal biological processes and in pathologies. From a clinical perspective, the majority of applications use exosomes as biomarkers of disease. A new approach uses exosomes as biologically active carriers to provide a platform for the enhanced delivery of cargo in vivo. One of the major limitations in developing exosome-based therapies is the difficulty of producing sufficient amounts of safe and efficient exosomes. The identification of potential proteins involved in exosome biogenesis is expected to directly cause a deliberate increase in exosome production. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding exosomes, with particular emphasis on their structural features, biosynthesis pathways, production techniques and potential clinical applications.
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50
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Specific and Non-Invasive Fluorescent Labelling of Extracellular Vesicles for Evaluation of Intracellular Processing by Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8070211. [PMID: 32674302 PMCID: PMC7400383 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8070211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in milk has gained interest due to their capacity to modulate the infant’s intestinal and immune system. Studies suggest that milk EVs are enriched in immune-modulating proteins and miRNA, highlighting their possible health benefits to infants. To assess uptake of milk EVs by intestinal epithelial cells, a method was developed using labelling of isolated EVs with fluorophore-conjugated lactadherin. Lactadherin is a generic and validated EV marker, which enables an effective labelling of phosphatidylserine (PS) exposing EVs. Labelled EVs could effectively be used to describe a dose- and time-dependent uptake into the intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell line. Additionally, fluorescence microscopy was employed to show that EVs colocalize with endosomal markers and lysosomes, indicating that EVs are taken up via general endocytotic mechanisms. Collectively, a method to specifically label isolated EVs is presented and employed to study the uptake of milk EVs by intestinal epithelial cells.
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