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Gâta VA, Pașca A, Roman A, Muntean MV, Morariu DȘ, Bonci EA, Dina C, Ungureanu L. The Expression of Forkhead Box P3 T Regulatory Lymphocytes as a Prognostic Factor in Malignant Melanomas. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6377. [PMID: 38928083 PMCID: PMC11204253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Since transcription factor Forkhead Box P3 (FoxP3) was identified as a specific regulatory T cell (Treg) marker, researchers have scrutinized its value as a potential novel therapeutic target or a prognostic factor in various types of cancer with inconsistent results. The present analysis was performed to assess the influence of Treg FoxP3 expression on the prognosis of primary melanoma and to evaluate the correlations with various clinicopathological prognostic factors. We analyzed all eligible patients with stage pT3 primary malignant melanomas treated in a tertiary cancer center. Immunohistochemical staining for Treg FoxP3 expression was performed on retrospectively identified paraffin blocks and subsequently correlated with the outcomes of the patients. A total of 81% of the patients presented a positive Treg FoxP3 expression, being correlated with a higher risk of lymph node metastasis, tumor relapse, and death. Moreover, positive expression was statistically associated with a shorter OS. The tumor relapse rate was estimated at 36.7%. A positive expression of Treg FoxP3 and lymph node metastasis were associated with a higher risk of death based on multivariate analysis. Treg FoxP3 expression may be used as an independent prognostic factor in patients with malignant melanoma to evaluate tumor progression and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Alexandru Gâta
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Gynecologic Oncology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuță” Institute of Oncology, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Pașca
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Gynecologic Oncology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuță” Institute of Oncology, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Roman
- “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuță” Institute of Oncology, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Radiology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maximilian Vlad Muntean
- “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuță” Institute of Oncology, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Eduard Alexandru Bonci
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Gynecologic Oncology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- “Champalimaud“ Research and Clinical Centre, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Constantin Dina
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | - Loredana Ungureanu
- Department of Dermatology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, Emergency County Hospital Cluj-Napoca, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Greiner D, Xue Q, Waddell TQ, Kurudza E, Belote RL, Dotti G, Judson-Torres RL, Reeves MQ, Cheshier SH, Roh-Johnson M. CSPG4-targeting CAR-macrophages inhibit melanoma growth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.04.597413. [PMID: 38895447 PMCID: PMC11185669 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.04.597413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of hematological malignancies but has been clinically less effective in solid tumors. Engineering macrophages with CARs has emerged as a promising approach to overcome some of the challenges faced by CAR-T cells due to the macrophage's ability to easily infiltrate tumors, phagocytose their targets, and reprogram the immune response. We engineered CAR-macrophages (CAR-Ms) to target chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), an antigen expressed in melanoma, and several other solid tumors. CSPG4-targeting CAR-Ms exhibited specific phagocytosis of CSPG4-expressing melanoma cells. Combining CSPG4-targeting CAR-Ms with CD47 blocking antibodies synergistically enhanced CAR-M-mediated phagocytosis and effectively inhibited melanoma spheroid growth in 3D. Furthermore, CSPG4-targeting CAR-Ms inhibited melanoma tumor growth in mouse models. These results suggest that CSPG4-targeting CAR-M immunotherapy is a promising solid tumor immunotherapy approach for treating melanoma. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We engineered macrophages with CARs as an alternative approach for solid tumor treatment. CAR-macrophages (CAR-Ms) targeting CSPG4, an antigen expressed in melanoma and other solid tumors, phagocytosed melanoma cells and inhibited melanoma growth in vivo . Thus, CSPG4-targeting CAR-Ms may be a promising strategy to treat patients with CSPG4-expressing tumors.
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Heldager Pedersen N, Bjerregaard Jeppesen H, Persson G, Bojesen S, Hviid TVF. An increase in regulatory T cells in peripheral blood correlates with an adverse prognosis for malignant melanoma patients - A study of T cells and natural killer cells. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 5:100074. [PMID: 38059204 PMCID: PMC10696160 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2023.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a highly immunogenic tumour, and the immune profile significantly influences cancer development and response to immunotherapy. The peripheral immune profile may identify high risk patients. The current study showed reduced levels of CD4+ T cells and increased levels of CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood from malignant melanoma patients compared with controls. Percentages of peripheral CD56dimCD16+ NK cells were reduced and CD56brightCD16-KIR3+ NK cells were increased in malignant melanoma patients. Late stage malignant melanoma was correlated with low levels of CD4+ T cells and high levels of CD56brightCD16-KIR3+ NK cells. Finally, high levels of Tregs in peripheral blood were correlated with poor overall survival and disease-free survival. The results indicate that changes in specific immune cell subsets in peripheral blood samples from patients at the time of diagnosis may be potential biomarkers for prognosis and survival. Further studies will enable clarification of independent roles in tumour pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Heldager Pedersen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI), Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zealand University Hospital, Sygehusvej 10, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Helene Bjerregaard Jeppesen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI), Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zealand University Hospital, Sygehusvej 10, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Gry Persson
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI), Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zealand University Hospital, Sygehusvej 10, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Sophie Bojesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Plastic and Breast Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Sygehusvej 10, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas Vauvert F. Hviid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI), Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zealand University Hospital, Sygehusvej 10, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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4
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Watanabe K, Gomez AM, Kuramitsu S, Siurala M, Da T, Agarwal S, Song D, Scholler J, Rotolo A, Posey AD, Rook AH, Haun PL, Ruella M, Young RM, June CH. Identifying highly active anti-CCR4 CAR T cells for the treatment of T-cell lymphoma. Blood Adv 2023; 7:3416-3430. [PMID: 37058474 PMCID: PMC10345856 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A challenge when targeting T-cell lymphoma with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is that target antigens are often shared between T cells and tumor cells, resulting in fratricide between CAR T cells and on-target cytotoxicity on normal T cells. CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is highly expressed in many mature T-cell malignancies, such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), and has a unique expression profile in normal T cells. CCR4 is predominantly expressed by type-2 and type-17 helper T cells (Th2 and Th17) and regulatory T cells (Treg), but it is rarely expressed by other T helper (Th) subsets and CD8+ cells. Although fratricide in CAR T cells is generally thought to be detrimental to anticancer functions, in this study, we demonstrated that anti-CCR4 CAR T cells specifically depleted Th2 and Tregs, while sparing CD8+ and Th1 T cells. Moreover, fratricide increased the percentage of CAR+ T cells in the final product. CCR4-CAR T cells were characterized by high transduction efficiency, robust T-cell expansion, and rapid fratricidal depletion of CCR4-positive T cells during CAR transduction and expansion. Furthermore, mogamulizumab-based CCR4-CAR T cells induced superior antitumor efficacy and long-term remission in mice engrafted with human T-cell lymphoma cells. In summary, CCR4-depleted anti-CCR4 CAR T cells are enriched in Th1 and CD8+ T cells and exhibit high antitumor efficacy against CCR4-expressing T-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Watanabe
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Cancer Immunology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Angela M. Gomez
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shunichiro Kuramitsu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mikko Siurala
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tong Da
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sangya Agarwal
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Decheng Song
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John Scholler
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Antonia Rotolo
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Avery D. Posey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alain H. Rook
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Paul L. Haun
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Marco Ruella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Regina M. Young
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Carl H. June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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5
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Rocha BGS, Picoli CC, Gonçalves BOP, Silva WN, Costa AC, Moraes MM, Costa PAC, Santos GSP, Almeida MR, Silva LM, Singh Y, Falchetti M, Guardia GDA, Guimarães PPG, Russo RC, Resende RR, Pinto MCX, Amorim JH, Azevedo VAC, Kanashiro A, Nakaya HI, Rocha EL, Galante PAF, Mintz A, Frenette PS, Birbrair A. Tissue-resident glial cells associate with tumoral vasculature and promote cancer progression. Angiogenesis 2023; 26:129-166. [PMID: 36183032 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-022-09858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells are embedded within the tissue and interact dynamically with its components during cancer progression. Understanding the contribution of cellular components within the tumor microenvironment is crucial for the success of therapeutic applications. Here, we reveal the presence of perivascular GFAP+/Plp1+ cells within the tumor microenvironment. Using in vivo inducible Cre/loxP mediated systems, we demonstrated that these cells derive from tissue-resident Schwann cells. Genetic ablation of endogenous Schwann cells slowed down tumor growth and angiogenesis. Schwann cell-specific depletion also induced a boost in the immune surveillance by increasing tumor-infiltrating anti-tumor lymphocytes, while reducing immune-suppressor cells. In humans, a retrospective in silico analysis of tumor biopsies revealed that increased expression of Schwann cell-related genes within melanoma was associated with improved survival. Collectively, our study suggests that Schwann cells regulate tumor progression, indicating that manipulation of Schwann cells may provide a valuable tool to improve cancer patients' outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz G S Rocha
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Caroline C Picoli
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bryan O P Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Walison N Silva
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alinne C Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Michele M Moraes
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro A C Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabryella S P Santos
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Milla R Almeida
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciana M Silva
- Department of Cell Biology, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Youvika Singh
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Falchetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro P G Guimarães
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Remo C Russo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Resende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro C X Pinto
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Jaime H Amorim
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil
| | - Vasco A C Azevedo
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Medical Sciences Center, Rm 4385, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | | | - Edroaldo L Rocha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Pedro A F Galante
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sirio-Libanes, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul S Frenette
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Medical Sciences Center, Rm 4385, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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He J, Huang W, Li X, Wang J, Nie Y, Li G, Wang X, Cao H, Chen X, Wang X. A new ferroptosis-related genetic mutation risk model predicts the prognosis of skin cutaneous melanoma. Front Genet 2023; 13:988909. [PMID: 36685905 PMCID: PMC9849373 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.988909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death mode and closely linked to various cancers, including skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM). Although attempts have been made to construct ferroptosis-related gene (FRG) signatures for predicting the prognosis of SKCM, the prognostic impact of ferroptosis-related genetic mutations in SKCM remains lacking. This study aims to develop a prediction model to explain the relationship between ferroptosis-related genetic mutations and clinical outcomes of SKCM patients and to explore the potential value of ferroptosis in SKCM treatment. Methods: FRGs which significantly correlated with the prognosis of SKCM were firstly screened based on their single-nucleotide variant (SNV) status by univariate Cox regression analysis. Subsequently, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Cox regressions were performed to construct a new ferroptosis-related genetic mutation risk (FerrGR) model for predicting the prognosis of SKCM. We then illustrate the survival and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to evaluate the predictive power of the FerrGR model. Moreover, independent prognostic factors, genomic and clinical characteristics, immunotherapy, immune infiltration, and sensitive drugs were compared between high-and low-FerrGR groups. Results: The FerrGR model was developed with a good performance on survival and ROC analysis. It was a robust independent prognostic indicator and followed a nomogram constructed to predict prognostic outcomes for SKCM patients. Besides, FerrGR combined with tumor mutational burden (TMB) or MSI (microsatellite instability) was considered as a combined biomarker for immunotherapy response. The high FerrGR group patients were associated with an inhibitory immune microenvironment. Furthermore, potential drugs target to high FerrGR samples were predicted. Conclusion: The FerrGR model is valuable to predict prognosis and immunotherapy in SKCM patients. It offers a novel therapeutic option for SKCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Burn Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingru Wang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Yaxing Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guiqiang Li
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Huili Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China,*Correspondence: Xusheng Wang, ; Xiaodong Chen,
| | - Xusheng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xusheng Wang, ; Xiaodong Chen,
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Gondhowiardjo SA, Adham M, Rachmadi L, Atmakusuma TD, Tobing DL, Auzan M, Hariyanto AD, Sulaeman D, Permata TBM, Handoko. Immune cells markers within local tumor microenvironment are associated with EBV oncoprotein in nasopharyngeal cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:887. [PMID: 35963999 PMCID: PMC9375267 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction EBV infection in nasopharyngeal cancer ensued in latent infection mode. In this latent infection various EBV oncoproteins such as EBNA1 and LMP1 was expressed. EBV oncoproteins could theoretically recruit immune cells, which might help to control cancer. Therefore, this study was aimed to elucidate the association with EBV oncoproteins (EBNA1 and LMP1), immune markers (CD4, CD8, and FOXP3) from nasopharyngeal cancer microenvironment with tumor progression. Method Nasopharyngeal biopsy was obtained from patients suspected to have nasopharyngeal cancer. Those samples with microscopically confirmed nasopharyngeal cancer were tested for EBNA1, LMP1, CD4, CD8, and FOXP3 concentration with ELISA, then verified with IHC. Each patient tumor volume was assessed for primary nasopharyngeal tumor volume (GTVp) and neck nodal metastases tumor volume (GTVn). Correlation test with Spearman correlation and scatterplot were carried out. Result Total 23 samples with nasopharyngeal cancer were analyzed. There was moderate correlation (ρ = 0.45; p value = 0.032) between LMP1 and GTVp. There was strong correlation (ρ = 0.81; p value < 0.001) between CD8 and GTVp. There was also moderate correlation (ρ = 0.6; p value = 0.002) between FOXP3 and GTVp. The CD8 concentration has moderate correlation with both EBNA1 (ρ = 0.46; p value = 0.026) and LMP1 (ρ = 0.47; p value = 0.023). While FOXP3 has moderate correlation with only LMP1 (ρ = 0.58; p value = 0.004). No correlation was found between all the markers tested here with GTVn. Discussion We found larger primary nasopharyngeal tumor was associated with higher CD8 marker. This was thought due to the presence of abundance CD8 T cells in the nasopharynx, but those abundance CD8 T cells were suspected to be dysfunctional. The nasopharyngeal cancer was also known to upregulate chemokines that could recruit T regulatory FOXP3 cells. Furthermore, T regulatory FOXP3 cells differentiation was induced through several pathways which was triggered by EBNA1. The correlation found in this study could guide further study to understand nasopharyngeal carcinogenesis and the relationship with our immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soehartati A Gondhowiardjo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia / Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430
| | - Marlinda Adham
- Department of ENT, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia / Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430
| | - Lisnawati Rachmadi
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia / Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430
| | - Tubagus Djumhana Atmakusuma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia / Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430
| | - Demak Lumban Tobing
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Dharmais National Cancer Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Letjen S. Parman No. 84-86, Jakarta, Indonesia, 11420
| | - Mahesa Auzan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia / Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430
| | - Agustinus Darmadi Hariyanto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia / Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430
| | - Dede Sulaeman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia / Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430
| | - Tiara Bunga Mayang Permata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia / Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430
| | - Handoko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia / Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta - Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430.
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Reduced Interleukin-17-Expressing Cells in Cutaneous Melanoma. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121930. [PMID: 34944746 PMCID: PMC8698827 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of tumor associated lymphocytes (TILs) in tumor lesions is important to obtain a clear definition of their prognostic value and address novel therapeutic opportunities. In this work, we examined the presence of T helper (Th)17 lymphocytes in cutaneous melanoma. We performed an immunohistochemical analysis of a small cohort of primary melanomas, retrospectively selected. Thereafter, we isolated TILs from seven freshly surgically removed melanomas and from three basal cell carcinomas (BCC), as a comparison with a non-melanoma skin cancer known to retain a high amount of Th17 cells. In both studies, we found that, differently from BCC, melanoma samples showed a lower percentage of Th17 lymphocytes. Additionally, TIL clones could not be induced to differentiate towards the Th17 phenotype in vitro. The presence or absence of Th17 cells did not correlate with any patient characteristics. We only observed a lower amount of Th17 cells in samples from woman donors. We found a tendency towards an association between expression by melanoma cells of placenta growth factor, angiogenic factors able to induce Th17 differentiation, and presence of Th17 lymphocytes. Taken together, our data indicate the necessity of a deeper analysis of Th17 lymphocytes in cutaneous melanoma before correlating them with prognosis or proposing Th17-cell based therapeutic approaches.
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9
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Costa PAC, Silva WN, Prazeres PHDM, Picoli CC, Guardia GDA, Costa AC, Oliveira MA, Guimarães PPG, Gonçalves R, Pinto MCX, Amorim JH, Azevedo VAC, Resende RR, Russo RC, Cunha TM, Galante PAF, Mintz A, Birbrair A. Chemogenetic modulation of sensory neurons reveals their regulating role in melanoma progression. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:183. [PMID: 34784974 PMCID: PMC8594104 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory neurons have recently emerged as components of the tumor microenvironment. Nevertheless, whether sensory neuronal activity is important for tumor progression remains unknown. Here we used Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by a Designer Drug (DREADD) technology to inhibit or activate sensory neurons' firing within the melanoma tumor. Melanoma growth and angiogenesis were accelerated following inhibition of sensory neurons' activity and were reduced following overstimulation of these neurons. Sensory neuron-specific overactivation also induced a boost in the immune surveillance by increasing tumor-infiltrating anti-tumor lymphocytes, while reducing immune-suppressor cells. In humans, a retrospective in silico analysis of melanoma biopsies revealed that increased expression of sensory neurons-related genes within melanoma was associated with improved survival. These findings suggest that sensory innervations regulate melanoma progression, indicating that manipulation of sensory neurons' activity may provide a valuable tool to improve melanoma patients' outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A C Costa
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Walison N Silva
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Pedro H D M Prazeres
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Caroline C Picoli
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Alinne C Costa
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Mariana A Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Pedro P G Guimarães
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Gonçalves
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Mauro C X Pinto
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Jaime H Amorim
- Centro das Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brasil
| | - Vasco A C Azevedo
- Departamento de Genetica, Ecologia e Evolucao, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo R Resende
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Remo C Russo
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Pedro A F Galante
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sirio-Libanes, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Salgüero I, Roustán G, Requena L, Suárez D, García-Fresnadillo D, Redondo JI, Nájera L. Immunophenotypic Differences in Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Neovascularization Between Primary Cutaneous Melanoma With and Without Metastasis: An Immunohistochemical Study of 80 Cases. Am J Dermatopathol 2021; 43:811-818. [PMID: 33534211 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The prognostic implications of the immunophenotype of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in primary cutaneous melanoma are well known. In recent years, the study of this immunophenotype has also resulted in immunotherapeutic consequences. The aims of this study were to characterize the subpopulations of TILs in primary cutaneous melanoma, in cases with and without metastasis, as well as the neovascularization associated with the primary neoplasm, and its influence on the development of metastasis. To this end, the immunophenotype of TILs and the neovascularization of 80 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma (40 each with metastatic and non-metastatic melanoma) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for CD3, CD4, CD8, FOXP3, PD-1, CD31, and D2-40 antibodies. We found that higher frequencies of TILs with brisk pattern, and CD4+, CD8+, and CD20+ cells in TILs, and a lower frequency of CD31+ vessels were histopathological features associated with better prognosis in primary cutaneous melanoma. Our results support the notion that the immunohistochemical study of TILs and neovascularization in primary cutaneous melanoma may be helpful tools for identifying patients at increased risk of metastasis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Salgüero
- Department of Dermatology, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gaston Roustán
- Department of Dermatology, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Requena
- Department of Dermatology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Suárez
- Department of Pathology, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain ; and
| | - Diego García-Fresnadillo
- Department of Pathology, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain ; and
| | | | - Laura Nájera
- Department of Pathology, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain ; and
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11
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Salmi S, Lin A, Hirschovits-Gerz B, Valkonen M, Aaltonen N, Sironen R, Siiskonen H, Pasonen-Seppänen S. The role of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and IDO+ immune and tumor cells in malignant melanoma - an immunohistochemical study. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:641. [PMID: 34051744 PMCID: PMC8164759 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND FoxP3+ Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) participate in the formation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) in malignant cutaneous melanoma (CM). Recent studies have reported that IDO expression correlates with poor prognosis and greater Breslow's depth, but results concerning the role of FoxP3+ Tregs in CM have been controversial. Furthermore, the correlation between IDO and Tregs has not been substantially studied in CM, although IDO is known to be an important regulator of Tregs activity. METHODS We investigated the associations of FoxP3+ Tregs, IDO+ tumor cells and IDO+ stromal immune cells with tumor stage, prognostic factors and survival in CM. FoxP3 and IDO were immunohistochemically stained from 29 benign and 29 dysplastic nevi, 18 in situ -melanomas, 48 superficial and 62 deep melanomas and 67 lymph node metastases (LNMs) of CM. The number of FoxP3+ Tregs and IDO+ stromal immune cells, and the coverage and intensity of IDO+ tumor cells were analysed. RESULTS The number of FoxP3+ Tregs and IDO+ stromal immune cells were significantly higher in malignant melanomas compared with benign lesions. The increased expression of IDO in melanoma cells was associated with poor prognostic factors, such as recurrence, nodular growth pattern and increased mitotic count. Furthermore, the expression of IDO in melanoma cells was associated with reduced recurrence-free survival. We further showed that there was a positive correlation between IDO+ tumor cells and FoxP3+ Tregs. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that IDO is strongly involved in melanoma progression. FoxP3+ Tregs also seems to contribute to the immunosuppressive TME in CM, but their significance in melanoma progression remains unclear. The positive association of FoxP3+ Tregs with IDO+ melanoma cells, but not with IDO+ stromal immune cells, indicates a complex interaction between IDO and Tregs in CM, which demands further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Salmi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627 70211, Kuopio campus, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anton Lin
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627 70211, Kuopio campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Benjamin Hirschovits-Gerz
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627 70211, Kuopio campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mari Valkonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627 70211, Kuopio campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niina Aaltonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627 70211, Kuopio campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Reijo Sironen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/ Clinical Pathology, University of Eastern Finland, 70029, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Siiskonen
- Department of Dermatology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, 70029, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Pasonen-Seppänen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627 70211, Kuopio campus, Kuopio, Finland
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12
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Brouwer NJ, Verdijk RM, Heegaard S, Marinkovic M, Esmaeli B, Jager MJ. Conjunctival melanoma: New insights in tumour genetics and immunology, leading to new therapeutic options. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 86:100971. [PMID: 34015548 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in oncology have led to a better molecular and cellular understanding of cancer, and the introduction of novel therapies. Conjunctival melanoma (CoM) is a rare but potentially devastating disease. A better understanding of CoM, leading to the development of novel therapies, is urgently needed. CoM is characterized by mutations that have also been identified in cutaneous melanoma, e.g. in BRAF, NRAS and TERT. These mutations are distinct from the mutations found in uveal melanoma (UM), affecting genes such as GNAQ, GNA11, and BAP1. Targeted therapies that are successful in cutaneous melanoma may therefore be useful in CoM. A recent breakthrough in the treatment of patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma was the development of immunotherapy. While immunotherapy is currently sparsely effective in intraocular tumours such as UM, the similarities between CoM and cutaneous melanoma (including in their immunological tumour micro environment) provide hope for the application of immunotherapy in CoM, and preliminary clinical data are indeed emerging to support this use. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge regarding CoM, with a focus on the genetic and immunologic understanding. We elaborate on the distinct position of CoM in contrast to other types of melanoma, and explain how new insights in the pathophysiology of this disease guide the development of new, personalized, treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J Brouwer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Robert M Verdijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medica Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pathology, Eye Pathology Section, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Marina Marinkovic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Bita Esmaeli
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Orbital Oncology and Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Martine J Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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13
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Is There a Place for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Vulvar Neoplasms? A State of the Art Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010190. [PMID: 33375467 PMCID: PMC7796178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvar cancer (VC) is a rare neoplasm, usually arising in postmenopausal women, although human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated VC usually develop in younger women. Incidences of VCs are rising in many countries. Surgery is the cornerstone of early-stage VC management, whereas therapies for advanced VC are multimodal and not standardized, combining chemotherapy and radiotherapy to avoid exenterative surgery. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are scarce due to the rarity of the disease and prognosis has not improved. Hence, new therapies are needed to improve the outcomes of these patients. In recent years, improved knowledge regarding the crosstalk between neoplastic and tumor cells has allowed researchers to develop a novel therapeutic approach exploiting these molecular interactions. Both the innate and adaptive immune systems play a key role in anti-tumor immunesurveillance. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated efficacy in multiple tumor types, improving survival rates and disease outcomes. In some gynecologic cancers (e.g., cervical cancer), many studies are showing promising results and a growing interest is emerging about the potential use of ICIs in VC. The aim of this manuscript is to summarize the latest developments in the field of VC immunoncology, to present the role of state-of-the-art ICIs in VC management and to discuss new potential immunotherapeutic approaches.
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14
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Silveira TL, Veloso ES, Gonçalves INN, Costa RF, Rodrigues MA, Cassali GD, Del Puerto HL, Pang LY, Argyle DJ, Ferreira E. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is associated with infiltration of inflammatory cells in oral and skin canine melanomas. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 18:727-738. [PMID: 32323423 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a fast-growing tumour in dogs and represents 7% of the total malignant neoplasms from the skin and is the most common tumour found in the oral cavity. In these tumours, high expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is associated with a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to verify if the overexpression of COX-2 is related to the modulation of lymphocytes and if it is associated with the angiogenic and proliferative capacity of the melanoma. Canine melanoma samples (n = 85) were analysed by immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of S-100, Melan-A, PNL-2, COX-2, Factor VIII, Ki-67 and immune cells markers (CD3, CD4, FOXP3 and MAC387); and expression levels of MAC387, NOS and CD206 were determined by immunofluorescence. Our study showed a concurrent difference between the expression of COX-2 and inflammatory cell infiltration: Oral melanomas showed positivity for COX-2 in 34% of the cases and this expression was associated with CD3 positivity in the inflammatory infiltrate and angiogenesis; whereas cutaneous melanomas presented positivity for COX-2 in 42% of the cases and this expression was associated with positive staining for CD3, CD4, FOXP3 and MAC387. These markers are associated with inflammatory cells, angiogenesis and proliferation. Interestingly, melanomas were highly infiltrated by FOXP3+ cells, this is related to angiogenesis, whereas CD3, CD4 and MAC387 expression was only associated with cutaneous melanomas. The macrophage profile analysis showed that both oral and cutaneous melanomas with low COX-2 expression have an M1 phenoptype, whereas the cases with high COX-2 expression demonstrate a hybrid M1/M2 profile pattern. We concluded that the COX-2 is overexpressed in 42% of cutaneous melanomas and in 34% of oral melanomas, with a direct association with angiogenesis, proliferation, and intratumoral lymphocyte infiltration. We propose that COX-2 is a key regulator of immune cell infiltration and may drive tumour associated macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiany L Silveira
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Emerson S Veloso
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ivy N N Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renato F Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Michele A Rodrigues
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Geovanni D Cassali
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Helen L Del Puerto
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lisa Y Pang
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - David J Argyle
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Enio Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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15
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Cioplea M, Nichita L, Georgescu D, Sticlaru L, Cioroianu A, Nedelcu R, Turcu G, Rauta A, Mogodici C, Zurac S, Popp C. FOXP3 in Melanoma with Regression: Between Tumoral Expression and Regulatory T Cell Upregulation. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:5416843. [PMID: 33274240 PMCID: PMC7683174 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5416843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is a significant immunogenic tumoral model, the most frequently described immune phenomenon being tumor regression, as a result of the interaction of tumoral antigens and stromal microenvironment. We present a retrospective cohort study including 52 cases of melanoma with regression. There were evaluated correlations of the most important prognostic factors (Breslow depth and mitotic index) with FOXP3 expression in tumor cells and with the presence of regulatory T cells and dendritic cells in the tumoral stroma. FOXP3 expression in tumor cells seems an independent factor of poor prognosis in melanoma, while regression areas are characterized by a high number of dendritic cells and a low number of regulatory T cells. FOXP3 is probably a useful therapeutical target in melanoma, since inhibition of FOXP3-positive tumor clones and of regulatory T cells could eliminate the ability of tumor cells to escape the immune defense of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Cioplea
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Colentina University Hospital, Pathology Department, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luciana Nichita
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Colentina University Hospital, Pathology Department, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Georgescu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Colentina University Hospital, Hematology Department, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liana Sticlaru
- Colentina University Hospital, Pathology Department, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Roxana Nedelcu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Turcu
- Colentina University Hospital, Dermatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alin Rauta
- Colentina University Hospital, Pathology Department, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Mogodici
- Colentina University Hospital, Pathology Department, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sabina Zurac
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Colentina University Hospital, Pathology Department, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristiana Popp
- Colentina University Hospital, Pathology Department, Bucharest, Romania
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16
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Porcellato I, Brachelente C, Cappelli K, Menchetti L, Silvestri S, Sforna M, Mecocci S, Iussich S, Leonardi L, Mechelli L. FoxP3, CTLA-4, and IDO in Canine Melanocytic Tumors. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:42-52. [PMID: 33021155 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820960131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite promising immunotherapy strategies in human melanoma, there are few studies on the immune environment of canine melanocytic tumors. In humans, the activation of immunosuppressive cell subpopulations, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) that express forkhead box protein P3 (FoxP3), the engagement of immunosuppressive surface receptors like cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA-4), and the secretion of molecules inhibiting lymphocyte activation, such as indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), are recognized as immunoescape mechanisms that allow tumor growth and progression. The aim of our study was to investigate the expression of these immunosuppression markers in canine melanocytic tumors and to postulate their possible role in melanoma biology and progression. Fifty-five formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded canine melanocytic tumors (25 oral melanomas; 20 cutaneous melanomas; 10 cutaneous melanocytomas) were selected to investigate the expression of FoxP3, CTLA-4, and IDO by immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR (real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction). All of the tested markers showed high gene and protein expression in oral melanomas and were differently expressed in cutaneous melanomas when compared to their benign counterpart. IDO expression was associated with an increased hazard of death both in univariable and multivariable analyses (P < .05). FoxP3 protein expression >6.9 cells/HPF (high-power field) was an independent predictor of death (P < .05). CTLA-4 gene and protein expressions were associated with a worse prognosis, but only in the univariable analysis (P < .05). FoxP3, CTLA-4, and IDO likely play a role in canine melanoma immunoescape. Their expression, if supported by future studies, could represent a prognostic tool in canine melanoma and pave the way to future immunotherapeutic approaches in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura Menchetti
- 9309University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna
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17
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Winge-Main AK, Wälchli S, Inderberg EM. T cell receptor therapy against melanoma-Immunotherapy for the future? Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12927. [PMID: 32640053 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma has seen monumental changes in treatment options the last decade from the very poor results of dacarbazine treatment to the modern-day use of targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Melanoma has a high mutational burden making it more capable of evoking immune responses than many other tumours. Even when considering double immune checkpoint blockade with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1, we still have far to go in melanoma treatment as 50% of patients with metastatic disease do not respond to current treatment. Alternative immunotherapy should therefore be considered. Since melanoma has a high mutational burden, it is considered more immunogenic than many other tumours. T cell receptor (TCR) therapy could be a possible way forward, either alone or in combination, to improve the response rates of this deadly disease. Melanoma is one of the cancers where TCR therapy has been frequently applied. However, the number of antigens targeted remains fairly limited, although advanced personalized therapies aim at also targeting private mutations. In this review, we look at possible aspects of targeting TCR therapy towards melanoma and provide an implication of its use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Winge-Main
- Department of Cellular Therapy, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Attrill GH, Ferguson PM, Palendira U, Long GV, Wilmott JS, Scolyer RA. The tumour immune landscape and its implications in cutaneous melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 34:529-549. [PMID: 32939993 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The field of tumour immunology has rapidly advanced in the last decade, leading to the advent of effective immunotherapies for patients with advanced cancers. This highlights the critical role of the immune system in determining tumour development and outcome. The tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) is highly heterogeneous, and the interactions between tumours and the immune system are vastly complex. Studying immune cell function in the TIME will provide an improved understanding of the mechanisms underpinning these interactions. This review examines the role of immune cell populations in the TIME based on their phenotype, function and localisation, as well as contextualising their position in the dynamic relationship between tumours and the immune system. We discuss the function of immune cell populations, examine their impact on patient outcome and highlight gaps in current understanding of their roles in the TIME, both in cancers in general and specifically in melanoma. Studying the TIME by evaluating both pro-tumour and anti-tumour effects may elucidate the conditions which lead to tumour growth and metastasis or immune-mediated tumour regression. Moreover, an in-depth understanding of these conditions could contribute to improved prognostication, more effective use of current immunotherapies and guide the development of novel treatment strategies and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace H Attrill
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter M Ferguson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Mater and North Shore Hospitals, Sydney, Australia
| | - James S Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia
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19
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Suzuki S, Ogawa T, Sano R, Takahara T, Inukai D, Akira S, Tsuchida H, Yoshikawa K, Ueda R, Tsuzuki T. Immune-checkpoint molecules on regulatory T-cells as a potential therapeutic target in head and neck squamous cell cancers. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1943-1957. [PMID: 32304268 PMCID: PMC7293074 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors improve the survival of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. Although recent studies have demonstrated that the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has critical roles in immunotherapy, the precise mechanisms involved are unclear. Therefore, further investigations of TIME are required for the improvement of immunotherapy. The frequency of effector regulatory T-cells (eTregs) and the expression of immune-checkpoint molecules (ICM) on eTregs and conventional T-cells (Tconvs) both in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from HNSCC patients were analyzed by flow cytometry and their distributions were evaluated by multi-color immunofluorescence microscopy. High frequency eTreg infiltration into HNSCC tissues was observed and high expressions of CD25, FOXP3, stimulatory-ICM (4-1BB, ICOS, OX40 and GITR) and inhibitory-ICM (programmed cell death-1 [PD-1] and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 [CTLA-4]) were found on invasive eTregs. In contrast, the expression of stimulatory-ICM on Tconvs was low and the expression of inhibitory-ICM was high. In addition, ICM-ligands (programmed cell death-1 [PD-L1], galectin-9 and CEACAM-1) were frequently expressed on cancer cells. PD-L1 and galectin-9 were also expressed on macrophages. PD-1+ T-cells interacted with PD-L1+ cancer cells or PD-L1+ macrophages. This suggested that in TIL, eTregs are highly activated, but Tconvs are exhausted or inactivated by eTregs and immune-checkpoint systems, and ICM and eTregs are strongly involved in the creation of an immunosuppressive environment in HNSCC tissues. These suggested eTreg targeting drugs are expected to be a combination partner with immune-checkpoint inhibitors that will improve immunotherapy of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Suzuki
- Research Creation Support Centre, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan.,Department of Tumor Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ogawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Rui Sano
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Taishi Takahara
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Daisuke Inukai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Satou Akira
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hiromi Tsuchida
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshikawa
- Research Creation Support Centre, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Ueda
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Toyonori Tsuzuki
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
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20
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Ren Y, Lv Q, Yue W, Liu B, Zou Z. The programmed cell death protein-1/programmed cell death ligand 1 expression, CD3+ T cell infiltration, NY-ESO-1 expression, and microsatellite instability phenotype in primary cutaneous melanoma and mucosal melanoma and their clinical significance and prognostic value: a study of 89 consecutive cases. Melanoma Res 2020; 30:85-101. [PMID: 31095042 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the expression of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and NY-ESO-1 antigen; the infiltration of CD3+ T cells; and the microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype, as well as the relationship of each factor to survival in malignant melanoma patients. Malignant melanoma samples from 89 patients were stained by immunohistochemistry to evaluate PD-1, PD-L1, CD3+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), NY-ESO-1, and MSI. PD-1 and PD-L1 were expressed in 19.1 and 32.6% of the 89 samples, respectively. There was a significant correlation between PD-1 and PD-L1 expression (r = 0.207, P = 0.046). High infiltration of CD3+ T cells was observed in 41.6% of the samples, and increased cell infiltration was associated with increased PD-1 expression (P = 0.001). NY-ESO-1 antigen was detected in 13.5% of all samples, and the expression of NY-ESO-1 was positively correlated with the expression of PD-1 (P < 0.001). In our research, MSI was detected in 18 samples (20.2%). Survival analysis showed that a high infiltration of CD3+ T cells was related to longer progression-free survival (PFS) [24.0 months, 95% confidence interval (CI): 7.4-40.6 vs. 11.0 months, 95% CI: 7.1-12.9, P = 0.031], similarly, the median overall survival (OS) of the CD3+ T cell high-infiltration patients was also longer (53.0 vs. 38.0 months), but with no statistical significance (P = 0.200). The results for the immune markers mentioned above provide a theoretical basis for the prognosis and immunotherapy selection of malignant melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ren
- Department of the Comprehensive Cancer Center, Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School
| | - Qing Lv
- Yi Xing Tumor Hospital, Yixing, China
| | - Wuheng Yue
- Department of the Comprehensive Cancer Center, Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing
| | - Baorui Liu
- Department of the Comprehensive Cancer Center, Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School
| | - Zhengyun Zou
- Department of the Comprehensive Cancer Center, Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School
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21
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Zidlik V, Bezdekova M, Brychtova S. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in malignant melanoma - allies or foes? Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2019; 164:43-48. [PMID: 31649385 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2019.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This is an overview of current problematics regarding the role of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in malignant melanomas. Various and often conflicting data have been published, correlating tumor type, stage, prognosis, as well as sex and age of patients. This is partly due to heterogeneity in scaling systems and unstandardized TILs grading but also due to changes of tumor-host interactions. Melanomas are an immunologically heterogeneous group with variability of TILs, where distinct gene expression patterns were found in tumors with absent, and/or non- brisk TIL grade versus brisk TIL grade. However, the presence of TILs alone appears to be inadequate for implicating them as immunologically functional. Further characterisation of TIL phenotype and function is warranted. This especially concerns, evaluation of TILs of the suppressor phenotype but rather than as a prognostic factor, more for prediction of targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Zidlik
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology, CGB Laboratory, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Michala Bezdekova
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Svetlana Brychtova
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Institute of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
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22
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Melanoma-conditioned medium promotes cytotoxic immune responses by murine bone marrow-derived monocytes despite their expression of 'M2' markers. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1455-1465. [PMID: 31444606 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages have been shown to infiltrate a wide range of malignancies and are often considered to promote tumour survival, growth and spread. However, the source and behaviour of discrete tumour-associated macrophage populations are still poorly understood. Here we show a novel method for the rational development of bone marrow-derived monocytes appropriate for the study of processes which involve the contribution of circulating inflammatory monocytes. We have shown that in response to tumour-conditioned medium, these cells upregulate CD206 and CD115, markers traditionally associated with M2-type macrophages. Treated cells show reduced capacity for cytokine secretion but significantly impact CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation and polarization. Coculture with conditioned bone marrow-derived monocytes significantly reduced CD4+ T-cell proliferation but increased CD8+ T-cell proliferation and granzyme B expression with significant induction of IFNγ secretion by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, indicating that these cells may have a role in promoting anti-cancer immunity.
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23
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Shindo Y, Hazama S, Tsunedomi R, Suzuki N, Nagano H. Novel Biomarkers for Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1223. [PMID: 31443339 PMCID: PMC6770350 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a novel and effective treatment strategy for several types of cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have recently demonstrated impressive clinical benefit in some advanced cancers. Nonetheless, in the majority of patients, the successful use of ICIs is limited by a low response rate, high treatment cost, and treatment-related toxicity. Therefore, it is necessary to identify predictive and prognostic biomarkers to select the patients who are most likely to benefit from, and respond well to, these therapies. In this review, we summarize the evidence for candidate biomarkers of response to cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaro Shindo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Translational Research and Developmental Therapeutics against Cancer, Yamaguchi University Faculty of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
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24
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Antohe M, Nedelcu RI, Nichita L, Popp CG, Cioplea M, Brinzea A, Hodorogea A, Calinescu A, Balaban M, Ion DA, Diaconu C, Bleotu C, Pirici D, Zurac SA, Turcu G. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes: The regulator of melanoma evolution. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4155-4161. [PMID: 30944610 PMCID: PMC6444298 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most severe type of skin cancer and its incidence has increased in the last decades. In the United States, it is the 6th most common cancer in both men and women. Prognosis for patients with melanoma depends on the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis and it can be influenced by the immunologic response. Melanoma has been historically considered an immunogenic malignancy. It often contains great amount of immune cells (different subsets of T-cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, B lymphocytes), which may reflect a continuous intercommunication between host and tumor. It is not established if tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are induced by tumor cells or by other components of the microenvironment or when they are a host direct immunologic reaction. It has been observed that in many cases, the presence of a dense TIL is associated with good prognosis. The pattern and activation state of the cells which constitute TIL is variable and modulates the clinical outcome. An important step in the understanding of tumor immunobiology is the analysis of the populations and subsets of immune cells that form TIL. Besides its prognostic significance, after approval of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4, programmed cell death-1 and programmed death-1 ligand antibodies for the treatment of melanoma, the assessment of immune infiltrate composition has become even more captivating, as it could provide new target molecules and new biomarkers for predicting the effect of the treatment and disease outcome in patients treated with immunotherapy. In this review we discuss current state of knowledge in the field of immune cells that infiltrate melanoma, resuming the potential of TIL components to become prognostic markers for natural evolution, for response to drugs or valuable targets for new medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Antohe
- Department of Pathophysiology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, Derma 360° Clinic, 011274 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana Ioana Nedelcu
- Department of Pathophysiology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, Derma 360° Clinic, 011274 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luciana Nichita
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 021103 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Mirela Cioplea
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 021103 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alice Brinzea
- Department of Pathophysiology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Prof. Dr. Matei Balș’, Ambulatory Service, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anastasia Hodorogea
- Department of Pathophysiology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 021103 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Calinescu
- Department of Dermatology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 021103 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Physiology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Balaban
- Department of Dermatology, Derma 360° Clinic, 011274 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Biochemistry, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Adriana Ion
- Department of Pathophysiology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Diaconu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, ‘Stefan S. Nicolau’ Institute of Virology, 030304 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, ‘Stefan S. Nicolau’ Institute of Virology, 030304 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Pirici
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Sabina Andrada Zurac
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 021103 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Turcu
- Department of Dermatology, Derma 360° Clinic, 011274 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 021103 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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25
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Nishihira M, Nakazato Y, Maeda S, Inoue T, Araki O, Karube Y, Chida M. Impact of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and lymphoid follicle formation on patient survival following surgery for lung squamous cell carcinoma. Thorac Cancer 2018; 10:219-225. [PMID: 30561902 PMCID: PMC6360201 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are known to correlate with the prognosis of patients affected by a variety of cancer types. We evaluated TILs in patients who underwent surgery for lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). METHODS Specimens obtained from patients during resection of lung SCC were examined for TIL density, lymphoid follicle formation, PD-L1 expression, and the appearance of regulatory T cells (Tregs). RESULTS We enrolled 72 patients who underwent surgery for SCC (TIL grades 0, 1, and 2: 29, 18, and 25, respectively). Lymphoid follicles were observed in 13 (18.1%) patients and 8 were positive for Tregs, which were always observed in association with lymphoid follicles (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that lymphoid follicle formation, the appearance of Tregs, pathological stage, and pleural invasion were independent prognostic factors related to overall survival, whereas TIL density and PD-L1 expression were not. CONCLUSION SCC patients with lymphoid follicle formation accompanied by Tregs show poor survival following lung resection surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morimichi Nishihira
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakazato
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sumiko Maeda
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Osamu Araki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoko Karube
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Chida
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
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26
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Ramspott JP, Bekkat F, Bod L, Favier M, Terris B, Salomon A, Djerroudi L, Zaenker KS, Richard Y, Molinier-Frenkel V, Castellano F, Avril MF, Prévost-Blondel A. Emerging Role of IL-4–Induced Gene 1 as a Prognostic Biomarker Affecting the Local T-Cell Response in Human Cutaneous Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2625-2634. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.06.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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27
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Nor Effa SZ, Yaacob NS, Mohd Nor N. Crosstalk between PPARγ Ligands and Inflammatory-Related Pathways in Natural T-Regulatory Cells from Type 1 Diabetes Mouse Model. Biomolecules 2018; 8:E135. [PMID: 30400642 PMCID: PMC6315476 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulation, as a means of immunotherapy, has been studied in major research and clinical laboratories for many years. T-Regulatory (Treg) cell therapy is one of the modulators used in immunotherapy approaches. Similarly, nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has extensively been shown to play a role as an immuno-modulator during inflammation. Given their mutual roles in downregulating the immune response, current study examined the influence of PPARγ ligands i.e., thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of drugs on Forkhead Box P3 (Foxp3) expression and possible crosstalk between PPARγ and nTreg cells of Non-Obese Diabetes (NOD) and Non-Obese Diabetes Resistant (NOR) mice. Results showed that TZD drug, ciglitazone and natural ligand of PPARγ 15d-prostaglandin downregulated Foxp3 expression in activated nTreg cells from both NOD and NOR mice. Interestingly, addition of the PPARγ inhibitor, GW9662 further downregulated Foxp3 expression in these cells from both mice. We also found that PPARγ ligands negatively regulate Foxp3 expression in activated nTreg cells via PPARγ-independent mechanism(s). These results demonstrate that both natural and synthetic PPARγ ligands capable of suppressing Foxp3 expression in activated nTreg cells of NOD and NOR mice. This may suggest that the effect of PPARγ ligands in modulating Foxp3 expression in activated nTreg cells is different from their reported effects on effector T cells. Given the capability to suppress Foxp3 gene, it is possible to be tested as immunomodulators in cancer-related studies. The co-lateral use of PPARγ ligands in nTreg cells in inducing tolerance towards pseudo-self antigens as in tumor microenvironment may uphold beneficial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zulkafli Nor Effa
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia.
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas 13200, Malaysia.
| | - Nik Soriani Yaacob
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia.
| | - Norazmi Mohd Nor
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia.
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28
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Porcellato I, Brachelente C, De Paolis L, Menchetti L, Silvestri S, Sforna M, Vichi G, Iussich S, Mechelli L. FoxP3 and IDO in Canine Melanocytic Tumors. Vet Pathol 2018; 56:189-199. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985818808530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human melanoma is one of the deadliest forms of cancer, with poor prognosis and high resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The discovery of immunosuppressive mechanisms in the human melanoma microenvironment led to the use of new prognostic markers and to the development of immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoint molecules. Immunoescape mechanisms in canine melanoma have not yet been investigated, and no such immunotherapy has been tested. The aim of this study was to provide preliminary data on the expression of transcription factor forkhead box protein P3 (FoxP3) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in primary canine melanocytic tumors and to investigate their prognostic role. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples from 74 canine melanocytic tumors (26 oral melanomas, 23 cutaneous melanomas, and 25 cutaneous melanocytomas) were retrospectively evaluated by immunohistochemistry to explore the expression of FoxP3 and IDO. An increased risk of death due to melanoma was associated with a higher number of FoxP3+ cells per high-power field (FoxP3+/HPF), a higher percentage of CD3+ cells that were also FoxP3+ infiltrating and surrounding the tumor (%FoxP3), and a higher number of IDO+ cells/HPF (IDO+/HPF). A prognostic value for FoxP3 and IDO is suggested by our study, with optimal cutoffs of 14.7 FoxP3+ cells/HPF, 6.1 IDO+ cells/HPF, and 12.5% FoxP3+ cells. Both markers were also associated with tumor type. Multivariable analysis identified IDO+/HPF ( P < .001) as an independent prognostic marker. Even though stratification by diagnosis caused a loss of significance, results from the present study suggest a prognostic role for IDO and FoxP3, possibly related to the establishment of an immunosuppressive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Porcellato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Brachelente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Livia De Paolis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Menchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Monica Sforna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gaia Vichi
- Laboratorio per Analisi Veterinarie Cimie, Macerata, Italy
| | - Selina Iussich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Luca Mechelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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29
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Withers SS, Skorupski KA, York D, Choi JW, Woolard KD, Laufer-Amorim R, Sparger EE, Rodriguez CO, McSorley SJ, Monjazeb AM, Murphy WJ, Canter RJ, Rebhun RB. Association of macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration with outcome in canine osteosarcoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2018; 17:49-60. [PMID: 30156029 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic strategies have shown promise for the treatment of canine osteosarcoma (cOSA). Very little is known about the immune microenvironment within cOSA, however, limiting our ability to identify potential immune targets and biomarkers of therapeutic response. We therefore prospectively assessed the disease-free interval (DFI) and overall survival time (ST) of 30 dogs with cOSA treated with amputation and six doses of adjuvant carboplatin. We then quantified lymphocytic (CD3+, FOXP3+) and macrophage (CD204+) infiltrates within the primary tumours of this cohort using immunohistochemistry, and evaluated their association with outcome. Overall, the median DFI and ST were 392 and 455 days, respectively. The median number of CD3+ and FOXP3+ infiltrates were 45.8 cells/mm2 (4.6-607.6 cells/mm2 ) and 8.5 mm2 (0-163.1 cells/mm2 ), respectively. The median area of CD204+ macrophages was 4.7% (1.3%-23.3%), and dogs with tumours containing greater than 4.7% CD204+ macrophages experienced a significantly longer DFI (P = 0.016). Interestingly, a significantly lower percentage of CD204+ macrophages was detected in cOSA arising from the proximal humerus compared to other appendicular bone locations (P = 0.016). Lymphocytic infiltrates did not appear to correlate with outcome in cOSA. Overall, our findings suggest that macrophages may play a role in inhibiting cOSA progression, as has been suggested in human osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita S Withers
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory and Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Katherine A Skorupski
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Daniel York
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory and Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jin W Choi
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Kevin D Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Renee Laufer-Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ellen E Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | | | - Stephen J McSorley
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Robert J Canter
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory and Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
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Fourcade J, Sun Z, Chauvin JM, Ka M, Davar D, Pagliano O, Wang H, Saada S, Menna C, Amin R, Sander C, Kirkwood JM, Korman AJ, Zarour HM. CD226 opposes TIGIT to disrupt Tregs in melanoma. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121157. [PMID: 30046006 PMCID: PMC6124410 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ Tregs impede T cell responses to tumors. They express multiple inhibitory receptors that support their suppressive functions, including T cell Ig and ITIM domain (TIGIT). In melanoma patients, we show that Tregs exhibit increased TIGIT expression and decreased expression of its competing costimulatory receptor CD226 as compared with CD4+ effector T cells, resulting in an increased TIGIT/CD226 ratio. Tregs failed to upregulate CD226 upon T cell activation. TIGIT+ Tregs are highly suppressive, stable, and enriched in tumors. TIGIT and CD226 oppose each other to augment or disrupt, respectively, Treg suppression and stability. A high TIGIT/CD226 ratio in Tregs correlates with increased Treg frequencies in tumors and poor clinical outcome upon immune checkpoint blockade. Altogether, our findings show that a high TIGIT/CD226 ratio in Tregs regulates their suppressive function and stability in melanoma. They provide the rationale for novel immunotherapies to activate CD226 in Tregs together with TIGIT blockade to counteract Treg suppression in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Fourcade
- Department of Medicine and Division of Hematology/Oncology and
| | - Zhaojun Sun
- Department of Medicine and Division of Hematology/Oncology and
| | | | - Mignane Ka
- Department of Medicine and Division of Hematology/Oncology and
| | - Diwakar Davar
- Department of Medicine and Division of Hematology/Oncology and
| | | | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sofiane Saada
- Department of Medicine and Division of Hematology/Oncology and
| | - Carmine Menna
- Department of Medicine and Division of Hematology/Oncology and
| | - Rada Amin
- Department of Medicine and Division of Hematology/Oncology and
| | - Cindy Sander
- Department of Medicine and Division of Hematology/Oncology and
| | | | - Alan J. Korman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Biologics Discovery California, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Hassane M. Zarour
- Department of Medicine and Division of Hematology/Oncology and
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Skarmoutsou E, Bevelacqua V, D' Amico F, Russo A, Spandidos DA, Scalisi A, Malaponte G, Guarneri C. FOXP3 expression is modulated by TGF‑β1/NOTCH1 pathway in human melanoma. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:392-404. [PMID: 29620159 PMCID: PMC5979787 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) transcription factor is expressed by immune cells and several human cancers and is associated with tumor aggressiveness and unfavorable clinical outcomes. NOTCH and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) protumorigenic effects are mediated by FOXP3 expression in several cancer models; however, their interaction and role in melanoma is unknown. We investigated TGF-β-induced FOXP3 gene expression during NOTCH1 signaling inactivation. Primary (WM35) and metastatic melanoma (A375 and A2058) cell lines and normal melanocytes (NHEM) were used. FOXP3 subcellular distribution was evaluated by immuno cytochemical analysis. Gene expression levels were assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Protein levels were assessed by western blot analysis. The γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) was used for NOTCH1 inhibition and recombinant human (rh)TGF-β was used for melanoma cell stimulation. Cell proliferation and viability were respectively assessed by MTT and Trypan blue dye assays. FOXP3 mRNA and protein levels were progressively higher in WM35, A375 and A2058 cell lines compared to NHEM and their levels were further increased after stimulation with rh-TGF-β. TGF-β-mediated FOXP3 expression was mediated by NOTCH1 signaling. Inhibition of NOTCH1 with concomitant rh-TGF-β stimulation determined the reduction in gene expression and protein level of FOXP3. Finally, melanoma cell line proliferation and viability were reduced by NOTCH1 inhibition. The results show that nn increase in FOXP3 expression in metastatic melanoma cell lines is a potential marker of tumor aggressiveness and metastasis. NOTCH1 is a central mediator of TGF-β-mediated FOXP3 expression and NOTCH1 inhibition produces a significant reduction of melanoma cell proliferation and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Skarmoutsou
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina Bevelacqua
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Fabio D' Amico
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Russo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Aurora Scalisi
- Unit of Oncologic Diseases, ASP‑Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia Malaponte
- Research Unit of the Catania Section of the Italian League Against Cancer, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Claudio Guarneri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
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Prognostic role of tumoral PDL1 expression and peritumoral FoxP3+ lymphocytes in vulvar melanomas. Hum Pathol 2018; 73:176-183. [PMID: 29307625 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The prognostic role of PDL1 expression, CD8+ and FoxP3+ lymphocytes in vulvar melanomas has not been studied. We correlated PDL1 expression and CD8+ and FoxP3+ immune infiltrates with clinicopathologic variables and patient outcomes in a series of 75 vulvar melanomas. Tumoral PDL1 expression (>5%) was seen in 23% of cases. By Fisher exact test, PDL1 expression and peritumoral FoxP3+ lymphocytes significantly correlated with less disease-specific death. By linear regression analysis, correlations between tumoral PDL1 expression with the density of tumoral CD8+ and peritumoral CD8+ lymphocytes, tumoral FoxP3+ with tumoral CD8+ lymphocytes, and peritumoral FoxP3+ with peritumoral CD8+ lymphocytes were observed. By univariate analyses, tumor thickness >4 mm predicted poorer progression-free survival, melanoma-specific survival, and overall survival. PDL1 expression >5% and peritumoral CD8+, peritumoral FoxP3+, and tumoral FoxP3+ lymphocytes correlated with better overall survival. By multivariate analyses, high peritumoral FoxP3+ lymphocytes independently predicted better melanoma-specific survival (P = .023), and tumor thickness independently predicted poorer progression-free survival (P = .05) and overall survival (P = .039). In conclusion, our study shows that, independent from tumor thickness, an increased density of peritumoral FoxP3+ lymphocytes may positively impact survival in a subset of vulvar melanomas. Tumoral PDL1 expression correlated with tumoral as well as peritumoral CD8+ and FoxP3+ lymphocytes, supportive of an adaptive immune response. Although the frequency of PDL1 expression is low in vulvar melanoma, its expression may identify a subset of vulvar melanoma that might respond to immunotherapy.
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Kumar S, Saini RV, Mahindroo N. Recent advances in cancer immunology and immunology-based anticancer therapies. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1491-1500. [PMID: 29198747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies offer promise for cure of cancer with specificity and minimal toxicity. Recent developments in cancer immunology have led to the better understanding of role of immune regulatory mechanisms in cancer. There is rapid progress in this field in the last few years. Several clinical studies report the efficacy of immunotherapies for treating cancer. The immunology-based anticancer therapies have shown better safety profiles in clinic as compared to other chemotherapeutic agents, thus increasing interest in this area. This review summarizes recent advances in cancer immunology and discusses tumor microenvironment and immunology-based anticancer therapies, including vaccines and therapies targeting immune checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Reena Vohra Saini
- School of Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India; Centre of Research on Himalayan Sustainability and Development, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Mahindroo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India; Centre of Research on Himalayan Sustainability and Development, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Kraft S, Fernandez-Figueras MT, Richarz NA, Flaherty KT, Hoang MP. PDL1 expression in desmoplastic melanoma is associated with tumor aggressiveness and progression. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 77:534-542. [PMID: 28728868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic role of programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1), CD8, and forkhead box p3 (FoxP3) expression in desmoplastic melanomas is unclear. METHODS We correlated PDL1, p53, and Ki-67 expression with CD8+ and FoxP3+ immune infiltrates with clinicopathologic variables and patient outcomes in a series of 66 desmoplastic melanomas. RESULTS Tumoral PDL1 expression (≥25%), which was seen in 21% of patients (14 of 66), significantly correlated with mixed histology, tumor thickness, mitoses, recurrence, and metastasis. According to linear regression analysis, tumoral PDL1 expression correlated with thickness (P = .0041); p53 expression (P = .019); Ki-67 proliferation index (P = .0018); and tumoral CD8 (P = .0084), stromal CD8 (P < .0001), and FoxP3 (P < .0001) T-cell counts. According to univariate analyses, PDL1 expression of 25% or higher correlated with shorter progression-free survival (P < .0001) and melanoma-specific survival (P = .034). According to multivariate analyses, PDL1 expression of 25% or more (P = .026) and mixed histology (P = .039) independently predicted shorter progression-free survival, and presence of lymphovascular invasion predicted shorter overall survival (P = .018). LIMITATIONS Small study size. CONCLUSION Tumoral and stromal CD8+ and FoxP3+ lymphocyte counts correlated with tumoral PDL1 expression, which is supportive of an adaptive immune response. PDL1 expression in desmoplastic melanoma was associated with tumor aggressiveness and progression. Although PDL1 expression is typically low in melanoma, its frequency and level of expression in desmoplastic melanoma may identify a subset of melanomas that are likely to respond to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kraft
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria-Teresa Fernandez-Figueras
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Univeristat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nina A Richarz
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Univeristat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mai P Hoang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Dyduch G, Tyrak KE, Glajcar A, Szpor J, Okoń K. CD207+/langerin positive dendritic cells in invasive and in situ cutaneous malignant melanoma. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2017; 34:233-239. [PMID: 28670252 PMCID: PMC5471378 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2017.67845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dendritic cells are crucial for cutaneous immune response. Their role in melanoma progression is however a matter of controversy. MATERIAL AND METHODS The number of dendritic cells within epidermis and in peri- and intratumoral location was analyzed using CD207 immunostain in 17 cases of in situ and 25 case of invasive melanoma. RESULTS Average peritumoral CD207+ cells count was 22.88 for all cases, 17.94 for in situ lesions and 26.24 for invasive cases. Average epidermal CD207+ cells count was 164.47 for all cases, 183.00 for in situ lesions and 150.78 - for invasive cases. In case of invasive melanomas, peritumoral CD207+ cells count was positively correlated with Breslow stage (R = 0.59) mitotic activity within the tumor (R = 0.62). Invasive cases with regression showed higher intratumoral and epidermal CD207+ cells count than the ones without (275.00 vs. 95.32 and 173.20 vs. 148.35) but lower peritumoral CD207+ cells count (17.60 vs. 27.26). Invasive cases with ulceration showed higher intratumoral and peritumoral CD207+ cells count than the ones without ulceration (220.08 vs. 55.67 and 44.17 vs. 9.69). CONCLUSIONS CD207+ cells play a role in both progression and regression of melanoma but their exact role needs further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Dyduch
- Chair of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna E Tyrak
- II Chair of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Glajcar
- Chair of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Szpor
- Chair of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Okoń
- Chair of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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36
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Jin H, Sun L, Tang L, Yu W, Li H. Expression of GARP Is Increased in Tumor-Infiltrating Regulatory T Cells and Is Correlated to Clinicopathology of Lung Cancer Patients. Front Immunol 2017; 8:138. [PMID: 28261204 PMCID: PMC5306210 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are immunosuppressive T cells that play an important role in immune homeostasis. Multiple markers have been associated with the characterization, as well as function of Tregs. Recently, glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP), a transmembrane protein containing leucine-rich repeats, has been found to be highly expressed on the surface of activated Tregs. GARP maintains Tregs’ regulatory function and homeostasis through the activation and secretion of transforming growth factor β. In this study, we investigated the expression of GARP in Tregs from the peripheral blood (PB) and tumor tissues of lung cancer patients. The association between the proportion and expression level of GARP on Tregs and the clinicopathological factors of lung cancer patients was also analyzed. Results showed that in the tumor tissues of patients with lung cancer, GARP expression was increased in Tregs and was associated with lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and clinical stage. Furthermore, the infiltrating Tregs from early stage patients exhibited higher GARP expression than that from advanced cancer patients, which indicated that GARP might be an early prognostic biomarker. In vitro coculture studies demonstrated that human lung cancer cell lines might induce the expression of GARP in Tregs by certain mechanisms. Overall, this research demonstrated the potential value of GARP in Tregs definition and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jin
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Liping Sun
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Division of Rheumatology, Tianjin First Center Hospital , Tianjin , China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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De Meulenaere A, Vermassen T, Aspeslagh S, Vandecasteele K, Rottey S, Ferdinande L. TILs in Head and Neck Cancer: Ready for Clinical Implementation and Why (Not)? Head Neck Pathol 2016; 11:354-363. [PMID: 28032290 PMCID: PMC5550394 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-016-0776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has recently emerged as a prognostic biomarker in several solid tumors. Quantification and subtyping of TILs reflects the immune response in the tumor microenvironment, contributing to either tumoral immune attack or escape and thereby affecting outcome. Despite the growing evidence of its value as prognosticator, TILs analysis has not yet found its way to daily clinical practice. The aim of this review is to evaluate whether the current knowledge on TILs in head and neck cancer justifies its clinical implementation. Therefore, we summarize the data on TILs in squamous cell cancer of the head and neck with focus on the most important subsets (T lymphocytes and more specifically CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and FoxP3+ regulatory T cells) and site-specific characteristics such as Human Papilloma Virus infection. In addition, we discuss methodological problems and pitfalls that can account for discordant findings and that may hamper inclusion of TILs assessment in routine practice of pathologists and oncologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid De Meulenaere
- 0000 0004 0626 3303grid.410566.0Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tijl Vermassen
- 0000 0004 0626 3303grid.410566.0Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Aspeslagh
- 0000 0001 2284 9388grid.14925.3bDITEP, Gustave Roussy Cancer Centre, rue Edouard-Vaillant 114, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Katrien Vandecasteele
- 0000 0004 0626 3303grid.410566.0Department of Radiation Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Rottey
- 0000 0004 0626 3303grid.410566.0Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Ferdinande
- 0000 0004 0626 3303grid.410566.0Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Weiss SA, Han SW, Lui K, Tchack J, Shapiro R, Berman R, Zhong J, Krogsgaard M, Osman I, Darvishian F. Immunologic heterogeneity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte composition in primary melanoma. Hum Pathol 2016; 57:116-125. [PMID: 27473267 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in primary melanomas are thought to represent the host antitumor immune response, but controversy exists over whether TILs offer independent prognostication of survival. We studied a cohort of 1241 patients with primary melanoma to assess the association of absent, nonbrisk, and brisk TIL grade with survival outcomes. We tested whether quantitative TIL counts using immunohistochemical lymphocyte markers CD3, CD45, and FOXP3 add prognostic value to TIL grading compared with histology alone in 15% of the cohort. To assess for intergroup immunologic heterogeneity among TIL grades, we investigated differential expression of 594 immunoregulatory genes in 67 primary melanomas. On histologic evaluation of 1241 primary melanomas, TILs were graded as absent (n=388, 31%), nonbrisk (n=330, 27%), and brisk (n=523, 42%). Patients with brisk TILs had improved recurrence-free survival (P=.025) and overall survival (P=.006) compared with patients with nonbrisk and absent TILs, for which there were no differences in recurrence-free survival (P=.40) or overall survival (P=.41). TIL quantitation by immunohistochemistry did not improve prognostication compared with TIL grading on hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. Melanomas with nonbrisk and absent TILs share similar immunoregulatory gene expression profiles. In contrast, melanomas with brisk TILs demonstrate upregulation of T-cell activation pathways and inhibition of upstream immune checkpoint regulators. The presence of TILs in primary melanomas represents a heterogeneous group, and caution in prognostic interpretation is warranted. Melanomas with brisk TILs are defined by an immunostimulatory gene expression profile and improved prognosis compared with melanomas with nonbrisk or absent TILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Weiss
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016; Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016.
| | - Sung Won Han
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016.
| | - Kevin Lui
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016; Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016.
| | - Jeremy Tchack
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016; Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016.
| | - Richard Shapiro
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016; Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016.
| | - Russell Berman
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016; Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016.
| | - Judy Zhong
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016; Department of Biostatistics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016.
| | - Michelle Krogsgaard
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016.
| | - Iman Osman
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016; Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016; Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016.
| | - Farbod Darvishian
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016.
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Zeng K, Wang Z, Ohshima K, Liu Y, Zhang W, Wang L, Fan L, Li M, Li X, Wang Y, Yu Z, Yan Q, Guo S, Wei J, Guo Y. BRAF V600E mutation correlates with suppressive tumor immune microenvironment and reduced disease-free survival in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1185582. [PMID: 27622040 PMCID: PMC5006923 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1185582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a neoplasm of myeloid origin characterized by a clonal proliferation of CD1a+/CD207+ dendritic cells. Recurrent BRAF V600E mutation has been reported in LCH. In the present report, we confirm the feasibility of the high-specificity monoclonal antibody VE1 for detecting BRAF V600E mutation in 36/97 (37.1%) retrospectively enrolled patients with LCH; concordant immunohistochemistry and Sanger sequencing results were seen in 94.8% of cases. We then assessed the tumor immune microenvironment status in LCH, and found that the GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3)+/T-bet+ ratio could distinguish between clinical multi-system/single-system (SS) multifocal and SS unifocal LCH. Notably, we found that BRAF V600E mutation is significantly correlated with increased programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PDL1) expression and forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3)+ regulatory T cells (p < 0.001, 0.009, respectively). Moreover, Cox multivariate survival analysis showed that BRAF V600E mutation and PDL1 were independent prognostic factors of poor disease-free survival (DFS) in LCH (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–5.56, p = 0.044; HR = 3.06, 95%CI 1.14–7.14, p = 0.025, respectively), and the superiority of PDL1 in sensitivity and specificity as biomarker for DFS in LCH was demonstrated by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves when compared with BRAF V600E and risk category. Collectively, this study identifies for the first time relationship between BRAF V600E mutation and a suppressive tumor immune microenvironment in LCH, resulting in disruption of host–tumor immune surveillance, which is DFS. Our findings may provide a rationale for combining immunotherapy and BRAF-targeted therapy for treating patients with BRAF V600E mutant LCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Zeng
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University , Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yixiong Liu
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Weichen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Linni Fan
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingmei Wang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Yu
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingguo Yan
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangping Guo
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Suzuki S, Ishida T, Yoshikawa K, Ueda R. Current status of immunotherapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2016; 46:191-203. [PMID: 26819277 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyv201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful use of immune checkpoint inhibitors has been big breakthrough in the development of cancer immunotherapy. Anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody, ipilimumab, is the first-approved immune checkpoint inhibitor and has shown durable objective responses for advanced melanoma beyond the effect of dacarbazine. Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, are other immune checkpoint inhibitors that have demonstrated more effective results than conventional drugs in clinical trials for a variety of advanced solid tumors including melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma and renal carcinoma. These studies have indicated that the enhancement of anti-cancer immunity by controlling the immune suppressive environment in cancer tissues is an important issue for the development of cancer immune-therapy. Accordingly, in recent years, the enthusiasm for research of cancer immunology has shifted to studies regarding the formation of the immune suppressive environment, immune suppression mechanisms in cancer tissues and the molecules and cells involved in these pathways. Novel findings from these studies might lead to the development of cancer immunotherapy based on control of the immune suppressive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Suzuki
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute
| | - Takashi Ishida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshikawa
- Center for Advanced Medical Research, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Ueda
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute
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41
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Becht E, Giraldo NA, Germain C, de Reyniès A, Laurent-Puig P, Zucman-Rossi J, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Sautès-Fridman C, Fridman WH. Immune Contexture, Immunoscore, and Malignant Cell Molecular Subgroups for Prognostic and Theranostic Classifications of Cancers. Adv Immunol 2016; 130:95-190. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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42
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Regulatory T cells in the immunotherapy of melanoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:77-85. [PMID: 26515336 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with melanoma are supposed to develop spontaneous immune responses against specific tumor antigens. However, several mechanisms contribute to the failure of tumor antigen-specific T cell responses, inducing immune escape. Importantly, immunosuppression mediated by regulatory T cells (Tregs) in tumor lesions is a dominant mechanism of tumor immune evasion. Based on this information, several therapies targeting Tregs such as cyclophosphamide, IL-2-based therapies, and antibodies against the surface molecular of Tregs have been developed. However, only some of these strategies showed clinical efficacy in patients with melanoma in spite of their success in shifting immune systems to antitumor responses in animal models. In the future, strategies specifically depleting local Tregs, inhibiting Treg migration to the tumor lesion, and Treg depletion in combination with other chemotherapies or immune modulation will hopefully bring benefits to melanoma patients.
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43
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Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26462617 DOI: 10.1038/srep15179.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognostic value of FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in cancer remains controversial. We did a meta-analysis to assess the prognostic effect of FoxP3(+) Treg across different types of cancer and to investigate factors associated with variations in this effect. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Scopus were searched to identify eligible studies. In total, we analyzed 76 articles encompassing 17 types of cancer, and including 15,512 cancer cases. The overall pooled analysis including all types of cancer suggested FoxP3(+)Tregs had a significant negative effect on overall survival (OS) (OR 1.46, P < 0.001), but the prognostic effect varied greatly according to tumor site. High FoxP3(+) Tregs infiltration was significantly associated with shorter OS in the majority of solid tumors studied, including cervical, renal, melanomas, and breast cancers, et al; whereas, FoxP3(+) Tregs were associated with improved survival in colorectal, head and neck, and oesophageal cancers. The stratified analysis suggested the molecular subtype and tumor stage significantly influenced the prognostic value of FoxP3(+) Tregs in certain types of cancer. In conclusion, our meta-analysis suggests that the prognostic role of FoxP3(+) Tregs was highly influenced by tumor site, and was also correlated with the molecular subtype and tumor stage.
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44
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Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15179. [PMID: 26462617 PMCID: PMC4604472 DOI: 10.1038/srep15179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 676] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognostic value of FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in cancer remains controversial. We did a meta-analysis to assess the prognostic effect of FoxP3(+) Treg across different types of cancer and to investigate factors associated with variations in this effect. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Scopus were searched to identify eligible studies. In total, we analyzed 76 articles encompassing 17 types of cancer, and including 15,512 cancer cases. The overall pooled analysis including all types of cancer suggested FoxP3(+)Tregs had a significant negative effect on overall survival (OS) (OR 1.46, P < 0.001), but the prognostic effect varied greatly according to tumor site. High FoxP3(+) Tregs infiltration was significantly associated with shorter OS in the majority of solid tumors studied, including cervical, renal, melanomas, and breast cancers, et al; whereas, FoxP3(+) Tregs were associated with improved survival in colorectal, head and neck, and oesophageal cancers. The stratified analysis suggested the molecular subtype and tumor stage significantly influenced the prognostic value of FoxP3(+) Tregs in certain types of cancer. In conclusion, our meta-analysis suggests that the prognostic role of FoxP3(+) Tregs was highly influenced by tumor site, and was also correlated with the molecular subtype and tumor stage.
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45
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FOXP3+ T regulatory lymphocytes in primary melanoma are associated with BRAF mutation but not with response to BRAF inhibitor. Pathology 2015; 47:557-63. [DOI: 10.1097/pat.0000000000000314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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46
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Zidlik V, Brychtova S, Uvirova M, Ziak D, Dvorackova J. The changes of angiogenesis and immune cell infiltration in the intra- and peri-tumoral melanoma microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7876-89. [PMID: 25913374 PMCID: PMC4425055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) urgently needs identification of new markers with better predictive value than currently-used clinical and histological parameters. Cancer cells stimulate the formation of a specialized tumor microenvironment, which reciprocally affects uncontrolled proliferation and migration. However, this microenvironment is heterogeneous with different sub-compartments defined by their access to oxygen and nutrients. This study evaluated microvascular density (MVD), CD3+ lymphocytes (TILs) and FOXP3+ T-regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs) on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections using light microscopy. We analyzed 82 malignant melanomas, divided according to the AJCC TNM classification into four groups--pT1 (35), pT2 (17), pT3 (18) and pT4 (12)--and 25 benign pigmented nevi. All parameters were measured in both the central areas of tumors (C) and at their periphery (P). A marked increase in all parameters was found in melanomas compared to nevi (p = 0.0001). There was a positive correlation between MVD, TILs, FOXP3+ Tregs and the vertical growth phase. The results show that MVD, TILs and FOXP3+ Tregs substantially influence cutaneous melanoma microenvironment. We found significant topographic differences of the parameters between central areas of tumors and their boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Zidlik
- CGB Laboratory, a.s., Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology, AGEL Research and Training Institute-Ostrava-Vitkovice Branch, Korenskeho 10, Ostrava 71000, Czech Republic.
| | - Svetlana Brychtova
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic.
| | - Magdalena Uvirova
- CGB Laboratory, a.s., Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology, AGEL Research and Training Institute-Ostrava-Vitkovice Branch, Korenskeho 10, Ostrava 71000, Czech Republic.
| | - Dusan Ziak
- CGB Laboratory, a.s., Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology, AGEL Research and Training Institute-Ostrava-Vitkovice Branch, Korenskeho 10, Ostrava 71000, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Dvorackova
- CGB Laboratory, a.s., Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology, AGEL Research and Training Institute-Ostrava-Vitkovice Branch, Korenskeho 10, Ostrava 71000, Czech Republic.
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, Ostrava 70300, Czech Republic.
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47
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Tran Janco JM, Lamichhane P, Karyampudi L, Knutson KL. Tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells in cancer pathogenesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:2985-91. [PMID: 25795789 PMCID: PMC4369768 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the tumor microenvironment, which is known to affect disease progression in many human malignancies. Infiltration by mature, active DCs into the tumors confers an increase in immune activation and recruitment of disease-fighting immune effector cells and pathways. DCs are the preferential target of infiltrating T cells. However, tumor cells have means of suppressing DC function or of altering the tumor microenvironment in such a way that immune-suppressive DCs are recruited. Advances in understanding these changes have led to promising developments in cancer-therapeutic strategies targeting tumor-infiltrating DCs to subdue their immunosuppressive functions and enhance their immune-stimulatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Purushottam Lamichhane
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55906; and Cancer Vaccines and Immune Therapies Program, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Lavakumar Karyampudi
- Cancer Vaccines and Immune Therapies Program, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Keith L Knutson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55906; and Cancer Vaccines and Immune Therapies Program, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
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48
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Jouary T. [What's new in skin cancers?]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2014; 141 Suppl 4:S630-42. [PMID: 25539755 DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(14)70167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present "what's new in oncology in 2014?" is in keeping with data reported in the past years. Indeed, metastatic melanoma still keeps the lion's share. The results of the combinations schedules with BRAF and MEK inhibitors showed an improvement in progression-free survival. Otherwise, resistance mechanisms to MAPKinase pathway inhibitors are of interest worldwide. Nevertheless, more fundamental and transversal researches are currently being investigated than validated schedules in daily clinical practice. Following anti-CTLA-4 drugs, second-generation immunotherapies, including anti-PD1 and PD-L1 molecules, confirmed their results in extended cohorts. In the setting of localized melanoma, the final results from MLST-1, Morton's study, regarding the sentinel node procedure versus observation alone, prompted a new enhancement in the sentinel node controversy. From another point of view, "what is not new in oncology in 2014?" In this area, the absence of original investigations on the primary melanoma detection in France and the absence of innovations in the adjuvant treatment of melanoma after surgery should be mentioned. While recent revolutionary drugs, i.e. targeted therapies and immunotherapies, will know advances under the resistance pressure in a near future, a revolution is still awaited in melanoma earlier stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Th Jouary
- Service d'oncologie médicale, hôpital François-Mitterrand, 4, boulevard Hauterive, 64000 Pau, France; Service de dermatologie, hôpital Saint-André, 1, rue Jean-Burguet, 33075 Bordeaux, France.
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49
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Chevolet I, Speeckaert R, Haspeslagh M, Neyns B, Krüse V, Schreuer M, Van Gele M, Van Geel N, Brochez L. Peritumoral indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in melanoma: an early marker of resistance to immune control? Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:987-95. [PMID: 24814041 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an emerging immunomodulating factor in cancer. IDO expression in tumour-negative sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) of patients with melanoma has a negative prognostic value. OBJECTIVES To analyse the expression pattern of IDO and associated immunological changes in corresponding primary melanomas (PMs), SLNs and metastases. METHODS In 120 patients with melanoma, PMs with corresponding SLNs (n = 85) and metastases (n = 18) were analysed by immunohistochemical staining for IDO and FoxP3. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were scored. IDO expression in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was analysed in 27 patients. RESULTS IDO expression in the sentinel node strongly correlated with endothelial IDO expression in the peritumoral stroma of the corresponding primary (P < 0·001) and metastatic melanoma (P < 0·05). Sentinel IDO positivity was inversely correlated with CD8+ lymphocytes (P = 0·01) and TILs (P = 0·05) in PM. Both IDO expression in the sentinel (P < 0·01) and the PM (P = 0·04) had a negative prognostic effect on overall survival, independent of Breslow thickness, sex, age, ulceration and sentinel invasion. IDO expression by PBMCs after stimulation with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 was not correlated with sentinel IDO expression but tended to correlate with disease stage (P = 0·04). CONCLUSIONS Endothelial IDO expression is highly consistent in primary, sentinel and metastatic tissues of patients with melanoma, indicating that immune suppression in melanoma is determined very early in the disease course. This supports that IDO expression in melanoma is a marker of antitumour immune response with an independent prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Chevolet
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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