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Slade L, Deane CS, Szewczyk NJ, Etheridge T, Whiteman M. Hydrogen sulfide supplementation as a potential treatment for primary mitochondrial diseases. Pharmacol Res 2024; 203:107180. [PMID: 38599468 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Primary mitochondrial diseases (PMD) are amongst the most common inborn errors of metabolism causing fatal outcomes within the first decade of life. With marked heterogeneity in both inheritance patterns and physiological manifestations, these conditions present distinct challenges for targeted drug therapy, where effective therapeutic countermeasures remain elusive within the clinic. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-based therapeutics may offer a new option for patient treatment, having been proposed as a conserved mitochondrial substrate and post-translational regulator across species, displaying therapeutic effects in age-related mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative models of mitochondrial disease. H2S can stimulate mitochondrial respiration at sites downstream of common PMD-defective subunits, augmenting energy production, mitochondrial function and reducing cell death. Here, we highlight the primary signalling mechanisms of H2S in mitochondria relevant for PMD and outline key cytoprotective proteins/pathways amenable to post-translational restoration via H2S-mediated persulfidation. The mechanisms proposed here, combined with the advent of potent mitochondria-targeted sulfide delivery molecules, could provide a framework for H2S as a countermeasure for PMD disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Slade
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK; Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Colleen S Deane
- Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Nathaniel J Szewczyk
- Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, United Kingdom; Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurologic Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, Greece
| | - Timothy Etheridge
- Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew Whiteman
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.
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2
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Wu YT, Huang SC, Shiao YM, Syu WC, Wei YH, Hsu YC. Identification of new variants in MTRNR1 and MTRNR2 genes using whole mitochondrial genome sequencing in a Taiwanese family with MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers) syndrome. Hear Res 2023; 438:108876. [PMID: 37683310 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2023.108876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy is a multi-system disorder mostly caused by inborn errors of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system and usually manifested as complex neurological disorder and muscle weakness. Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers (MERRF) syndrome is one of the major subtypes of mitochondrial disease associated with the m.8344A>G mutation in mitochondrial tRNALys gene. In addition to the symptoms in central nervous and muscle systems, a portion of the patients may develop hearing loss, which has been linked to the genetic mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) especially in the mitochondrial ribosome RNA (rRNA) gene. Despite a great number of studies focusing on the consequences of mtDNA mutations, the mechanism of pathogenesis of these overt diseases has remained unclear, and there is no specific and effective treatment for MERRF syndromes. In this study, we developed a high-quality mtDNA sequencing method by next generation sequencing technology to search for the additional pathogenic variations of mtDNA from skin fibroblasts of four members in a Taiwanese family with MERRF syndrome. Through uncovering the signatures of all mtDNA variants in the MERRF family, we identified novel mtDNA variants in the genes encoding mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNAs. The finding from this study will give us further insight into the molecular mechanisms driving the phenotypic variability and timing of onset of the MERRF syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Wu
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City 50046, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Wei-Chi Syu
- Union Clinical Laboratory, Taipei 10665, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Huei Wei
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City 50046, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chao Hsu
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
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3
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Charlton NC, Mastyugin M, Török B, Török M. Structural Features of Small Molecule Antioxidants and Strategic Modifications to Improve Potential Bioactivity. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031057. [PMID: 36770724 PMCID: PMC9920158 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This review surveys the major structural features in various groups of small molecules that are considered to be antioxidants, including natural and synthetic compounds alike. Recent advances in the strategic modification of known small molecule antioxidants are also described. The highlight is placed on changing major physicochemical parameters, including log p, bond dissociation energy, ionization potential, and others which result in improved antioxidant activity.
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Murari A, Rhooms SK, Garcia C, Liu T, Li H, Mishra B, Deshong C, Owusu-Ansah E. Dissecting the concordant and disparate roles of NDUFAF3 and NDUFAF4 in mitochondrial complex I biogenesis. iScience 2021; 24:102869. [PMID: 34386730 PMCID: PMC8346666 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct sub-assemblies (modules) of mitochondrial complex I (CI) are assembled with the assistance of CI Assembly Factors (CIAFs) through mechanisms that are incompletely defined. Here, using genetic analyses in Drosophila, we report that when either of the CIAFs – NDUFAF3 or NDUFAF4 – is disrupted, biogenesis of the Q-, N-, and PP-b-modules of CI is impaired. This is due, at least in part, to the compromised integration of NDUFS3 and NDUFS5 into the Q-, and PP-b-modules, respectively, coupled with a destabilization of another CIAF, TIMMDC1, in assembly intermediates. Notably, forced expression of NDUFAF4 rescues the biogenesis defects in the Q-module and some aspects of the defects in the PP-b-module of CI when NDUFAF3 is disrupted. Altogether, our studies furnish new fundamental insights into the mechanism by which NDUFAF3 and NDUFAF4 regulate CI assembly and raises the possibility that certain point mutations in NDUFAF3 may be rescued by overexpression of NDUFAF4. Disruption of NDUFAF3 and NDUFAF4 in Drosophila muscles destabilizes TIMMDC1 NDUFAF3 and NDUFAF4 regulate biogenesis of the N, Q, and Pp modules NDUFAF4 ameliorates some of the CI biogenesis defects in NDUFAF3 mutants
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjaneyulu Murari
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shauna-Kay Rhooms
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christian Garcia
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tong Liu
- Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Bibhuti Mishra
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cassie Deshong
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Edward Owusu-Ansah
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- The Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Corresponding author
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5
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Tinker RJ, Lim AZ, Stefanetti RJ, McFarland R. Current and Emerging Clinical Treatment in Mitochondrial Disease. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 25:181-206. [PMID: 33646563 PMCID: PMC7919238 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-020-00510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary mitochondrial disease (PMD) is a group of complex genetic disorders that arise due to pathogenic variants in nuclear or mitochondrial genomes. Although PMD is one of the most prevalent inborn errors of metabolism, it often exhibits marked phenotypic variation and can therefore be difficult to recognise. Current treatment for PMD revolves around supportive and preventive approaches, with few disease-specific therapies available. However, over the last decade there has been considerable progress in our understanding of both the genetics and pathophysiology of PMD. This has resulted in the development of a plethora of new pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies at varying stages of development. Many of these therapies are currently undergoing clinical trials. This review summarises the latest emerging therapies that may become mainstream treatment in the coming years. It is distinct from other recent reviews in the field by comprehensively addressing both pharmacological non-pharmacological therapy from both a bench and a bedside perspective. We highlight the current and developing therapeutic landscape in novel pharmacological treatment, dietary supplementation, exercise training, device use, mitochondrial donation, tissue replacement gene therapy, hypoxic therapy and mitochondrial base editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory J Tinker
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Albert Z Lim
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Renae J Stefanetti
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Robert McFarland
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders for Adults and Children, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Latham LE, Wang C, Patterson TA, Slikker W, Liu F. Neuroprotective Effects of Carnitine and Its Potential Application to Ameliorate Neurotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1208-1222. [PMID: 33570912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine is an essential metabolite that is absorbed from the diet and synthesized in the kidney, liver, and brain. It ferries fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane to undergo β-oxidation. Carnitine has been studied as a therapy or protective agent for many neurological diseases and neurotoxicity (e.g., prolonged anesthetic exposure-induced developmental neurotoxicity in preclinical models). Preclinical and clinical data support the notion that carnitine or acetyl carnitine may improve a patient's quality of life through increased mitochondrial respiration, release of neurotransmitters, and global gene expression changes, showing the potential of carnitine beyond its approved use to treat primary and secondary carnitine deficiency. In this review, we summarize the beneficial effects of carnitine or acetyl carnitine on the central nervous system, highlighting protective effects against neurotoxicity-induced damage caused by various chemicals and encouraging a thorough evaluation of carnitine use as a therapy for patients suffering from neurotoxicant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah E Latham
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Tucker A Patterson
- Office of Director, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - William Slikker
- Office of Director, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
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Schirris TJJ, Rossell S, de Haas R, Frambach SJCM, Hoogstraten CA, Renkema GH, Beyrath JD, Willems PHGM, Huynen MA, Smeitink JAM, Russel FGM, Notebaart RA. Stimulation of cholesterol biosynthesis in mitochondrial complex I-deficiency lowers reductive stress and improves motor function and survival in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166062. [PMID: 33385517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The majority of cellular energy is produced by the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. Failure of the first OXPHOS enzyme complex, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase or complex I (CI), is associated with multiple signs and symptoms presenting at variable ages of onset. There is no approved drug treatment yet to slow or reverse the progression of CI-deficient disorders. Here, we present a comprehensive human metabolic network model of genetically characterized CI-deficient patient-derived fibroblasts. Model calculations predicted that increased cholesterol production, export, and utilization can counterbalance the surplus of reducing equivalents in patient-derived fibroblasts, as these pathways consume considerable amounts of NAD(P)H. We show that fibrates attenuated increased NAD(P)H levels and improved CI-deficient fibroblast growth by stimulating the production of cholesterol via enhancement of its cellular efflux. In CI-deficient (Ndufs4-/-) mice, fibrate treatment resulted in prolonged survival and improved motor function, which was accompanied by an increased cholesterol efflux from peritoneal macrophages. Our results shine a new light on the use of compensatory biological pathways in mitochondrial dysfunction, which may lead to novel therapeutic interventions for mitochondrial diseases for which currently no cure exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J J Schirris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sergio Rossell
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ria de Haas
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne J C M Frambach
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte A Hoogstraten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - G Herma Renkema
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Julien D Beyrath
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter H G M Willems
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Huynen
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Smeitink
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Richard A Notebaart
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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8
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Ng WSV, Trigano M, Freeman T, Varrichio C, Kandaswamy DK, Newland B, Brancale A, Rozanowska M, Votruba M. New avenues for therapy in mitochondrial optic neuropathies. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN RARE DISEASE 2021; 2:26330040211029037. [PMID: 37181108 PMCID: PMC10032437 DOI: 10.1177/26330040211029037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial optic neuropathies are a group of optic nerve atrophies exemplified by the two commonest conditions in this group, autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). Their clinical features comprise reduced visual acuity, colour vision deficits, centro-caecal scotomas and optic disc pallor with thinning of the retinal nerve fibre layer. The primary aetiology is genetic, with underlying nuclear or mitochondrial gene mutations. The primary pathology is owing to retinal ganglion cell dysfunction and degeneration. There is currently only one approved treatment and no curative therapy is available. In this review we summarise the genetic and clinical features of ADOA and LHON and then examine what new avenues there may be for therapeutic intervention. The therapeutic strategies to manage LHON and ADOA can be split into four categories: prevention, compensation, replacement and repair. Prevention is technically an option by modifying risk factors such as smoking cessation, or by utilising pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, although this is unlikely to be applied in mitochondrial optic neuropathies due to the non-life threatening and variable nature of these conditions. Compensation involves pharmacological interventions that ameliorate the mitochondrial dysfunction at a cellular and tissue level. Replacement and repair are exciting new emerging areas. Clinical trials, both published and underway, in this area are likely to reveal future potential benefits, since new therapies are desperately needed. Plain language summary Optic nerve damage leading to loss of vision can be caused by a variety of insults. One group of conditions leading to optic nerve damage is caused by defects in genes that are essential for cells to make energy in small organelles called mitochondria. These conditions are known as mitochondrial optic neuropathies and two predominant examples are called autosomal dominant optic atrophy and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Both conditions are caused by problems with the energy powerhouse of cells: mitochondria. The cells that are most vulnerable to this mitochondrial malfunction are called retinal ganglion cells, otherwise collectively known as the optic nerve, and they take the electrical impulse from the retina in the eye to the brain. The malfunction leads to death of some of the optic nerve cells, the degree of vision loss being linked to the number of those cells which are impacted in this way. Patients will lose visual acuity and colour vision and develop a central blind spot in their field of vision. There is currently no cure and very few treatment options. New treatments are desperately needed for patients affected by these devastating diseases. New treatments can potentially arise in four ways: prevention, compensation, replacement and repair of the defects. Here we explore how present and possible future treatments might provide hope for those suffering from these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthieu Trigano
- Mitochondria and Vision Lab, School of
Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas Freeman
- Mitochondria and Vision Lab, School of
Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Carmine Varrichio
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dinesh Kumar Kandaswamy
- Mitochondria and Vision Lab, School of
Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ben Newland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Malgorzata Rozanowska
- Mitochondria and Vision Lab, School of
Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marcela Votruba
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences,
Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK; Cardiff Eye
Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
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9
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Interleukin-6 and total antioxidant capacity levels following N-acetylcysteine and a combination nutraceutical intervention in a randomised controlled trial for bipolar disorder. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2020; 32:313-320. [PMID: 32600481 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2020.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to evaluate changes in inflammatory and oxidative stress levels following treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or mitochondrial-enhancing agents (CT), and to assess the how these changes may predict and/or moderate clinical outcomes primarily the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). METHODS This study involved secondary analysis of a placebo-controlled randomised trial (n = 163). Serum samples were collected at baseline and week 16 of the clinical trial to determine changes in Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) following adjunctive CT and/or NAC treatment, and to explore the predictability of the outcome or moderator effects of these markers. RESULTS In the NAC-treated group, no difference was observed in serum IL-6 and TAC levels after 16 weeks of treatment with NAC or CT. However, results from a moderator analysis showed that in the CT group, lower IL-6 levels at baseline was a significant moderator of MADRS χ2 (df) = 4.90, p = 0.027) and Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I, χ2 (df) = 6.28 p = 0.012). In addition, IL-6 was a non-specific but significant predictor of functioning (based on the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS)), indicating that individuals with higher IL-6 levels at baseline had a greater improvement on SOFAS regardless of their treatment (p = 0.023). CONCLUSION Participants with lower IL-6 levels at baseline had a better response to the adjunctive treatment with the mitochondrial-enhancing agents in terms of improvements in MADRS and CGI-I outcomes.
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Bersani FS, Mellon SH, Lindqvist D, Kang JI, Rampersaud R, Somvanshi PR, Doyle FJ, Hammamieh R, Jett M, Yehuda R, Marmar CR, Wolkowitz OM. Novel Pharmacological Targets for Combat PTSD-Metabolism, Inflammation, The Gut Microbiome, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Mil Med 2020; 185:311-318. [PMID: 32074311 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usz260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current pharmacological treatments of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have limited efficacy. Although the diagnosis is based on psychopathological criteria, it is frequently accompanied by somatic comorbidities and perhaps "accelerated biological aging," suggesting widespread physical concomitants. Such physiological comorbidities may affect core PTSD symptoms but are rarely the focus of therapeutic trials. METHODS To elucidate the potential involvement of metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial function in PTSD, we integrate findings and mechanistic models from the DOD-sponsored "Systems Biology of PTSD Study" with previous data on these topics. RESULTS Data implicate inter-linked dysregulations in metabolism, inflammation, mitochondrial function, and perhaps the gut microbiome in PTSD. Several inadequately tested targets of pharmacological intervention are proposed, including insulin sensitizers, lipid regulators, anti-inflammatories, and mitochondrial biogenesis modulators. CONCLUSIONS Systemic pathologies that are intricately involved in brain functioning and behavior may not only contribute to somatic comorbidities in PTSD, but may represent novel targets for treating core psychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Saverio Bersani
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, Rome 00185, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), School of Medicine, 401 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Synthia H Mellon
- Department of OB/GYN and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF School of Medicine, 513 Parnassus Ave, 1464G, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Daniel Lindqvist
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), School of Medicine, 401 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jee In Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), School of Medicine, 401 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Ryan Rampersaud
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), School of Medicine, 401 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Pramod Rajaram Somvanshi
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 29 Oxford St., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Francis J Doyle
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 29 Oxford St., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Integrative Systems Biology, U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5010
| | - Marti Jett
- Integrative Systems Biology, U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5010
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- James J. Peters Veterans Administration Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574
| | - Charles R Marmar
- Center for Alcohol Use Disorder and PTSD, New York University, 1 Park Ave., Room 8-214, New York NY 10016.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University, 1 Park Ave., Room 8-214, New York, NY 10016
| | - Owen M Wolkowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), School of Medicine, 401 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143
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11
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Pozdnyakov DI, Voronkov AV, Rukovitsyna VM. Chromon-3-aldehyde derivatives restore mitochondrial function in rat cerebral ischemia. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:1172-1183. [PMID: 32963739 PMCID: PMC7491499 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.46369.10710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This work aimed to assess the effect of 10 new chromon-3-aldehyde derivatives on changes of mitochondrial function under the conditions of brain ischemia in rats. Materials and Methods The work was executed on BALB/c male-mice (acute toxicity was evaluated) and male Wistar rats, which were used to model cerebral ischemia by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. The test-substances, 10 derivatives of chromon-3-aldehyde and the reference drug, N-acetylcysteine, were injected after modeling of ischemia for 3 days. After that, neurological symptoms, the area of cerebral infarction, and change in mitochondrial function were evaluated. Results It was established that use of all chromon-3-aldehyde derivatives contributed to the recovery of mitochondrial function, which was reflected in enhanced ATP-generating activity, maximum respiration level, respiratory capacity, as well as reduction in the intensity of anaerobic reactions, apoptosis, and normalization of the mitochondrial membrane potential. The most pronounced changes were noted with the use of 6-acetyl substituted chromon-3-aldehyde derivative, the administration of which decreased neurological symptoms and size of brain necrosis area. Conclusion The obtained data may indicate the most pronounced neurotropic effect in a number of test-objects has the 6-acetyl substituted derivative of chromon-3 aldehyde, realized by restoration of mitochondrial function, which may be the basis for further study of chromon-3-aldehyde derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I Pozdnyakov
- Department of Pharmacology Pyatigorsk Medical Pharmaceutical Institute, Pyatigorsk, Russia
| | - Andrey V Voronkov
- Department of Pharmacology Pyatigorsk Medical Pharmaceutical Institute, Pyatigorsk, Russia
| | - Viktoriya M Rukovitsyna
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Pyatigorsk Medical Pharmaceutical Institute, Pyatigorsk, Russia
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12
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Dard L, Blanchard W, Hubert C, Lacombe D, Rossignol R. Mitochondrial functions and rare diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 71:100842. [PMID: 32029308 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.100842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic cellular organelles responsible for a large variety of biochemical processes as energy transduction, REDOX signaling, the biosynthesis of hormones and vitamins, inflammation or cell death execution. Cell biology studies established that 1158 human genes encode proteins localized to mitochondria, as registered in MITOCARTA. Clinical studies showed that a large number of these mitochondrial proteins can be altered in expression and function through genetic, epigenetic or biochemical mechanisms including the interaction with environmental toxics or iatrogenic medicine. As a result, pathogenic mitochondrial genetic and functional defects participate to the onset and the progression of a growing number of rare diseases. In this review we provide an exhaustive survey of the biochemical, genetic and clinical studies that demonstrated the implication of mitochondrial dysfunction in human rare diseases. We discuss the striking diversity of the symptoms caused by mitochondrial dysfunction and the strategies proposed for mitochondrial therapy, including a survey of ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dard
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France
| | - W Blanchard
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France
| | - C Hubert
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - D Lacombe
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - R Rossignol
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France.
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13
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Abstract
Epilepsy is frequently a severe and sinister symptom in primary mitochondrial diseases, a group of more than 350 different genetic disorders characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and extreme clinical and biochemical heterogeneity. Mitochondrial epilepsy is notoriously difficult to manage, principally because the vast majority of primary mitochondrial diseases currently lack effective therapies. Treating the underlying mitochondrial disorder is likely to be a more effective strategy than using traditional antiepileptic drugs. This review, initially presented at the 7th London-Innsbruck Colloquium on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures at the Francis Crick Institute in London, summarizes the currently available and emerging therapies for mitochondrial epilepsy. Potentially treatable mitochondrial diseases include disorders of coenzyme Q10 biosynthesis and a group of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I subunit and assembly factor defects that respond to riboflavin (vitamin B2). Approaches that have been adopted in actively recruiting clinical trials include redox modulation, harnessing mitochondrial biogenesis, using rapamycin to target mitophagy, nucleoside supplementation, and gene and cell therapies. Most of the clinical trials are at an early stage (Phase 1 or 2) and none of the currently active trials is specifically targeting mitochondrial epilepsy. This article is part of the Special Issue "Proceedings of the 7th London-Innsbruck Colloquium on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures".
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14
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Abrigo J, Simon F, Cabrera D, Vilos C, Cabello-Verrugio C. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Skeletal Muscle Pathologies. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:536-546. [PMID: 30947668 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190402100902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Several molecular mechanisms are involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle function. Among them, mitochondrial activity can be identified. The mitochondria is an important and essential organelle in the skeletal muscle that is involved in metabolic regulation and ATP production, which are two key elements of muscle contractibility and plasticity. Thus, in this review, we present the critical and recent antecedents regarding the mechanisms through which mitochondrial dysfunction can be involved in the generation and development of skeletal muscle pathologies, its contribution to detrimental functioning in skeletal muscle and its crosstalk with other typical signaling pathways related to muscle diseases. In addition, an update on the development of new strategies with therapeutic potential to inhibit the deleterious impact of mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Abrigo
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Integrative Physiopathology, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Cabrera
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Bernardo O Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Vilos
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Targeted Delivery, Center for Medical Research, School of Medicine. Universidad d e Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Porcelli S, Grassi B, Poole DC, Marzorati M. Exercise intolerance in patients with mitochondrial myopathies: perfusive and diffusive limitations in the O2 pathway. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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16
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Heaton R, Millichap L, Saleem F, Gannon J, Begum G, Hargreaves IP. Current biochemical treatments of mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2019.1638250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Heaton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lauren Millichap
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fatima Saleem
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jennifer Gannon
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gemma Begum
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Iain P. Hargreaves
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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17
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Multifunctional radical quenchers as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1605-1624. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with a wide range of human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, and is believed to cause or contribute to the etiology of these diseases. These disorders are frequently associated with increased levels of reactive oxygen species. One of the design strategies for therapeutic intervention involves the development of novel small molecules containing redox cores, which can scavenge reactive oxygen radicals and selectively block oxidative damage to the mitochondria. Presently, we describe recent research dealing with multifunctional radical quenchers as antioxidants able to scavenge reactive oxygen radicals. The review encompasses ubiquinone and tocopherol analogs, as well as novel pyri(mi)dinol derivatives, and their ability to function as protective agents in cellular models of mitochondrial diseases.
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18
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Guha S, Konkwo C, Lavorato M, Mathew ND, Peng M, Ostrovsky J, Kwon YJ, Polyak E, Lightfoot R, Seiler C, Xiao R, Bennett M, Zhang Z, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Falk MJ. Pre-clinical evaluation of cysteamine bitartrate as a therapeutic agent for mitochondrial respiratory chain disease. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1837-1852. [PMID: 30668749 PMCID: PMC6522065 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteamine bitartrate is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved therapy for nephropathic cystinosis also postulated to enhance glutathione biosynthesis. We hypothesized this antioxidant effect may reduce oxidative stress in primary mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) disease, improving cellular viability and organismal health. Here, we systematically evaluated the therapeutic potential of cysteamine bitartrate in RC disease models spanning three evolutionarily distinct species. These pre-clinical studies demonstrated the narrow therapeutic window of cysteamine bitartrate, with toxicity at millimolar levels directly correlating with marked induction of hydrogen peroxide production. Micromolar range cysteamine bitartrate treatment in Caenorhabditis elegans gas-1(fc21) RC complex I (NDUFS2-/-) disease invertebrate worms significantly improved mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative stress, with corresponding modest improvement in fecundity but not lifespan. At 10 to 100 μm concentrations, cysteamine bitartrate improved multiple RC complex disease FBXL4 human fibroblast survival, and protected both complex I (rotenone) and complex IV (azide) Danio rerio vertebrate zebrafish disease models from brain death. Mechanistic profiling of cysteamine bitartrate effects showed it increases aspartate levels and flux, without increasing total glutathione levels. Transcriptional normalization of broadly dysregulated intermediary metabolic, glutathione, cell defense, DNA, and immune pathways was greater in RC disease human cells than in C. elegans, with similar rescue in both models of downregulated ribosomal and proteasomal pathway expression. Overall, these data suggest cysteamine bitartrate may hold therapeutic potential in RC disease, although not through obvious modulation of total glutathione levels. Careful consideration is required to determine safe and effective cysteamine bitartrate concentrations to further evaluate in clinical trials of human subjects with primary mitochondrial RC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Guha
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chigoziri Konkwo
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Manuela Lavorato
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neal D Mathew
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Min Peng
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julian Ostrovsky
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Young-Joon Kwon
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erzsebet Polyak
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard Lightfoot
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christoph Seiler
- Aquatics Core Facility, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Statistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Bennett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eiko Nakamaru-Ogiso
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marni J Falk
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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Djouadi F, Bastin J. Mitochondrial Genetic Disorders: Cell Signaling and Pharmacological Therapies. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040289. [PMID: 30925787 PMCID: PMC6523966 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and respiratory chain (RC) defects form a large group of inherited monogenic disorders sharing many common clinical and pathophysiological features, including disruption of mitochondrial bioenergetics, but also, for example, oxidative stress and accumulation of noxious metabolites. Interestingly, several transcription factors or co-activators exert transcriptional control on both FAO and RC genes, and can be activated by small molecules, opening to possibly common therapeutic approaches for FAO and RC deficiencies. Here, we review recent data on the potential of various drugs or small molecules targeting pivotal metabolic regulators: peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and protein kinase A (PKA)) or interacting with reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, to alleviate or to correct inborn FAO or RC deficiencies in cellular or animal models. The possible molecular mechanisms involved, in particular the contribution of mitochondrial biogenesis, are discussed. Applications of these pharmacological approaches as a function of genotype/phenotype are also addressed, which clearly orient toward personalized therapy. Finally, we propose that beyond the identification of individual candidate drugs/molecules, future pharmacological approaches should consider their combination, which could produce additive or synergistic effects that may further enhance their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Djouadi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - Jean Bastin
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, F-75006 Paris, France.
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20
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Bai M, Chen H, Ding D, Song R, Lin J, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Chen S, Ding G, Zhang Y, Jia Z, Huang S, He JC, Yang L, Zhang A. MicroRNA-214 promotes chronic kidney disease by disrupting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Kidney Int 2019; 95:1389-1404. [PMID: 30955870 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical in determining a cell's energy homeostasis and fate, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We sought to identify causative mitochondrial microRNAs. A microarray screen of kidney tissue from healthy mice identified 97 microRNAs that were enriched in the mitochondrial fraction. We focused on microRNA-214-3p (miR-214) because of a very high ratio of mitochondrial to cytoplasmic expression in the kidney compared to other organs. Tubular expression of miR-214 was more abundant in kidney tissue from patients with CKD than from healthy controls, and was positively correlated with the degree of proteinuria and kidney fibrosis. Expression of miR-214 was also increased in the kidney of mouse models of CKD induced by obstruction, ischemia/reperfusion, and albumin overload. Proximal tubule-specific deletion of miR-214 attenuated apoptosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and mitochondrial damage in these CKD models. Pharmacologic inhibition of miR-214 had a similar effect in the albumin overload model of CKD. In vitro, overexpressing miR-214 in proximal tubular cell lines induced apoptosis and disrupted mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, while miR-214 expression was upregulated in response to a variety of insults. The mitochondrial genes mt-Nd6 and mt-Nd4l were identified as the specific targets of miR-214 in the kidney. Together, these results demonstrate a pathogenic role of miR-214 in CKD through the disruption of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and suggest the potential for miR-214 to serve as a therapeutic target and diagnostic biomarker for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Bai
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimei Chen
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Ding
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruihua Song
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiajuan Lin
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guixia Ding
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Songming Huang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - John Cijiang He
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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21
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Augustyniak J, Lenart J, Gaj P, Kolanowska M, Jazdzewski K, Stepien PP, Buzanska L. Bezafibrate Upregulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Influence Neural Differentiation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4346-4363. [PMID: 30315479 PMCID: PMC6505510 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bezafibrate (BZ) regulates mitochondrial biogenesis by activation of PPAR’s receptors and enhancing the level of PGC-1α coactivator. In this report, we investigated the effect of BZ on the expression of genes (1) that are linked to different pathways involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, e.g., regulated by PPAR’s receptors or PGC-1α coactivator, and (2) involved in neuronal or astroglial fate, during neural differentiation of hiPSC. The tested cell populations included hiPSC-derived neural stem cells (NSC), early neural progenitors (eNP), and neural progenitors (NP). RNA-seq analysis showed the expression of PPARA, PPARD receptors and excluded PPARG in all tested populations. The expression of PPARGC1A encoding PGC-1α was dependent on the stage of differentiation: NSC, eNP, and NP differed significantly as compared to hiPSC. In addition, BZ-evoked upregulation of PPARGC1A, GFAP, S100B, and DCX genes coexist with downregulation of MAP2 gene only at the eNP stage of differentiation. In the second task, we investigated the cell sensitivity and mitochondrial biogenesis upon BZ treatment. BZ influenced the cell viability, ROS level, mitochondrial membrane potential, and total cell number in concentration- and stage of differentiation-dependent manner. Induction of mitochondrial biogenesis evoked by BZ determined by the changes in the level of SDHA and COX-1 protein, and mtDNA copy number, as well as the expression of NRF1, PPARGC1A, and TFAM genes, was detected only at NP stage for all tested markers. Thus, developmental stage-specific sensitivity to BZ of neurally differentiating hiPSC can be linked to mitochondrial biogenesis, while fate commitment decisions to PGC-1α (encoded by PPARGC1A) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Augustyniak
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Lenart
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Gaj
- Laboratory of Human Cancer Genetics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Krystian Jazdzewski
- Laboratory of Human Cancer Genetics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Genomic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Pawel Stepien
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leonora Buzanska
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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22
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Rahman J, Rahman S. Mitochondrial medicine in the omics era. Lancet 2018; 391:2560-2574. [PMID: 29903433 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30727-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic bioenergetic organelles whose maintenance requires around 1500 proteins from two genomes. Mutations in either the mitochondrial or nuclear genome can disrupt a plethora of cellular metabolic and homoeostatic functions. Mitochondrial diseases represent one of the most common and severe groups of inherited genetic disorders, characterised by clinical, biochemical, and genetic heterogeneity, diagnostic odysseys, and absence of disease-modifying curative therapies. This Review aims to discuss recent advances in mitochondrial biology and medicine arising from widespread use of high-throughput omics technologies, and also includes a broad discussion of emerging therapies for mitochondrial disease. New insights into both bioenergetic and biosynthetic mitochondrial functionalities have expedited the genetic diagnosis of primary mitochondrial disorders, and identified novel mitochondrial pathomechanisms and new targets for therapeutic intervention. As we enter this new era of mitochondrial medicine, underpinned by global unbiased approaches and multifaceted investigation of mitochondrial function, omics technologies will continue to shed light on unresolved mitochondrial questions, paving the way for improved outcomes for patients with mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyeeta Rahman
- Mitochondrial Research Group, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Shamima Rahman
- Mitochondrial Research Group, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Metabolic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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23
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Aravintha Siva M, Mahalakshmi R, Bhakta-Guha D, Guha G. Gene therapy for the mitochondrial genome: Purging mutations, pacifying ailments. Mitochondrion 2018; 46:195-208. [PMID: 29890303 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, the reported cases of mitochondrial disorders have reached a colossal number. These disorders spawn a sundry of pathological conditions, which lead to pernicious symptoms and even fatality. Due to the unpredictable etiologies, mitochondrial diseases are putatively referred to as "mystondria" (mysterious diseases of mitochondria). Although present-day research has greatly improved our understanding of mitochondrial disorders, effective therapeutic interventions are still at the precursory stage. The conundrum becomes further complicated because these pathologies might occur due to either mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations or due to mutations in the nuclear DNA (nDNA), or both. While correcting nDNA mutations by using gene therapy (replacement of defective genes by delivering wild-type (WT) ones into the host cell, or silencing a dominant mutant allele that is pathogenic) has emerged as a promising strategy to address some mitochondrial diseases, the complications in correcting the defects of mtDNA in order to renovate mitochondrial functions have remained a steep challenge. In this review, we focus specifically on the selective gene therapy strategies that have demonstrated prospects in targeting the pathological mutations in the mitochondrial genome, thereby treating mitochondrial ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aravintha Siva
- Cellular Dyshomeostasis Laboratory (CDHL), School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Mahalakshmi
- Cellular Dyshomeostasis Laboratory (CDHL), School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dipita Bhakta-Guha
- Cellular Dyshomeostasis Laboratory (CDHL), School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Gunjan Guha
- Cellular Dyshomeostasis Laboratory (CDHL), School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
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24
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Mellon SH, Gautam A, Hammamieh R, Jett M, Wolkowitz OM. Metabolism, Metabolomics, and Inflammation in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:866-875. [PMID: 29628193 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is defined by classic psychological manifestations, although among the characteristics are significantly increased rates of serious somatic comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, immune dysfunction, and metabolic syndrome. In this review, we assess the evidence for disturbances that may contribute to somatic pathology in inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and circulating metabolites (implicating mitochondrial dysfunction) in individuals with PTSD and in animal models simulating features of PTSD. The clinical and preclinical data highlight probable interrelated features of PTSD pathophysiology, including a proinflammatory milieu, metabolomic changes (implicating mitochondrial and other processes), and metabolic dysregulation. These data suggest that PTSD may be a systemic illness, or that it at least has systemic manifestations, and the behavioral manifestations are those most easily discerned. Whether somatic pathology precedes the development of PTSD (and thus may be a risk factor) or follows the development of PTSD (as a result of either shared pathophysiologies or lifestyle adaptations), comorbid PTSD and somatic illness is a potent combination placing affected individuals at increased physical as well as mental health risk. We conclude with directions for future research and novel treatment approaches based on these abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synthia H Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Aarti Gautam
- Integrative Systems Biology, United States Army Medical Research and Material Command, United States Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Integrative Systems Biology, United States Army Medical Research and Material Command, United States Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Marti Jett
- Integrative Systems Biology, United States Army Medical Research and Material Command, United States Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland.
| | - Owen M Wolkowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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25
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Ren C, Liu J, Zhou J, Liang H, Zhu Y, Wang Q, Leng Y, Zhang Z, Yuan Y, Wang Z, Yin Y. Lipidomic profiling of plasma samples from patients with mitochondrial disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:124-131. [PMID: 29627572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial disease (MD) is a rare mitochondrial respiratory chain disorder with a high mortality and extremely challenging to treat. Although genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses have been performed to investigate the pathogenesis of MD, the role of metabolomics in MD, particularly of lipidomics remains unclear. This study was undertaken to identify potential lipid biomarkers of MD. An untargeted lipidomic approach was used to compare the plasma lipid metabolites in 20 MD patients and 20 controls through Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry. Volcano plot analysis was performed to identify the different metabolites. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed and the area under the ROC curves (AUC) was calculated to determine the potentially sensitive and specific biomarkers. A total of 41 lipids were significantly different in MD patients and controls. ROC curve analysis showed the top 5 AUC values of lipids (phosphatidylinositols 38:6, lysoPC 20:0, 19:0, 18:0, 17:0) are more than 0.99. Multivariate ROC curve based exploratory analysis showed the AUC of combination of top 5 lipids is 1, indicating they may be potentially sensitive and specific biomarkers for MD. We propose combination of these lipid species may be more valuable in predicting the development and progression of MD, and this will have important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Ren
- Departments of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Juntuo Zhou
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hui Liang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yizhang Zhu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yinglin Leng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yun Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100191, China.
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26
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Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles present in virtually all human cells that are needed for a multitude of cellular functions, including energy production, control of cell apoptosis and numerous biochemical catabolic and synthetic pathways that are critical for cellular health. Primary mitochondrial disorders are a group of greater than 200 single gene defects arising from two genomes (nuclear and mitochondrial) leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, and are associated with extremely heterogeneous phenotypes. Neuromuscular features predominate, but often with multisystem involvement. Clinical suspicion of a mitochondrial disorder should prompt multipronged investigation with biochemical and molecular genetic studies. Recent wide-scale adoption of next-generation sequencing approaches has led to a rapid increase in the number of disease genes. The advances in unravelling the genetic landscape of mitochondrial diseases have not yet been matched by progress in developing effective therapies, and the mainstay of care remains supportive therapies in a multidisciplinary team setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Davison
- Metabolic Unit,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Shamima Rahman
- Metabolic Unit,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Mitochondrial Research Group,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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27
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Calvo PL, Tandoi F, Haak TB, Brunati A, Pinon M, Olio DD, Romagnoli R, Spada M. NBAS mutations cause acute liver failure: when acetaminophen is not a culprit. Ital J Pediatr 2017; 43:88. [PMID: 28946922 PMCID: PMC5613325 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-017-0406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pediatric acute-liver-failure due to acetaminophen (APAP) administration at therapeutic dosage is rare, while viral infections and metabolic defects are the prevalent causes. Yet, as acetaminophen is routinely used in febrile illnesses, it may be mistakenly held responsible for the acute liver damage. Case presentation An 11 month old boy had been on acetaminophen for 10 days (total dose 720 mg = 72 mg/kg) when he developed acute-liver-failure with encephalopathy. As he rapidly improved on N-acetylcysteine (NAC) infusion, it was concluded that chronic acetaminophen administration in an infant had lead to acute-liver-failure even at therapeutic doses, that N-acetylcysteine infusion had been life-saving and should be immediately started in similar circumstances. The child, however, had two further episodes of acute liver damage over a 34-month period, without having been given acetaminophen, as the parents carefully avoided using it. His clinical, laboratory and radiological findings between the acute episodes were unremarkable. His features and skeletal surveys were not suggestive of a syndromic condition. He then went on to suffer another episode of acute-liver-failure with multi-organ failure, necessitating an urgent liver transplant. All efforts to come to a diagnosis for the causes of his recurrent episodes of liver failure had been unsuccessful, until a biallelic mutation in the NBAS gene was reported to be associated with recurrent acute-liver-failure in children. The boy’s DNA analysis revealed compound heterozygous pathogenic mutations in the NBAS gene. Liver failure episodes in these patients are triggered and worsened by fever, most likely due to thermal susceptibility of hepatocytes, hence APAP, rather than being a culprit, is part of the supportive treatment. Conclusions We suggest that, in acute-liver-failure with a history of acetaminophen exposure at therapeutic dosage, clinicians should not be contented with administering NAC, but should consider an alternative etiology, above all if the episodes are recurrent, and actively start supportive and antipyretic treatment while seeking the advice of a specialist unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Calvo
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesco Tandoi
- Liver Transplantation Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Tobias B Haak
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Brunati
- Liver Transplantation Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Michele Pinon
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Dominic Dell Olio
- Regional Transplant Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Renato Romagnoli
- Liver Transplantation Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Spada
- Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
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28
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Chung N, Park J, Lim K. The effects of exercise and cold exposure on mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2017; 21:39-47. [PMID: 28715885 PMCID: PMC5545200 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2017.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to determine whether exercise or/and cold exposure regulate mitochondria biogenesis-related gene expression in soleus and inguinal adipose tissue of mice. [Methods] Forty ICR 5-week old male mice were divided into four groups: thermoneutrality-untrained (23 ± 1 °C in room temperature, n=10), cold-water immersion (24 ± 1 °C, n=10), exercise in neutral temperature (34 ± 1 °C, n=10), and exercise in cold temperature (24 ± 1 °C, n=10). The mice performed swimming exercise (30 min to 60 min, 5 times) for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, we confirmed mitochondrial biogenesis-related gene expression changes for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factors 1 (NRF1), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) in soleus muscle and inguinal adipose tissue, and the related protein expression in soleus muscle. [Results] In soleus muscle, PGC-1α expression significantly increased in response to cold exposure (p = 0.006) and exercise (p = 0.05). There was also significant interaction between exercise and cold exposure (p = 0.005). Only exercise had a significant effect on NRF1 relative expression (p=0.001). Neither cold exposure nor the interaction showed significant effects (p = 0.1222 and p = 0.875, respectively). Relative Tfam expression did not show any significant effect from exercise. In inguinal adipose tissue, relative PGC-1α expression did not significantly change in any group. NRF1 expression showed a significant change from exercise (p = 0.01) and cold exposure (p = 0.011). There was also a significant interaction between exercise and cold exposure (p = 0.000). Tfam mRNA expression showed a significant effect from exercise (p=0.000) and an interaction between exercise and cold exposure (p=0.001). Only temperature significantly affected PGC-1α protein levels (p=0.045). Neither exercise nor the interaction were significant (p = 0.397 and p = 0.292, respectively). NRF1 protein levels did not show a significant effect in any experimental treatments. Tfam protein levels showed a significant effect in the exercise group (p=0.012), but effects of neither cold exposure nor the interaction were significant (p = 0.085 and p=0.374, respectively). [Conclusion] Exercise and cold exposure promoted increased expression of mitochondrial biogenesis- related genes in soleus muscle. Only cold exposure had a significant effect on PGC-1α protein expression and only exercise had a significant effect on Tfam protein expression. In inguinal adipose tissue, there was interaction between exercise and cold exposure in expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Chung
- Physical Activity & Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Park
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Physical Activity & Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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29
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Augustyniak J, Lenart J, Zychowicz M, Stepien PP, Buzanska L. Mitochondrial biogenesis and neural differentiation of human iPSC is modulated by idebenone in a developmental stage-dependent manner. Biogerontology 2017. [PMID: 28643190 PMCID: PMC5514205 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9718-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Idebenone, the synthetic analog of coenzyme Q10 can improve electron transport in mitochondria. Therefore, it is used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other cognitive impairments. However, the mechanism of its action on neurodevelopment is still to be elucidated. Here we demonstrate that the cellular response of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) to idebenone depends on the stage of neural differentiation. When: neural stem cells (NSC), early neural progenitors (eNP) and advanced neural progenitors (NP) have been studied a significant stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis was observed only at the eNP stage of development. This coexists with the enhancement of cell viability and increase in total cell number. In addition, we report novel idebenone properties in a possible regulation of neural stem cells fate decision: only eNP stage responded with up-regulation of both neuronal (MAP2), astrocytic (GFAP) markers, while at NSC and NP stages significant down-regulation of MAP2 expression was observed, promoting astrocyte differentiation. Thus, idebenone targets specific stages of hiPSC differentiation and may influence the neural stem cell fate decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Augustyniak
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Lenart
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Zychowicz
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - P P Stepien
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - L Buzanska
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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30
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Fedorovich SV, Waseem TV, Puchkova LV. Biogenetic and morphofunctional heterogeneity of mitochondria: the case of synaptic mitochondria. Rev Neurosci 2017; 28:363-373. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe mitochondria of different cells are different in their morphological and biochemical properties. These organelles generate free radicals during activity, leading inevitably to mitochondrial DNA damage. It is not clear how this problem is addressed in long-lived cells, such as neurons. We propose the hypothesis that mitochondria within the same cell also differ in lifespan and ability to divide. According to our suggestion, cells have a pool of ‘stem’ mitochondria with low metabolic activity and a pool of ‘differentiated’ mitochondria with significantly shorter lifespans and high metabolic activity. We consider synaptic mitochondria as a possible example of ‘differentiated’ mitochondria. They are significantly smaller than mitochondria from the cell body, and they are different in key enzyme activity levels, proteome, and lipidome. Synaptic mitochondria are more sensitive to different damaging factors. It has been established that neurons have a sorting mechanism that sends mitochondria with high membrane potential to presynaptic endings. This review describes the properties of synaptic mitochondria and their role in the regulation of synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V. Fedorovich
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering, Akademicheskaya St., 27, Minsk 220072, Belarus
| | - Tatyana V. Waseem
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Ludmila V. Puchkova
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya str., 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia
- ITMO University, Kronverksky av., 49, St.Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Pavlova str., 12, St.Petersburg 197376, Russia
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31
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Wang HF, Wang J, Wang YL, Fan JJ, Mo GL, Gong FY, Chai ZM, Zhang J, Meng HX, Li CX, Guo JH, Pu CQ. A novel thymidine phosphorylase mutation in a Chinese MNGIE patient. Acta Neurol Belg 2017; 117:259-267. [PMID: 27709505 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-016-0701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with mitochondrial alterations. MNGIE is characterized by severe gastrointestinal dysmotility, cachexia, ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, peripheral neuropathy, and leukoencephalopathy. The condition is caused by mutation of the TYMP gene. We studied the clinical and biochemical characteristics of a family with MNGIE. The proband was a 48-year-old male presenting with diarrhea and progressive weight loss. He also had ptosis and exhibited eyeball fixation. His blood and cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels were elevated. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed diffuse leukoencephalopathy. Ragged red fibers and cytochrome c oxidase-deficient fibers were apparent on muscle biopsy. His vision and ptosis deteriorated significantly during follow-up. Our clinical diagnosis of MNGIE was confirmed by TYMP gene analysis. We discovered a homozygous TYMP c.1193-1216 dup-GGGCGCTGCCGCTGGCGCTGGTGC mutation (a duplication). Some of the family members were heterozygous for the mutation but had no clinical features. We predicted the function of this mutation using PredictProtein and found that the secondary structure had changed in the region of the helix and strand, the transmembrane region, and the protein-protein binding sites. The family described herein exhibited biochemically, genetically, and functionally confirmed MNGIE syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Medical Univeristy of First Hospital, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, ShanXi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Medical Univeristy of First Hospital, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, ShanXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ling Wang
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Medical Univeristy of First Hospital, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, ShanXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Jian Fan
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Medical Univeristy of First Hospital, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, ShanXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Lin Mo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Guangzhou Kingmed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510330, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Yin Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of the Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ming Chai
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Medical Univeristy of First Hospital, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, ShanXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Medical Univeristy of First Hospital, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, ShanXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Xing Meng
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Medical Univeristy of First Hospital, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, ShanXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Medical Univeristy of First Hospital, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, ShanXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hong Guo
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Medical Univeristy of First Hospital, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, ShanXi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuan-Qiang Pu
- Department of Neurology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.
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32
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Lopez Sanchez M, Crowston J, Mackey D, Trounce I. Emerging Mitochondrial Therapeutic Targets in Optic Neuropathies. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:132-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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33
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Lunn M, Hanna M, Howard R, Parton M, Rahman S, Reilly M, Sidle K, Turner C. Nerve and Muscle Disease. Neurology 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118486160.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Katie Sidle
- National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery
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34
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Wedatilake Y, Niazi R, Fassone E, Powell CA, Pearce S, Plagnol V, Saldanha JW, Kleta R, Chong WK, Footitt E, Mills PB, Taanman JW, Minczuk M, Clayton PT, Rahman S. TRNT1 deficiency: clinical, biochemical and molecular genetic features. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:90. [PMID: 27370603 PMCID: PMC4930608 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TRNT1 (CCA-adding transfer RNA nucleotidyl transferase) enzyme deficiency is a new metabolic disease caused by defective post-transcriptional modification of mitochondrial and cytosolic transfer RNAs (tRNAs). Results We investigated four patients from two families with infantile-onset cyclical, aseptic febrile episodes with vomiting and diarrhoea, global electrolyte imbalance during these episodes, sideroblastic anaemia, B lymphocyte immunodeficiency, retinitis pigmentosa, hepatosplenomegaly, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and renal tubulopathy. Other clinical features found in children include sensorineural deafness, cerebellar atrophy, brittle hair, partial villous atrophy and nephrocalcinosis. Whole exome sequencing and bioinformatic filtering were utilised to identify recessive compound heterozygous TRNT1 mutations (missense mutation c.668T>C, p.Ile223Thr and a novel splice mutation c.342+5G>T) segregating with disease in the first family. The second family was found to have a homozygous TRNT1 mutation (c.569G>T), p.Arg190Ile, (previously published). We found normal mitochondrial translation products using passage matched controls and functional perturbation of 3’ CCA addition to mitochondrial tRNAs (tRNACys, tRNALeuUUR and tRNAHis) in fibroblasts from two patients, demonstrating a pathomechanism affecting the CCA addition to mt-tRNAs. Acute management of these patients included transfusion for anaemia, fluid and electrolyte replacement and immunoglobulin therapy. We also describe three-year follow-up findings after treatment by bone marrow transplantation in one patient, with resolution of fever and reversal of the abnormal metabolic profile. Conclusions Our report highlights that TRNT1 mutations cause a spectrum of disease ranging from a childhood-onset complex disease with manifestations in most organs to an adult-onset isolated retinitis pigmentosa presentation. Systematic review of all TRNT1 cases and mutations reported to date revealed a distinctive phenotypic spectrum and metabolic and other investigative findings, which will facilitate rapid clinical recognition of future cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehani Wedatilake
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Rojeen Niazi
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Elisa Fassone
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - José W Saldanha
- Division of Mathematical Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | - Robert Kleta
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,UCL Genetics Institute, London, UK.,Division of Medicine, UCL, London, UK
| | - W Kling Chong
- Radiology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Emma Footitt
- Metabolic medicine department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Philippa B Mills
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jan-Willem Taanman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Peter T Clayton
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Shamima Rahman
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK. .,Mitochondrial Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30, Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
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35
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Nightingale H, Pfeffer G, Bargiela D, Horvath R, Chinnery PF. Emerging therapies for mitochondrial disorders. Brain 2016; 139:1633-48. [PMID: 27190030 PMCID: PMC4892756 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are a diverse group of debilitating conditions resulting from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA mutations that affect multiple organs, often including the central and peripheral nervous system. Despite major advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms, effective treatments have not been forthcoming. For over five decades patients have been treated with different vitamins, co-factors and nutritional supplements, but with no proven benefit. There is therefore a clear need for a new approach. Several new strategies have been proposed acting at the molecular or cellular level. Whilst many show promise in vitro, the clinical potential of some is questionable. Here we critically appraise the most promising preclinical developments, placing the greatest emphasis on diseases caused by mitochondrial DNA mutations. With new animal and cellular models, longitudinal deep phenotyping in large patient cohorts, and growing interest from the pharmaceutical industry, the field is poised to make a breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Nightingale
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Gerald Pfeffer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada Hotchkiss Brain Institute, at the University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - David Bargiela
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rita Horvath
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Kanabus M, Fassone E, Hughes SD, Bilooei SF, Rutherford T, Donnell MO, Heales SJR, Rahman S. The pleiotropic effects of decanoic acid treatment on mitochondrial function in fibroblasts from patients with complex I deficient Leigh syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:415-426. [PMID: 27080638 PMCID: PMC4851692 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the use of the ketogenic diet (KD) to treat inherited metabolic diseases including mitochondrial disorders. However, neither the mechanism whereby the diet may be working, nor if it could benefit all patients with mitochondrial disease, is known. This study focusses on decanoic acid (C10), a component of the medium chain triglyceride KD, and a ligand for the nuclear receptor PPAR-γ known to be involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. The effects of C10 were investigated in primary fibroblasts from a cohort of patients with Leigh syndrome (LS) caused by nuclear-encoded defects of respiratory chain complex I, using mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme assays, gene expression microarray, qPCR and flow cytometry. Treatment with C10 increased citrate synthase activity, a marker of cellular mitochondrial content, in 50 % of fibroblasts obtained from individuals diagnosed with LS in a PPAR-γ-mediated manner. Gene expression analysis and qPCR studies suggested that treating cells with C10 supports fatty acid metabolism, through increasing ACADVL and CPT1 expression, whilst downregulating genes involved in glucose metabolism (PDK3, PDK4). PCK2, involved in blocking glucose metabolism, was upregulated, as was CAT, encoding catalase. Moreover, treatment with C10 also decreased oxidative stress in complex I deficient (rotenone treated) cells. However, since not all cells from subjects with LS appeared to respond to C10, prior cellular testing in vitro could be employed as a means for selecting individuals for subsequent clinical studies involving C10 preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kanabus
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Elisa Fassone
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sean David Hughes
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Chemical Pathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Sara Farahi Bilooei
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | | | - Simon J R Heales
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Chemical Pathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Shamima Rahman
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
- Metabolic Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.
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Sasagawa S, Nishimura Y, Koiwa J, Nomoto T, Shintou T, Murakami S, Yuge M, Kawaguchi K, Kawase R, Miyazaki T, Tanaka T. In Vivo Detection of Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Clinical Drugs and Disease-Associated Genes Using a Novel Dye ZMJ214 in Zebrafish. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:381-8. [PMID: 26630578 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in various drug-induced toxicities and genetic disorders. Recently, the zebrafish has emerged as a versatile animal model for both chemical and genetic screenings. Taking advantage of its transparency, various in vivo fluorescent imaging methods have been developed to identify novel functions of chemicals and genes in zebrafish. However, there have not been fluorescent probes that can detect mitochondrial membrane potential in living zebrafish. In this study, we identified a novel cyanine dye called ZMJ214 that detects mitochondrial membrane potential in living zebrafish from 4 to 8 days post fertilization and is administered by simple immersion. The fluorescence intensity of ZMJ214 in zebrafish was increased and decreased by oligomycin and FCCP, respectively, suggesting a positive correlation between ZMJ214 fluorescence and mitochondrial membrane potential. In vivo imaging of zebrafish stained with ZMJ214 allowed for the detection of altered mitochondrial membrane potential induced by the antidiabetic drug troglitazone and the antiepileptic drug tolcapone, both of which have been withdrawn from the market due to mitochondrial toxicity. In contrast, pioglitazone and entacapone, which are similar to troglitazone and tolcapone, respectively, and have been used commercially, did not cause a change in mitochondrial membrane potential in zebrafish stained with ZMJ214. Live imaging of zebrafish stained with ZMJ214 also revealed that knock-down of slc25a12, a mitochondrial carrier protein associated with autism, dysregulated the mitochondrial membrane potential. These results suggest that ZMJ214 can be a useful tool to identify chemicals and genes that cause mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Sasagawa
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharamacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharamacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Depertment of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Omics
Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation Institute, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Junko Koiwa
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharamacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nomoto
- Corporate R&D Headquarters, Canon Inc., Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan
| | - Taichi Shintou
- Corporate R&D Headquarters, Canon Inc., Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan
| | - Soichiro Murakami
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharamacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yuge
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharamacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Koki Kawaguchi
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharamacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Reiko Kawase
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharamacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyazaki
- Corporate R&D Headquarters, Canon Inc., Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan
| | - Toshio Tanaka
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharamacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Depertment of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Omics
Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation Institute, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Villanueva Paz M, Cotán D, Garrido-Maraver J, Cordero MD, Oropesa-Ávila M, de La Mata M, Delgado Pavón A, de Lavera I, Alcocer-Gómez E, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Targeting autophagy and mitophagy for mitochondrial diseases treatment. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:487-500. [PMID: 26523761 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1101068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mitochondrial diseases are a group of rare genetic diseases with complex and heterogeneous origins which manifest a great variety of phenotypes. Disruption of the oxidative phosphorylation system is the main cause of pathogenicity in mitochondrial diseases since it causes accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ATP depletion. AREAS COVERED Current evidences support the main protective role of autophagy and mitophagy in mitochondrial diseases and other diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. EXPERT OPINION The use of autophagy and/or mitophagy inducers may allow a novel strategy for improving mitochondrial function for both mitochondrial diseases and other diseases with altered mitochondrial metabolism. However, a deeper investigation of the molecular mechanisms behind mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis is needed in order to safely modulate these processes. In the coming years, we will also see an increase in awareness of mitochondrial dynamics modulation that will allow the therapeutic use of new drugs for improving mitochondrial function in a great variety of mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Villanueva Paz
- a Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Carretera de Utrera Km 1, Sevilla 41013 , Spain
| | - David Cotán
- a Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Carretera de Utrera Km 1, Sevilla 41013 , Spain
| | - Juan Garrido-Maraver
- a Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Carretera de Utrera Km 1, Sevilla 41013 , Spain
| | - Mario D Cordero
- b Facultad de Odontología , Universidad de Sevilla , Sevilla 41009 , Spain
| | - Manuel Oropesa-Ávila
- a Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Carretera de Utrera Km 1, Sevilla 41013 , Spain
| | - Mario de La Mata
- a Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Carretera de Utrera Km 1, Sevilla 41013 , Spain
| | - Ana Delgado Pavón
- a Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Carretera de Utrera Km 1, Sevilla 41013 , Spain
| | - Isabel de Lavera
- a Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Carretera de Utrera Km 1, Sevilla 41013 , Spain
| | - Elizabet Alcocer-Gómez
- a Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Carretera de Utrera Km 1, Sevilla 41013 , Spain
| | - José A Sánchez-Alcázar
- a Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Carretera de Utrera Km 1, Sevilla 41013 , Spain
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Neubauer M, Zhu Z, Penka M, Helmschrott C, Wagener N, Wagener J. Mitochondrial dynamics in the pathogenic mold Aspergillus fumigatus: therapeutic and evolutionary implications. Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:930-45. [PMID: 26272083 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria within eukaryotic cells continuously fuse and divide. This phenomenon is called mitochondrial dynamics and crucial for mitochondrial function and integrity. We performed a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial dynamics in the pathogenic mold Aspergillus fumigatus. Phenotypic characterization of respective mutants revealed the general essentiality of mitochondrial fusion for mitochondrial genome maintenance and the mold's viability. Surprisingly, it turned out that the mitochondrial rhomboid protease Pcp1 and its processing product, s-Mgm,1 which are crucial for fusion in yeast, are dispensable for fusion, mtDNA maintenance and viability in A. fumigatus. In contrast, mitochondrial fission mutants show drastically reduced growth and sporulation rates and increased heat susceptibility. However, reliable inheritance of mitochondria to newly formed conidia is ensured. Strikingly, mitochondrial fission mutants show a significant and growth condition-dependent increase in azole resistance. Parallel disruption of fusion in a fission mutant partially rescues growth and sporulation defects and further increases the azole resistance phenotype. Taken together, our results indicate an emerging dispensability of the mitochondrial rhomboid protease function in mitochondrial fusion, the suitability of mitochondrial fusion machinery as antifungal target and the involvement of mitochondrial dynamics in azole susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Neubauer
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhaojun Zhu
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Mirjam Penka
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Helmschrott
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikola Wagener
- Biozentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Johannes Wagener
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336, Munich, Germany
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Rahman S. Emerging aspects of treatment in mitochondrial disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:641-53. [PMID: 25962587 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9855-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are clinically, biochemically and genetically heterogeneous disorders of two genomes, for which effective curative therapies are currently lacking. With the exception of a few rare vitamin/cofactor responsive conditions (including ACAD9 deficiency, disorders of coenzyme Q(10) biosynthesis, and Leigh syndrome caused by mutations in the SLC19A3 transporter), the mainstay of treatment for the vast majority of patients involves supportive measures. The search for a cure for mitochondrial disease is the subject of intensive research efforts by many investigators across the globe, but the goal remains elusive. The clinical and genetic heterogeneity, multisystemic nature of many of these disorders, unpredictable natural course, relative inaccessibility of the mitochondrion and lack of validated, clinically meaningful outcome measures, have all presented great challenges to the design of rigorous clinical trials. This review discusses barriers to developing effective therapies for mitochondrial disease, models for evaluating the efficacy of novel treatments and summarises the most promising emerging therapies in six key areas: 1) antioxidant approaches; 2) stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis; 3) targeting mitochondrial membrane lipids, dynamics and mitophagy; 4) replacement therapy; 5) cell-based therapies; and 6) gene therapy approaches for both mtDNA and nuclear-encoded defects of mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamima Rahman
- Mitochondrial Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Institute of Child Health, University College London and Metabolic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK,
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Shahni R, Cale CM, Anderson G, Osellame LD, Hambleton S, Jacques TS, Wedatilake Y, Taanman JW, Chan E, Qasim W, Plagnol V, Chalasani A, Duchen MR, Gilmour KC, Rahman S. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 deficiency is a novel disorder of mitochondrial fission. Brain 2015; 138:2834-46. [PMID: 26122121 PMCID: PMC5808733 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects of mitochondrial dynamics are emerging causes of neurological disease. In two children presenting with severe neurological deterioration following viral infection we identified a novel homozygous STAT2 mutation, c.1836 C>A (p.Cys612Ter), using whole exome sequencing. In muscle and fibroblasts from these patients, and a third unrelated STAT2-deficient patient, we observed extremely elongated mitochondria. Western blot analysis revealed absence of the STAT2 protein and that the mitochondrial fission protein DRP1 (encoded by DNM1L) is inactive, as shown by its phosphorylation state. All three patients harboured decreased levels of DRP1 phosphorylated at serine residue 616 (P-DRP1(S616)), a post-translational modification known to activate DRP1, and increased levels of DRP1 phosphorylated at serine 637 (P-DRP1(S637)), associated with the inactive state of the DRP1 GTPase. Knockdown of STAT2 in SHSY5Y cells recapitulated the fission defect, with elongated mitochondria and decreased P-DRP1(S616) levels. Furthermore the mitochondrial fission defect in patient fibroblasts was rescued following lentiviral transduction with wild-type STAT2 in all three patients, with normalization of mitochondrial length and increased P-DRP1(S616) levels. Taken together, these findings implicate STAT2 as a novel regulator of DRP1 phosphorylation at serine 616, and thus of mitochondrial fission, and suggest that there are interactions between immunity and mitochondria. This is the first study to link the innate immune system to mitochondrial dynamics and morphology. We hypothesize that variability in JAK-STAT signalling may contribute to the phenotypic heterogeneity of mitochondrial disease, and may explain why some patients with underlying mitochondrial disease decompensate after seemingly trivial viral infections. Modulating JAK-STAT activity may represent a novel therapeutic avenue for mitochondrial diseases, which remain largely untreatable. This may also be relevant for more common neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases, in which abnormalities of mitochondrial morphology have been implicated in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojeen Shahni
- 1 Mitochondrial Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, Guilford Street, London, UK
| | - Catherine M Cale
- 2 Molecular Immunology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Glenn Anderson
- 3 Histopathology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Laura D Osellame
- 4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- 5 Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Thomas S Jacques
- 3 Histopathology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK 6 Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Yehani Wedatilake
- 1 Mitochondrial Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, Guilford Street, London, UK
| | - Jan-Willem Taanman
- 7 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
| | - Emma Chan
- 2 Molecular Immunology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Waseem Qasim
- 2 Molecular Immunology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Annapurna Chalasani
- 9 Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Michael R Duchen
- 10 Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK
| | | | - Shamima Rahman
- 1 Mitochondrial Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, Guilford Street, London, UK 1 Mitochondrial Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, Guilford Street, London, UK
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Viscomi C, Bottani E, Zeviani M. Emerging concepts in the therapy of mitochondrial disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:544-57. [PMID: 25766847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are an important group of genetic conditions characterized by impaired oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial disorders come with an impressive variability of symptoms, organ involvement, and clinical course, which considerably impact the quality of life and quite often shorten the lifespan expectancy. Although the last 20 years have witnessed an exponential increase in understanding the genetic and biochemical mechanisms leading to disease, this has not resulted in the development of effective therapeutic approaches, amenable of improving clinical course and outcome of these conditions to any significant extent. Therapeutic options for mitochondrial diseases still remain focused on supportive interventions aimed at relieving complications. However, new therapeutic strategies have recently been emerging, some of which have shown potential efficacy at the pre-clinical level. This review will present the state of the art on experimental therapy for mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Viscomi
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, The Foundation "Carlo Besta" Institute of Neurology IRCCS, 20133 Milan, Italy; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| | | | - Massimo Zeviani
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, The Foundation "Carlo Besta" Institute of Neurology IRCCS, 20133 Milan, Italy; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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44
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Rai PK, Russell OM, Lightowlers RN, Turnbull DM. Potential compounds for the treatment of mitochondrial disease. Br Med Bull 2015; 116:5-18. [PMID: 26590387 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mitochondrial diseases are a group of heterogeneous disorders for which no curative therapy is currently available. Several drugs are currently being pursued as candidates to correct the underlying biochemistry that causes mitochondrial dysfunction. SOURCES OF DATA A systematic review of pharmacological therapeutics tested using in vitro, in vivo models and clinical trials. Results presented from database searches undertaken to ascertain compounds currently being pioneered to treat mitochondrial disease. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Previous clinical research has been hindered by poorly designed trials that have shown some evidence in enhancing mitochondrial function but without significant results. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Several compounds under investigation display poor pharmacokinetic profiles or numerous off target effects. GROWING POINTS Drug development teams should continue to screen existing and novel compound libraries for therapeutics that can enhance mitochondrial function. Therapies for mitochondrial disorders could hold potential cures for a myriad of other ailments associated with mitochondrial dysfunction such as neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Rai
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institutes of Neuroscience and Cellular and Molecular Bioscience, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - O M Russell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institutes of Neuroscience and Cellular and Molecular Bioscience, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - R N Lightowlers
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institutes of Neuroscience and Cellular and Molecular Bioscience, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - D M Turnbull
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institutes of Neuroscience and Cellular and Molecular Bioscience, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
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Davidson SM, Lopaschuk GD, Spedding M, Beart PM. Mitochondrial pharmacology: energy, injury and beyond. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1795-7. [PMID: 24684388 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While the mitochondrion has long fascinated biologists and the sheer diversity of druggable targets has made it attractive for potential drug development, there has been little success translatable to the clinic. Given the diversity of inborn errors of metabolism and mitochondrial diseases, mitochondrially mediated oxidative stress (myopathies, reperfusion injury, Parkinson's disease, ageing) and the consequences of disturbed energetics (circulatory shock, diabetes, cancer), the potential for meaningful gain with novel drugs targeting mitochondrial mechanisms is huge both in terms of patient quality of life and health care costs. In this themed issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, we highlight the key directions of the contemporary advances in the field of mitochondrial biology, emerging drug targets and new molecules which are close to clinical application. Authors' contributions are diverse both in terms of species and organs in which the mitochondrially related studies are performed, and from the perspectives of mechanisms under study. Defined roles of mitochondria in disease are updated and previously unknown contributions to disease are described in terms of the interface between basic science and pathological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK
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Fišar Z, Singh N, Hroudová J. Cannabinoid-induced changes in respiration of brain mitochondria. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:62-71. [PMID: 25195527 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids exert various biological effects that are either receptor-mediated or independent of receptor signaling. Mitochondrial effects of cannabinoids were interpreted either as non-receptor-mediated alteration of mitochondrial membranes, or as indirect consequences of activation of plasma membrane type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1). Recently, CB1 receptors were confirmed to be localized to the membranes of neuronal mitochondria, where their activation directly regulates respiration and energy production. Here, we performed in-depth analysis of cannabinoid-induced changes of mitochondrial respiration using both an antagonist/inverse agonist of CB1 receptors, AM251 and the cannabinoid receptor agonists, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol, anandamide, and WIN 55,212-2. Relationships were determined between cannabinoid concentration and respiratory rate driven by substrates of complex I, II or IV in pig brain mitochondria. Either full or partial inhibition of respiratory rate was found for the tested drugs, with an IC50 in the micromolar range, which verified the significant role of non-receptor-mediated mechanism in inhibiting mitochondrial respiration. Effect of stepwise application of THC and AM251 evidenced protective role of AM251 and corroborated the participation of CB1 receptor activation in the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. We proposed a model, which includes both receptor- and non-receptor-mediated mechanisms of cannabinoid action on mitochondrial respiration. This model explains both the inhibitory effect of cannabinoids and the protective effect of the CB1 receptor inverse agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Fišar
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, Prague 2 120 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Namrata Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, Prague 2 120 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Hroudová
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, Prague 2 120 00, Czech Republic.
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