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Garate-Quispe J, Canahuire-Robles R, Alarcón-Aguirre G, Dueñas-Linares H, Roman-Dañobeytia F. Changes in floristic and vegetation structure in a chronosequence of abandoned gold-mining lands in a tropical Amazon forest. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29908. [PMID: 38699023 PMCID: PMC11064135 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This study analyzes floristic and vegetation structure changes during forest succession after disturbances caused by small-scale gold mining in Madre de Dios (Peru). We compared the floristic and vegetation structure of a reference forest against three sites with different periods of abandonment after mining (5, 11 and 23-years). Three 20 × 60 m plots were defined on each site, and all tree species with a DBH >1 cm within the plots were inventoried. To evaluate species diversity and similarity, the Importance Value, effective numbers of species (0D, 1D, and 2D), and Chao-Jaccard similarity index were calculated. We used the Nonmetric multidimensional scaling for similarity ordination and the PERMANOVA test to evaluate differences in floristic composition. We recorded 129 tree species in the study areas and statistically significant differences between initial and intermediate stages were observed regarding floristic composition, basal area, height, and DBH. The transition from the initial successional stage to the reference forest produces an increase in basal area, species diversity, and floristic similarity. The 23-year-old stand had more species in common with the 11-year-old stand than the reference forest. Our results showed a high proportion of pioneer species and anemochory dispersal syndrome in the initial successional stages, but they decreased in later stages of the chronosequence. The floristic and structural attributes of forests throughout the chronosequence showed a fast recovery during secondary succession. After 23 years, the recovery of tree species density was 77 % of reference forest, while the relative recovery of species composition was much slower, on average 23 %. These results provide essential information to guide the selection of suitable species in ecological restoration projects after abandonment. Implementing forest restoration strategies based on reliable information to accelerate the process of vegetation succession is critical for recuperating areas degraded by gold mining at the Peruvian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Garate-Quispe
- Universidad Nacional Amazónica de Madre Dios, Departamento Académico de Ingeniería Forestal y Medio Ambiente, Av. Jorge Chavez 1160, Puerto Maldonado, 17001, Peru
- Centro de Innovación Científica Amazónica, Jr. Ucayali 750, Puerto Maldonado, 17001, Peru
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona. Av Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramiro Canahuire-Robles
- Universidad Nacional Amazónica de Madre Dios, Departamento Académico de Ingeniería Forestal y Medio Ambiente, Av. Jorge Chavez 1160, Puerto Maldonado, 17001, Peru
| | - Gabriel Alarcón-Aguirre
- Universidad Nacional Amazónica de Madre Dios, Departamento Académico de Ingeniería Forestal y Medio Ambiente, Av. Jorge Chavez 1160, Puerto Maldonado, 17001, Peru
| | - Hugo Dueñas-Linares
- Universidad Nacional Amazónica de Madre Dios, Departamento Académico de Ciencias Básicas, Av. Jorge Chavez, 1160, Puerto Maldonado, Peru
| | - Francisco Roman-Dañobeytia
- Centro de Innovación Científica Amazónica, Jr. Ucayali 750, Puerto Maldonado, 17001, Peru
- Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregión Andina (CONDESAN), Lima 34, Peru
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Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Rito KF, Farfán M, Navia IC, Mora F, Arreola-Villa F, Balvanera P, Bongers F, Castellanos-Castro C, Catharino ELM, Chazdon RL, Dupuy-Rada JM, Ferguson BG, Foster PF, González-Valdivia N, Griffith DM, Hernández-Stefanoni JL, Jakovac CC, Junqueira AB, Jong BHJ, Letcher SG, May-Pat F, Meave JA, Ochoa-Gaona S, Meirelles GS, Muñiz-Castro MA, Muñoz R, Powers JS, Rocha GPE, Rosário RPG, Santos BA, Simon MF, Tabarelli M, Tun-Dzul F, van den Berg E, Vieira DLM, Williams-Linera G, Martínez-Ramos M. Landscape-scale forest cover drives the predictability of forest regeneration across the Neotropics. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222203. [PMID: 36629117 PMCID: PMC9832557 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abandonment of agricultural lands promotes the global expansion of secondary forests, which are critical for preserving biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services. Such roles largely depend, however, on two essential successional attributes, trajectory and recovery rate, which are expected to depend on landscape-scale forest cover in nonlinear ways. Using a multi-scale approach and a large vegetation dataset (843 plots, 3511 tree species) from 22 secondary forest chronosequences distributed across the Neotropics, we show that successional trajectories of woody plant species richness, stem density and basal area are less predictable in landscapes (4 km radius) with intermediate (40-60%) forest cover than in landscapes with high (greater than 60%) forest cover. This supports theory suggesting that high spatial and environmental heterogeneity in intermediately deforested landscapes can increase the variation of key ecological factors for forest recovery (e.g. seed dispersal and seedling recruitment), increasing the uncertainty of successional trajectories. Regarding the recovery rate, only species richness is positively related to forest cover in relatively small (1 km radius) landscapes. These findings highlight the importance of using a spatially explicit landscape approach in restoration initiatives and suggest that these initiatives can be more effective in more forested landscapes, especially if implemented across spatial extents of 1-4 km radius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 97357 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Kátia F. Rito
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Michelle Farfán
- Departamento de Ingeniería Geomática e Hidráulica, División de Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, 36000 Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Iván C. Navia
- Instituto Nacional de los Pueblos Indígenas, 58219 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Francisco Mora
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Felipe Arreola-Villa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Patricia Balvanera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Robin L. Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Road, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Juan M. Dupuy-Rada
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Recursos Naturales, 97205 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Bruce G. Ferguson
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, 29290 San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Paul F. Foster
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Bijagual Ecological Reserve, Apdo. 35-3069, Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí, Heredia 41001, Costa Rica
| | - Noel González-Valdivia
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Chiná, Departamento de Ingenierías, 24520 Chiná, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Daniel M. Griffith
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, EcoSs Lab, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, CP 1101608, Loja, Ecuador
| | | | - Catarina C. Jakovac
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - André B. Junqueira
- Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernardus H. J. Jong
- Departmento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, 24500 Lerma, Campeche, Mexico
| | | | - Filogonio May-Pat
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Recursos Naturales, 97205 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Jorge A. Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Coyoacán 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Susana Ochoa-Gaona
- Departmento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, 24500 Lerma, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Gabriela S. Meirelles
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-900 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel A. Muñiz-Castro
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, 45200 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Muñoz
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Coyoacán 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jennifer S. Powers
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior and Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108 Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gustavo P. E. Rocha
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de Brasília, 70919-970 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Ricardo P. G. Rosário
- Faculdade de Direito, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 01302-907 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bráulio A. Santos
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F. Simon
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, 70770-917 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Tabarelli
- Departamento de Botanica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Fernando Tun-Dzul
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Recursos Naturales, 97205 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Eduardo van den Berg
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-900 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel L. M. Vieira
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Miguel Martínez-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
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Melo DHA, Freitas AVL, Tabarelli M, Filgueiras BKC, Leal IR. Aridity and chronic anthropogenic disturbance as organizing forces of fruit‐feeding butterfly assemblages in a Caatinga dry forest. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H. A. Melo
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Animal Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | - André V. L. Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Marcelo Tabarelli
- Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | - Bruno K. C. Filgueiras
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Vegetal Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | - Inara R. Leal
- Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
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Epigeal fauna and edaphic properties as possible soil quality indicators in forest restoration areas in Espírito Santo, Brazil. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2022.103870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Edwards DP, Cerullo GR, Chomba S, Worthington TA, Balmford AP, Chazdon RL, Harrison RD. Upscaling tropical restoration to deliver environmental benefits and socially equitable outcomes. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R1326-R1341. [PMID: 34637743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration offers immense potential to return hundreds of millions of hectares of degraded tropical landscapes to functioning ecosystems. Well-designed restoration can tackle multiple Sustainable Development Goals, driving synergistic benefits for biodiversity, ecosystem services, agricultural and timber production, and local livelihoods at large spatial scales. To deliver on this potential, restoration efforts must recognise and reduce trade-offs among objectives, and minimize competition with food production and conservation of native ecosystems. Restoration initiatives also need to confront core environmental challenges of climate change and inappropriate planting in savanna biomes, be robustly funded over the long term, and address issues of poor governance, inadequate land tenure, and socio-cultural disparities in benefits and costs. Tackling these issues using the landscape approach is vital to realising the potential for restoration to break the cycle of land degradation and poverty, and deliver on its core environmental and social promises.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Andrew P Balmford
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Robin L Chazdon
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
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6
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Shibuya M. Long‐term stand‐level resilience in natural secondary forest stands recovering from severe windthrow damage. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Shibuya
- Research Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University Sapporo 060‐8589 Japan
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7
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Chan KMA, Satterfield T. The maturation of ecosystem services: Social and policy research expands, but whither biophysically informed valuation? PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kai M. A. Chan
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Sustainability The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Terre Satterfield
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Sustainability The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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8
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Carrillo-Saucedo SM, Gavito ME. Resilience of soil aggregation and exocellular enzymatic functions associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities along a successional gradient in a tropical dry forest. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:109-120. [PMID: 31836908 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are well-known contributors to soil aggregation and nutrient cycling functions, but we still know little about their capacity to resist or recover from persistent disturbance. Rangeland management may deteriorate these functions by affecting the activity of soil biota, including AM fungi, among other consequences. If affected, some soil properties show recovery when management stops and natural regeneration is allowed. We conducted an experiment to evaluate if the functions related to soil aggregation and promotion of exocellular enzymatic activities associated with AM fungal communities had been affected by rangeland management and, if they had, whether they recovered with successional time when management stopped. AM fungal communities from ten sites with different successional ages in a tropical dry forest region were inoculated to the same host growing in pots divided by mesh into a plant compartment and an AM mycelium compartment. We examined soil stable aggregates fractions and enzymatic activities produced or promoted by AM fungi. Soil aggregation changed significantly only after the study had run for 3 years, was higher in the hyphosphere than in the root compartment, and showed a low but positive relation with the successional age of the communities. The activity of phosphatase, but not casein-protease and beta-glucosidase, increased with successional age. Therefore, soil aggregation and enzyme activities associated with AM fungal communities seemed resilient because casein-protease and beta-glucosidase were unchanged, and aggregation and phosphatase were reduced by rangeland management but recovered with successional time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Margarita Carrillo-Saucedo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Exhacienda San José de la Huerta, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Mayra E Gavito
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Exhacienda San José de la Huerta, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
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Chave J, Piponiot C, Maréchaux I, de Foresta H, Larpin D, Fischer FJ, Derroire G, Vincent G, Hérault B. Slow rate of secondary forest carbon accumulation in the Guianas compared with the rest of the Neotropics. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02004. [PMID: 31520573 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Secondary forests are a prominent component of tropical landscapes, and they constitute a major atmospheric carbon sink. Rates of carbon accumulation are usually inferred from chronosequence studies, but direct estimates of carbon accumulation based on long-term monitoring of stands are rarely reported. Recent compilations on secondary forest carbon accumulation in the Neotropics are heavily biased geographically as they do not include estimates from the Guiana Shield. We analysed the temporal trajectory of aboveground carbon accumulation and floristic composition at one 25-ha secondary forest site in French Guiana. The site was clear-cut in 1976, abandoned thereafter, and one large plot (6.25 ha) has been monitored continuously since. We used Bayesian modeling to assimilate inventory data and simulate the long-term carbon accumulation trajectory. Canopy change was monitored using two aerial lidar surveys conducted in 2009 and 2017. We compared the dynamics of this site with that of a surrounding old-growth forest. Finally, we compared our results with that from secondary forests in Costa Rica, which is one of the rare long-term monitoring programs reaching a duration comparable to our study. Twenty years after abandonment, aboveground carbon stock was 64.2 (95% credibility interval 46.4, 89.0) Mg C/ha, and this stock increased to 101.3 (78.7, 128.5) Mg C/ha 20 yr later. The time to accumulate one-half of the mean aboveground carbon stored in the nearby old-growth forest (185.6 [155.9, 200.2] Mg C/ha) was estimated at 35.0 [20.9, 55.9] yr. During the first 40 yr, the contribution of the long-lived pioneer species Xylopia nitida, Goupia glabra, and Laetia procera to the aboveground carbon stock increased continuously. Secondary forest mean-canopy height measured by lidar increased by 1.14 m in 8 yr, a canopy-height increase consistent with an aboveground carbon accumulation of 7.1 Mg C/ha (or 0.89 Mg C·ha-1 ·yr-1 ) during this period. Long-term AGC accumulation rate in Costa Rica was almost twice as fast as at our site in French Guiana. This may reflect higher fertility of Central American forest communities or a better adaptation of the forest tree community to intense and frequent disturbances. This finding may have important consequences for scaling-up carbon uptake estimates to continental scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-IRD, Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Camille Piponiot
- Cirad, UMR 'Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane' (AgroparisTech, CNRS, Inra, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), F-97379, Kourou Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Isabelle Maréchaux
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-IRD, Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- AgroParisTech-ENGREF, 19 Avenue du Maine, F-75015, Paris, France
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, F-34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Hubert de Foresta
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, F-34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Larpin
- Direction Générale Déléguée aux Musées, Jardins et Zoos, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Fabian Jörg Fischer
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-IRD, Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Géraldine Derroire
- Cirad, UMR 'Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane' (AgroparisTech, CNRS, Inra, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), F-97379, Kourou Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Grégoire Vincent
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, F-34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Hérault
- Cirad, Univ Montpellier, UR Forests & Societies, F-34000, Montpellier, France
- INPHB, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast
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Buma B, Bisbing SM, Wiles G, Bidlack AL. 100 yr of primary succession highlights stochasticity and competition driving community establishment and stability. Ecology 2019; 100:e02885. [PMID: 31498888 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The study of community succession is one of the oldest pursuits in ecology. Challenges remain in terms of evaluating the predictability of succession and the reliability of the chronosequence methods typically used to study community development. The research of William S. Cooper in Glacier Bay National Park is an early and well-known example of successional ecology that provides a long-term observational data set to test hypotheses derived from space-for-time substitutions. It also provides a unique opportunity to explore the importance of historical contingencies and as an example of a revitalized historical study system. We test the textbook successional trajectory in Glacier Bay and evaluate long-term plant community development via primary succession through extensive fieldwork, remote sensing, dendrochronological methods, and newly discovered data that fills in data gaps (1940s to late 1980s) in continuous measurement over 100+ years. To date, Cooper's quadrats do not support the classic facilitation model of succession in which a sequence of species interacts to form predictable successional trajectories. Rather, stochastic early community assembly and subsequent inhibition have dominated; most species arrived shortly after deglaciation and have remained stable for 50+ years. Chronosequence studies assuming prior composition are thus questionable, as no predictable species sequence or timeline was observed. This underscores the significance of assumptions about early conditions in chronosequences and the need to defend such assumptions. Furthermore, this work brings a classic study system in ecology up to date via a plot size expansion, new baseline biogeochemical data, and spatial mapping for future researchers for its second century of observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Buma
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, 80217, USA
| | - S M Bisbing
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA
| | - G Wiles
- Department of Earth Sciences, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, USA
| | - A L Bidlack
- Alaska Coastal Rainforest Center, University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, Alaska, 99801, USA
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Mazón M, Aguirre N, Echeverría C, Aronson J. Monitoring attributes for ecological restoration in Latin America and the Caribbean region. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mazón
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research ProgramUniversidad Nacional de Loja Ciudadela Universitaria, sector La Argelia, EC 110101, Loja Ecuador
| | - Nikolay Aguirre
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research ProgramUniversidad Nacional de Loja Ciudadela Universitaria, sector La Argelia, EC 110101, Loja Ecuador
| | - Cristian Echeverría
- Facultad de Ciencias ForestalesUniversidad de Concepción Casilla 160‐C, Concepción Chile
| | - James Aronson
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable DevelopmentMissouri Botanical Garden P.O. Box 299, St. Louis MO 63166‐0299 U.S.A
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Rozendaal DMA, Bongers F, Aide TM, Alvarez-Dávila E, Ascarrunz N, Balvanera P, Becknell JM, Bentos TV, Brancalion PHS, Cabral GAL, Calvo-Rodriguez S, Chave J, César RG, Chazdon RL, Condit R, Dallinga JS, de Almeida-Cortez JS, de Jong B, de Oliveira A, Denslow JS, Dent DH, DeWalt SJ, Dupuy JM, Durán SM, Dutrieux LP, Espírito-Santo MM, Fandino MC, Fernandes GW, Finegan B, García H, Gonzalez N, Moser VG, Hall JS, Hernández-Stefanoni JL, Hubbell S, Jakovac CC, Hernández AJ, Junqueira AB, Kennard D, Larpin D, Letcher SG, Licona JC, Lebrija-Trejos E, Marín-Spiotta E, Martínez-Ramos M, Massoca PES, Meave JA, Mesquita RCG, Mora F, Müller SC, Muñoz R, de Oliveira Neto SN, Norden N, Nunes YRF, Ochoa-Gaona S, Ortiz-Malavassi E, Ostertag R, Peña-Claros M, Pérez-García EA, Piotto D, Powers JS, Aguilar-Cano J, Rodriguez-Buritica S, Rodríguez-Velázquez J, Romero-Romero MA, Ruíz J, Sanchez-Azofeifa A, de Almeida AS, Silver WL, Schwartz NB, Thomas WW, Toledo M, Uriarte M, de Sá Sampaio EV, van Breugel M, van der Wal H, Martins SV, Veloso MDM, Vester HFM, Vicentini A, Vieira ICG, Villa P, Williamson GB, Zanini KJ, Zimmerman J, Poorter L. Biodiversity recovery of Neotropical secondary forests. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau3114. [PMID: 30854424 PMCID: PMC6402850 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Old-growth tropical forests harbor an immense diversity of tree species but are rapidly being cleared, while secondary forests that regrow on abandoned agricultural lands increase in extent. We assess how tree species richness and composition recover during secondary succession across gradients in environmental conditions and anthropogenic disturbance in an unprecedented multisite analysis for the Neotropics. Secondary forests recover remarkably fast in species richness but slowly in species composition. Secondary forests take a median time of five decades to recover the species richness of old-growth forest (80% recovery after 20 years) based on rarefaction analysis. Full recovery of species composition takes centuries (only 34% recovery after 20 years). A dual strategy that maintains both old-growth forests and species-rich secondary forests is therefore crucial for biodiversity conservation in human-modified tropical landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danaë M. A. Rozendaal
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- Corresponding author.
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - T. Mitchell Aide
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan, PR 00931-3360, Puerto Rico
| | - Esteban Alvarez-Dávila
- Escuela ECAPMA, UNAD, Calle 14 Sur No. 14-23, Bogotá, Colombia
- Fundación Con Vida, Avenida del Río # 20-114, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Nataly Ascarrunz
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (IBIF), Km 9 Carretera al Norte, El Vallecito, FCA-UAGRM, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Patricia Balvanera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | | | - Tony V. Bentos
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM CEP 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Pedro H. S. Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - George A. L. Cabral
- Departamento de Botânica-CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, CEP 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Sofia Calvo-Rodriguez
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2EG, Canada
| | - Jerome Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Ricardo G. César
- Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robin L. Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, Horto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22460-320, Brazil
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Ramaley N122, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Richard Condit
- SI ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave., 401 Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Jorn S. Dallinga
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Ben de Jong
- Department of Sustainability Science, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, Lerma 24500, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Alexandre de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, no. 321, São Paulo CEP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Julie S. Denslow
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Daisy H. Dent
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave., 401 Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Saara J. DeWalt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Dupuy
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Calle 43 # 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Sandra M. Durán
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2EG, Canada
| | - Loïc P. Dutrieux
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO), Mexico City, C.P. 14010, México
| | - Mario M. Espírito-Santo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil
| | - María C. Fandino
- Fondo Patrimonio Natural para la Biodiversidad y Areas Protegidas, Calle 72 No. 12-65 piso 6, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - G. Wilson Fernandes
- Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade/DBG, ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30161-901, Brazil
| | - Bryan Finegan
- Forests, Biodiversity and Climate Change Programme, CATIE – Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Hernando García
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 28A No. 15-09 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Noel Gonzalez
- Departamento de Ingenierías, Instituto Tecnológico de Chiná, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Calle 11 s/n, entre 22 y 28, Chiná, 24520 Campeche, México
| | - Vanessa Granda Moser
- Graduate School, Tropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Education (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Jefferson S. Hall
- SI ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave., 401 Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - José Luis Hernández-Stefanoni
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Calle 43 # 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Stephen Hubbell
- SI ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave., 401 Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Catarina C. Jakovac
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM CEP 69067-375, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, Horto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22460-320, Brazil
- Centre for Conservation and Sustainability Science (CSRio), Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontificial Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alma Johanna Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 28A No. 15-09 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - André B. Junqueira
- International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, Horto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22460-320, Brazil
- Centre for Conservation and Sustainability Science (CSRio), Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontificial Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Deborah Kennard
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, 1100 North Avenue, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA
| | - Denis Larpin
- Direction Générale Déléguée aux Musées et aux Jardins botaniques et zoologiques (DGD-MJZ), Direction des Jardins Botaniques, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Susan G. Letcher
- Department of Environmental Studies, Purchase College (SUNY), 735 Anderson Hill Road, Purchase, NY 10577, USA
| | - Juan-Carlos Licona
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (IBIF), Km 9 Carretera al Norte, El Vallecito, FCA-UAGRM, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Edwin Lebrija-Trejos
- Department of Biology and the Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel
| | - Erika Marín-Spiotta
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 550 North Park St., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Miguel Martínez-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Paulo E. S. Massoca
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM CEP 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Jorge A. Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, C.P. 04510, México
| | - Rita C. G. Mesquita
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM CEP 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Francisco Mora
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Sandra C. Müller
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Muñoz
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, C.P. 04510, México
| | | | - Natalia Norden
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 28A No. 15-09 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yule R. F. Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil
| | - Susana Ochoa-Gaona
- Department of Sustainability Science, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, Lerma 24500, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Edgar Ortiz-Malavassi
- Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Rebecca Ostertag
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Marielos Peña-Claros
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Eduardo A. Pérez-García
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, C.P. 04510, México
| | - Daniel Piotto
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna-BA, 45613-204, Brazil
| | - Jennifer S. Powers
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior and Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - José Aguilar-Cano
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 28A No. 15-09 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Susana Rodriguez-Buritica
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 28A No. 15-09 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Velázquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Marco Antonio Romero-Romero
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, C.P. 04510, México
| | - Jorge Ruíz
- School of Social Sciences, Geography Area, Universidad Pedagogica y Tecnologica de Colombia (UPTC), Tunja, Colombia
- Department of Geography, 4841 Ellison Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2EG, Canada
| | | | - Whendee L. Silver
- Ecosystem Science Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Naomi B. Schwartz
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - William Wayt Thomas
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA
| | - Marisol Toledo
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (IBIF), Km 9 Carretera al Norte, El Vallecito, FCA-UAGRM, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Maria Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Everardo Valadares de Sá Sampaio
- Departamento de Energia Nuclear -CTG, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Luis Freire 1000, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP 50740-540, Brazil
| | - Michiel van Breugel
- SI ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave., 401 Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore 138610, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hans van der Wal
- Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Villahermosa, 86280 Centro Tabasco, México
| | | | - Maria D. M. Veloso
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil
| | - Hans F. M. Vester
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alberto Vicentini
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM CEP 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Ima C. G. Vieira
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, C.P. 399, CEP 66040-170, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro Villa
- Program of Botany, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Fundación para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad (ProBiodiversa), 5101 Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - G. Bruce Williamson
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM CEP 69067-375, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-1705, USA
| | - Kátia J. Zanini
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jess Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, Puerto Rico
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
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Sullivan BW, Nifong RL, Nasto MK, Alvarez-Clare S, Dencker CM, Soper FM, Shoemaker KT, Ishida FY, Zaragoza-Castells J, Davidson EA, Cleveland CC. Biogeochemical recuperation of lowland tropical forest during succession. Ecology 2019; 100:e02641. [PMID: 30712256 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High rates of land conversion and land use change have vastly increased the proportion of secondary forest in the lowland tropics relative to mature forest. As secondary forests recover following abandonment, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) must be present in sufficient quantities to sustain high rates of net primary production and to replenish the nutrients lost during land use prior to secondary forest establishment. Biogeochemical theory and results from individual studies suggest that N can recuperate during secondary forest recovery, especially relative to P. Here, we synthesized 23 metrics of N and P in soil and plants from 45 secondary forest chronosequences located in the wet tropics to empirically explore (1) whether there is a consistent change in nutrients and nutrient cycling processes during secondary succession in the biome; (2) which metrics of N and P in soil and plants recuperate most consistently; (3) if the recuperation of nutrients during succession approaches similar nutrient concentrations and fluxes as those in mature forest in ~100 yr following the initiation of succession; and (4) whether site characteristics, including disturbance history, climate, and soil order are significantly related to nutrient recuperation. During secondary forest succession, nine metrics of N and/or P cycling changed consistently and substantially. In most sites, N concentrations and fluxes in both plants and soil increased during secondary succession, and total P concentrations increased in surface soil. Changes in nutrient concentrations and nutrient cycling processes during secondary succession were similar whether mature forest was included or excluded from the analysis, indicating that nutrient recuperation in secondary forest leads to biogeochemical conditions that are similar to those of mature forest. Further, of the N and P metrics that recuperated, only soil total P and foliar δ15 N were strongly influenced by site characteristics like climate, soils, or disturbance history. Predictable nutrient recuperation across a diverse and productive ecosystem may support future forest growth and could provide a means to quantify successful restoration of ecosystem function in secondary tropical forest beyond biomass or species composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Sullivan
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Science and The Global Water Center, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA
| | - Rachel L Nifong
- Water Quality and Ecology Research Unit, National Sedimentation Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Oxford, Mississippi, 38655, USA
| | - Megan K Nasto
- Department of Biology and The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | | | - Camie M Dencker
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Science and The Global Water Center, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA
| | - Fiona M Soper
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Kevin T Shoemaker
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Science and The Global Water Center, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA
| | - F Yoko Ishida
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia
| | - Joana Zaragoza-Castells
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Eric A Davidson
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, Maryland, 21532, USA
| | - Cory C Cleveland
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
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Ramos-Fabiel MA, Pérez-García EA, González EJ, Yáñez-Ordoñez O, Meave JA. Successional dynamics of the bee community in a tropical dry forest: Insights from taxonomy and functional ecology. Biotropica 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melbi A. Ramos-Fabiel
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Coyoacán Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Eduardo A. Pérez-García
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Coyoacán Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Edgar J. González
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Coyoacán Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Olivia Yáñez-Ordoñez
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Coyoacán Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Jorge A. Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Coyoacán Ciudad de México Mexico
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Becknell JM, Porder S, Hancock S, Chazdon RL, Hofton MA, Blair JB, Kellner JR. Chronosequence predictions are robust in a Neotropical secondary forest, but plots miss the mark. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:933-943. [PMID: 29284191 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tropical secondary forests (TSF) are a global carbon sink of 1.6 Pg C/year. However, TSF carbon uptake is estimated using chronosequence studies that assume differently aged forests can be used to predict change in aboveground biomass density (AGBD) over time. We tested this assumption using two airborne lidar datasets separated by 11.5 years over a Neotropical landscape. Using data from 1998, we predicted canopy height and AGBD within 1.1 and 10.3% of observations in 2009, with higher accuracy for forest height than AGBD and for older TSFs in comparison to younger ones. This result indicates that the space-for-time assumption is robust at the landscape-scale. However, since lidar measurements of secondary tropical forest are rare, we used the 1998 lidar dataset to test how well plot-based studies quantify the mean TSF height and biomass in a landscape. We found that the sample area required to produce estimates of height or AGBD close to the landscape mean is larger than the typical area sampled in secondary forest chronosequence studies. For example, estimating AGBD within 10% of the landscape mean requires more than thirty 0.1 ha plots per age class, and more total area for larger plots. We conclude that under-sampling in ground-based studies may introduce error into estimations of the TSF carbon sink, and that this error can be reduced by more extensive use of lidar measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Becknell
- Environmental Studies Program, Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Stephen Porder
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Steven Hancock
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Robin L Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Michelle A Hofton
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - James B Blair
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - James R Kellner
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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16
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Powers JS, Marín-Spiotta E. Ecosystem Processes and Biogeochemical Cycles in Secondary Tropical Forest Succession. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Powers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior and
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Erika Marín-Spiotta
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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17
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Mora F, Jaramillo VJ, Bhaskar R, Gavito M, Siddique I, Byrnes JEK, Balvanera P. Carbon Accumulation in Neotropical Dry Secondary Forests: The Roles of Forest Age and Tree Dominance and Diversity. Ecosystems 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-017-0168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Navarrete D, Sitch S, Aragão LEOC, Pedroni L. Conversion from forests to pastures in the Colombian Amazon leads to contrasting soil carbon dynamics depending on land management practices. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:3503-3517. [PMID: 26929394 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to mitigate climate change by reducing deforestation and forest degradation (e.g. REDD+) require country- or region-specific information on temporal changes in forest carbon (C) pools to develop accurate emission factors. The soil C pool is one of the most important C reservoirs, but is rarely included in national forest reference emission levels due to a lack of data. Here, we present the soil organic C (SOC) dynamics along 20 years of forest-to-pasture conversion in two subregions with different management practices during pasture establishment in the Colombian Amazon: high-grazing intensity (HG) and low-grazing intensity (LG) subregions. We determined the pattern of SOC change resulting from the conversion from forest (C3 plants) to pasture (C4 plants) by analysing total SOC stocks and the natural abundance of the stable isotopes (13) C along two 20-year chronosequences identified in each subregion. We also analysed soil N stocks and the natural abundance of (15) N during pasture establishment. In general, total SOC stocks at 30 cm depth in the forest were similar for both subregions, with an average of 47.1 ± 1.8 Mg C ha(-1) in HG and 48.7 ± 3.1 Mg C ha(-1) in LG. However, 20 years after forest-to-pasture conversion SOC in HG decreased by 20%, whereas in LG SOC increased by 41%. This net SOC decrease in HG was due to a larger reduction in C3-derived input and to a comparatively smaller increase in C4-derived C input. In LG both C3- and C4-derived C input increased along the chronosequence. N stocks were generally similar in both subregions and soil N stock changes during pasture establishment were correlated with SOC changes. These results emphasize the importance of management practices involving low-grazing intensity in cattle activities to preserve SOC stocks and to reduce C emissions after land-cover change from forest to pasture in the Colombian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Navarrete
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Stephen Sitch
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, São Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Lucio Pedroni
- Carbon Decisions International, Residencial la Castilla, de la primera entrada, 6ta casa a mano derecha, Paraíso de Cartago, Costa Rica
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19
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Demographic Drivers of Aboveground Biomass Dynamics During Secondary Succession in Neotropical Dry and Wet Forests. Ecosystems 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-016-0029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Bhaskar R, Porder S, Balvanera P, Edwards EJ. Ecological and evolutionary variation in community nitrogen use traits during tropical dry forest secondary succession. Ecology 2016; 97:1194-206. [PMID: 27349096 DOI: 10.1890/15-1162.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the role of ecological and evolutionary processes in driving variation in leaf and litter traits related to nitrogen (N) use among tropical dry forest trees in old-growth and secondary stands in western Mexico. Our expectation was that legumes (Fabaceae), a dominant component of the regional flora, would have consistently high leaf N and therefore structure phylogenetic variation in N-related traits. We also expected ecological selection during succession for differences in nitrogen use strategies, and corresponding shifts in legume abundance. We used phylogenetic analyses to test for trait conservatism in foliar and litter N, C:N, and N resorption. We also evaluated differences in N-related traits between old-growth and secondary forests. We found a weak phylogenetic signal for all traits, partly explained by wide variation within legumes. Across taxa we observed a positive relationship between leaf and litter N, but no shift in resorption strategies along the successional gradient. Despite species turnover, N-resorption, and N-related traits showed little change across succession, suggesting that, at least for these traits, secondary forests rapidly recover ecosystem function. Collectively, our results also suggest that legumes should not be considered a single functional group from a biogeochemical perspective.
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21
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Sobrinho MS, Tabarelli M, Machado IC, Sfair JC, Bruna EM, Lopes AV. Land use, fallow period and the recovery of a Caatinga forest. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mellissa S. Sobrinho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife PE 50372-970 Brazil
| | - Marcelo Tabarelli
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife PE 50372-970 Brazil
| | - Isabel C. Machado
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife PE 50372-970 Brazil
| | - Júlia C. Sfair
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife PE 50372-970 Brazil
| | - Emilio M. Bruna
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation; University of Florida; 32611-0430 Gainesville Florida U.S.A
| | - Ariadna V. Lopes
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife PE 50372-970 Brazil
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22
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Derroire G, Balvanera P, Castellanos-Castro C, Decocq G, Kennard DK, Lebrija-Trejos E, Leiva JA, Odén PC, Powers JS, Rico-Gray V, Tigabu M, Healey JR. Resilience of tropical dry forests - a meta-analysis of changes in species diversity and composition during secondary succession. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Derroire
- School of Environment; Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University; Deiniol Road, Bangor Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre; Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences; Alnarp Sweden
| | - Patricia Balvanera
- Inst. de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad; Univ. Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; Morelia Michoacan Mexico
| | | | - Guillaume Decocq
- UR “Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés” (EDYSAN, FRE 3498 CNRS-UPJV); Jules Verne Univ. of Picardie; Amiens France
| | - Deborah K. Kennard
- Dept of Physical and Environmental Sciences; Colorado Mesa University; Grand Junction CO USA
| | - Edwin Lebrija-Trejos
- Dept of Biology and Environment; Faculty of Natural Sciences, Univ. of Haifa - Oranim; Tivon Israel
| | - Jorge A. Leiva
- Soil and Water Science Dept; Univ. of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Per-Christer Odén
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre; Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences; Alnarp Sweden
| | - Jennifer S. Powers
- Dept of Ecology; Univ. of Minnesota; Saint Paul MN USA
- Dept of Plant Biology; Univ. of Minnesota; Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Victor Rico-Gray
- Inst. de Neuroetología; Univ. Veracruzana; Xalapa Veracruz México
| | - Mulualem Tigabu
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre; Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences; Alnarp Sweden
| | - John R. Healey
- School of Environment; Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University; Deiniol Road, Bangor Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK
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23
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Biomass resilience of Neotropical secondary forests. Nature 2016; 530:211-4. [PMID: 26840632 DOI: 10.1038/nature16512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Land-use change occurs nowhere more rapidly than in the tropics, where the imbalance between deforestation and forest regrowth has large consequences for the global carbon cycle. However, considerable uncertainty remains about the rate of biomass recovery in secondary forests, and how these rates are influenced by climate, landscape, and prior land use. Here we analyse aboveground biomass recovery during secondary succession in 45 forest sites and about 1,500 forest plots covering the major environmental gradients in the Neotropics. The studied secondary forests are highly productive and resilient. Aboveground biomass recovery after 20 years was on average 122 megagrams per hectare (Mg ha(-1)), corresponding to a net carbon uptake of 3.05 Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1), 11 times the uptake rate of old-growth forests. Aboveground biomass stocks took a median time of 66 years to recover to 90% of old-growth values. Aboveground biomass recovery after 20 years varied 11.3-fold (from 20 to 225 Mg ha(-1)) across sites, and this recovery increased with water availability (higher local rainfall and lower climatic water deficit). We present a biomass recovery map of Latin America, which illustrates geographical and climatic variation in carbon sequestration potential during forest regrowth. The map will support policies to minimize forest loss in areas where biomass resilience is naturally low (such as seasonally dry forest regions) and promote forest regeneration and restoration in humid tropical lowland areas with high biomass resilience.
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24
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Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Melo FPL, Martínez-Ramos M, Bongers F, Chazdon RL, Meave JA, Norden N, Santos BA, Leal IR, Tabarelli M. Multiple successional pathways in human-modified tropical landscapes: new insights from forest succession, forest fragmentation and landscape ecology research. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:326-340. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Antigua Carretera a Patzcuaro 8701, Ex-hacienda de San Jose de la Huerta Morelia 58190 Michoacán Mexico
| | - Felipe P. L. Melo
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Av. Professor Morais Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária Recife Pernambuco 50670-901 Brazil
| | - Miguel Martínez-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Antigua Carretera a Patzcuaro 8701, Ex-hacienda de San Jose de la Huerta Morelia 58190 Michoacán Mexico
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences; Wageningen University; P. O. Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Robin L. Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; 75 N. Eagleville Road, Unit 3043 Storrs CT 06269-3043 U.S.A
| | - Jorge A. Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Coyoacan Mexico City 04510 Mexico
| | | | - Bráulio A. Santos
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia; Universidade Federal da Paraiba; Campus I, Cidade Universitária João Pessoa Paraiba 58051-900 Brazil
| | - Inara R. Leal
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Av. Professor Morais Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária Recife Pernambuco 50670-901 Brazil
| | - Marcelo Tabarelli
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Av. Professor Morais Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária Recife Pernambuco 50670-901 Brazil
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25
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Mesquita RDCG, Massoca PEDS, Jakovac CC, Bentos TV, Williamson GB. Amazon Rain Forest Succession: Stochasticity or Land-Use Legacy? Bioscience 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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26
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Norden N, Angarita HA, Bongers F, Martínez-Ramos M, Granzow-de la Cerda I, van Breugel M, Lebrija-Trejos E, Meave JA, Vandermeer J, Williamson GB, Finegan B, Mesquita R, Chazdon RL. Successional dynamics in Neotropical forests are as uncertain as they are predictable. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:8013-8. [PMID: 26080411 PMCID: PMC4491784 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500403112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although forest succession has traditionally been approached as a deterministic process, successional trajectories of vegetation change vary widely, even among nearby stands with similar environmental conditions and disturbance histories. Here, we provide the first attempt, to our knowledge, to quantify predictability and uncertainty during succession based on the most extensive long-term datasets ever assembled for Neotropical forests. We develop a novel approach that integrates deterministic and stochastic components into different candidate models describing the dynamical interactions among three widely used and interrelated forest attributes--stem density, basal area, and species density. Within each of the seven study sites, successional trajectories were highly idiosyncratic, even when controlling for prior land use, environment, and initial conditions in these attributes. Plot factors were far more important than stand age in explaining successional trajectories. For each site, the best-fit model was able to capture the complete set of time series in certain attributes only when both the deterministic and stochastic components were set to similar magnitudes. Surprisingly, predictability of stem density, basal area, and species density did not show consistent trends across attributes, study sites, or land use history, and was independent of plot size and time series length. The model developed here represents the best approach, to date, for characterizing autogenic successional dynamics and demonstrates the low predictability of successional trajectories. These high levels of uncertainty suggest that the impacts of allogenic factors on rates of change during tropical forest succession are far more pervasive than previously thought, challenging the way ecologists view and investigate forest regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Norden
- Fundación Cedrela, Bogotá 111311, Colombia; Departamento de Ecología y Territorio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
| | - Héctor A Angarita
- Departamento de Ecología y Territorio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Martínez-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58190, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Iñigo Granzow-de la Cerda
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Michiel van Breugel
- Yale-National University of Singapore College, Singapore 138614; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama
| | - Edwin Lebrija-Trejos
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama; Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Jorge A Meave
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México 04510, DF, Mexico
| | - John Vandermeer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - G Bruce Williamson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - Bryan Finegan
- Production and Conservation in Forests Program, Tropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Education, Apartado 93-7170, Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Rita Mesquita
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, AM 69011-970, Brazil
| | - Robin L Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3043
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