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Deng Y, Pang X, Chen L, Peng W, Huang X, Huang P, Zhao S, Li Z, Cai X, Huang Q, Zeng J, Feng Y, Chen B. IFI-16 inhibition attenuates myocardial remodeling following myocardial infarction. iScience 2024; 27:110568. [PMID: 39188985 PMCID: PMC11345598 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Myocardial remodeling (MR) following myocardial infarction (MI) contributes to heart failure. Inflammation is a key determinant in cardiac remodeling, with potential prognostic improvements by inhibiting inflammatory factors. Pattern recognition receptors, including interferon gamma-inducible protein-16 (IFI-16), play significant roles in this process, yet its specific involvement remains underexplored. This study investigates IFI-16's role in initiating inflammation via the inflammasome and its direct interaction with galectin-3 protein post-MI. Elevated IFI-16 levels were observed in human and rat myocytes and a mouse MI model under hypoxic, nutrient-deprived conditions, correlating with increased inflammation-associated proteins. Suppression of IFI-16/IFI-204 using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentivirus or adeno-associated virus decreased inflammatory factor activation, thereby mitigating remodeling and enhancing cardiac function post-MI. Co-immunoprecipitation (coIP) and double-fluorescence staining confirmed IFI-16's ability to interact directly with galectin-3. These findings underscore IFI-16's critical role as a pro-inflammatory factor in post-MI MR, suggesting its inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Deng
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
- The Postdoctoral Research Station, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
- Emergency Department of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
| | - Xiuqing Pang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Li Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Clinical Research Team of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiac Emergencies with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
- Emergency Department of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
| | - Weihang Peng
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Clinical Research Team of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiac Emergencies with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Clinical Research Team of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiac Emergencies with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
- Emergency Department of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
| | - Peiying Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Clinical Research Team of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiac Emergencies with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
- Emergency Department of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
- Emergency Department of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
| | - Zhishang Li
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
- Emergency Department of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
| | - Xingui Cai
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
- Emergency Department of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
| | - Qiuping Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
- Emergency Department of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
- Emergency Department of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
| | - Yuchao Feng
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Clinical Research Team of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiac Emergencies with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
- Emergency Department of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
| | - Bojun Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Clinical Research Team of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiac Emergencies with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
- Emergency Department of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 511400, China
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2
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Hmiel L, Zhang S, Obare LM, Santana MADO, Wanjalla CN, Titanji BK, Hileman CO, Bagchi S. Inflammatory and Immune Mechanisms for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in HIV. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7266. [PMID: 39000373 PMCID: PMC11242562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular disease disproportionately affects persons living with HIV (PLWH) compared to those without. The reasons for the excess risk include dysregulated immune response and inflammation related to HIV infection itself, comorbid conditions, and co-infections. Here, we review an updated understanding of immune and inflammatory pathways underlying atherosclerosis in PLWH, including effects of viral products, soluble mediators and chemokines, innate and adaptive immune cells, and important co-infections. We also present potential therapeutic targets which may reduce cardiovascular risk in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hmiel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, MetroHealth Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
| | - Suyu Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Laventa M. Obare
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Celestine N. Wanjalla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Boghuma K. Titanji
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Corrilynn O. Hileman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, MetroHealth Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
| | - Shashwatee Bagchi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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3
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Thirugnanam S, Rout N. A Perfect Storm: The Convergence of Aging, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, and Inflammasome Dysregulation. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:4768-4786. [PMID: 38785555 PMCID: PMC11119826 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has greatly transformed the life expectancy of people living with HIV (PWH). Today, over 76% of the individuals with HIV have access to this life-saving therapy. However, this progress has come with a new challenge: an increase in age-related non-AIDS conditions among patients with HIV. These conditions manifest earlier in PWH than in uninfected individuals, accelerating the aging process. Like PWH, the uninfected aging population experiences immunosenescence marked by an increased proinflammatory environment. This phenomenon is linked to chronic inflammation, driven in part by cellular structures called inflammasomes. Inflammatory signaling pathways activated by HIV-1 infection play a key role in inflammasome formation, suggesting a crucial link between HIV and a chronic inflammatory state. This review outlines the inflammatory processes triggered by HIV-1 infection and aging, with a focus on the inflammasomes. This review also explores current research regarding inflammasomes and potential strategies for targeting inflammasomes to mitigate inflammation. Further research on inflammasome signaling presents a unique opportunity to develop targeted interventions and innovative therapeutic modalities for combating HIV and aging-associated inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Thirugnanam
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Namita Rout
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Xia C, Zhang X, Harypursat V, Ouyang J, Chen Y. The role of pyroptosis in incomplete immune reconstitution among people living with HIV:Potential therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Res 2023; 197:106969. [PMID: 37866704 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Globally, HIV infection causes significant morbidity and mortality, and is a major public health problem. Despite the fact that widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has substantially altered the natural history of HIV infection from originally being a universally lethal disease to now being a chronic medical condition for those taking appropriate treatment, approximately 10-40% of people living with HIV (PLWH) who take effective ART and maintain long-term viral suppression fail to achieve normalization of CD4 + T-cell counts. This phenomenon is referred to as incomplete immune reconstitution or immunological non-response. Although the precise mechanisms underlying this outcome have not been elucidated, recent evidence indicates that excessive pyroptosis may play a crucial role in the development of incomplete immune reconstitution. Pyroptosis is characterized by the formation of pores in the cell membrane, cell rupture, and secretion of intracellular contents and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-18. This excessive inflammation-induced programmed cell death leads to a massive loss of CD4 + T-cells, and inflammatory consequences that may promote and sustain incomplete immune reconstitution. Herein, we review the possible pathways activated in HIV infection by inflammasomes that act as switches of pyroptosis, and the role of pyroptosis in HIV, as well as the relevance of CD4 + T-cells in incomplete immune reconstitution. We also highlight the possible mechanisms of pyroptosis involved in incomplete immune reconstitution, thus paving the way for the development of potential targets for the treatment of incomplete immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xia
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Yubei District of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China.
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5
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Torices S, Daire L, Simon S, Mendoza L, Daniels D, Joseph JA, Fattakhov N, Naranjo O, Teglas T, Toborek M. The NLRP3 inflammasome and gut dysbiosis as a putative link between HIV-1 infection and ischemic stroke. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:682-693. [PMID: 37330380 PMCID: PMC10554647 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated comorbidities, such as ischemic stroke, are prevalent in people with HIV (PWH). Several studies both in animal models and humans have revealed an association between activation of the inflammasome in HIV-1 infection and stroke. The gut microbiota is an important component in controlling neuroinflammation in the CNS. It has also been proposed to be involved in the pathobiology of HIV-1 infection, and has been associated with an increase in activation of the inflammasome. In this review, we provide an overview of the microbiota-gut-inflammasome-brain axis, focusing on the NLRP3 inflammasome and dysregulation of the microbiome as risk factors that may contribute to the outcome of ischemic stroke and recovery in PWH. We also focus on the potential of targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome as a novel therapeutic approach for PWH who are at risk of developing cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Torices
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Suite 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Leah Daire
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Suite 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sierra Simon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Suite 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Luisa Mendoza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Suite 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Destiny Daniels
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Suite 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Joelle-Ann Joseph
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Suite 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Nikolai Fattakhov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Suite 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Oandy Naranjo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Suite 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Timea Teglas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Suite 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Suite 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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6
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Wu N, Zheng C, Xu J, Ma S, Jia H, Yan M, An F, Zhou Y, Qi J, Bian H. Race between virus and inflammasomes: inhibition or escape, intervention and therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1173505. [PMID: 37465759 PMCID: PMC10351387 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1173505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that further regulates cell pyroptosis and inflammation by activating caspase-1. The assembly and activation of inflammasome are associated with a variety of diseases. Accumulative studies have shown that inflammasome is a key modulator of the host's defense response to viral infection. Indeed, it has been established that activation of inflammasome occurs during viral infection. At the same time, the host has evolved a variety of corresponding mechanisms to inhibit unnecessary inflammasome activation. Therefore, here, we review and summarize the latest research progress on the interaction between inflammosomes and viruses, highlight the assembly and activation of inflammosome in related cells after viral infection, as well as the corresponding molecular regulatory mechanisms, and elucidate the effects of this activation on virus immune escape and host innate and adaptive immune defenses. Finally, we also discuss the potential therapeutic strategies to prevent and/or ameliorate viral infection-related diseases via targeting inflammasomes and its products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijin Wu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chunzhi Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases and Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiarui Xu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shujun Ma
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huimin Jia
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Meizhu Yan
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fuxiang An
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianni Qi
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongjun Bian
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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7
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Min AK, Fortune T, Rodriguez N, Hedge E, Swartz TH. Inflammasomes as mediators of inflammation in HIV-1 infection. Transl Res 2023; 252:1-8. [PMID: 35917903 PMCID: PMC10160852 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a chronic disease without a known cure. The advent of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has enabled people with HIV (PWH) to have significantly prolonged life expectancies. As a result, morbidity and mortality associated with HIV-1 infection have declined considerably. However, these individuals experience chronic systemic inflammation whose multifaceted etiology is associated with other numerous comorbidities. Inflammasomes are vital mediators that contribute to inflammatory signaling in HIV-1 infection. Here, we provide an overview of the inflammatory pathway that underlies HIV-1 infection, explicitly highlighting the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome. We also delineate the current literature on inflammasomes and the therapeutic targeting strategies aimed at the NLRP3 inflammasome to moderate HIV-1 infection-associated inflammation. Here we describe the NLRP3 inflammasome as a key pathway in developing novel therapeutic targets to block HIV-1 replication and HIV-1-associated inflammatory signaling. Controlling the inflammatory pathways is critical in alleviating the morbidities and mortality associated with chronic HIV-1 infection in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice K Min
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Trinisia Fortune
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Natalia Rodriguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Esha Hedge
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Talia H Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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8
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Jin X, Zhou R, Huang Y. Role of inflammasomes in HIV-1 infection and treatment. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:421-434. [PMID: 35341684 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is effective in inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication, it does not eradicate the virus because small amounts of latent HIV-1 provirus persist in quiescent memory CD4+ T cells. Therefore, strategies for eradicating latent HIV-1 are urgently needed. Recently, several studies have reported that the inflammatory response and lymphocyte death induced by HIV-1 depend on inflammasomes and pyroptosis, suggesting that inflammasomes and pyroptosis have a vital role in HIV-1 infection and contribute to the eradication of latent HIV-1. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the role of inflammasomes, including NLR family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8 (CARD8), interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16), NLRP1, NLR family CARD domain-containing 4 (NLRC4), and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), in HIV-1 infection and discuss promising therapeutic strategies for HIV-1-associated diseases by targeting inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Jin
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongbin Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Yi Huang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China.
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9
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de Lima LLP, de Oliveira AQT, Moura TCF, da Silva Graça Amoras E, Lima SS, da Silva ANMR, Queiroz MAF, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. STING and cGAS gene expressions were downregulated among HIV-1-infected persons after antiretroviral therapy. Virol J 2021; 18:78. [PMID: 33858455 PMCID: PMC8047565 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The HIV-1 epidemic is still considered a global public health problem, but great advances have been made in fighting it by antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART has a considerable impact on viral replication and host immunity. The production of type I interferon (IFN) is key to the innate immune response to viral infections. The STING and cGAS proteins have proven roles in the antiviral cascade. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of ART on innate immunity, which was represented by STING and cGAS gene expression and plasma IFN-α level. Methods This cohort study evaluated a group of 33 individuals who were initially naïve to therapy and who were treated at a reference center and reassessed 12 months after starting ART. Gene expression levels and viral load were evaluated by real-time PCR, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts by flow cytometry, and IFN-α level by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results From before to after ART, the CD4+ T cell count and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio significantly increased (p < 0.0001), the CD8+ T cell count slightly decreased, and viral load decreased to undetectable levels in most of the group (84.85%). The expression of STING and cGAS significantly decreased (p = 0.0034 and p = 0.0001, respectively) after the use of ART, but IFN-α did not (p = 0.1558). Among the markers evaluated, the only markers that showed a correlation with each other were STING and CD4+ T at the time of the first collection. Conclusions ART provided immune recovery and viral suppression to the studied group and indirectly downregulated the STING and cGAS genes. In contrast, ART did not influence IFN-α. The expression of STING and cGAS was not correlated with the plasma level of IFN-α, which suggests that there is another pathway regulating this cytokine in addition to the STING–cGAS pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01548-6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
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10
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Zhang F, Yuan Y, Ma F. Function and Regulation of Nuclear DNA Sensors During Viral Infection and Tumorigenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:624556. [PMID: 33505405 PMCID: PMC7829187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.624556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IFI16, hnRNPA2B1, and nuclear cGAS are nuclear-located DNA sensors that play important roles in initiating host antiviral immunity and modulating tumorigenesis. IFI16 triggers innate antiviral immunity, inflammasome, and suppresses tumorigenesis by recognizing double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), damaged nuclear DNA, or cooperatively interacting with multiple tumor suppressors such as p53 and BRCA1. hnRNPA2B1 initiates interferon (IFN)-α/β production and enhances STING-dependent cytosolic antiviral signaling by directly binding viral dsDNA from invaded viruses and facilitating N6 -methyladenosine (m6A) modification of cGAS, IFI16, and STING mRNAs. Nuclear cGAS is recruited to double-stranded breaks (DSBs), suppresses DNA repair, and promotes tumorigenesis. This review briefly describes the nuclear functions of IFI16, hnRNPA2B1, and cGAS, and summarizes the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational regulation of these nuclear DNA sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
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11
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Leal VNC, Reis EC, Pontillo A. Inflammasome in HIV infection: Lights and shadows. Mol Immunol 2019; 118:9-18. [PMID: 31835091 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of inflammasome, and related cytokines IL-1ß and IL-18, in host defense against pathogens is well documented, however, at the same time, dysregulation of inflammasome has been associated to multifactorial diseases characterized by chronic inflammation (i.e.: metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmunity, cancer). Inflammasome activation has been described in response to HIV-1 and possibly contributes to the resistance against virus establishment, however, on the other hand, when viral infection becomes chronic, independently from antiretroviral therapy, the increase constitutive activation of inflammasome has been eventually associated to a worse prognosis, raising the question about the role played by inflammasome and/or some specific receptors in this context. Due to the chance to imply targeted therapies that inhibit inflammasome activation and/or cytokines release, it will be important to define the impact of the complex in the pathogenesis of HIV. The purpose of this review is to depict the double-faced inflammasome role in HIV-1 infection, trying to unveil whether besides its role in first line defense against the virus, it exerts a harmful effect during the chronic phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Nunes Cordeiro Leal
- Laboratorio de Imunogenetica, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas (ICB), Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edione Cristina Reis
- Laboratorio de Imunogenetica, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas (ICB), Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Pontillo
- Laboratorio de Imunogenetica, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas (ICB), Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Telwatte S, Morón-López S, Aran D, Kim P, Hsieh C, Joshi S, Montano M, Greene WC, Butte AJ, Wong JK, Yukl SA. Heterogeneity in HIV and cellular transcription profiles in cell line models of latent and productive infection: implications for HIV latency. Retrovirology 2019; 16:32. [PMID: 31711503 PMCID: PMC6849327 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-infected cell lines are widely used to study latent HIV infection, which is considered the main barrier to HIV cure. We hypothesized that these cell lines differ from each other and from cells from HIV-infected individuals in the mechanisms underlying latency. Results To quantify the degree to which HIV expression is inhibited by blocks at different stages of HIV transcription, we employed a recently-described panel of RT-ddPCR assays to measure levels of 7 HIV transcripts (“read-through,” initiated, 5′ elongated, mid-transcribed/unspliced [Pol], distal-transcribed [Nef], polyadenylated, and multiply-sliced [Tat-Rev]) in bulk populations of latently-infected (U1, ACH-2, J-Lat) and productively-infected (8E5, activated J-Lat) cell lines. To assess single-cell variation and investigate cellular genes associated with HIV transcriptional blocks, we developed a novel multiplex qPCR panel and quantified single cell levels of 7 HIV targets and 89 cellular transcripts in latently- and productively-infected cell lines. The bulk cell HIV transcription profile differed dramatically between cell lines and cells from ART-suppressed individuals. Compared to cells from ART-suppressed individuals, latent cell lines showed lower levels of HIV transcriptional initiation and higher levels of polyadenylation and splicing. ACH-2 and J-Lat cells showed different forms of transcriptional interference, while U1 cells showed a block to elongation. Single-cell studies revealed marked variation between/within cell lines in expression of HIV transcripts, T cell phenotypic markers, antiviral factors, and genes implicated in latency. Expression of multiply-spliced HIV Tat-Rev was associated with expression of cellular genes involved in activation, tissue retention, T cell transcription, and apoptosis/survival. Conclusions HIV-infected cell lines differ from each other and from cells from ART-treated individuals in the mechanisms governing latent HIV infection. These differences in viral and cellular gene expression must be considered when gauging the suitability of a given cell line for future research on HIV. At the same time, some features were shared across cell lines, such as low expression of antiviral defense genes and a relationship between productive infection and genes involved in survival. These features may contribute to HIV latency or persistence in vivo, and deserve further study using novel single cell assays such as those described in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushama Telwatte
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara Morón-López
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dvir Aran
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peggy Kim
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christine Hsieh
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sunil Joshi
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mauricio Montano
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Warner C Greene
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Atul J Butte
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph K Wong
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven A Yukl
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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13
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Solomon IH, Chettimada S, Misra V, Lorenz DR, Gorelick RJ, Gelman BB, Morgello S, Gabuzda D. White Matter Abnormalities Linked to Interferon, Stress Response, and Energy Metabolism Gene Expression Changes in Older HIV-Positive Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1115-1130. [PMID: 31691183 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01795-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurocognitive impairment (NCI) remains a significant cause of morbidity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals despite highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). White matter abnormalities have emerged as a key component of age-related neurodegeneration, and accumulating evidence suggests they play a role in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Viral persistence in the brain induces chronic inflammation associated with lymphocytic infiltration, microglial proliferation, myelin loss, and cerebrovascular lesions. In this study, gene expression profiling was performed on frontal white matter from 34 older HIV+ individuals on HAART (18 with NCI) and 24 HIV-negative controls. We used the NanoString nCounter platform to evaluate 933 probes targeting inflammation, interferon and stress responses, energy metabolism, and central nervous system-related genes. Viral loads were measured using single-copy assays. Compared to HIV- controls, HIV+ individuals exhibited increased expression of genes related to interferon, MHC-1, and stress responses, myeloid cells, and T cells and decreased expression of genes associated with oligodendrocytes and energy metabolism in white matter. These findings correlated with increased white matter inflammation and myelin pallor, suggesting interferon (IRFs, IFITM1, ISG15, MX1, OAS3) and stress response (ATF4, XBP1, CHOP, CASP1, WARS) gene expression changes are associated with decreased energy metabolism (SREBF1, SREBF2, PARK2, TXNIP) and oligodendrocyte myelin production (MAG, MOG), leading to white matter dysfunction. Machine learning identified a 15-gene signature predictive of HIV status that was validated in an independent cohort. No specific gene expression patterns were associated with NCI. These findings suggest therapies that decrease chronic inflammation while protecting mitochondrial function may help to preserve white matter integrity in older HIV+ individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac H Solomon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, CLS 1010, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sukrutha Chettimada
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, CLS 1010, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Vikas Misra
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, CLS 1010, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - David R Lorenz
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, CLS 1010, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Robert J Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin B Gelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Susan Morgello
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dana Gabuzda
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, CLS 1010, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Heil M, Brockmeyer NH. Self-DNA Sensing Fuels HIV-1-Associated Inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:941-954. [PMID: 31300343 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation, over-reacting innate immunity, and CD4+ T cell depletion are hallmarks of HIV-1 infection. Self-DNA is usually not considered in the context of HIV-1-associated inflammation, although self-DNA contributes to inflammation in diverse pathologies, including autoimmune diseases, cancer, multiorgan failure after trauma, and even virus infections. Cells undergoing HIV-1-associated pyroptotic bystander cell death release self-DNA and other damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), including chaperones and histones. In complexes with such DAMPs or extracellular vesicles, self-DNA gains immunogenic potential and becomes accessible to intracellular DNA sensors. Therefore, we hypothesize that self-DNA can contribute to HIV-1-associated inflammation. Self-DNA might not only drive HIV-1-associated 'inflamm-ageing' but also provide new opportunities for 'shock and kill' strategies aimed at eliminating latent HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heil
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Norbert H Brockmeyer
- WIR 'Walk In Ruhr' - Center for Sexual Health and Medicine, German Competence Net HIV/AIDS, University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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15
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Chen H, He G, Chen Y, Zhang X, Wu S. Differential Activation of NLRP3, AIM2, and IFI16 Inflammasomes in Humans with Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:639-645. [PMID: 30222506 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), and interferon gamma inducible protein 16 (IFI16) are innate immune sensors for intracellular microbes, which can be activated by various dangerous signals and subsequently lead to caspase-1 (CASP1) activation and the maturation cleavage of effector molecules pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18. Their roles in immunopathology of acute and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are still unclear. In this study, we first investigated the activation of NLRP3, AIM2, and IFI16 inflammasomes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients infected with acute hepatitis B (AHB) and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) by quantitative real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We next analyzed the impact of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) on activation of AIM2 and IFI16 inflammasomes in PBMCs of CHB patients stimulated in vitro with AIM2 and IFI16 agonist ligands, poly (dA:dT) and VACA-70mer, respectively. The results showed that the mRNA expression levels of AIM2, IFI16, and CASP1 in PBMCs from AHB and CHB patients were both upregulated. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of AIM2 and IFI16 in CHB patients were significantly positively correlated with serum HBV loads. However, only in patients with AHB there was elevation of serum IL-1β and IL-18. There was no activation of NLRP3, AIM2, and IFI16 inflammasomes in CHB patients. Stimulation of PBMCs of CHB patients in vitro with poly (dA:dT) and VACA-70mer induced the activation of AIM2 and IFI16 inflammasomes, respectively. This ligand-induced activation was suppressed by HBeAg. Our results suggest that there exists activation of the AIM2 and IFI16 inflammasomes, but not the NLRP3 inflammasome, in AHB, and the activation of the AIM2 and IFI16 inflammasomes can be inhibited by HBeAg in CHB, which may contribute to HBV-induced immunotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Chen
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University , Shenzhen, China .,2 Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism of Shenzhen , Shenzhen, China
| | - Guirong He
- 3 Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University , Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Chen
- 3 Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University , Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- 4 Hepatology Unit and Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Shipin Wu
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University , Shenzhen, China
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16
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Grandi N, Tramontano E. Human Endogenous Retroviruses Are Ancient Acquired Elements Still Shaping Innate Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2039. [PMID: 30250470 PMCID: PMC6139349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
About 8% of our genome is composed of sequences with viral origin, namely human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs). HERVs are relics of ancient infections that affected the primates' germ line along the last 100 million of years, and became stable elements at the interface between self and foreign DNA. Intriguingly, HERV co-evolution with the host led to the domestication of activities previously devoted to the retrovirus life cycle, providing novel cellular functions. For example, selected HERV envelope proteins have been coopted for pregnancy-related purposes, and proviral Long Terminal Repeats participate in the transcriptional regulation of various cellular genes. Given the HERV persistence in the host genome and its basal expression in most healthy tissues, it is reasonable that human defenses should prevent HERV-mediated immune activation. Despite this, HERVs and their products (including RNA, cytosolic DNA, and proteins) are still able to modulate and be influenced by the host immune system, fascinatingly suggesting a central role in the evolution and functioning of the human innate immunity. Indeed, HERV sequences had been major contributors in shaping and expanding the interferon network, dispersing inducible genes that have been occasionally domesticated in various mammalian lineages. Also the HERV integration within or near to genes encoding for critical immune factors has been shown to influence their activity, or to be responsible for their polymorphic variation in the human population, such as in the case of an HERV-K(HML10) provirus in the major histocompatibility complex region. In addition, HERV expressed products have been shown to modulate innate immunity effectors, being therefore often related on the one side to inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, while on the other side to the control of excessive immune activation through their immunosuppressive properties. Finally, HERVs have been proposed to establish a protective effect against exogenous infections. The present review summarizes the involvement of HERVs and their products in innate immune responses, describing how their intricate interplay with the first line of human defenses can actively contribute either to the host protection or to his damage, implying a subtle balance between the persistence of HERV expression and the maintenance of a basal immune alert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Grandi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
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17
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Scagnolari C, Antonelli G. Type I interferon and HIV: Subtle balance between antiviral activity, immunopathogenesis and the microbiome. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 40:19-31. [PMID: 29576284 PMCID: PMC7108411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) response initially limits HIV-1 spread and may delay disease progression by stimulating several immune system components. Nonetheless, persistent exposure to type I IFN in the chronic phase of HIV-1 infection is associated with desensitization and/or detrimental immune activation, thereby hindering immune recovery and fostering viral persistence. This review provides a basis for understanding the complexity and function of IFN pleiotropic activity in HIV-1 infection. In particular, the dichotomous role of the IFN response in HIV-1 immunopathogenesis will be discussed, highlighting recent advances in the dynamic modulation of IFN production in acute versus chronic infection, expression signatures of IFN subtypes, and viral and host factors affecting the magnitude of IFN response during HIV-1 infection. Lastly, the review gives a forward-looking perspective on the interplay between microbiome compositions and IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Scagnolari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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18
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Wang B, Kang W, Zuo J, Kang W, Sun Y. The Significance of Type-I Interferons in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1431. [PMID: 29163506 PMCID: PMC5671973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-I interferons (IFN-I) are a widely expressed family that could promote antivirus immunity in the process of pathogens invasion. In a human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1)-infected individual, the production of IFN-I can be detected as early as the acute phase and will persist throughout the course of infection. However, sustained stimulation of immune system by IFN-I also contributes greatly to host-mediated immunopathology and diseases progression. Although the protective effects of IFN-I in the acute phase of HIV-1 infection have been observed, more studies recently focus on their detrimental role in the chronic stage. Inhibition of IFN-I signaling may reverse HIV-1-induced immune hyperactivation and furthermore reduce HIV-1 reservoirs, which suggest this strategy may provide a potential way to enhance the therapeutic effect of antiretroviral therapy. Therefore, we review the role of IFN-I in HIV-1 progression, their effects on different immunocytes, and therapeutic prospects targeting the IFN-I system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiahui Zuo
- Clinical Laboratory, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenzhen Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongtao Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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19
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Sandstrom TS, Ranganath N, Angel JB. Impairment of the type I interferon response by HIV-1: Potential targets for HIV eradication. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 37:1-16. [PMID: 28455216 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
By interfering with the type I interferon (IFN1) response, human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) can circumvent host antiviral signalling and establish persistent viral reservoirs. HIV-1-mediated defects in the IFN pathway are numerous, and include the impairment of protein receptors involved in pathogen detection, downstream signalling cascades required for IFN1 upregulation, and expression or function of key IFN1-inducible, antiviral proteins. Despite this, the activation of IFN1-inducible, antiviral proteins has been shown to facilitate the killing of latently HIV-infected cells in vitro. Understanding how IFN1 signalling is blocked in physiologically-relevant models of HIV-1 infection, and whether these defects can be reversed, is therefore of great importance for the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at eradicating the HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teslin S Sandstrom
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ORCC Room C4445, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Nischal Ranganath
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ORCC Room C4445, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ORCC Room C4445, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital-General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
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20
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Total HIV-1 DNA, a Marker of Viral Reservoir Dynamics with Clinical Implications. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 29:859-80. [PMID: 27559075 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00015-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 DNA persists in infected cells despite combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), forming viral reservoirs. Recent trials of strategies targeting latent HIV reservoirs have rekindled hopes of curing HIV infection, and reliable markers are thus needed to evaluate viral reservoirs. Total HIV DNA quantification is simple, standardized, sensitive, and reproducible. Total HIV DNA load influences the course of the infection and is therefore clinically relevant. In particular, it is predictive of progression to AIDS and death, independently of HIV RNA load and the CD4 cell count. Baseline total HIV DNA load is predictive of the response to cART. It declines during cART but remains quantifiable, at a level that reflects both the history of infection (HIV RNA zenith, CD4 cell count nadir) and treatment efficacy (residual viremia, cumulative viremia, immune restoration, immune cell activation). Total HIV DNA load in blood is also predictive of the presence and severity of some HIV-1-associated end-organ disorders. It can be useful to guide individual treatment, notably, therapeutic de-escalation. Although it does not distinguish between replication-competent and -defective latent viruses, the total HIV DNA load in blood, tissues, and cells provides insights into HIV pathogenesis, probably because all viral forms participate in host cell activation and HIV pathogenesis. Total HIV DNA is thus a biomarker of HIV reservoirs, which can be defined as all infected cells and tissues containing all forms of HIV persistence that participate in pathogenesis. This participation may occur through the production of new virions, creating new cycles of infection and disseminating infected cells; maintenance or amplification of reservoirs by homeostatic cell proliferation; and viral transcription and synthesis of viral proteins without new virion production. These proteins can induce immune activation, thus participating in the vicious circle of HIV pathogenesis.
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Abstract
The female reproductive tract (FRT) is a major site for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. There currently exists a poor understanding of how the innate immune system is activated upon HIV transmission and how this activation may affect systemic spread of HIV from the FRT. However, multiple mechanisms for how HIV is sensed have been deciphered using model systems with cell lines and peripheral blood-derived cells. The aim of this review is to summarize recent progress in the field of HIV innate immune sensing and place this in the context of the FRT. Because HIV is somewhat unique as an STD that thrives under inflammatory conditions, the response of cells upon sensing HIV gene products can either promote or limit HIV infection depending on the context. Future studies should include investigations into how FRT-derived primary cells sense and respond to HIV to confirm conclusions drawn from non-mucosal cells. Understanding how cells of the FRT participate in and effect innate immune sensing of HIV will provide a clearer picture of what parameters during the early stages of HIV exposure determine transmission success. Such knowledge could pave the way for novel approaches for preventing HIV acquisition in women.
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22
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Monteleone K, Scheri GC, Statzu M, Selvaggi C, Falasca F, Giustini N, Mezzaroma I, Turriziani O, d'Ettorre G, Antonelli G, Scagnolari C. IFN-stimulated gene expression is independent of the IFNL4 genotype in chronic HIV-1 infection. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3263-8. [PMID: 27558125 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the association between the IFNL4 rs368234815 (ΔG/TT) dinucleotide polymorphism and the IFN response during chronic HIV-1 infection. We carried out genotyping analysis and measured the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) (myxovirus resistance protein A [MxA], ISG15, ISG56, apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like [APOBEC] 3F and APOBEC3G) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from naïve and HAART-treated HIV-1-infected patients. There were no statistically significant differences in endogenous ISGs mRNA levels among HIV-1-positive patients bearing different IFNL4 genotypes, suggesting that ISG expression is independent of the IFNL4 genotype in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Monteleone
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Fondazione, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale di Porta Tiburtina n° 28, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Corano Scheri
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Fondazione, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale di Porta Tiburtina n° 28, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maura Statzu
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Fondazione, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale di Porta Tiburtina n° 28, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Selvaggi
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Fondazione, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale di Porta Tiburtina n° 28, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Falasca
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Fondazione, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale di Porta Tiburtina n° 28, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Noemi Giustini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivano Mezzaroma
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ombretta Turriziani
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Fondazione, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale di Porta Tiburtina n° 28, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella d'Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Fondazione, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale di Porta Tiburtina n° 28, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Scagnolari
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Fondazione, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale di Porta Tiburtina n° 28, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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23
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Hároníková L, Coufal J, Kejnovská I, Jagelská EB, Fojta M, Dvořáková P, Muller P, Vojtesek B, Brázda V. IFI16 Preferentially Binds to DNA with Quadruplex Structure and Enhances DNA Quadruplex Formation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157156. [PMID: 27280708 PMCID: PMC4900677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) is a member of the HIN-200 protein family, containing two HIN domains and one PYRIN domain. IFI16 acts as a sensor of viral and bacterial DNA and is important for innate immune responses. IFI16 binds DNA and binding has been described to be DNA length-dependent, but a preference for supercoiled DNA has also been demonstrated. Here we report a specific preference of IFI16 for binding to quadruplex DNA compared to other DNA structures. IFI16 binds to quadruplex DNA with significantly higher affinity than to the same sequence in double stranded DNA. By circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy we also demonstrated the ability of IFI16 to stabilize quadruplex structures with quadruplex-forming oligonucleotides derived from human telomere (HTEL) sequences and the MYC promotor. A novel H/D exchange mass spectrometry approach was developed to assess protein interactions with quadruplex DNA. Quadruplex DNA changed the IFI16 deuteration profile in parts of the PYRIN domain (aa 0–80) and in structurally identical parts of both HIN domains (aa 271–302 and aa 586–617) compared to single stranded or double stranded DNAs, supporting the preferential affinity of IFI16 for structured DNA. Our results reveal the importance of quadruplex DNA structure in IFI16 binding and improve our understanding of how IFI16 senses DNA. IFI16 selectivity for quadruplex structure provides a mechanistic framework for IFI16 in immunity and cellular processes including DNA damage responses and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Hároníková
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Coufal
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Kejnovská
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva B. Jagelská
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Fojta
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Dvořáková
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Muller
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Brázda
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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24
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Speicher DJ, Ramirez-Amador V, Dittmer DP, Webster-Cyriaque J, Goodman MT, Moscicki AB. Viral infections associated with oral cancers and diseases in the context of HIV: a workshop report. Oral Dis 2016; 22 Suppl 1:181-92. [PMID: 27109286 PMCID: PMC5590239 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesviruses (HHVs) and human papillomavirus (HPV) are common in the general population and, in immunocompetent people, are mostly carried asymptomatically. However, once an individual becomes immunocompromised by age, illness or HIV infection these dormant viruses can manifest and produce disease. In HIV-positive patients, there is an increased risk of disease caused by HHVs and HPV infections and cancers caused by the oncoviruses Epstein-Barr Virus, HHV-8 and HPV. This workshop examined four questions regarding the viruses associated with oral cancers and disease in the HIV-positive and -negative populations, the immune response, and biomarkers useful for accurate diagnostics of these infections and their sequalae. Each presenter identified a number of key areas where further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Speicher
- Molecular Basis of Disease Research Program, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - V Ramirez-Amador
- Health Care Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México City, Mexico
| | - D P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Webster-Cyriaque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Dental Ecology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - M T Goodman
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - A-B Moscicki
- David Geffen, School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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25
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Azzam S, Schlatzer D, Maxwell S, Li X, Bazdar D, Chen Y, Asaad R, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Chance MR, Sieg SF. Proteome and Protein Network Analyses of Memory T Cells Find Altered Translation and Cell Stress Signaling in Treated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients Exhibiting Poor CD4 Recovery. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 3:ofw037. [PMID: 28293663 PMCID: PMC4866573 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients who experience poor CD4 T-cell recovery despite viral suppression during antiretroviral therapy (ART) are known as immunological nonresponders. The molecular mechanism(s) underlying incomplete immune restoration during ART is not fully understood. Methods. Label-free quantitative proteomics on single-cell type central memory T cells were used to reveal relative protein abundance changes between nonresponder, responder (good CD4 recovery during ART), and healthy individuals. Proteome changes were analyzed by protein pathway and network analyses and verified by selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. Results. Proteomic analysis across groups detected 155 significant proteins from 1500 nonredundant proteins. Pathway and network analyses revealed dysregulation in mammalian target of rapamycin and protein translation-related proteins and decreases in stress response-related proteins for nonresponder subjects compared with responders and controls. Actin cytoskeleton signaling was increased for HIV responders and nonresponders alike. Conclusions. Memory T cells from immunologic nonresponders have increases in proteins related to motility and protein translation and decreases in proteins capable of responding to cellular stresses compared with responders and controls. The potential for T cells to manage stress and modulate metabolism may contribute to their capacity to reconstitute a lymphopenic host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sausan Azzam
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics; Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
| | | | | | - Xiaolin Li
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics
| | | | - Yanwen Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert Asaad
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine
| | - Jill Barnholtz-Sloan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Scott F Sieg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine
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26
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Bosinger SE, Utay NS. Type I interferon: understanding its role in HIV pathogenesis and therapy. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2016; 12:41-53. [PMID: 25662992 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-014-0244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite over 30 years of research, the contribution of type I interferons (IFN-Is) to both the control of HIV replication and initiation of immunologic damage remains debated. In acute infection, IFN-Is, likely from plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), activate NK cells and upregulate restriction factors targeting virtually the entire HIV life cycle. In chronic infection, IFN-Is may also contribute to CD4 T cell loss and immune exhaustion. pDCs subsequently infiltrate lymphoid and mucosal tissues, and their circulating populations wane in chronic infection; IFN-I may be produced by other cells. Data from nonhuman primates indicate prompt IFN-I signaling is critical in acute infection. Whereas some studies showed IFN-I administration without combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is beneficial, others suggest that stimulating or blocking IFN-I signaling in chronic ART-suppressed HIV infection has had positive results. Here, we describe the history of HIV and IFN-I, IFN-I's sources, IFN-I's effects on HIV control and host defense, and recent interventional studies in SIV and HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center Bldg. 3028, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,
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27
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ISG15 expression correlates with HIV-1 viral load and with factors regulating T cell response. Immunobiology 2015; 221:282-90. [PMID: 26563749 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Given the multifactorial nature of action of type I interferon (IFN) in HIV-1 infection and the need to firmly establish the action of key components of IFN pathways, we compared the IFN stimulated gene (ISG)15 expression with that of other well-characterized ISGs, evaluating its relationship with immunosuppressive factors regulating T-cell response in HIV-1 patients. PBMC from 225 subjects were included: healthy donors (n=30), naïve (n=93) and HAART treated HIV-1 subjects (n=102). Levels of ISG15-mRNA, ISG56-mRNA, APOBEC3G/3F-mRNA, TRAIL-mRNA, IDO-mRNA, proviral load andISG15 (rs15842 and rs1921) SNPs were evaluated by using TaqMan assays. We found that ISG15, ISG56, APOBEC3G/3F levels were increased in untreated HIV-1 patients compared to healthy donors, being ISG15 the highest ISG expressed. The amount of ISG15 correlated with viral load and with CD4+ T cell counts whereas no relationship was found between all ISGs analyzed and proviral load or HIV-1 tropism. ISG15 expression was reduced following long-term antiretroviral therapy. In addition, ISG15 levels were correlated with those of TRAIL and IDO in HIV-1 viremic patients. Lastly, ISG15 SNPs had no influence on ISG15 levels. We demonstrates that ISG15 is elevated in viremic HIV-1 patients and is associated with high TRAIL and IDO levels.
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28
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Acchioni C, Marsili G, Perrotti E, Remoli AL, Sgarbanti M, Battistini A. Type I IFN--a blunt spear in fighting HIV-1 infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:143-58. [PMID: 25466629 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For more than 50 years, Type I Interferon (IFN) has been recognized as critical in controlling viral infections. IFN is produced downstream germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) upon engagement by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). As a result, hundreds of different interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) are rapidly induced, acting in both autocrine and paracrine manner to build a barrier against viral replication and spread. ISGs encode proteins with direct antiviral and immunomodulatory activities affecting both innate and adaptive immune responses. During infection with viruses, as HIV-1, that can establish a persistent infection, IFN although produced, is not able to block the initial infection and a chronic IFN-mediated immune activation/inflammation becomes a pathogenic mechanism of disease progression. This review will briefly summarize when and how IFN is produced during HIV-1 infection and the way this innate immune response is manipulated by the virus to its own advantage to drive chronic immune activation and progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Acchioni
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Giulia Marsili
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Edvige Perrotti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Remoli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Marco Sgarbanti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Angela Battistini
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy.
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29
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Connolly DJ, Bowie AG. The emerging role of human PYHIN proteins in innate immunity: implications for health and disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:405-14. [PMID: 25199457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response depends on the ability of immune cells to detect pathogens through germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Recently discovered PRRs include some members of the Pyrin and HIN domain (PYHIN) family, which are encoded on an interferon-inducible gene cluster located on chromosome 1q23. There are five human PYHIN proteins; Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), IFN-γ inducible protein 16 (IFI16), Myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA), Pyrin and HIN domain family member 1 (PYHIN1) and the recently identified Pyrin domain only protein 3 (POP3). Early studies reported roles for these proteins in cell cycle control, tumour suppression and transcriptional regulation. AIM2 and IFI16 have now been shown to be immune sensors of non-self DNA, such as that produced by viruses in infected cells. AIM2 binds DNA to activate the inflammasome, while IFI16 detection of DNA can lead to the up-regulation of type I interferons or inflammasome activation. Recent studies have shown how IFI16 senses DNA viruses, and also how viruses evade detection by IFI16, while structural studies have greatly advanced our understanding of how AIM2 and IFI16 bind DNA to activate these immune responses. Furthermore, following the identification of POP3, interplay between members of this gene cluster has been established, with POP3 acting as a negative regulator of the AIM2 and IFI16 inflammasomes. In this review we discuss the current understanding of how PYHIN proteins function in innate immunity, their role in disease and the therapeutic possibilities that arise as a result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dympna J Connolly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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30
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Jakobsen MR, Paludan SR. IFI16: At the interphase between innate DNA sensing and genome regulation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:649-55. [PMID: 25027602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA carries the genetic code, and is also a potent stimulator of innate immune responses. IFI16 is a member of the family of PYHIN proteins and is composed of a PYRIN domain involved in homotypic protein-protein interactions and two HIN domains mediating DNA binding. PYHIN proteins have been described to possess functions as innate pattern recognition receptors or transcriptional regulators. Interestingly, it is now emerging that IFI16, which exhibits both nuclear and cytosolic location, possesses both of these functions. In this review we discuss the current literature on IFI16 and propose key questions now facing this field of research. We propose that IFI16 plays a central role in the close interaction between the innate immune system and cellular regulation of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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31
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Swaminathan S, Sui H, Adelsberger JW, Chen Q, Sneller M, Migueles SA, Kottilil S, Ober A, Jones S, Rehm CA, Lane HC, Imamichi T. HIV-1 Treated Patients with Undetectable Viral Loads have Lower Levels of Innate Immune Responses via Cytosolic DNA Sensing Systems Compared with Healthy Uninfected Controls. JOURNAL OF AIDS & CLINICAL RESEARCH 2014; 5:315. [PMID: 26023356 PMCID: PMC4444065 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES After DNA or RNA virus infection, cytosolic foreign DNA or RNA derived from the infecting viruses is recognized by intracellular pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) and induces activation of the innate immune system. Transfection of DNA has been used as an experimental model for DNA virus-mediated innate responses. We have previously reported that DNA transfection preferentially induces Type-III IFN (IFN-λ1) rather than Type-I IFN (IFN-β). In this study, we compared the DNA-mediated immune response between healthy controls and HIV-1 infected patients with undetectable viral loads and assessed potential innate immune responses in these patients. METHODS The study consisted of 50 HIV-1 negative healthy donors, 46 patients on combination antiretroviral therapy with HIV-1 viral loads <50 copies/ml and 7 long term non-progressors (LTNPs). PBMCs were isolated from whole blood using Ficoll-Paque. DNA transfection was performed using Lipofectamine 2000. After 22 hours incubation, total cellular RNA was extracted and real time RT-PCR was performed to determine gene expression level of IFN-λ1, IFN-β and RANTES. Gene induction was compared by fold change. RESULTS Baseline levels of endogenous gene expression of IFN-λ1, IFN-β and RANTES in HIV-1 patients were higher than in controls. Following DNA transfection, both HIV infected patients and healthy controls induced gene induction, however, the induction in HIV-1 patients was at a significantly lower level compared to uninfected controls. CONCLUSION HIV-1 treated patients with undetectable viral loads have lower levels of innate immune responses via cytosolic DNA sensing systems. This may be caused by persistent immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Swaminathan
- Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hongyan Sui
- Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Joseph W Adelsberger
- Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael Sneller
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen A Migueles
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shyamasundaran Kottilil
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander Ober
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara Jones
- Clinical Research Program Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., FNLCR, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Catherine A Rehm
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - H Clifford Lane
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tomozumi Imamichi
- Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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