1
|
Howell E, White A, Lurz PWW, Boots M. Immune interactions and heterogeneity in transmission drives the pathogen-mediated invasion of grey squirrels in the UK. J Anim Ecol 2024. [PMID: 38494654 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Mathematical models highlighted the importance of pathogen-mediated invasion, with the replacement of red squirrels by squirrelpox virus (SQPV) carrying grey squirrels in the UK, a well-known example. In this study, we combine new epidemiological models, with a range of infection characteristics, with recent longitudinal field and experimental studies on the SQPV dynamics in red and grey squirrel populations to better infer the mechanistic basis of the disease interaction. A key finding is that a model with either partial immunity or waning immunity and reinfection, where individuals become seropositive on the second exposure to infection, that up to now has been shown in experimental data only, can capture the key aspects of the field study observations. By fitting to SQPV epidemic observations in isolated red squirrel populations, we can infer that SQPV transmission between red squirrels is significantly (4×) higher than the transmission between grey squirrels and as a result our model shows that disease-mediated replacement of red squirrels by greys is considerably more rapid than replacement in the absence of SQPV. Our findings recover the key results of the previous model studies, which highlights the value of simple strategic models that are appropriate when there are limited data, but also emphasise the likely complexity of immune interactions in wildlife disease and how models can help infer disease processes from field data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Howell
- Department of Mathematics and the Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A White
- Department of Mathematics and the Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P W W Lurz
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - M Boots
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Carroll KA, Pidgeon AM, Elsen PR, Farwell LS, Gudex-Cross D, Zuckerberg B, Radeloff VC. Mapping multiscale breeding bird species distributions across the United States and evaluating their conservation applications. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e2934. [PMID: 38071693 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Species distribution models are vital to management decisions that require understanding habitat use patterns, particularly for species of conservation concern. However, the production of distribution maps for individual species is often hampered by data scarcity, and existing species maps are rarely spatially validated due to limited occurrence data. Furthermore, community-level maps based on stacked species distribution models lack important community assemblage information (e.g., competitive exclusion) relevant to conservation. Thus, multispecies, guild, or community models are often used in conservation practice instead. To address these limitations, we aimed to generate fine-scale, spatially continuous, nationwide maps for species represented in the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) between 1992 and 2019. We developed ensemble models for each species at three spatial resolutions-0.5, 2.5, and 5 km-across the conterminous United States. We also compared species richness patterns from stacked single-species models with those of 19 functional guilds developed using the same data to assess the similarity between predictions. We successfully modeled 192 bird species at 5-km resolution, 160 species at 2.5-km resolution, and 80 species at 0.5-km resolution. However, the species we could model represent only 28%-56% of species found in the conterminous US BBSs across resolutions owing to data limitations. We found that stacked maps and guild maps generally had high correlations across resolutions (median = 84%), but spatial agreement varied regionally by resolution and was most pronounced between the East and West at the 5-km resolution. The spatial differences between our stacked maps and guild maps illustrate the importance of spatial validation in conservation planning. Overall, our species maps are useful for single-species conservation and can support fine-scale decision-making across the United States and support community-level conservation when used in tandem with guild maps. However, there remain data scarcity issues for many species of conservation concern when using the BBS for single-species models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Carroll
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anna M Pidgeon
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul R Elsen
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - David Gudex-Cross
- RedCastle Resources, Inc. Forest Service Contractor, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Benjamin Zuckerberg
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Volker C Radeloff
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McClintock BT, Lander ME. A multistate Langevin diffusion for inferring behavior-specific habitat selection and utilization distributions. Ecology 2024; 105:e4186. [PMID: 37794831 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of important habitat and the behavior(s) associated with it is critical to conservation and place-based management decisions. Behavior also links life-history requirements and habitat use, which are key to understanding why animals use certain habitats. Animal population studies often use tracking data to quantify space use and habitat selection, but they typically either ignore movement behavior (e.g., foraging, migrating, nesting) or adopt a two-stage approach that can induce bias and fail to propagate uncertainty. We develop a habitat-driven Langevin diffusion for animals that exhibit distinct movement behavior states, thereby providing a novel single-stage statistical method for inferring behavior-specific habitat selection and utilization distributions in continuous time. Practitioners can customize, fit, assess, and simulate our integrated model using the provided R package. Simulation experiments demonstrated that the model worked well under a range of sampling scenarios as long as observations were of sufficient temporal resolution. Our simulations also demonstrated the importance of accounting for different behaviors and the misleading inferences that can result when these are ignored. We provide case studies using plains zebra (Equus quagga) and Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) telemetry data. In the zebra example, our model identified distinct "encamped" and "exploratory" states, where the encamped state was characterized by strong selection for grassland and avoidance of other vegetation types, which may represent selection for foraging resources. In the sea lion example, our model identified distinct movement behavior modes typically associated with this marine central-place forager and, unlike previous analyses, found foraging-type movements to be associated with steeper offshore slopes characteristic of the continental shelf, submarine canyons, and seamounts that are believed to enhance prey concentrations. This is the first single-stage approach for inferring behavior-specific habitat selection and utilization distributions from tracking data that can be readily implemented with user-friendly software. As certain behaviors are often more relevant to specific conservation or management objectives, practitioners can use our model to help inform the identification and prioritization of important habitats. Moreover, by linking individual-level movement behaviors to population-level spatial processes, the multistate Langevin diffusion can advance inferences at the intersection of population, movement, and landscape ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett T McClintock
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michelle E Lander
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Zhang C, Qiu L, Yang B, Dai Q. Gaps in mammal conservation in China: An analysis with a framework based on minimum area requirements. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:5224-5239. [PMID: 37430455 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change, habitat loss, and human disturbance are major threats to biodiversity. Protecting habitats plays a pivotal role in biodiversity conservation, and there is a global imperative to establish an effective system of protected areas (PAs) to implement habitat conservation and halt biodiversity decline. However, the protected patch size of habitat for a species is just as important for biodiversity conservation as the expansion of areas already under protection. In China, conservation management is often carried out based on administrative divisions. Therefore, here, an analytical conservation management framework was developed based on administrative divisions to assess whether the current network of PAs can effectively meet species' conservation needs using the minimum area requirements (MARs) of species as criteria for medium and large-sized mammals in China. This study found that the MAR of medium and large-sized mammals was larger in the northwest and smaller in the southeast, while taking the Hu line as the dividing line. Precipitation seasonality, elevation, annual mean temperature, and annual precipitation are the main environmental factors driving the distribution of a species MAR. Compared with MAR for each species, the maximum protected patch size of habitat is severely undersized in most provinces where those species primarily distribute, and this is particularly true for large carnivores and threatened species. The densely populated provinces of eastern China are particularly affected by this. The present study's framework can identify the provinces needing to expand PAs or implement other effective area-based conservation measures and habitat restoration. This analytical framework is also relevant for biodiversity conservation in different taxa and regions around the globe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Qiu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Qiang Dai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brooks GC, Wendt A, Haas CA, Roberts JH. Comparing estimates of census and effective population size in an endangered amphibian. Anim Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
|
6
|
Dearborn KD, Murray C, Westwood R. Ground Validation Reveals Limited Applicability of Species Distribution Models for Dakota Skipper (Hesperia dacotae, Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) Recovery Efforts in Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:1249-1261. [PMID: 36305750 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Species distribution models (SDMs) use spatial relationships between species occurrence and habitat (predictor) variables to generate maps of habitat suitability across a region of interest. These maps are frequently used in recovery planning efforts for endangered species, but they are influenced by data availability, selection of predictor variables, and choice of model type. Ground validation is necessary to robustly evaluate map accuracy, but it is rarely done, making it difficult to determine which modeling approach is best-suited for a given species or region. To address this uncertainty, we used two SDM types (Maxent and GLM) and two methods of selecting predictor variables to build four SDMs for an endangered prairie butterfly (Dakota skipper, Hesperia dacotae) in two regions of Manitoba, Canada. We then conducted field-based habitat suitability assessments at 120 locations in each region to enable direct comparisons of model output and accuracy. We found that soil type and surrounding landcover (grassland versus cropland) were important predictors of species occurrence regardless of region, predictor selection method, or model type. Cross-validation statistics indicated that most SDMs performed well (AUC > 0.7), but ground validation revealed that the habitat suitability maps they generated were inaccurate (Cohen's kappa < 0.4). Maxent models produced more accurate maps than GLMs, likely because false species absences adversely affected the latter, but only one Maxent-based map was accurate enough to help locate sites for future field investigations (Cohen's kappa > 0.3). Our results emphasize the importance of ground-validating SDM-based habitat suitability maps before incorporating them into species recovery plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Dearborn
- Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Colin Murray
- Manitoba Conservation Data Centre, Box 24, Saulteaux Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, R3J 3W3, Canada
| | - Richard Westwood
- Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Distribution model transferability for a wide-ranging species, the Gray Wolf. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13556. [PMID: 35941166 PMCID: PMC9359985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16121-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using existing data can be a reliable and cost-effective way to predict species distributions, and particularly useful for recovering or expanding species. We developed a current gray wolf (Canis lupus) distribution model for the western Great Lakes region, USA, and evaluated the spatial transferability of single-state models to the region. This study is the first assessment of transferability in a wide-ranging carnivore, as well as one of few developed for large spatial extents. We collected 3500 wolf locations from winter surveys in Minnesota (2017–2019), Wisconsin (2019–2020), and Michigan (2017–2020). We included 10 variables: proportion of natural cover, pastures, and crops; distance to natural cover, agriculture, developed land, and water; major and minor road density; and snowfall (1-km res.). We created a regional ensemble distribution by weight-averaging eight models based on their performance. We also developed single-state models, and estimated spatial transferability using two approaches: state cross-validation and extrapolation. We assessed performance by quantifying correlations, receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC), sensitivities, and two niche similarity indices. The regional area estimated to be most suitable for wolves during winter (threshold = maximum sensitivity/specificity) was 106,465 km2 (MN = 48,083 km2, WI = 27,757 km2, MI = 30,625 km2) and correctly predicted 88% of wolf locations analyzed. Increasing natural cover and distance to crops were consistently important for determining regional and single-state wolf distribution. Extrapolation (vs. cross-validation) produced results with the greatest performance metrics, and were most similar to the regional model, yet good internal performance was unrelated to greater extrapolation performance. Factors influencing species distributions are scale-dependent and can vary across areas due to behavioral plasticity. When extending inferences beyond the current occurrence of individuals, assessing variation in ecology such as habitat selection, as well as methodological factors including model performance, will be critical to avoid poor scientific interpretations and develop effective conservation applications. In particular, accurate distribution models for recovering or recovered carnivores can be used to develop plans for habitat management, quantify potential of unoccupied habitat, assess connectivity modeling, and mitigate conflict, facilitating long-term species persistence.
Collapse
|
8
|
Rayner K, Lohr CA, Garretson S, Speldewinde P. Two species, one island: Retrospective analysis of threatened fauna translocations with divergent outcomes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253962. [PMID: 34252101 PMCID: PMC8274872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocations are globally a popular tool used with the intention of improving threatened species conservation and re-establishing ecosystem function. While practitioners strive for successful outcomes the failure rate of translocations continues to be high. We demonstrate how predictive modelling can contribute to more informed decision making and hence potentially improve the success rate of translocation programs. Two species, the Djoongari (Shark Bay mouse) Pseudomys fieldi and the golden bandicoot Isoodon auratus barrowensis, were introduced independently to Doole Island in the Exmouth Gulf of Western Australia. We used population viability analysis to critique the outcomes of these translocations and provide an example of how this tool can be incorporated with expert knowledge to predict likely outcomes of translocations. Djoongari did not establish on the island after seven translocations over nine years, while golden bandicoots established a population after just one release event. Retrospective population viability analysis (of data that was unavailable prior to the translocations) predicted and clarified the reasons behind the outcomes of both translocations. Golden bandicoots have considerably higher demographic plasticity than Djoongari, which were never likely to establish on the island. We conclude that the failure of the Djoongari translocation was due to interactions between sparse habitat, native predators and cyclonic storm surges, whereas golden bandicoots have demonstrated habitat flexibility and an ability to recover from multiple natural disasters. As a result we (1) remind conservation planners of the importance of quantifying likely refuges and habitat availability at release sites, (2) suggest practitioners consider how different threats (including natural disasters) may interact at potential release sites and (3) advocate for the incorporation of predictive modelling during the planning stages of translocations, particularly for conservation introductions where no precedent exists for the species’ survival at a particular location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Rayner
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science Division, Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Cheryl A. Lohr
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science Division, Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sean Garretson
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science Division, Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Speldewinde
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wray J, Keen E, O’Mahony ÉN. Social survival: Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) use social structure to partition ecological niches within proposed critical habitat. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245409. [PMID: 34161375 PMCID: PMC8221492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal culture and social bonds are relevant to wildlife conservation because they influence patterns of geography, behavior, and strategies of survival. Numerous examples of socially-driven habitat partitioning and ecological-niche specialization can be found among vertebrates, including toothed whales. But such social-ecological dynamics, described here as ‘social niche partitioning’, are not known among baleen whales, whose societies—particularly on foraging grounds—are largely perceived as unstructured and incidental to matters of habitat use and conservation. However, through 16 years of behavioral observations and photo-identifications of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) feeding within a fjord system in the Canadian Pacific (primarily within Gitga’at First Nation waters), we have documented long-term pair bonds (up to 12 years) as well as a complex societal structure, which corresponds closely to persistent patterns in feeding strategy, long-term site fidelity (extended occupancy and annual rate of return up to 75%), specific geographic preferences within the fjord system, and other forms of habitat use. Randomization tests of network congruency and clustering algorithms were used to test for overlap in patterns of social structure and habitat use, which confirmed the occurrence of social niche partitioning on the feeding grounds of this baleen whale species. In addition, we document the extensive practice of group bubble net feeding in Pacific Canada. This coordinated feeding behavior was found to strongly mediate the social structure and habitat use within this humpback whale society. Additionally, during our 2004–2019 study, we observed a shift in social network structure in 2010–2012, which corresponded with environmental and demographic shifts including a sudden decline in the population’s calving rate. Our findings indicate that the social lives of humpback whales, and perhaps baleen whales generally, are more complex than previously supposed and should be a primary consideration in the assessment of potential impacts to important habitat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janie Wray
- North Coast Cetacean Society, Alert Bay, British Columbia, Canada
- Pacific Orca Society, Alert Bay, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Eric Keen
- North Coast Cetacean Society, Alert Bay, British Columbia, Canada
- Marine Ecology & Telemetry Research, Seabeck, Washington, United States of America
- Sewanee: The University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Éadin N. O’Mahony
- North Coast Cetacean Society, Alert Bay, British Columbia, Canada
- Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, East Sands, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Apa AD, Aagaard K, Rice MB, Phillips E, Neubaum DJ, Seward N, Stiver JR, Wait S. Seasonal habitat suitability models for a threatened species: the Gunnison sage-grouse. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/wr20006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
ContextThe Gunnison sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus) has experienced range-wide declines and has been listed as Threatened by the USA Fish and Wildlife Service to receive protections under the USA Endangered Species Act. A draft Recovery Plan was recently completed. No seasonal habitat models have been developed for the small isolated populations.
AimsTo develop a habitat suitability model that was collaboratively developed between modellers and conservation practitioners to predict the probability of use by Gunnison sage-grouse during the breeding and summer seasons in designated occupied critical habitat, and extrapolate to adjacent designated unoccupied critical habitat.
MethodsWe captured, marked and tracked Gunnison sage-grouse in nine different studies spanning 25 years. We used a suite of biotic, abiotic and vegetation local-level and population-scale covariates in a use-available resource selection function to develop models that predict the probability of use by Gunnison sage-grouse.
Key resultsWe used 9140 Gunnison sage-grouse locations from 406 individual birds to develop nine resource selection models for occupied habitat and extrapolated model predictions to adjacent unoccupied critical habitat in five small isolated Gunnison sage-grouse populations. A majority of our models validated well.
ConclusionsWe report the first two-season resource use-based habitat suitability models for five of six small isolated Gunnison sage-grouse populations. Because of the unique habitat use by Gunnison sage-grouse in each population, we recommend that resource managers strategically target management actions in individual populations and avoid ‘one-size-fits-all’ habitat management prescriptions.
ImplicationsOur models will assist managers in the identification of seasonal habitats within populations to target management actions for Gunnison sage-grouse recovery.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kraus D, Murphy S, Armitage D. Ten bridges on the road to recovering Canada’s endangered species. Facets (Ott) 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2020-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife is declining around the world. Many developed nations have enacted legislation on endangered species protection and provide funding for wildlife recovery. Protecting endangered species is also supported by the public and judiciary. Yet, despite what appear as enabling conditions, wild species continue to decline. Our paper explores pathways to endangered species recovery by analyzing the barriers that have been identified in Canada, the United States, and Australia. We summarize these findings based on Canada’s Species at Risk Conservation Cycle (assessment, protection, recovery planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation) and then identify 10 “bridges” that could help overcome these barriers and bend our current trajectory of wildlife loss to recovery. These bridges include ecosystem approaches to recovery, building capacity for community co-governance, linking wildlife recovery to ecosystem services, and improving our storytelling about the loss and recovery of wildlife. The focus of our conclusions is the Canadian setting, but our findings can be applied in other national and subnational settings to reverse the decline of wildlife and halt extinction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kraus
- Faculty of Environment, School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, Environment 2, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Nature Conservancy of Canada, 245 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 410, Toronto, ON M4P 3J1, Canada
| | - Stephen Murphy
- Faculty of Environment, School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, Environment 2, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Derek Armitage
- Faculty of Environment, School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, Environment 2, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Turcotte A, Kermany N, Foster S, Proctor CA, Gilmour SM, Doria M, Sebes J, Whitton J, Cooke SJ, Bennett JR. Fixing the Canadian Species at Risk Act: identifying major issues and recommendations for increasing accountability and efficiency. Facets (Ott) 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2020-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the implementation of the Canadian Species at Risk Act (SARA) in 2003, deficiencies in SARA and its application have become clear. Legislative and policy inconsistencies among responsible federal agencies and the use of a subjective approach for prioritizing species protection lead to taxonomic biases in protection. Variations in legislation among provinces/territories and the reluctance of the federal government to take actions make SARA’s application often inefficient on nonfederally managed lands. Ambiguous key terms (e.g., critical habitat) and disregard for legislated deadlines in many steps impede the efficacy of SARA. Additionally, the failure to fully recognize Indigenous knowledge and to seek Indigenous cooperation in the species protection process leads to weaker government accountability, promotes inequity, and leads to missed opportunities for partnerships. New legislative amendments with well-defined and standardized steps, including an automatic listing process, a systematic prioritization program, and clearer demands (e.g., mandatory threshold to trigger safety net/emergency order) would improve the success of species at risk protection. Moreover, a more inclusive approach that brings Indigenous representatives and independent scientists together is necessary for improving SARA’s effectiveness. These changes have the potential to transform SARA into a more powerful act towards protecting Canada’s at-risk wildlife. (The graphical abstract follows.)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Turcotte
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Natalie Kermany
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Sharla Foster
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Caitlyn A. Proctor
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Sydney M. Gilmour
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Maria Doria
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - James Sebes
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jeannette Whitton
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Joseph R. Bennett
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fulfilling Nature Needs Half through terrestrial-focused protected areas and their adequacy for freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity protection: A case from Bhutan. J Nat Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
14
|
Palm EC, Fluker S, Nesbitt HK, Jacob AL, Hebblewhite M. The long road to protecting critical habitat for species at risk: The case of southern mountain woodland caribou. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Palm
- Wildlife Biology ProgramW.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Shaun Fluker
- Faculty of LawUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Holly K. Nesbitt
- Department of Society and ConservationW.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Aerin L. Jacob
- Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative Canmore Alberta Canada
| | - Mark Hebblewhite
- Wildlife Biology ProgramW.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Manea E, Bianchelli S, Fanelli E, Danovaro R, Gissi E. Towards an Ecosystem-Based Marine Spatial Planning in the deep Mediterranean Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136884. [PMID: 32018103 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The deep sea covers about 79% of the Mediterranean basin, including habitats potentially able to deliver multiple ecosystem services and numerous resources of high economic value. Thus, the deep Mediterranean Sea represents an important frontier for marine resources exploitation, which is embedded within the European Blue Growth Strategy goals and agendas. The deep sea is crucial for the ecological functioning of the entire basin. For this reason, the deep Mediterranean deserves protection from the potential cumulative impacts derived from existent and developing human activities. Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) has been identified as key instrument for spatially allocating maritime uses in the sea space avoiding spatial conflicts between activities, and between activities and the environment. Indeed, MSP incorporates the ecosystem-based approach (EB-MSP) to balance both socio-economic and environmental objectives, in line with the Maritime Spatial Planning Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Despite MSP is under implementation in Europe, the Directive is not applied yet for the managing and monitoring of the environmental status of the deep sea. In the Mediterranean, deep areas fall both in internal and territorial waters, and in High Seas, and its management framework turns out to be complicated. Moreover, a certain level of cumulative impacts in the deep Mediterranean has been already identified and likely underestimated because of paucity of knowledge related with deep-sea ecosystems. Thus, the implementation of scientific knowledge and the establishment of a sustainable management regime of deep-sea resources and space are urgent. This study aims at reflecting on the best available ecological knowledge on the deep Mediterranean to incorporate conservation objectives in EB-MSP. We propose a framework to include key ecological principles in the relevant phases of any EB-MSP processes taking in consideration existing socio-economic and conservation scenarios in the region. We add the uncertainty principle to reflect on the still unexplored and missing knowledge related to the deep Mediterranean. Here, we resume some guidelines to overcome limits and bottlenecks while ensuring protection of deep-sea ecosystems and resources in the Mediterranean Sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Manea
- Department of Architecture and Arts, University Iuav of Venice, Tolentini, Santa Croce 191, 30135 Venice, Italy.
| | - S Bianchelli
- Department of Environmental and Life Science, Polytechnique University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - E Fanelli
- Department of Environmental and Life Science, Polytechnique University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - R Danovaro
- Department of Environmental and Life Science, Polytechnique University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - E Gissi
- Department of Architecture and Arts, University Iuav of Venice, Tolentini, Santa Croce 191, 30135 Venice, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Johnson CA, Sutherland GD, Neave E, Leblond M, Kirby P, Superbie C, McLoughlin PD. Science to inform policy: Linking population dynamics to habitat for a threatened species in Canada. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A. Johnson
- Science and Technology Branch Environment and Climate Change Canada Ottawa ON Canada
| | | | - Erin Neave
- Science and Technology Branch Environment and Climate Change Canada Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Mathieu Leblond
- Science and Technology Branch Environment and Climate Change Canada Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Patrick Kirby
- Science and Technology Branch Environment and Climate Change Canada Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Clara Superbie
- Department of Biology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Osawa T, Ueno Y, Nishida T, Nishihiro J. Do both habitat and species diversity provide cultural ecosystem services? A trial using geo-tagged photos. NATURE CONSERVATION 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.38.36166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Conservation for both biodiversity and ecosystem services are an important issue worldwide. However, knowledge of their relationship remains limited. As habitat structure is strongly related to regional biodiversity, we studied cultural ecosystem services by using habitat structure as a proxy for biodiversity. Specifically, we used human preference, assessed by using photos with location information (i.e. geo-tagged digital pictures) as an index of a cultural ecosystem service. We conducted nature walks in semi-natural environments for cognitively-impaired students from a local special school and studied the photos they took during the walks. We analysed the habitat preferences inferred from the photo locations and the composition of the photos—whether they were close-up, scenic or landscape views. The results showed that levels of human preference and biodiversity, indicated by habitat structure, had a positive relationship. During spring to autumn, when levels of biological activity are higher, people tended to show more preference in close-up views (i.e. the subject of the photo was the species itself). In winter, they tended to be interested in scenic views that were not strongly influenced by species diversity. Additionally, photos taken in areas with threatened species almost always included close-up views, although not of the threatened species themselves. Areas with high species diversity therefore appeared to be more appealing to the participants. These results suggest that habitat diversity could not only contribute to biodiversity, but also provide cultural ecosystem services. Habitat conservation for semi-natural environments could be synergised for both biodiversity conservation and general human well-being.
Collapse
|
18
|
Little Brown Bats Utilize Multiple Maternity Roosts Within Foraging Areas: Implications for Identifying Summer Habitat. JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.3996/052019-jfwm-039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Identifying habitat features that may influence the survival and fitness of threatened species is often constrained by a lack of information about the appropriate scale for habitat conservation efforts. Canada's Species at Risk Act lists little brown bats Myotis lucifugus as Endangered and there is a need to determine the scale for delineating important summer habitat features that should be protected. We used a 19-y dataset of banded little brown bats in a 15,000-km2 area of southern Yukon, Canada, to examine fidelity to roost sites and potential foraging areas. We captured and banded 4,349 bats during 208 live-trapping sessions at maternity roosts. Adult females used multiple roosts during the maternity period, separated by up to 6.1 km, within foraging areas, to which individuals exhibited fidelity. Our fidelity rates (≤ 60.5%) are the lowest, and roost-switching rates (≤ 35.5%) the greatest, reported for little brown bats. A small percentage (14.0–20.7%) of females banded as juveniles returned to their natal roosts or foraging areas as adults. We infrequently observed long-distance (25–200 km) switching to novel foraging areas (< 1% of banded bats). We established bat houses to mitigate the loss of a cabin roost; 46.3% of the bats banded at the cabin occupied these houses. The longest documented period of roost fidelity was 18 y, by a female banded as an adult. Roost fidelity by returning adult females declined annually by 3.8–5.3% due to natural mortality, roost switching, or dispersal. Having a choice of multiple maternity roosts within a foraging area may permit little brown bats to select optimal microclimatic conditions throughout the maternity season. Given that fidelity to foraging areas may be higher than to specific roost sites for little brown bats, identification of summer habitat based on foraging areas may be a more effective conservation strategy than relying solely on roost sites.
Collapse
|
19
|
Westwood R, Westwood AR, Hooshmandi M, Pearson K, LaFrance K, Murray C. A field‐validated species distribution model to support management of the critically endangered Poweshiek skipperling (
Oarisma poweshiek
) butterfly in Canada. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Westwood
- Department of Environmental Studies and ScienceUniversity of Winnipeg Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Alana R. Westwood
- Department of Environmental Studies and ScienceUniversity of Winnipeg Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Mahsa Hooshmandi
- Department of Environmental Studies and ScienceUniversity of Winnipeg Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Kara Pearson
- Department of Environmental Studies and ScienceUniversity of Winnipeg Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Kerienne LaFrance
- Department of Environmental Studies and ScienceUniversity of Winnipeg Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Colin Murray
- Manitoba Conservation Data Centre Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Van Drunen S, Linton J, Bogart J, McCarter J, Fotherby H, Sandilands A, Norris D. Estimating critical habitat based on year-round movements of the endangered Jefferson Salamander ( Ambystoma jeffersonianum) and their unisexual dependents. CAN J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2019-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Habitat protection is a key component of endangered species conservation, but critical habitat designations are often based on limited data or habitat use during only a portion of a species’ life cycle. Protected habitat around breeding pools for the endangered Jefferson Salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green, 1827)) and their unisexual dependents (Ambystoma laterale – (2) jeffersonianum) is based upon limited movement data from primarily spring and summer seasons. Furthermore, despite their treatment as distinct species under Canada’s Species at Risk Act, differences in habitat use have not been directly compared in areas where they co-occur. We used radiotelemetry to track A. jeffersonianum (JJ) and A. laterale – jeffersonianum (LJJ and LJJJ) during fall migrations to overwintering sites. We used these data and summarized available movement data from past studies that tracked movements in other periods of the annual cycle to estimate year-round critical habitat. Ambystoma jeffersonianum travelled significantly longer distances to overwintering locations than unisexuals. Individuals were more likely to overwinter next to a similar genomotype individual than not. Critical habitat encompassing the entire annual cycle of A. jeffersonianum extends up to 400–450 m from breeding ponds indicating existing regulatory habitat protections in Canada do not currently protect sufficient habitat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S.G. Van Drunen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J.E. Linton
- Natural Resource Solutions Inc., 415 Phillip Street, Unit E, Waterloo, ON N2L 3X2, Canada
| | - J.P. Bogart
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J. McCarter
- Natural Resource Solutions Inc., 415 Phillip Street, Unit E, Waterloo, ON N2L 3X2, Canada
| | - H. Fotherby
- Natural Resource Solutions Inc., 415 Phillip Street, Unit E, Waterloo, ON N2L 3X2, Canada
| | - A. Sandilands
- Gray Owl Environmental Inc., 1356 Lockie Road, Branchton, ON N0B 1L0, Canada
| | - D.R. Norris
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Nature Conservancy of Canada, 245 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 410, Toronto, ON M4P 3J1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bergman JN, Binley AD, Murphy RE, Proctor CA, Nguyen TT, Urness ES, Vala MA, Vincent JG, Fahrig L, Bennett JR. How to rescue Ontario’s Endangered Species Act: a biologist’s perspective. Facets (Ott) 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2019-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jordanna N. Bergman
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Allison D. Binley
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Rowan E. Murphy
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Caitlyn A. Proctor
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Thuong Tran Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Elise S. Urness
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Michelle A. Vala
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jaimie G. Vincent
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Lenore Fahrig
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Joseph R. Bennett
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chaudhuri C, Wade J, Robertson C. Fluctuating water levels influence access to critical habitats for threatened Cowichan Lake lamprey. Facets (Ott) 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2019-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cowichan Lake lamprey ( Entosphenus macrostomus) is a threatened species resident to Mesachie Lake, Cowichan Lake, and adjoining Bear Lake and their major tributaries in British Columbia. Decreases in trapping success have created concerns that the population is declining. Some potential threats include water use, climate change, and management actions. Owing to the absence of long-term data on population trends, little information is available to estimate habitat quality and factors that influence it. We sought to fill this gap by examining associations between habitat area and variables representing suspected key drivers of habitat availability. Critical habitat areas were imaged using an unmanned aerial vehicle over a period of three years at three sites at Cowichan Lake and a subsequent habitat area was classified. Meteorological and anthropogenic controls on habitat area were investigated through automatic relevance detection regression models. The major driver of habitat area during the critical spawning period was water level during the storage season, which also depends on the meteorological variables and anthropogenic control. It is recommended that regulation of the weir should aim to ensure that the water level remains above the 1 m mark, which roughly equates to the 67% coverage of water on the habitat area used for spawning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chaudhuri
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Joy Wade
- Fundy Aqua Services Inc., 1859 Delanice Way, Nanoose Bay, BC V9P 9B3, Canada
| | - Colin Robertson
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ferreira CC, Hossie TJ, Jenkins DA, Wehtje M, Austin CE, Boudreau MR, Chan K, Clement A, Hrynyk M, Longhi J, MacFarlane S, Majchrzak YN, Otis JA, Peers MJL, Rae J, Seguin JL, Walker S, Watt C, Murray DL. The Recovery Illusion: What Is Delaying the Rescue of Imperiled Species? Bioscience 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
With unprecedented losses in biodiversity, the need for stronger environmental policy has emerged as a conservation priority. Yet recovery planning for imperiled species remains a cumbersome, slow legislative process. In the present article, we examine features of recovery planning for species listed under Canada's Species at Risk Act to determine those influencing recovery planning duration. We found that the time to completion of recovery strategies increases with the number of jurisdictions concurrently listing the species, greater land tenure diversity, species population size, and road density. Species at risk in Canada with no listing status in the United States also suffered longer delays. To achieve a more efficient, timely, and defensible implementation of recovery planning, we recommend that governments prioritize recovery planning on the basis of risk level, promote transjurisdictional collaboration among listing agencies, anticipate and mitigate conservation challenges associated with multitenured and developed landscapes, and adopt procedures that enhance compliance with legislated timelines for recovery planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina C Ferreira
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ Department of Conservation Biology, in Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas J Hossie
- Department of Biology at Trent University, in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah A Jenkins
- Department of Biology at Trent University, in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morgan Wehtje
- Department of Biology at Trent University, in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cayla E Austin
- Department of Biology at Trent University, in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melanie R Boudreau
- Department of Biology at Trent University, in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Chan
- Department of Biology at Trent University, in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Clement
- Department of Biology at Trent University, in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morgan Hrynyk
- Department of Biology at Trent University, in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Longhi
- Department of Biology at Trent University, in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn MacFarlane
- Department of Biology at Trent University, in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Josée-Anne Otis
- Department of Biology at Trent University, in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J L Peers
- Department of Biology at Trent University, in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Rae
- Department of Biology at Trent University, in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob L Seguin
- Department of Biology at Trent University, in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Spencer Walker
- Department of Biology at Trent University, in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cristen Watt
- Department of Biology at Trent University, in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennis L Murray
- Department of Biology at Trent University, in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sofaer HR, Jarnevich CS, Pearse IS, Smyth RL, Auer S, Cook GL, Edwards TC, Guala GF, Howard TG, Morisette JT, Hamilton H. Development and Delivery of Species Distribution Models to Inform Decision-Making. Bioscience 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Information on where species occur is an important component of conservation and management decisions, but knowledge of distributions is often coarse or incomplete. Species distribution models provide a tool for mapping habitat and can produce credible, defensible, and repeatable information with which to inform decisions. However, these models are sensitive to data inputs and methodological choices, making it important to assess the reliability and utility of model predictions. We provide a rubric that model developers can use to communicate a model's attributes and its appropriate uses. We emphasize the importance of tailoring model development and delivery to the species of interest and the intended use and the advantages of iterative modeling and validation. We highlight how species distribution models have been used to design surveys for new populations, inform spatial prioritization decisions for management actions, and support regulatory decision-making and compliance, tying these examples back to our model assessment rubric.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Sofaer
- US Geological Survey's Fort Collins Science Center, in Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Ian S Pearse
- US Geological Survey's Fort Collins Science Center, in Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | | | - Gericke L Cook
- US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, in Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Thomas C Edwards
- US Geological Survey's Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, in Logan, Utah
| | - Gerald F Guala
- US Geological Survey's Science Analytics and Synthesis Program, Core Science Systems, in Reston, Virginia
| | - Timothy G Howard
- New York Natural Heritage Program, a program of the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, in Albany, New York
| | - Jeffrey T Morisette
- National Invasive Species Council Secretariat, US Department of the Interior, in Washington, DC
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Conservation planning for species recovery under the Endangered Species Act: A case study with the Northern Spotted Owl. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210643. [PMID: 30640947 PMCID: PMC6331132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) was listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 1990. We applied modern spatial conservation theory and models to evaluate several candidate critical habitat networks, and sought an efficient conservation solution that encompassed the highest value lands for spotted owl recovery rather than maximizing the total area of potential critical habitat. We created a map of relative habitat suitability, which served as input to the spatial conservation prioritization program Zonation. We used the spatially-explicit individual-based population model HexSim to estimate and compare simulated spotted owl population outcomes among a suite of candidate critical habitat networks that varied in size and spatial arrangement under alternative scenarios of future habitat suitability and barred owl (S. varia) effects. We evaluated simulated spotted owl population outcomes, including total population size, and extinction and quasi-extinction likelihoods for 108 combinations of candidate critical habitat networks by habitat change by barred owl scenarios, both range-wide and within 11 distinct portions of the owl's range. Barred owl encounter rates and the amount and suitability of habitat had substantial effects on simulated spotted owl populations. When barred owl encounter rates were high, changes in the amount and suitability of habitat had minimal impacts on population performance. Under lowered barred owl encounter rates, candidate critical habitat networks that included most existing high suitability habitat supported a high likelihood of long-term population persistence. Barred owls are currently the primary driving force behind poor population performance of NSOs; however, our models demonstrated that a sufficient area of high suitability habitat remains essential for recovery when effects of barred owls can be reduced. The modeling approach we employed is sufficiently flexible to incorporate new information about spotted owls as it becomes available and could likely be applied to conservation planning for other species.
Collapse
|
26
|
Webb M, Alves F, Tulloch A, Shaw J, Bryant S, Stojanovic D, Crates R, Heinsohn R. All the eggs in one basket: Are island refuges securing an endangered passerine? AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Webb
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; Building 141, Linnaeus Way Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Fernanda Alves
- Research School of Biology; Australian National University; Acton Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Ayesha Tulloch
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; Building 141, Linnaeus Way Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Justine Shaw
- School of Biological Science; Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Sally Bryant
- Tasmanian Land Conservancy; Sandy Bay Tasmania Australia
| | - Dejan Stojanovic
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; Building 141, Linnaeus Way Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Ross Crates
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; Building 141, Linnaeus Way Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Robert Heinsohn
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; Building 141, Linnaeus Way Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Thompson D, Swystun T, Cross J, Cross R, Chartrand D, Edge C. Fine- and coarse-scale movements and habitat use by Wood Turtles (Glyptemys insculpta) based on probabilistic modeling of radiotelemetry and GPS-telemetry data. CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding animal movement and habitat use is critical for the delineation of habitat requiring protection for species at risk. Defining critical habitat requires studies with observations at a fine enough scale to reflect how animals use and move among habitats and include enough individuals to generalize findings to the population. We present results of a multiyear study on 48 adult Wood Turtles (Glyptemys insculpta (Le Conte, 1830)) from two different populations monitored with low-frequency radiotelemetry and high-frequency GPS telemetry. Results demonstrated the propensity for conventional radiotelemetry to underestimate cumulative distances moved and overestimate the amount of habitat used by Wood Turtles. Together the two data sets demonstrate the propensity for Wood Turtles to remain in close proximity to the river and that some differences in habitat use occur between the sexes; males tended to move parallel to the river, whereas females moved perpendicular to the river. The GPS-telemetry data provided a robust spatiotemporal data set that provided a better understanding of frequently used habitat types and features. Overall, study results suggest that currently delineated areas of protected habitat are likely to be effective in conserving these two populations and provides significantly improved, spatially explicit knowledge that can be used to inform further mitigation efforts if necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D.G. Thompson
- Canadian Forest Service – Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 2E6, Canada
| | - T. Swystun
- Canadian Forest Service – Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 2E6, Canada
| | - J. Cross
- Algoma Highlands Conservancy, 194 Pickard Road, Goulais River, ON P0S 1E0, Canada
| | - R. Cross
- Algoma Highlands Conservancy, 194 Pickard Road, Goulais River, ON P0S 1E0, Canada
| | - D. Chartrand
- Canadian Forest Service – Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 2E6, Canada
| | - C.B. Edge
- Canadian Forest Service – Natural Resources Canada, Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent Street South, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Takashina N, Kusumoto B, Beger M, Rathnayake S, Possingham HP. Spatially explicit approach to estimation of total population abundance in field surveys. J Theor Biol 2018; 453:88-95. [PMID: 29787747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Population abundance is fundamental in ecology and conservation biology, and provides essential information for predicting population dynamics and implementing conservation actions. While a range of approaches have been proposed to estimate population abundance based on existing data, data deficiency is ubiquitous. When information is deficient, a population estimation will rely on labor intensive field surveys. Typically, time is one of the critical constraints in conservation, and management decisions must often be made quickly under a data deficient situation. Hence, it is important to acquire a theoretical justification for survey methods to meet a required estimation precision. There is no such theory available in a spatially explicit context, while spatial considerations are critical to any field survey. Here, we develop a spatially explicit theory for population estimation that allows us to examine the estimation precision under different survey designs and individual distribution patterns (e.g. random/clustered sampling and individual distribution). We demonstrate that clustered sampling decreases the estimation precision when individuals form clusters, while sampling designs do not affect the estimation accuracy when individuals are distributed randomly. Regardless of individual distribution, the estimation precision becomes higher with increasing total population abundance and the sampled fraction. These insights provide theoretical bases for efficient field survey designs in information deficiency situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nao Takashina
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko Motobu, Okinawa 905-0227, Japan; Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495 Japan.
| | - Buntarou Kusumoto
- Center for Strategic Research Project, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Maria Beger
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Suren Rathnayake
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hugh P Possingham
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; The Nature Conservancy, 4245 North Fairfax Drive Suite 100, Arlington, VA 22203-1606, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Henson P, White R, Thompson SP. Improving Implementation of the Endangered Species Act: Finding Common Ground Through Common Sense. Bioscience 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biy093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Henson
- Research scientist, field biologist, and wildlife manager throughout the West for 35 years and is currently with the USFWS in Portland, Oregon
| | - Rollie White
- Worked for 30 years as a fisheries scientist and endangered species biologist in Oregon and California and is also with the USFWS in Portland
| | - Steven P Thompson
- Consulting biologist who worked for the USFWS for 31 years before retiring; he is currently serving as chairman of the board to the Peregrine Fund
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lemieux Lefebvre S, Landry-Cuerrier M, Humphries M. Identifying the critical habitat of Canadian vertebrate species at risk. CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification of critical habitat is central to major conservation laws protecting endangered species in North America and around the world. Yet the actual ecological research that is required to identify which habitats are critical to the survival or recovery of species is rarely discussed and poorly documented. Here we quantitatively assess the information and methods used to identify critical habitat in the recovery strategies of 53 vertebrates at risk in Canada. Of the critical habitat identifications assessed, 17% were based on habitat occupancy information, 28% on habitat characteristics and (or) functions, and 40% assessed habitat suitability by linking functional use and biophysical characteristics. However, only 15% of the recovery strategies we evaluated examined relationships between habitat and population viability, abundance, individual fitness, or survival. Furthermore, the breadth of evidence used to assess critical habitats was weaker among long-lived taxa and did not improve over time. Hence, although any approach used to identify critical habitat is likely to be a step in the right direction in minimally protecting and maintaining habitats supporting critical life-cycle processes, there is a persistent gap between the widely recognized importance of critical habitat and our ability to quantitatively link habitats to population trends and individual fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Lemieux Lefebvre
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - M. Landry-Cuerrier
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - M.M. Humphries
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rice MB, Apa AD, Wiechman LA. The importance of seasonal resource selection when managing a threatened species: targeting conservation actions within critical habitat designations for the Gunnison sage-grouse. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/wr17027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context The ability to identify priority habitat is critical for species of conservation concern. The designation of critical habitat under the US Endangered Species Act 1973 identifies areas occupied by the species that are important for conservation and may need special management or protection. However, relatively few species’ critical habitats designations incorporate habitat suitability models or seasonal specificity, even when that information exists. Gunnison sage-grouse (GUSG) have declined substantially from their historical range and were listed as threatened by the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in November 2014. GUSG are distributed into eight isolated populations in Colorado and Utah, and one population, the Gunnison Basin (GB), has been the focus of much research. Aims To provide season-specific resource selection models to improve targeted conservation actions within the designated critical habitat in the GB. Methods We utilised radio-telemetry data from GUSG captured and monitored from 2004 to 2010. We were able to estimate resource selection models for the breeding (1 April–15 July) and summer (16 July–30 September) seasons in the GB using vegetation, topographical and anthropogenic variables. We compared the seasonal models with the existing critical habitat to investigate whether the more specific seasonal models helped identify priority habitat for GUSG. Key results The predictive surface for the breeding model indicated higher use of large areas of sagebrush, whereas the predictive surface for the summer model predicted use of more diverse habitats. The breeding and summer models (combined) matched the current critical habitat designation 68.5% of the time. We found that although the overall habitat was similar between the critical habitat designation and our combined models, the pattern and configuration of the habitat were very different. Conclusions These models highlight areas with favourable environmental variables and spatial juxtaposition to establish priority habitat within the critical habitat designated by USFWS. More seasonally specific resource selection models will assist in identifying specific areas within the critical habitat designation to concentrate habitat improvements, conservation and restoration within the GB. Implications This information can be used to provide insight into the patterns of seasonal habitat selection and can identify priority GUSG habitat to incorporate into critical habitat designation for targeted management actions.
Collapse
|
32
|
Rosenberg DK, Davis RJ, Van Norman KJ, Dunk JR, Forsman ED, Huff RD. Patterns of red tree vole distribution and habitat suitability: implications for surveys and conservation planning. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Rosenberg
- Oregon Wildlife Institute Box 1061 Corvallis Oregon 97330 USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Raymond J. Davis
- U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station 3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Kelli J. Van Norman
- Interagency Special Status/Sensitive Species Program OR/WA BLM and Region 6 Forest Service 1220 SW 3rd Avenue Portland Oregon 97204 USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Dunk
- Department of Environmental Science and Management Humboldt State University Arcata California 95521 USA
| | - Eric D. Forsman
- U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station 3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Robert D. Huff
- Interagency Special Status/Sensitive Species Program OR/WA BLM and Region 6 Forest Service 1220 SW 3rd Avenue Portland Oregon 97204 USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Althaus F, Williams A, Alderslade P, Schlacher TA. Conservation of marine biodiversity on a very large deep continental margin: how representative is a very large offshore reserve network for deep-water octocorals? DIVERS DISTRIB 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Althaus
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere; Castray Esplanade Hobart Tas. 7001 Australia
| | - Alan Williams
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere; Castray Esplanade Hobart Tas. 7001 Australia
| | - Philip Alderslade
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere; Castray Esplanade Hobart Tas. 7001 Australia
| | - Thomas A. Schlacher
- School of Science & Engineering; University of the Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore DC Qld 4558 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Naujokaitis-Lewis I, Curtis JM. Advances in global sensitivity analyses of demographic-based species distribution models to address uncertainties in dynamic landscapes. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2204. [PMID: 27547529 PMCID: PMC4958004 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing a rigorous understanding of multiple global threats to species persistence requires the use of integrated modeling methods that capture processes which influence species distributions. Species distribution models (SDMs) coupled with population dynamics models can incorporate relationships between changing environments and demographics and are increasingly used to quantify relative extinction risks associated with climate and land-use changes. Despite their appeal, uncertainties associated with complex models can undermine their usefulness for advancing predictive ecology and informing conservation management decisions. We developed a computationally-efficient and freely available tool (GRIP 2.0) that implements and automates a global sensitivity analysis of coupled SDM-population dynamics models for comparing the relative influence of demographic parameters and habitat attributes on predicted extinction risk. Advances over previous global sensitivity analyses include the ability to vary habitat suitability across gradients, as well as habitat amount and configuration of spatially-explicit suitability maps of real and simulated landscapes. Using GRIP 2.0, we carried out a multi-model global sensitivity analysis of a coupled SDM-population dynamics model of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) in Mount Rainier National Park as a case study and quantified the relative influence of input parameters and their interactions on model predictions. Our results differed from the one-at-time analyses used in the original study, and we found that the most influential parameters included the total amount of suitable habitat within the landscape, survival rates, and effects of a prevalent disease, white pine blister rust. Strong interactions between habitat amount and survival rates of older trees suggests the importance of habitat in mediating the negative influences of white pine blister rust. Our results underscore the importance of considering habitat attributes along with demographic parameters in sensitivity routines. GRIP 2.0 is an important decision-support tool that can be used to prioritize research, identify habitat-based thresholds and management intervention points to improve probability of species persistence, and evaluate trade-offs of alternative management options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Naujokaitis-Lewis
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Applied Conservation Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Janelle M.R. Curtis
- Centre for Applied Conservation Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Conservation Biology Section, Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Martin TG, Camaclang AE, Possingham HP, Maguire LA, Chadès I. Timing of Protection of Critical Habitat Matters. Conserv Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tara G. Martin
- CSIRO Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The Australian National Environmental Research Program's Environmental Decisions Hub, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
- Department of Forest & Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia 3041‐2424 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Abbey E. Camaclang
- CSIRO Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The Australian National Environmental Research Program's Environmental Decisions Hub, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | - Hugh P. Possingham
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The Australian National Environmental Research Program's Environmental Decisions Hub, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | - Lynn A. Maguire
- Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Box 90328 Durham NC 27708 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Aubry Y, Desrochers A, Seutin G. Regional patterns of habitat use by a threatened forest bird, the Bicknell’s Thrush (Catharus bicknelli), in Quebec. CAN J ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2015-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Conservation of threatened species often uses habitat models to inform management of habitat and populations. We examined habitat use by Bicknell’s Thrush (Catharus bicknelli (Ridgway, 1882)), a federally “Threatened” species, in two Appalachian regions, shaped by forestry activities, of southern Quebec. Within its breeding range, the species inhabits mountain tops and forests subjected to various logging activities. We assessed the role of vegetation and topography at two spatial scales, as well as spatial relationships with Swainson’s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus (Nuttall, 1840)), identified as a potential competitor by some authors. In both regions, Bicknell’s Thrushes were most likely to be reported at high elevations, in forest stands with high tree stem densities that underwent little or no stem reduction from forestry activities. Swainson’s Thrushes were present at all sites were Bicknell’s Thrushes were reported. These results are consistent with findings from studies in northeastern parts of its breeding range. We conclude that forest-stand thinning should be kept to a minimum throughout the high-elevation nesting habitat of Bicknell’s Thrush.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Aubry
- Centre d’étude de la forêt, Pavillon Abitibi-Price, 2405, rue de la Terrasse, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - André Desrochers
- Centre d’étude de la forêt, Pavillon Abitibi-Price, 2405, rue de la Terrasse, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Gilles Seutin
- Parks Canada, 30, rue Victoria, 3ième étage (PC-03-B), Gatineau, QC J8X 0B3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bendik NF, McEntire KD, Sissel BN. Movement, demographics, and occupancy dynamics of a federally-threatened salamander: evaluating the adequacy of critical habitat. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1817. [PMID: 26998413 PMCID: PMC4797769 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical habitat for many species is often limited to occupied localities. For rare and cryptic species, or those lacking sufficient data, occupied habitats may go unrecognized, potentially hindering species recovery. Proposed critical habitat for the aquatic Jollyville Plateau salamander (Eurycea tonkawae) and two sister species were delineated based on the assumption that surface habitat is restricted to springs and excludes intervening stream reaches. To test this assumption, we performed two studies to understand aspects of individual, population, and metapopulation ecology of E. tonkawae. First, we examined movement and population demographics using capture-recapture along a spring-influenced stream reach. We then extended our investigation of stream habitat use with a study of occupancy and habitat dynamics in multiple headwater streams. Indications of extensive stream channel use based on capture-recapture results included frequent movements of >15 m, and high juvenile abundance downstream of the spring. Initial occupancy of E. tonkawae was associated with shallow depths, maidenhair fern presence and low temperature variation (indicative of groundwater influence), although many occupied sites were far from known springs. Additionally, previously dry sites were three times more likely to be colonized than wet sites. Our results indicate extensive use of stream habitats, including intermittent ones, by E. tonkawae. These areas may be important for maintaining population connectivity or even as primary habitat patches. Restricting critical habitat to occupied sites will result in a mismatch with actual habitat use, particularly when assumptions of habitat use are untested, thus limiting the potential for recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan F Bendik
- Watershed Protection Department, City of Austin , Austin, TX , United States of America
| | - Kira D McEntire
- Watershed Protection Department, City of Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America; Current affiliation: Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Blake N Sissel
- Watershed Protection Department, City of Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America; Current affiliation: Natural Resources, Travis County, Austin, TX, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|