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Boro S, Saikia N. The effects of substance use on non-communicable diseases among older adults aged 60 and above in the North-eastern States of India. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307603. [PMID: 39255292 PMCID: PMC11386429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The North-eastern region of India has a relatively higher prevalence of substance use, which together with poor dietary practices and a lack of physical activity is one of the key risk factors for NCDs among older adults in the region. Understanding the prevalence of NCDs and their relationship to substance use can help develop preventive strategies and sensitization in North-eastern India. OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of NCDs and the strength of the association of substance abuse among the geriatric population of North-eastern states in India, for the development of preventive strategies. METHODS Data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI Wave-I, 2017-18) were drawn to develop this paper. The bi-variate and binary logistic regression analyses were carried out to predict the association between non-communicable diseases and substance use adjusting select socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS The paper revealed the prevalence of NCDs among urban people (61.45%) is higher than among rural people (42.45%). Hypertension (37.29%) can be seen as the most prevalent disease among the following given NCDs followed by Diabetes (8.94%). The chances of having Cancer are nineteen times higher (OR = 19.8; C.I. = 18.82-20.83) if an individual has past smoking behaviour after controlling for socio-demographic and physical activity variables. CONCLUSION Since, the high prevalence of hypertension correlated with the high level of substance abuse, require immediate attention to develop appropriate intervention strategies for its control (substance abuse) and prevention of hypertension. In a lower middle-income country like India, preventive measures, rather than curative measures will be cost-effective and helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasanka Boro
- Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Nandita Saikia
- Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
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Zadey S. Assessing the societal value of health lost to alcohol use in India compared to excise taxes on alcohol sales. Drug Alcohol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39192681 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We retrospectively studied the societal value of lost health due to alcohol use and compared it with excise taxes on alcohol sales for India in 2019. METHODS We estimated the overall alcohol-attributable disease burden using disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) for India and its 30 states for all causes with alcohol use as a risk factor from the GBD 2019 Study. The societal value of lost health was calculated using value of life-year (VLY) approach by multiplying region-specific factors from 'Global Health 2035', 2019-2020 GDP per capita and DALYs. We acquired the national and state-level (top 10 states) alcohol sales excise taxes from the Reserve Bank of India. Net losses were assessed by subtracting the revenue collected from excise taxes from VLY. All values are in Indian rupees (INR). RESULTS The societal value of health lost due to alcohol use in India was 6.2 (95% uncertainty interval 4.8, 7.8) trillion INR in 2019. The absolute state-level values varied from 7.3 (4.7, 10.4) billion INR in Mizoram to 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) trillion INR in Maharashtra. The per capita values ranged from 950.2 (642.9, 1285.3) INR for Bihar to 61,332 (39,273.7, 87,288.5) INR for Mizoram. Nationally, excise tax collection from alcohol sales was 1.8 trillion INR depicting a net loss of 4.4 (3.1, 6.0) trillion. Maharashtra had the largest absolute and per capita net loss. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These are novel estimates depicting the net losses due to alcohol use in India with direct policy implications to disincentivise sales and adequately raise taxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhesh Zadey
- Association for Socially Applicable Research, Pune, India
- GEMINI Research Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
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Chakrabarti S, Christopher A, Scott S, Kishore A, Nguyen PH. Effects of a large-scale alcohol ban on population-level alcohol intake, weight, blood pressure, blood glucose, and domestic violence in India: a quasi-experimental population-based study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2024; 26:100427. [PMID: 38827143 PMCID: PMC11140782 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Globally, alcohol consumption is a leading risk factor for deaths and disability and a causal factor in over 200 diseases, injuries, and health conditions. In April 2016, the manufacture, transport, sale, and consumption of alcohol was banned in Bihar, a populous Indian state. We sought to estimate the impacts of this ban on health outcomes and domestic violence. Methods Data from the Indian National Family Health Surveys (2005-06, 2015-16, 2019-21), Annual Health Survey (2013), and District Level Household Survey (2012), were used to conduct difference-in-differences (DID) analysis, comparing Bihar (n = 10,733 men, n = 88,188 women) and neighbouring states (n = 38,674 men, n = 284,820 women) before and after the ban. Outcomes included frequent (daily or weekly) alcohol consumption, underweight, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and intimate partner violence. A triple difference model adding male-female interaction to the DID model was also estimated. Attributable averted cases were calculated to estimate the impact of the ban. Findings Across all models, the ban led to reduced frequent alcohol consumption (DID: -7.1 percentage points (pp) (95% CI -9.6pp, -4.6pp), lower overweight/obesity (-5.6pp (-8.9, -2.2) among males, and reduced experiences of emotional (-4.8pp (-8.2pp, -1.4pp) and sexual (-5.5pp (-8.7pp, -2.3pp) violence among females. The ban prevented approximately 2.4 million cases of daily/weekly alcohol consumption and 1.8 million cases of overweight/obesity among males, and 2.1 million cases of intimate partner violence among females. Interpretation Strict alcohol regulation policies may yield significant population level health benefits for frequent drinkers and many victims of intimate partner violence. Funding No funding was received for this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chakrabarti
- The International Food Policy Research Institute, Poverty, Health and Nutrition Division, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anita Christopher
- The International Food Policy Research Institute, Development Support and Governance Division, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Samuel Scott
- The International Food Policy Research Institute, Poverty, Health and Nutrition Division, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Avinash Kishore
- The International Food Policy Research Institute, Development Support and Governance Division, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Phuong Hong Nguyen
- The International Food Policy Research Institute, Poverty, Health and Nutrition Division, Washington, DC, USA
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Zhang ZX, Xie L, Li Z. Global, regional, and national burdens of facial fractures: a systematic analysis of the global burden of Disease 2019. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:282. [PMID: 38418992 PMCID: PMC10900718 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of facial fractures has undergone tremendous changes in recent years as a result of socio-economic development and aging populations. Currently, there is a lack of updated and comprehensive analyses of global trends and causes of facial fractures. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database is a product of a global research organization used to quantify the global impact of hundreds of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. The aim of this study was to update global burden of facial fractures from 1990 to 2019 by using the GBD2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study extracted the global incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for facial fractures, as well as the age-standardized rates (ASRs) of these variables using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was used to assess the trends of ASRs. RESULTS Between 1990 and 2019, the incidence of facial fractures increased from 8,943,707 to 10,676,340, but the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) decreased from 161.5 to 138.8 per 100,000. Prevalence and YLDs exhibited the same trend as incidence. Over the 30 years, the incidence of facial fractures was consistently greater in males than in females. However, females aged ˃ 75 years had higher fracture incidence rates than males aged ˃ 75 years in 2019. The leading cause of facial fractures was falls, and both the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) and age-standardized years lived with disability rate (ASYR) of falls increased with age. CONCLUSION Facial fractures still represent a significant burden to the world. Incidence, prevalence and YLDs all showed increasing trends, while ASRs decreased gradually from 1990 to 2019. Enhancing the quality of facial fractures data is helpful for monitoring the burden of facial fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Long Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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Schess J, Bennett-Li L, Velleman R, Bhatia U, Catalano A, Jambhale A, Nadkarni A. Alcohol policies in India: A scoping review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294392. [PMID: 37976246 PMCID: PMC10655994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, alcohol consumption causes significant societal harm and is a leading risk factor for death and disability in adults. In India, 3.7% of all deaths and 3.1% disability adjusted life years (DALYs) can be attributed to alcohol. In the context of rapid economic development and emphasized by the COVID-19 pandemic, India's lack of a consolidated and comprehensive alcohol policy has posed significant challenges to addressing this harm. In this context, the aim of our review was to undertake a comprehensive mapping of the State and national policy environment surrounding alcohol and its use in India, based on an analysis of policy documents. We did this though a scoping review of academic and grey literature, which helped to iteratively identify the websites of 15 international organizations, 21 Indian non-governmental organizations, and eight Indian Federal governmental organizations as well as State/Union Territory government sites, to search for relevant policy documents. We identified 19 Federal policy documents and 36 State level policy documents within which we have identified the specific policy measures which address the 10 categories of the World Health Organization's Global Action Plan to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol. We found that there are major gaps in regulation of marketing and price controls, with much of this controlled by the States. In addition, regulation of availability of alcohol varies widely throughout the country, which is also a policy area controlled locally by States. Through the clear elucidation of the current policy environment surrounding alcohol in India, policy makers, researchers and advocates can create a clearer roadmap for future reform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Schess
- Addictions Research Group, Sangath, Porvorim, Goa, India
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - Richard Velleman
- Addictions Research Group, Sangath, Porvorim, Goa, India
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, England, United Kingdom
| | - Urvita Bhatia
- Addictions Research Group, Sangath, Porvorim, Goa, India
- Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Abhijit Nadkarni
- Addictions Research Group, Sangath, Porvorim, Goa, India
- Centre for Global Mental Health, Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom
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Veena M, Ruben JP, Chacko Kunjumon N, Devarbhavi H. Barriers to seeking treatment for alcohol use disorders among males in a tertiary care center in South India - a cross-sectional study. J Addict Dis 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37830122 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2023.2265804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited studies on barriers to seeking treatment for Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) among males in tertiary care centers in India and abroad. Identification of these factors can aid in addressing the barriers to seeking treatment for AUD in low-and-middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE To investigate the barriers to seeking treatment for AUD among males in a tertiary care center in South India. METHODS The study design was cross-sectional. We employed a semi-structured interview proforma, Barriers Questionnaire (Alcohol), and assessed the age of onset of initiation of alcohol, problem drinking, and AUD. RESULTS The majority (73.3%) belonged to Low-Barrier group. Individual items such as "Denial of Alcoholism", "avoid others counseling", "don't like to talk in groups", "Worried about what others will think for taking help or made fun of by others", "Self or Family embarrassed of taking treatment", "cannot afford treatment due to various reasons", "Fear of losing job", "Fear of losing friends" and "Fear of seeing people" were significantly higher in High-Barrier group. CONCLUSIONS Our study has helped to identify some of the important impediments. Psychoeducation and reducing the stereotypes related to the treatment of AUD can increase trust in the treatment process, resulting in greater help-seeking, early intervention, and improved quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Veena
- Department of Psychiatry Nursing, St. John's College of Nursing, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Johnson-Pradeep Ruben
- Department of Psychiatry, St. John's Medical College and Head, Division of Mental Health and Neurosciences, St. John's Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Nisha Chacko Kunjumon
- Department of Psychiatry Nursing, St. John's College of Nursing, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Harshad Devarbhavi
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. John's Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Parmar A, Balhara YPS, Singh A. Toward a national policy on Alcohol: A complex public health issue in need of urgent action. Indian J Psychiatry 2023; 65:974-978. [PMID: 37841554 PMCID: PMC10569319 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_440_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use is a major public health issue. It is also associated with a range of family, social, and economic problems. This led multiple countries worldwide to adopt national policies for alcohol regulation. Over the years, alcohol use and related problems have increased in India. The existing regulatory framework on alcohol varies greatly across states in terms of government sanctions, pricing, and legal drinking age, resulting in variations in its availability and prevalence of alcohol use disorder and related harms. Despite alcohol use being mentioned in several national policies and plans, a comprehensive national policy addressing alcohol is lacking. In this manuscript, the need for a dedicated national alcohol policy is underscored, emphasizing its potential to mobilize resources, prioritize interventions, and guide various stakeholders. The timely implementation of such a policy is crucial to address the multifaceted challenge of alcohol use effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Parmar
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Yatan Pal Singh Balhara
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Center and Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Heijdra Suasnabar JM, Nadkarni A, Palafox B. Determinants of alcohol use among young males in two Indian states: A population-based study. Trop Med Int Health 2023; 28:660-676. [PMID: 37380372 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is insufficient evidence about the determinants of alcohol use amongst young people in India and other low-and middle-income countries, despite alcohol's high contribution to disease burden and increasing consumption in this population. We aimed to identify and estimate the determinants of alcohol use in a representative sample of 2716 young men from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh who participated in the 'Understanding the Lives of Adolescents and Young Adults' (UDAYA) study. METHODS First, we developed an exploratory conceptual framework of potential alcohol use determinants in the study settings based on available literature. We then estimated the effects of 35 potential alcohol use determinants identified in the conceptual framework (including 14 latent factors identified through exploratory factor analysis) on any alcohol use in the past 3 years and regular alcohol use amongst past three-year drinkers, using mixed-effects logistic models. The determinants explored were operationalised using longitudinal data from the UDAYA study. RESULTS Our adjusted models identified 18 determinants for past 3-year alcohol use and 12 determinants for regular use. Distal determinants (e.g., socioeconomic status), intermediate determinants (e.g., parental alcohol use, media use), and proximal determinants (e.g., emotional regulation, early tobacco use) were identified. Geographical variations in both outcomes indicate potential differences in unmeasured community-level determinants (e.g., alcohol availability and acceptability). CONCLUSIONS Our findings extend the generalizability of several known determinants across settings, yet highlight the importance of addressing alcohol use in young people as a complex and context-dependent issue. Many identified determinants (e.g., education, media use, poor parental support, early tobacco use) are amenable to intervention through multi-sectoral prevention programs/policies. Such determinants should be the focus of ongoing policy/intervention development efforts in the region, and our revised conceptual framework may inform further research in India or similar South Asian settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Heijdra Suasnabar
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Abhijit Nadkarni
- Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
- Addictions Research Group, Goa, India
| | - Benjamin Palafox
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
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Hulme G, Higgs P, Erbas B, Gupta S. Substance use concerns among Punjabi-Indian communities in Australia: Kamini and alcohol. Drug Alcohol Rev 2023; 42:515-516. [PMID: 36217695 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Hulme
- Department of Public Health, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Higgs
- Department of Public Health, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bircan Erbas
- Department of Public Health, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sabrina Gupta
- Department of Public Health, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Singh SK, Kumar S. Nature, pattern, and changes in alcohol consumption among men in India: Insights from NFHS-4 and NFHS-5. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2022:1-20. [PMID: 36579708 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2022.2160853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The consumption pattern of alcohol varies between cultures and different communities. Moreover, alcohol consumption pattern depends on age, religion, education, type of drink, and other socio-economic parameters. Alcohol use has reportedly declined in most developed counties, but developing countries still witnessed an increasing trend. The study investigated socio-economic drivers, nature, and patterns of alcohol use among adult men in India. We have also investigated the state-level alcohol prevalence in India better to understand the impact of state-level alcohol prohibition policies. We have retrieved the data from the National Family Health survey's fourth and fifth-round, which was conducted in 2015-2016 and 2020-2021, respectively. We used the bi-variate technique to estimate that percentage of men who consume alcohol. Furthermore, a multivariate logistic regression model was applied to assess the association of each background characteristic with alcohol consumption. It is observed that 19 percent of men aged 15 and above currently drink alcohol, including 20 percent in rural and 17 percent in urban areas. The consumption of tadi/madi/country liquor/homemade liquor was high in rural areas than in urban areas in both rounds of the survey. Additionally, beer or wine consumption is higher in urban areas than in rural areas in NFHS-4 and NFHS-5. Among the 35-49 years of age group, around 6 and 8 times more likely to consume alcohol in NFHS-4 and NFHS-5, respectively. Rural men were 18 and one percent less likely to consume alcohol in NFHS-4 & 5 compared to urban (OR: 0.82 and 0.99 in NFHS-4 & 5 respectively). Despite an overall reduction in alcohol consumption among men, lowering alcohol consumption remains the main priority of policymakers. There is a need to target the most vulnerable socio-economic segments where alcohol consumption is still a problem, one of the primary reasons for violence against women.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Singh
- Department of Survey Research and Data Analytics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Shubham Kumar
- Department of Survey Research and Data Analytics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
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Rastogi A, Manthey J, Wiemker V, Probst C. Alcohol consumption in India: a systematic review and modelling study for sub-national estimates of drinking patterns. Addiction 2022; 117:1871-1886. [PMID: 34873774 DOI: 10.1111/add.15777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In India, alcohol per capita consumption (APC) has substantially increased over the past 2 decades. Although consumption does vary across the country, consistent state-level data are lacking. We aimed to identify all state-level alcohol exposure estimates since 2000 to (i) model consistent current drinking (CD) (12 months) prevalence estimates for all 36 states/union territories (UT) in 2019 and (ii) compare state-level CD trends with national-level APC trends. DESIGN A systematic review for studies on the Indian state-level prevalence of CD, lifetime abstinence (LA), alcohol use disorders (AUD) or the quantity of alcohol consumed among current drinkers (QU) was conducted. Subsequently, statistical modelling was applied. SETTING Data were collected and modelled for all Indian states/UTs. PARTICIPANTS Studies since 2000 referring to the general adult population (≥15 years) of at least one Indian state/UT were eligible. The total sample size covered was ~29 600 000 (males: females, 1:1.6). MEASUREMENTS Results on LA, AUD and QU were summarized descriptively. For (i) the state-, sex- and age-specific CD prevalence was estimated using random intercept fractional response models. For (ii) random intercept and slope models were performed. FINDINGS Of 2870 studies identified, 30 were retained for data extraction. LA, AUD and QU data were available for 31, 36 and 12 states/UTs, respectively. CD model estimates ranged from 6.4% (95% CI = 2.1%-18.1%; males) in Lakshadweep and 1.3% (95% CI = 0.7%-2.6%; females) in Delhi to 76.1% (95% CI = 68.1%-82.6%; males) and 63.7% (95% CI = 49.4%-75.7%; females) in Arunachal Pradesh. Over time, CD decreased in most states/UTs in the observed data, contradicting increasing national-level APC trends. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol use (measured as consistent current drinking) in India has large regional variations, with alcohol consumption being most prevalent in the North-East, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Jharkhand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Rastogi
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Manthey
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Veronika Wiemker
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Probst
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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Alcohol use among adolescents in India: a systematic review. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2022; 9:1-25. [PMID: 36618747 PMCID: PMC9806994 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2021.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use is typically established during adolescence and initiation of use at a young age poses risks for short- and long-term health and social outcomes. However, there is limited understanding of the onset, progression and impact of alcohol use among adolescents in India. The aim of this review is to synthesise the evidence about prevalence, patterns and correlates of alcohol use and alcohol use disorders in adolescents from India. METHODS Systematic review was conducted using relevant online databases, grey literature and unpublished data/outcomes from subject experts. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed and applied to screening rounds. Titles and abstracts were screened by two independent reviewers for eligibility, and then full texts were assessed for inclusion. Narrative synthesis of the eligible studies was conducted. RESULTS Fifty-five peer-reviewed papers and one report were eligible for inclusion in this review. Prevalence of ever or lifetime alcohol consumption ranged from 3.9% to 69.8%; and prevalence of alcohol consumption at least once in the past year ranged from 10.6% to 32.9%. The mean age for initiation of drinking ranged from 14.4 to 18.3 years. Some correlates associated with alcohol consumption included being male, older age, academic difficulties, parental use of alcohol or tobacco, non-contact sexual abuse and perpetuation of violence. CONCLUSION The evidence base for alcohol use among adolescents in India needs a deeper exploration. Despite gaps in the evidence base, this synthesis provides a reasonable understanding of alcohol use among adolescents in India and can provide direction to policymakers.
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Rehm J, Neufeld M, Room R, Sornpaisarn B, Štelemėkas M, Swahn MH, Lachenmeier DW. The impact of alcohol taxation changes on unrecorded alcohol consumption: A review and recommendations. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 99:103420. [PMID: 34456119 PMCID: PMC9429812 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diverse forms of unrecorded alcohol, defined as beverage alcohol not registered in official statistics in the country where it is consumed, comprise about one fourth of all alcohol consumed worldwide. Since unrecorded alcohol is usually cheaper than registered commercial alcohol, a standard argument against raising alcohol excise taxes has been that doing so could potentially result in an increase in unrecorded consumption. This contribution examines whether increases in taxation have in fact led to increases in consumption of unrecorded alcohol, and whether these increases in unrecorded alcohol should be considered to be a barrier to raising taxes. A second aim is to outline mitigation strategies to reduce unrecorded alcohol use. METHODS Narrative review of primary and secondary research, namely case studies and narrative and systematic reviews on unrecorded alcohol use worldwide. RESULTS Unrecorded alcohol consumption did not automatically increase with increases in taxation and subsequent price increases of registered commercial alcohol. Instead, the level of unrecorded consumption depended on: a) the availability and type of unrecorded alcohol; b) whether such consumption was non-stigmatized; c) the primary population groups which consumed unrecorded alcohol before the policy change; and d) the policy measures taken. Mitigation strategies are outlined. CONCLUSIONS Potential increases in the level of unrecorded alcohol consumption should be considered in the planning and implementation of substantial increases in alcohol taxation. However, unrecorded consumption should not be considered to be a principal barrier to implementing tax interventions, as evidence does not indicate an increase in consumption if mitigation measures are put in place by governments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 2S1; Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1P8, Canada; World Health Organization / Pan American Health Organization Collaborating Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S1; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 2S1; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 1R8; Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya str., 8, b. 2, 119992, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Maria Neufeld
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 2S1; Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany; WHO European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Moscow, Leontyevsky Pereulok 9, 125009 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, Building NR-1, La Trobe University, Plenty Rd. x Kingsbury Rd., Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia; Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, 3rd floor, Sveavägen 160, 113 46 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bundit Sornpaisarn
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 2S1; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1P8, Canada; Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Thailand, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Thung Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand, 10400
| | - Mindaugas Štelemėkas
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Monica H Swahn
- Wellstar College of Health and Human Services, Kennesaw State University, 520 Parliament Garden Way NW, Room 4103, MD 4101, Kennesaw, GA, USA, 30144
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
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14
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Schensul SL, Ha T, Schensul JJ, Grady J, Burleson JA, Gaikwad S, Joshi K, Malye R, Sarna A. Multilevel and Multifactorial Interventions to Reduce Alcohol Consumption and Improve ART Adherence and Related Factors Among HIV Positive Men in Mumbai, India. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:290-301. [PMID: 34014429 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use has a deleterious effect on the health status of persons living with HIV, negatively affecting antiretroviral adherence and increasing the risk of transmission. Alcohol use is not an isolated behavior but intimately linked to stigma and poor psychological status among other factors. This paper utilizes a crossover design to test the efficacy of three multilevel interventions, individual counselling (IC), group intervention (GI) and collective advocacy (CA) for change, among HIV positive males who consume alcohol, treated at five ART Centers in urban Maharashtra, India. While GI shows a significant effect on the largest number of outcome variables, IC through its psychosocial emphasis demonstrated a significant impact over time on stigma and depression, and CA with its emphasis on societal change showed positive impact on stigma and advocacy for self and others. Each of the interventions had variable effects on CD4 count and viral load.Clinical Registration Number: NCT03746457; Clinical Trial.Gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Schensul
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Toan Ha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - James Grady
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Joseph A Burleson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Sushma Gaikwad
- T.N. Medical College and B.Y.L. Nair Ch. Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Rupal Malye
- Lokmanya Tilak Muncicipal Medical College, Mumbai, India
| | - Avina Sarna
- Population Council, India Country Office, New Delhi, India
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15
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Ahmad S. Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption among Indian Female Adolescents. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2021.2004963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz Ahmad
- Office of NASI-ICMR Chair on Public Health, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India
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16
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Morojele NK, Shenoi SV, Shuper PA, Braithwaite RS, Rehm J. Alcohol Use and the Risk of Communicable Diseases. Nutrients 2021; 13:3317. [PMID: 34684318 PMCID: PMC8540096 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The body of knowledge on alcohol use and communicable diseases has been growing in recent years. Using a narrative review approach, this paper discusses alcohol's role in the acquisition of and treatment outcomes from four different communicable diseases: these include three conditions included in comparative risk assessments to date-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), and lower respiratory infections/pneumonia-as well as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) because of its recent and rapid ascension as a global health concern. Alcohol-attributable TB, HIV, and pneumonia combined were responsible for approximately 360,000 deaths and 13 million disability-adjusted life years lost (DALYs) in 2016, with alcohol-attributable TB deaths and DALYs predominating. There is strong evidence that alcohol is associated with increased incidence of and poorer treatment outcomes from HIV, TB, and pneumonia, via both behavioral and biological mechanisms. Preliminary studies suggest that heavy drinkers and those with alcohol use disorders are at increased risk of COVID-19 infection and severe illness. Aside from HIV research, limited research exists that can guide interventions for addressing alcohol-attributable TB and pneumonia or COVID-19. Implementation of effective individual-level interventions and alcohol control policies as a means of reducing the burden of communicable diseases is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neo K. Morojele
- Department of Psychology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Sheela V. Shenoi
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Paul A. Shuper
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada; (P.A.S.); (J.R.)
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Ronald Scott Braithwaite
- Division of Comparative Effectiveness and Decision Science, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10013, USA;
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada; (P.A.S.); (J.R.)
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
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17
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Manthey J, Hassan SA, Carr S, Kilian C, Kuitunen-Paul S, Rehm J. Estimating the economic consequences of substance use and substance use disorders. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2021; 21:869-876. [PMID: 33899647 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2021.1916470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This contribution gives an overview on estimating the economic impact of substance use (SU) and substance use disorders (SUDs) from a societal perspective. AREAS COVERED In this Expert Review, we first discuss the scope of the economic costs of SU to society and the methods used to estimate them. In general, cost studies should not be limited to SUDs, but should also include costs related to the consequences of any type of SU to achieve a comprehensive picture of the societal burden. Further, estimating potentially avoidable costs will increase the value of cost studies. Importantly, methodologically sound cost studies shed light on the magnitude of societal problems related to SU and can be used as a reference point to evaluate regulatory policies and other preventive measures. The area of estimating potential economic benefits of SU is understudied and lacks a theoretical and methodological framework. EXPERT OPINION Overall, economic studies on the impact of SU and SUDs can strongly contribute to better-informed decision-making in the creation of regulatory and control policies. The least developed area of research refers to a consensus methodology that could be used in studies which compare economic costs to potential economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Manthey
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Syed Ahmed Hassan
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sinclair Carr
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Kilian
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sören Kuitunen-Paul
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.,Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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18
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Rehm J, Babor TF, Casswell S, Room R. Heterogeneity in trends of alcohol use around the world: Do policies make a difference? Drug Alcohol Rev 2021; 40:345-349. [PMID: 33538021 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Thomas F Babor
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, USA
| | - Sally Casswell
- SHORE & Whariki Research Centre, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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