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Yoshida S, Kawamura A, Aoki K, Wiriyasermkul P, Sugimoto S, Tomiyoshi J, Tajima A, Ishida Y, Katoh Y, Tsukada T, Tsuneoka Y, Yamada K, Nagamori S, Nakayama K, Yoshida K. Positive regulation of Hedgehog signaling via phosphorylation of GLI2/GLI3 by DYRK2 kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320070121. [PMID: 38968120 PMCID: PMC11252808 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320070121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, an evolutionarily conserved pathway, plays an essential role in development and tumorigenesis, making it a promising drug target. Multiple negative regulators are known to govern Hh signaling; however, how activated Smoothened (SMO) participates in the activation of downstream GLI2 and GLI3 remains unclear. Herein, we identified the ciliary kinase DYRK2 as a positive regulator of the GLI2 and GLI3 transcription factors for Hh signaling. Transcriptome and interactome analyses demonstrated that DYRK2 phosphorylates GLI2 and GLI3 on evolutionarily conserved serine residues at the ciliary base, in response to activation of the Hh pathway. This phosphorylation induces the dissociation of GLI2/GLI3 from suppressor, SUFU, and their translocation into the nucleus. Loss of Dyrk2 in mice causes skeletal malformation, but neural tube development remains normal. Notably, DYRK2-mediated phosphorylation orchestrates limb development by controlling cell proliferation. Taken together, the ciliary kinase DYRK2 governs the activation of Hh signaling through the regulation of two processes: phosphorylation of GLI2 and GLI3 downstream of SMO and cilia formation. Thus, our findings of a unique regulatory mechanism of Hh signaling expand understanding of the control of Hh-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saishu Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Akira Kawamura
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Aoki
- Radioisotope Research Facilities, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Pattama Wiriyasermkul
- Center for Stable Isotope Medical Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
- Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
- Laboratory of Amyloid Regulation, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Junnosuke Tomiyoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Ayasa Tajima
- Center for Stable Isotope Medical Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Yamato Ishida
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
| | - Yohei Katoh
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
| | - Takehiro Tsukada
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Toho University, Chiba274-8510, Japan
| | - Yousuke Tsuneoka
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo143-8540, Japan
| | - Kohji Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- Center for Stable Isotope Medical Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyotsugu Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
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Wang K, Zhao X, Yang S, Qi X, Li A, Yu W. New insights into dairy management and the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis: The shift from single nutrient to dairy matrix effects-A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13374. [PMID: 38847750 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Dairy is recognized as a good source of calcium, which is important for preventing osteoporosis. However, the relationship between milk and bone health is more complex than just calcium supplementation. It is unwise to focus solely on observing the effects of a single nutrient. Lactose, proteins, and vitamins in milk, as well as fatty acids, oligosaccharides, and exosomes, all work together with calcium to enhance its bioavailability and utilization efficiency through various mechanisms. We evaluate the roles of dairy nutrients and active ingredients in maintaining bone homeostasis from the perspective of the dairy matrix effects. Special attention is given to threshold effects, synergistic effects, and associations with the gut-bone axis. We also summarize the associations between probiotic/prebiotic milk, low-fat/high-fat milk, lactose-free milk, and fortified milk with a reduced risk of osteoporosis and discuss the potential benefits and controversies of these dairy products. Moreover, we examine the role of dairy products in increasing peak bone mass during adolescence and reducing bone loss in old age. It provides a theoretical reference for the use of dairy products in the accurate prevention and management of osteoporosis and related chronic diseases and offers personalized dietary recommendations for bone health in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Sijia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoxi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Aili Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Dairy Processing Technology Research Centre, Heilongjiang Green Food Science Research Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Kitamura A, Yamamoto M, Hirouchi H, Watanabe G, Taniguchi S, Sekiya S, Ishizuka S, Jeong J, Higa K, Yamashita S, Abe S. Downregulation of SOX9 expression in developing entheses adjacent to intramembranous bone. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301080. [PMID: 38728328 PMCID: PMC11086909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Entheses are classified into three types: fibrocartilaginous, fibrous, and periosteal insertions. However, the mechanism behind the development of fibrous entheses and periosteal insertions remains unclear. Since both entheses are part of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), this study analyzes the TMJ entheses. Here, we show that SOX9 expression is negatively regulated during TMJ enthesis development, unlike fibrocartilage entheses which are modularly formed by SCX and SOX9 positive progenitors. The TMJ entheses was adjacent to the intramembranous bone rather than cartilage. SOX9 expression was diminished during TMJ enthesis development. To clarify the functional role of Sox9 in the development of TMJ entheses, we examined these structures in TMJ using Wnt1Cre;Sox9flox/+ reporter mice. Wnt1Cre;Sox9flox/+ mice showed enthesial deformation at the TMJ. Next, we also observed a diminished SOX9 expression area at the enthesis in contact with the clavicle's membranous bone portion, similar to the TMJ entheses. Together, these findings reveal that the timing of SOX9 expression varies with the ossification development mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asahi Kitamura
- Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahito Yamamoto
- Division of Basic Medical Science, Department of Anatomy, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Hirouchi
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genji Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Sayo Sekiya
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishizuka
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juhee Jeong
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Kazunari Higa
- Ophthalmology/Cornea Center, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Yamashita
- Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Yamamoto M, Hayashi S, Honkura Y, Hirano-Kawamoto A, Katori Y, Murakami G, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Abe S. Nasal capsule ossification: A histological study using human foetuses to find an association between the foetus and adult morphologies of the nasal wall. J Anat 2023; 243:517-533. [PMID: 36998216 PMCID: PMC10439375 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent molecular biology studies have revealed the process of nasal capsule determination. We aimed to create a fate map showing the association between the adult and embryonic components of the nasal wall and nasal capsule derivatives. We examined paraffin-embedded histological sections between 15 mid-term (9-16 weeks) and 12 near-term (27-40 weeks) foetuses. Until 15 weeks, membranous ossification occurred 'along' the capsular cartilage, contributing to the formation of the vomer, maxilla and bony nasal septum as well as the nasal, frontal and lacrimal bones. After 15 weeks, a wide lateral part of the capsule became thin and fragmented, and degenerative cartilage was observed near the lacrimal bone, in the three conchae, and at the inferolateral end of the capsule sandwiched between the maxilla and palatine bone. The disappearing cartilages appeared to be replaced by nearby membranous bones. This type of membranous ossification did not appear to use the capsular cartilage as a 'mould', although the perichondrium may have a role in inducing ossification. Calcified cartilage indicated endochondral ossification in the inferior concha until 15 weeks and, later, at the bases of three conchae and around the future sphenoid sinus (i.e. the concha sphenoidalis). The capsular cartilage extended antero-superiorly over the frontal bone and inserted into the nasal bone. At 40 weeks, the capsular cartilage remained in the cribriform plate and at the inferolateral end along the palatine bone. Consequently, less guidance from the nasal capsule seemed to provide great individual variation in the shape of the wide anterolateral wall of the nasal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shogo Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Basic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yohei Honkura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ai Hirano-Kawamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukio Katori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gen Murakami
- Division of Internal Medicine, Cupid Clinic, Iwamizawa, Japan
| | | | - Shinichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhou J, Georgas E, Su Y, Zhou J, Kröger N, Benn F, Kopp A, Qin Y, Zhu D. Evolution from Bioinert to Bioresorbable: In Vivo Comparative Study of Additively Manufactured Metal Bone Scaffolds. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302702. [PMID: 37424385 PMCID: PMC10502659 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Additively manufactured scaffolds offer significant potential for treating bone defects, owing to their porous, customizable architecture and functionalization capabilities. Although various biomaterials have been investigated, metals - the most successful orthopedic material - have yet to yield satisfactory results. Conventional bio-inert metals, such as titanium (Ti) and its alloys, are widely used for fixation devices and reconstructive implants, but their non-bioresorbable nature and the mechanical property mismatch with human bones limit their application as porous scaffolds for bone regeneration. Advancements in additive manufacturing have facilitated the use of bioresorbable metals, including magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and their alloys, as porous scaffolds via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) technology. This in vivo study presents a comprehensive, side-by-side comparative analysis of the interactions between bone regeneration and additively manufactured bio-inert/bioresorbable metal scaffolds, as well as their therapeutic outcomes. The research offers an in-depth understanding of the metal scaffold-assisted bone healing process, illustrating that Mg and Zn scaffolds contribute to the bone healing process in distinct ways, but ultimately deliver superior therapeutic outcomes compared to Ti scaffolds. These findings suggest that bioresorbable metal scaffolds hold considerable promise for the clinical treatment of bone defects in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncen Zhou
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Stony BrookStony BrookNY11794USA
| | - Elias Georgas
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Stony BrookStony BrookNY11794USA
| | - Yingchao Su
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Stony BrookStony BrookNY11794USA
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Stony BrookStony BrookNY11794USA
| | - Nadja Kröger
- Division of Plastic‐Reconstructive‐ and Aesthetic SurgeryUniversity Hospital Cologne50937CologneGermany
| | | | | | - Yi‐Xian Qin
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Stony BrookStony BrookNY11794USA
| | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Stony BrookStony BrookNY11794USA
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High-efficient engineering of osteo-callus organoids for rapid bone regeneration within one month. Biomaterials 2022; 288:121741. [PMID: 36031458 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Large bone defects that cannot form a callus tissue are often faced with long-time recovery. Developmental engineering-based strategies with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) aggregates have shown enhanced potential for bone regeneration. However, MSC aggregates are different from the physiological callus tissues, which limited the further endogenous osteogenesis. This study aims to achieve engineering of osteo-callus organoids for rapid bone regeneration in cooperation with bone marrow-derived stem cell (BMSC)-loaded hydrogel microspheres (MSs) by digital light-processing (DLP) printing technology and stepwise-induction. The printed MSC-loaded MSs aggregated into osteo-callus organoids after chondrogenic induction and showed much higher chondrogenic efficiency than that of traditional MSC pellets. Moreover, the osteo-callus organoids exhibited stage-specific gene expression pattern that recapitulated endochondral ossification process, as well as a synchronized state of cell proliferation and differentiation, which highly resembled the diverse cell compositions and behaviors of developmentally endochondral ossification. Lastly, the osteo-callus organoids efficiently led to rapid bone regeneration within only 4 weeks in a large bone defect in rabbits which need 2-3 months in previous tissue engineering studies. The findings suggested that in vitro engineering of osteo-callus organoids with developmentally osteogenic properties is a promising strategy for rapid bone defect regeneration and recovery.
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Abstract
Biological systems display a rich phenomenology of states that resemble the physical states of matter - solid, liquid and gas. These phases result from the interactions between the microscopic constituent components - the cells - that manifest in macroscopic properties such as fluidity, rigidity and resistance to changes in shape and volume. Looked at from such a perspective, phase transitions from a rigid to a flowing state or vice versa define much of what happens in many biological processes especially during early development and diseases such as cancer. Additionally, collectively moving confluent cells can also lead to kinematic phase transitions in biological systems similar to multi-particle systems where the particles can interact and show sub-populations characterised by specific velocities. In this Perspective we discuss the similarities and limitations of the analogy between biological and inert physical systems both from theoretical perspective as well as experimental evidence in biological systems. In understanding such transitions, it is crucial to acknowledge that the macroscopic properties of biological materials and their modifications result from the complex interplay between the microscopic properties of cells including growth or death, neighbour interactions and secretion of matrix, phenomena unique to biological systems. Detecting phase transitions in vivo is technically difficult. We present emerging approaches that address this challenge and may guide our understanding of the organization and macroscopic behaviour of biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7288, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Vikas Trivedi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
- EMBL Heidelberg, Developmental Biology Unit, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany.
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Jeyaraman M, Muthu S, Gangadaran P, Ranjan R, Jeyaraman N, Prajwal GS, Mishra PC, Rajendran RL, Ahn BC. Osteogenic and Chondrogenic Potential of Periosteum-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Do They Hold the Key to the Future? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111133. [PMID: 34832915 PMCID: PMC8618036 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The periosteum, with its outer fibrous and inner cambium layer, lies in a dynamic environment with a niche of pluripotent stem cells for their reparative needs. The inner cambium layer is rich in mesenchymal progenitors, osteogenic progenitors, osteoblasts, and fibroblasts in a scant collagen matrix environment. Their role in union and remodeling of fracture is well known. However, the periosteum as a source of mesenchymal stem cells has not been explored in detail. Moreover, with the continuous expansion of techniques, newer insights have been acquired into the roles and regulation of these periosteal cells. From a therapeutic standpoint, the periosteum as a source of tissue engineering has gained much attraction. Apart from its role in bone repair, analysis of the bone-forming potential of periosteum-derived stem cells is lacking. Hence, this article elucidates the role of the periosteum as a potential source of mesenchymal stem cells along with their capacity for osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation for therapeutic application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201306, Uttar Pradesh, India; (M.J.); (R.R.)
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
- International Association of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (IASRM), Greater Kailash, New Delhi 110048, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Sathish Muthu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
- International Association of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (IASRM), Greater Kailash, New Delhi 110048, Uttar Pradesh, India;
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Dindigul 624304, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (R.L.R.); (B.-C.A.); Tel.: +82-53-420-4914 (R.L.R.); +82-53-420-5583 (B.-C.A.)
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Rajni Ranjan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201306, Uttar Pradesh, India; (M.J.); (R.R.)
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, Atlas Hospitals, Tiruchirappalli 620002, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | | | - Prabhu Chandra Mishra
- International Association of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (IASRM), Greater Kailash, New Delhi 110048, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (R.L.R.); (B.-C.A.); Tel.: +82-53-420-4914 (R.L.R.); +82-53-420-5583 (B.-C.A.)
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (R.L.R.); (B.-C.A.); Tel.: +82-53-420-4914 (R.L.R.); +82-53-420-5583 (B.-C.A.)
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Han L, Du M, Ren F, Mao X. Milk Polar Lipids Supplementation to Obese Rats During Pregnancy and Lactation Benefited Skeletal Outcomes of Male Offspring. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2001208. [PMID: 34008920 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202001208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Dietary intervention to obese dams during pregnancy and lactation period provides avenues for improving metabolic profiles of the offspring. In the current study, the effects of polar lipids-enriched milk fat globule membrane (MFGM-PL) supplementation to obese dams during pregnancy and lactation on the skeletal outcomes of male offspring are investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS MFGM-PL is supplemented to obese rats induced by high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation at a dose of 400 mg kg-1 body weight. Results show that maternal MFGM-PL supplementation significantly ameliorates the stunted skeletal growth of male offspring at weaning. In adulthood offspring, maternal MFGM-PL supplementation protects against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced bone microstructure degeneration and bone marrow adipocyte accumulation. Further investigation shows that maternal supplementation of MFGM-PL significantly ameliorates insulin resistance and increases the mRNA expression of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) in the hypothalamus of HFD offspring. The growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis is subsequently enhanced in MFGM-PL + HFD offspring, contributing to the beneficial skeletal outcomes. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that maternal MFGM-PL supplementation of HFD dam during pregnancy and lactation shows desirable effects on fetal skeletal development, with lasting beneficial programming impacts on skeletal outcomes of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Han
- Key Laboratory of Precision, Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Min Du
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Precision, Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xueying Mao
- Key Laboratory of Precision, Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
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10
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Kim HD, Hong X, An YH, Park MJ, Kim DG, Greene AK, Padwa BL, Hwang NS, Lin RZ, Melero-Martin JM. A Biphasic Osteovascular Biomimetic Scaffold for Rapid and Self-Sustained Endochondral Ossification. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100070. [PMID: 33882194 PMCID: PMC8273143 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of large bones remains a challenge in surgery. Recent developmental engineering efforts aim to recapitulate endochondral ossification (EO), a critical step in bone formation. However, this process entails the condensation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into cartilaginous templates, which requires long-term cultures and is challenging to scale up. Here, a biomimetic scaffold is developed that allows rapid and self-sustained EO without initial hypertrophic chondrogenesis. The design comprises a porous chondroitin sulfate cryogel decorated with whitlockite calcium phosphate nanoparticles, and a soft hydrogel occupying the porous space. This composite scaffold enables human endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) and MSCs to rapidly assemble into osteovascular niches in immunodeficient mice. These niches contain ECFC-lined blood vessels and perivascular MSCs that differentiate into RUNX2+ OSX+ pre-osteoblasts after one week in vivo. Subsequently, multiple ossification centers are formed, leading to de novo bone tissue formation by eight weeks, including mature human OCN+ OPN+ osteoblasts, collagen-rich mineralized extracellular matrix, hydroxyapatite, osteoclast activity, and gradual mechanical competence. The early establishment of blood vessels is essential, and grafts that do not contain ECFCs fail to produce osteovascular niches and ossification centers. The findings suggest a novel bioengineering approach to recapitulate EO in the context of human bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan D. Kim
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, 27469, Republic of Korea (H.D.K current address)
| | - Xuechong Hong
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Young-Hyeon An
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, BioMAX Institute, Institute of Chemical Processes, Institute of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihn Jeong Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, BioMAX Institute, Institute of Chemical Processes, Institute of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Gyoon Kim
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Arin K. Greene
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bonnie L. Padwa
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathaniel S. Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, BioMAX Institute, Institute of Chemical Processes, Institute of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruei-Zeng Lin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Juan M. Melero-Martin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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11
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PP2A in LepR+ mesenchymal stem cells contributes to embryonic and postnatal endochondral ossification through Runx2 dephosphorylation. Commun Biol 2021; 4:658. [PMID: 34079065 PMCID: PMC8172534 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has not been well studied which cells and related mechanisms contribute to endochondral ossification. Here, we fate mapped the leptin receptor-expressing (LepR+) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in different embryonic and adult extremities using Lepr-cre; tdTomato mice and investigated the underling mechanism using Lepr-cre; Ppp2r1afl/fl mice. Tomato+ cells appear in the primary and secondary ossification centers and express the hypertrophic markers. Ppp2r1a deletion in LepR+ MSCs reduces the expression of Runx2, Osterix, alkaline phosphatase, collagen X, and MMP13, but increases that of the mature adipocyte marker perilipin, thereby reducing trabecular bone density and enhancing fat content. Mechanistically, PP2A dephosphorylates Runx2 and BRD4, thereby playing a major role in positively and negatively regulating osteogenesis and adipogenesis, respectively. Our data identify LepR+ MSC as the cell origin of endochondral ossification during embryonic and postnatal bone growth and suggest that PP2A is a therapeutic target in the treatment of dysregulated bone formation. Yen et al use tissue-specific PP2A knockout mice to show that PP2A in LepR positive mesenchymal stem cells positively regulates endochondral ossification. They find that PP2A dephosphorylates Runx2 and BRD4, thereby playing a major role in positively and negatively regulating osteogenesis and adipogenesis, respectively.
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12
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Shah HN, Jones RE, Borrelli MR, Robertson K, Salhotra A, Wan DC, Longaker MT. Craniofacial and Long Bone Development in the Context of Distraction Osteogenesis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2021; 147:54e-65e. [PMID: 33370054 PMCID: PMC7773036 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000007451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone retains regenerative potential into adulthood, and surgeons harness this plasticity during distraction osteogenesis. The underlying biology governing bone development, repair, and regeneration is divergent between the craniofacial and appendicular skeleton. Each type of bone formation is characterized by unique molecular signaling and cellular behavior. Recent discoveries have elucidated the cellular and genetic processes underlying skeletal development and regeneration, providing an opportunity to couple biological and clinical knowledge to improve patient care. METHODS A comprehensive literature review of basic and clinical literature regarding craniofacial and long bone development, regeneration, and distraction osteogenesis was performed. RESULTS The current understanding in craniofacial and long bone development and regeneration is discussed, and clinical considerations for the respective distraction osteogenesis procedures are presented. CONCLUSIONS Distraction osteogenesis is a powerful tool to regenerate bone and thus address a number of craniofacial and appendicular skeletal deficiencies. The molecular mechanisms underlying bone regeneration, however, remain elusive. Recent work has determined that embryologic morphogen gradients constitute important signals during regeneration. In addition, striking discoveries have illuminated the cellular processes underlying mandibular regeneration during distraction osteogenesis, showing that skeletal stem cells reactivate embryologic neural crest transcriptomic processes to carry out bone formation during regeneration. Furthermore, innovative adjuvant therapies to complement distraction osteogenesis use biological processes active in embryogenesis and regeneration. Additional research is needed to further characterize the underlying cellular mechanisms responsible for improved bone formation through adjuvant therapies and the role skeletal stem cells play during regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh N. Shah
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ruth E. Jones
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mimi R. Borrelli
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kiana Robertson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ankit Salhotra
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Derrick C. Wan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael T. Longaker
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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13
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Maturating Articular Cartilage Can Induce Ectopic Joint-Like Structures in Neonatal Mice. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-020-00176-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a huge health burden to our society. Seeking for potential ways to induce regeneration of articular cartilage (AC) that is intrinsically limited, we focused on the interaction between two opposing joints. To evaluate the role of the interaction of opposing regions of AC for joint maturation, we amputated digits at the distal interphalangeal level without injuring the articular surface of the intermediate phalanx (P2) and observed that the zonal organization of AC was defective. We then removed the P2 bone without injuring the articular surface of the proximal phalanx (P1), and the remaining part of the digit was amputated near the distal interphalangeal level. The distribution pattern of type II collagen and proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) suggested that maturation of AC in P1 was delayed. These two experiments suggested that an interaction between the opposing AC in a joint is necessary for maturation of the zonal organization of AC in neonatal digits. To test if an interaction of the joints is sufficient to induce articular cartilage, a proximal fragment of P2 was resected, inverted, and put back into the original location. Newly formed cartilage was induced at the interface region between the AC of the inverted graft and the cut edge of the distal part of P2. Type II collagen and PRG4 were expressed in the ectopic cartilage in a similar manner to normal AC, indicating that neonatal AC can induce ectopic joint-like structures in mice comparable with what has been reported in newts and frogs. These results suggest that the neonatal joint could be a source of inductive signals for regeneration of AC.
Lay Summary
In this study, we experimentally show that neonatal mice appear to have the capacity to regenerate articular cartilage (AC) in digits. It is already known that mice can regenerate a digit tip after amputation, but do not regenerate in response to amputations at more proximal levels. Therefore, it has been thought that mammalian joint structures are non-regenerative. However, we found that normal digit AC can induce AC-like structures in a non-joint region when it is placed next to the cut edge of a bone, suggesting that the normal AC has regenerative capacity in certain situations in neonatal mice.
Future Works
Joint disorders are a huge health problem of our society. The results of this study suggest that neonatal AC could be a potential source of inductive signals for regeneration of AC. The discovery of these inductive signals will aid in developing regenerative therapies of a joint in human.
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14
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Tomé TDC, Quintana HT, Bortolin JA, Taffarel AA, Liberti EA, De Oliveira F. Extensive burn injury causes bone collagen network alteration and growth delay related to RANK-L immunoexpression change. Connect Tissue Res 2020; 61:465-474. [PMID: 31092061 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2019.1620220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Extensive burn injury mainly affects children, and hypermetabolic state can lead to growth delay. This study aimed to investigate bone histopathological and morphometric aspects, collagen fibers network and the immunoexpression of biological markers related to bone development in a young experimental model for extensive burn. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 28 male Wistar rats were distributed into Control (C) and subjected to scald burn injury (SBI) groups. Sham or injured animals were euthanized 4 or 14 days post-lesion and proximal epiphyses of the femur were submitted to histological, morphometric (thickness epiphyseal plate), and RUNX-2 and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa- β ligand (RANK-L) immunoexpression methods. RESULTS Histopathological femoral findings showed delayed appearance of the secondary ossification center in SBI, 14 days post-injury. Collagen fibers 4 days after injury were observed in articular cartilage as a pantographic network with a transversally oriented lozenge-shaped mesh, but this network was thinner in SBI. Fourteen days after the injury, the pantographic network of collagen presented square-shaped mesh in C, but this aspect was changed to a wider mesh in SBI. Morphometric analysis of epiphyseal plate revealed that the SBI group had less thickness than the respective controls (p<0.05). RUNX-2 showed no difference between groups, but RANK-L score was higher in all SBI groups. CONCLUSIONS Extensive burn injury causes delayed bone growth and morphological changes. Alterations in collagen network and enhancement in immunoreactivity of RANK-L result in increased osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabata De Carvalho Tomé
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista , SP, Brazil
| | - Hananiah Tardivo Quintana
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista , SP, Brazil
| | - Jeferson André Bortolin
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista , SP, Brazil
| | - André Andriolli Taffarel
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista , SP, Brazil
| | | | - Flavia De Oliveira
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista , SP, Brazil
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15
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Fowler DA, Larsson HCE. The tissues and regulatory pattern of limb chondrogenesis. Dev Biol 2020; 463:124-134. [PMID: 32417169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Initial limb chondrogenesis offers the first differentiated tissues that resemble the mature skeletal anatomy. It is a developmental progression of three tissues. The limb begins with undifferentiated mesenchyme-1, some of which differentiates into condensations-2, and this tissue then transforms into cartilage-3. Each tissue is identified by physical characteristics of cell density, shape, and extracellular matrix composition. Tissue specific regimes of gene regulation underlie the diagnostic physical and chemical properties of these three tissues. These three tissue based regimes co-exist amid a background of other gene regulatory regimes within the same tissues and time-frame of limb development. The bio-molecular indicators of gene regulation reveal six identifiable patterns. Three of these patterns describe the unique bio-molecular indicators of each of the three tissues. A fourth pattern shares bio-molecular indicators between condensation and cartilage. Finally, a fifth pattern is composed of bio-molecular indicators that are found in undifferentiated mesenchyme prior to any condensation differentiation, then these bio-molecular indicators are upregulated in condensations and downregulated in undifferentiated mesenchyme. The undifferentiated mesenchyme that remains in between the condensations and cartilage, the interdigit, contains a unique set of bio-molecular indicators that exhibit dynamic behaviour during chondrogenesis and therefore argue for its own inclusion as a tissue in its own right and for more study into this process of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Fowler
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St W, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C4, Canada; Department of Biology, McGill University, Stewart Biology Building, 1205 Docteur Penfield, Montréal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada.
| | - Hans C E Larsson
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St W, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C4, Canada.
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16
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Muneoka K, Dawson LA. Evolution of epimorphosis in mammals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 336:165-179. [PMID: 31951104 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian epimorphic regeneration is rare and digit tip regeneration in mice is the best-studied model for a multi-tissue regenerative event that involves blastema formation. Digit tip regeneration parallels human fingertip regeneration, thus understanding the details of this response can provide insight into developing strategies to expand the potential of human regeneration. Following amputation, the digit stump undergoes a strong histolytic response involving osteoclast-mediated bone degradation that is spatially and temporally linked to the expansion of blastema osteoprogenitor cells. Blastemal differentiation occurs via direct intramembranous ossification. Although robust, digit regeneration is imperfect: The amputated cortical bone is replaced with woven bone and there is excessive bone regeneration restricted to the dorsal-ventral axis. Ontogenetic and phylogenetic analysis of digit regeneration in amphibians and mammals raise the possibility that mammalian blastema is a product of convergent evolution and we hypothesize that digit tip regeneration evolved from a nonregenerative precondition. A model is proposed in which the mammalian blastema evolved in part from an adaptation of two bone repair strategies (the bone remodeling cycle and fracture healing) both of which are conserved across tetrapod vertebrates. The view that epimorphic regeneration evolved in mammals from a nonregenerative precondition is supported by recent studies demonstrating that complex regenerative responses can be induced from a number of different nonregenerative amputation wounds by specific modification of the healing response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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17
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Chromatin dynamics underlying the precise regeneration of a vertebrate limb - Epigenetic regulation and cellular memory. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 97:16-25. [PMID: 30991117 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing, tissue regeneration, and organ regrowth are all regeneration phenomena observed in vertebrates after an injury. However, the ability to regenerate differs greatly among species. Mammals can undergo wound healing and tissue regeneration, but cannot regenerate an organ; for example, they cannot regrow an amputated limb. In contrast, amphibians and fish have much higher capabilities for organ-level regeneration. In addition to medical studies and those in conventional mammalian models such as mice, studies in amphibians and fish have revealed essential factors for and mechanisms of regeneration, including the regrowth of a limb, tail, or fin. However, the molecular nature of the cellular memory needed to precisely generate a new appendage from an amputation site is not fully understood. Recent reports have indicated that organ regeneration is closely related to epigenetic regulation. For example, the methylation status of genomic DNA is related to the expression of regeneration-related genes, and histone-modification enzymes are required to control the chromatin dynamics for regeneration. A proposed mechanism of cellular memory involving an inheritable system of epigenetic modification led us to hypothesize that epigenetic regulation forms the basis for cellular memory in organ regeneration. Here we summarize the current understanding of the role of epigenetic regulation in organ regeneration and discuss the relationship between organ regeneration and epigenetic memory.
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18
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Gabbai-Armelin PR, Wilian Kido H, Fernandes KR, Fortulan CA, Muniz Renno AC. Effects of bio-inspired bioglass/collagen/magnesium composites on bone repair. J Biomater Appl 2019; 34:261-272. [PMID: 31027447 DOI: 10.1177/0885328219845594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Roberto Gabbai-Armelin
- 1 Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim, Santos, Brazil
| | - Hueliton Wilian Kido
- 1 Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim, Santos, Brazil
| | - Kelly Rossetti Fernandes
- 1 Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim, Santos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Fortulan
- 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Trabalhador São Carlense, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Muniz Renno
- 1 Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim, Santos, Brazil
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19
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Lipphaus A, Witzel U. Biomechanical Study of the Development of Long Bones: Finite Element Structure Synthesis of the Human Second Proximal Phalanx Under Growth Conditions. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:1389-1398. [PMID: 30369073 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Torsional loads are a possible mechanical explanation for the architecture of long bone. Finite element structure synthesis (FESS) has previously successfully been used as a deductive technique using Wolff's Law by applying expected loads to an unspecific homogeneous solid and eliminating stress free parts to verify muscle forces. The extended approach presented in this article includes further mechanobiological rules to model the development from a cartilage model to a finger bone. In contrast to former computational models, simulation of processes leading to both external growth and internal differentiation are included. Combined axial and torsional loads synthesize a complete human secondary proximal phalanx model comparable to form and internal structure to that observed in vivo. While the computational model is very sensitive to initial alterations of loads, changes after growth have a minor effect as observed in animal models. Predictions of cartilage growth and ossification during FESS showed significant similarities to ontogeny indicating the importance of mechanical factors for the morphogenesis of bone during growth. Anat Rec, 302:1389-1398, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lipphaus
- Research Group of Biomechanics, Chair of Product Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätstr, 150, Bochum, DE 44801, Germany
| | - Ulrich Witzel
- Research Group of Biomechanics, Chair of Product Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätstr, 150, Bochum, DE 44801, Germany
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20
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Yang J, Liu Y, He L, Wang Q, Wang L, Yuan T, Xiao Y, Fan Y, Zhang X. Icariin conjugated hyaluronic acid/collagen hydrogel for osteochondral interface restoration. Acta Biomater 2018; 74:156-167. [PMID: 29734010 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, numerous tissue-engineered constructs have been investigated for the osteochondral repair. However, it still remains a challenge to regenerate the functionalized calcified layer. In this study, the potential of icariin (Ica) conjugated hyaluronic acid/collagen (Ica-HA/Col) hydrogel to promote the osteochondral interface restoration was investigated. Compared with HA/Col hydrogel, Ica-HA/Col hydrogel simultaneously facilitated chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in vitro. The cells encapsulated in Ica-HA/Col hydrogel tended to aggregate into bigger clusters. The chondrogenic genes' expression level was remarkably up-regulated, and the matrix synthesis of sGAG and type II collagen was significantly enhanced. Similarly, the osteogenic genes, including RUNX2, ALP, and OCN were also up-regulated at early stage. Consequently, more calcium deposition was observed in the Ica-HA/Col hydrogel construct. Moreover, the gene expression and matrix synthesis of type X collagen, an important marker for the formation of calcified layer; were significantly higher in the Ica-HA/Col hydrogel. Furthermore, the in vivo study showed that Ica-HA/Col constructs facilitated the reconstruction of osteochondral interface in rabbit subchondral defects. In the Ica-HA/Col group, the neo-cartilage layer contained more type II collagen and the newly formed subchondral bone deposited more abundant type I collagen. Overall, the results indicated that Ica-HA/Col hydrogel might be a promising scaffold to reconstruct an osteochondral interface, therefore promoting restoring of osteochondral defect. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The osteochondral defect restoration not only involves the repair of damaged cartilage and the subchondral bone, but also the reconstruction of osteochondral interface (the functional calcified layer). The calcified layer regeneration is essential for integrative and functional osteochondral repair. Over the past decade, numerous tissue engineered constructs have been investigated for the osteochondral repair. However, it still remains a challenge to regenerate a functionalized calcified layer. The present study demonstrates that Ica-HA/Col hydrogel facilitates deposition of matrix related to calcified layer in mixed chondrogenic/osteogenic inductive media and restoration of osteochondral defect in vivo. Since, Ica-HA/Col hydrogel as is cheaper, easier and more efficient, it might be a desired scaffold for the osteochondral defects restoration.
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21
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Stalvey MS, Pace J, Niknian M, Higgins MN, Tarn V, Davis J, Heltshe SL, Rowe SM. Growth in Prepubertal Children With Cystic Fibrosis Treated With Ivacaftor. Pediatrics 2017; 139:peds.2016-2522. [PMID: 28143919 PMCID: PMC5260152 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cystic fibrosis (CF) is known for its impact on the lung and pancreas of individuals; however, impaired growth is also a common complication. We hypothesized that targeting the biological defect in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein may affect growth outcomes. METHODS In this post hoc analysis, we assessed linear growth and weight in 83 children (aged 6-11 years) enrolled in 2 clinical trials, the longitudinal-observation GOAL study and the placebo-controlled ENVISION study, to evaluate the effects of ivacaftor, a CFTR potentiator. We calculated height and weight z scores and height and weight growth velocities (GVs). RESULTS In ivacaftor-treated children in GOAL, height and weight z scores increased significantly from baseline to 6 months (increases of 0.1 [P < .05] and 0.26 [P < .0001], respectively); height GV increased significantly from 3 to 6 months (2.10-cm/year increase; P < .01). In ivacaftor-treated children in ENVISION, height and weight z scores increased significantly from baseline to 48 weeks (increases of 0.17 [P < .001] and 0.35 [P < .001], respectively). Height and weight GVs from baseline to 48 weeks were also significantly higher with ivacaftor than with placebo (differences of 1.08 cm/year [P < .05] and 3.11 kg/year [P < .001], respectively). CONCLUSIONS Ivacaftor treatment in prepubescent children may help to address short stature and altered GV in children with CF; results from these analyses support the existence of an intrinsic defect in the growth of children with CF that may be ameliorated by CFTR modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Minoo Niknian
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Valerie Tarn
- Department of Pediatrics,,Pediatric Pulmonary Center, and
| | - Joy Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sonya L. Heltshe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and,CF Foundation Therapeutics Development Network, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Steven M. Rowe
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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22
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Alibardi L. Permanence of proliferating cells in developing, juvenile and adult knee epiphyses of lizards in relation to bone growth and regeneration. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab and Department of Bigea; University of Bologna; via Selmi 3 Bologna 40126 Italy
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23
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Yan J, Fei Y, Han Y, Lu S. Selenoprotein O deficiencies suppress chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:1033-40. [PMID: 27425444 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Selenoprotein O (Sel O) is a selenium-containing protein, but its function is still unclear. In the present study, we observed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of Sel O increased during chondrogenic induction of ATDC5 cells. The effects of Sel O on chondrocyte differentiation were then examined through shRNA-mediated gene silencing technique. The expression of Sel O was significantly suppressed at both mRNA and protein levels in a stable cell line transfected with a Sel O-specific target shRNA construct. Thereafter, we demonstrated that Sel O deficiencies suppress chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells. Sel O deficiencies inhibited expression of chondrogenic gene Sox9, Col II, and aggrecan. Sel O-deficient cells also accumulated a few cartilage glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and decreased the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). In addition, Sel O deficiencies inhibited chondrocyte proliferation through delayed cell cycle progression by suppression of cyclin D1 expression. Moreover, Sel O deficiencies induced chondrocyte death through cell apoptosis. In summary, we describe the expression patterns and the essential roles of Sel O in chondrocyte viability, proliferation, and chondrogenic differentiation. Additionally, Sel O deficiency-mediated impaired chondrogenesis may illustrate the mechanisms of Se deficiency in the pathophysiological process of the endemic osteoarthropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Yan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yao Fei
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Yanta West Road 76, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Yanta West Road 76, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China.
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24
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Quijano LM, Lynch KM, Allan CH, Badylak SF, Ahsan T. Looking Ahead to Engineering Epimorphic Regeneration of a Human Digit or Limb. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2016; 22:251-62. [PMID: 26603349 PMCID: PMC4892205 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 2 million people have had limb amputations in the United States due to disease or injury, with more than 185,000 new amputations every year. The ability to promote epimorphic regeneration, or the regrowth of a biologically based digit or limb, would radically change the prognosis for amputees. This ambitious goal includes the regrowth of a large number of tissues that need to be properly assembled and patterned to create a fully functional structure. We have yet to even identify, let alone address, all the obstacles along the extended progression that limit epimorphic regeneration in humans. This review aims to present introductory fundamentals in epimorphic regeneration to facilitate design and conduct of research from a tissue engineering and regenerative medicine perspective. We describe the clinical scenario of human digit healing, featuring published reports of regenerative potential. We then broadly delineate the processes of epimorphic regeneration in nonmammalian systems and describe a few mammalian regeneration models. We give particular focus to the murine digit tip, which allows for comparative studies of regeneration-competent and regeneration-incompetent outcomes in the same animal. Finally, we describe a few forward-thinking opportunities for promoting epimorphic regeneration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M. Quijano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kristen M. Lynch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Christopher H. Allan
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen F. Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tabassum Ahsan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Jeon O, Marks R, Wolfson D, Alsberg E. Dual-crosslinked hydrogel microwell system for formation and culture of multicellular human adipose tissue-derived stem cell spheroids. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:3526-3533. [PMID: 32263386 PMCID: PMC7738273 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00064a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) multicellular spheroids of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hASCs) are an attractive system for basic science studies and tissue engineering applications, as they can resemble cellular condensations present in developmental and healing processes. The purpose of this study was to engineer a hydrogel-based microwell platform by capitalizing on the differential swelling behavior of micropatterned dual-crosslinked oxidized, methacrylated alginate (OMA)/multi-arm polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels for rapid formation of uniform multicellular hASC spheroids with controllable size and evaluation of the capacity of the system to be used to drive osteogenic differentiation of the spheroids. By changing the micropattern size, the size of the hydrogel microwells was easily controllable. Microwell-seeded hASCs generated spheroids of relatively uniform size and high cell viability. hASC spheroids exhibited rapid mineralization in osteogenic media, which was faster than that of conventional two-dimensionally cultured hASCs. This new hydrogel microwell system has great potential for controlled multicellular spheroid formation and defined signal presentation from the hydrogel material to the cell aggregates to regulate tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oju Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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26
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Functional characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells derived from the adipose tissue of a patient with achondroplasia. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 52:545-54. [PMID: 27059327 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be isolated from various tissues including bone marrow, adipose tissue, skin dermis, and umbilical Wharton's jelly as well as injured tissues. MSCs possess the capacity for self-renewal and the potential for differentiation into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. However, the characteristics of MSCs in injured tissues, such as achondroplasia (ACH), are not well known. In this study, we isolated MSCs from human subcutaneous adipose (ACH-SAMSCs) tissue and circumjacent human adipose tissue of the cartilage (ACH-CAMSCs) from a patient with ACH. We then analyzed the characterization of ACH-SAMSCs and ACH-CAMSCs, compared with normal human dermis-derived MSCs (hDMSCs). In flow cytometry analysis, the isolated ACH-MSCs expressed low levels of CD73, CD90, and CD105, compared with hDMSCs. Moreover, both ACH- SAMSCs and ACH-CAMSCs had constitutionally overactive fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) and exhibited significantly reduced osteogenic differentiation, compared to enhanced adipogenic differentiation. The activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) was increased in ACH-MSCs. In addition, the efficacy of osteogenic differentiation was slightly restored in osteogenic differentiation medium with MAPKs inhibitors. These results suggest that they play essential roles in MSC differentiation toward adipogenesis in ACH pathology. In conclusion, the identification of the characteristics of ACH-MSCs and the favoring of adipogenic differentiation via the FGFR3/MAPK axis might help to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms relevant to other skeletal diseases and could provide targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Zielins ER, Ransom RC, Leavitt TE, Longaker MT, Wan DC. The role of stem cells in limb regeneration. Organogenesis 2016; 12:16-27. [PMID: 27008101 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2016.1163463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Limb regeneration is a complex yet fascinating process observed to some extent in many animal species, though seen in its entirety in urodele amphibians. Accomplished by formation of a morphologically uniform intermediate, the blastema, scientists have long attempted to define the cellular constituents that enable regrowth of a functional appendage. Today, we know that the blastema consists of a variety of multipotent progenitor cells originating from a variety of tissues, and which contribute to limb tissue regeneration in a lineage-restricted manner. By continuing to dissect the role of stem cells in limb regeneration, we can hope to one day modulate the human response to limb amputation and facilitate regrowth of a working replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Zielins
- a Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Ryan C Ransom
- a Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Tripp E Leavitt
- a Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Michael T Longaker
- a Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA.,b Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Derrick C Wan
- a Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
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Alibardi L. Localization of Proliferating Cells in the Inter-Vertebral Region of the Developing and Adult Vertebrae of Lizards in Relation to Growth and Regeneration. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:461-73. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab and Department of Bigea; University of Bologna; Italy
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Tsutsumi R, Yamada S, Agata K. Functional joint regeneration is achieved using reintegration mechanism in Xenopus laevis. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2016; 3:26-38. [PMID: 27499877 PMCID: PMC4857750 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A functional joint requires integration of multiple tissues: the apposing skeletal elements should form an interlocking structure, and muscles should insert into skeletal tissues via tendons across the joint. Whereas newts can regenerate functional joints after amputation, Xenopus laevis regenerates a cartilaginous rod without joints, a "spike." Previously we reported that the reintegration mechanism between the remaining and regenerated tissues has a significant effect on regenerating joint morphogenesis during elbow joint regeneration in newt. Based on this insight into the importance of reintegration, we amputated frogs' limbs at the elbow joint and found that frogs could regenerate a functional elbow joint between the remaining tissues and regenerated spike. During regeneration, the regenerating cartilage was partially connected to the remaining articular cartilage to reform the interlocking structure of the elbow joint at the proximal end of the spike. Furthermore, the muscles of the remaining part inserted into the regenerated spike cartilage via tendons. This study might open up an avenue for analyzing molecular and cellular mechanisms of joint regeneration using Xenopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rio Tsutsumi
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan; Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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Seki R, Kitajima K, Matsubara H, Suzuki T, Saito D, Yokoyama H, Tamura K. AP-2β is a transcriptional regulator for determination of digit length in tetrapods. Dev Biol 2015; 407:75-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Nakayama S, Arima K, Kawai K, Mohri K, Inui C, Sugano W, Koba H, Tamada K, Nakata Y, Kishimoto K, Arai-Shindo M, Kojima C, Matsumoto T, Fujimori T, Agata K, Funayama N. Dynamic Transport and Cementation of Skeletal Elements Build Up the Pole-and-Beam Structured Skeleton of Sponges. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2549-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Miura S, Takahashi Y, Satoh A, Endo T. Skeletal callus formation is a nerve-independent regenerative response to limb amputation in mice and Xenopus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:202-16. [PMID: 27499875 PMCID: PMC4857730 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the mechanism of limb regeneration that differs between mammals (non-regenerative) and amphibians (regenerative), responses to limb amputation and the accessory limb inducible surgery (accessory limb model, ALM) were compared between mice and Xenopus, focusing on the events leading to blastema formation. In both animals, cartilaginous calluses were formed around the cut edge of bones after limb amputation. They not only are morphologically similar but show other similarities, such as growth driven by undifferentiated cell proliferation and macrophage-dependent and nerve-independent induction. It appears that amputation callus formation is a common nerve-independent regenerative response in mice and Xenopus. In contrast, the ALM revealed that the wound epithelium (WE) in Xenopus was innervated by many regenerating axons when a severed nerve ending was placed underneath it, whereas only a few axons were found within the WE in mice. Since nerves are involved in induction of the regeneration-permissive WE in amphibians, whether or not nerves can interact with the WE might be one of the key processes separating successful nerve-dependent blastema formation in Xenopus and failure in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichirou Miura
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences Aichi Gakuin University Nissin Aichi 470-0195 Japan
| | - Yumiko Takahashi
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences Aichi Gakuin University Nissin Aichi 470-0195 Japan
| | - Akira Satoh
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences Okayama University Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Endo
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences Aichi Gakuin University Nissin Aichi 470-0195 Japan
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Li Y, Han D, Zhang H, Liu H, Wong S, Zhao N, Qiu L, Feng H. Morphological analyses and a novelde novo DLX3mutation associated with tricho-dento-osseous syndrome in a Chinese family. Eur J Oral Sci 2015; 123:228-34. [PMID: 26104267 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Prosthodontics; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Prosthodontics; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
| | - Haochen Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
| | - Singwai Wong
- Department of Prosthodontics; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Prosthodontics; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
| | - Lixin Qiu
- The 4 Dental Division; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
| | - Hailan Feng
- Department of Prosthodontics; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
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Guha Thakurta S, Budhiraja G, Subramanian A. Growth factor and ultrasound-assisted bioreactor synergism for human mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis. J Tissue Eng 2015; 6:2041731414566529. [PMID: 25610590 PMCID: PMC4300305 DOI: 10.1177/2041731414566529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound at 5.0 MHz was noted to be chondro-inductive, with improved SOX-9 gene and COL2A1 protein expression in constructs that allowed for cell-to-cell contact. To achieve tissue-engineered cartilage using macroporous scaffolds, it is hypothesized that a combination of ultrasound at 5.0 MHz and transforming growth factor-β3 induces human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to chondrocytes. Expression of miR-145 was used as a metric to qualitatively assess the efficacy of human mesenchymal stem cell conversion. Our results suggest that in group 1 (no transforming growth factor-β3, no ultrasound), as anticipated, human mesenchymal stem cells were not efficiently differentiated into chondrocytes, judging by the lack of decrease in the level of miR-145 expression. Human mesenchymal stem cells differentiated into chondrocytes in group 2 (transforming growth factor-β3, no ultrasound) and group 3 (transforming growth factor-β3, ultrasound) with group 3 having a 2-fold lower miR-145 when compared to group 2 at day 7, indicating a higher conversion to chondrocytes. Transforming growth factor-β3-induced chondrogenesis with and without ultrasound stimulation for 14 days in the ultrasound-assisted bioreactor was compared and followed by additional culture in the absence of growth factors. The combination of growth factor and ultrasound stimulation (group 3) resulted in enhanced COL2A1, SOX-9, and ACAN protein expression when compared to growth factor alone (group 2). No COL10A1 protein expression was noted. Enhanced cell proliferation and glycosaminoglycan deposition was noted with the combination of growth factor and ultrasound stimulation. These results suggest that ultrasound at 5.0 MHz could be used to induce chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaurav Budhiraja
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Anuradha Subramanian
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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35
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Tokita M. How the pterosaur got its wings. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:1163-78. [PMID: 25361444 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the evolutionary history of life, only three vertebrate lineages took to the air by acquiring a body plan suitable for powered flight: birds, bats, and pterosaurs. Because pterosaurs were the earliest vertebrate lineage capable of powered flight and included the largest volant animal in the history of the earth, understanding how they evolved their flight apparatus, the wing, is an important issue in evolutionary biology. Herein, I speculate on the potential basis of pterosaur wing evolution using recent advances in the developmental biology of flying and non-flying vertebrates. The most significant morphological features of pterosaur wings are: (i) a disproportionately elongated fourth finger, and (ii) a wing membrane called the brachiopatagium, which stretches from the posterior surface of the arm and elongated fourth finger to the anterior surface of the leg. At limb-forming stages of pterosaur embryos, the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) cells, from which the fourth finger eventually differentiates, could up-regulate, restrict, and prolong expression of 5'-located Homeobox D (Hoxd) genes (e.g. Hoxd11, Hoxd12, and Hoxd13) around the ZPA through pterosaur-specific exploitation of sonic hedgehog (SHH) signalling. 5'Hoxd genes could then influence downstream bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling to facilitate chondrocyte proliferation in long bones. Potential expression of Fgf10 and Tbx3 in the primordium of the brachiopatagium formed posterior to the forelimb bud might also facilitate elongation of the phalanges of the fourth finger. To establish the flight-adapted musculoskeletal morphology shared by all volant vertebrates, pterosaurs probably underwent regulatory changes in the expression of genes controlling forelimb and pectoral girdle musculoskeletal development (e.g. Tbx5), as well as certain changes in the mode of cell-cell interactions between muscular and connective tissues in the early phase of their evolution. Developmental data now accumulating for extant vertebrate taxa could be helpful in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of body-plan evolution in extinct vertebrates as well as extant vertebrates with unique morphology whose embryonic materials are hard to obtain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Tokita
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A
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