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Becegato M, Silva RH. Female rodents in behavioral neuroscience: Narrative review on the methodological pitfalls. Physiol Behav 2024; 284:114645. [PMID: 39047942 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Since the NIH 'Sex as biological variable' policy, the percentage of studies including female subjects have increased largely. Nonetheless, many researchers fail to adequate their protocols to include females. In this narrative review, we aim to discuss the methodological pitfalls of the inclusion of female rodents in behavioral neuroscience. We address three points to consider in studies: the manipulations conducted only in female animals (such as estrous cycle monitoring, ovariectomy, and hormone replacement), the consideration of males as the standard, and biases related to interpretation and publication of the results. In addition, we suggest guidelines and perspectives for the inclusion of females in preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Becegato
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina H Silva
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; MaternaCiência, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Doua S, Germain N, Merabet M, Redouté J, Boutet C, Schneider F, Hammour A, Gay A, Massoubre C, Estour B, Galusca B. Circadian copeptin and oxytocin profiles in anorexia nervosa: Exploring the interplay with neurohypophysis opioid tone. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2024. [PMID: 39032117 DOI: 10.1002/erv.3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Neurohypophysis (NH) function in eating disorders (ED) remains poorly elucidated. Studies on vasopressin and oxytocin display inconclusive findings regarding their levels and associations with psychological complications in ED. The profile of opioid tone, a crucial NH activity regulator, is also unknown. OBJECTIVE To characterise the circadian profile of NH hormones and NH opioid tone using positron emission tomography/MRI (PET/MRI) imaging in patients with ED compared to healthy controls. METHODS Twelve-point plasma circadian profiles of copeptin and oxytocin, alongside nutritional and psychological scores, were assessed in age-matched female participants: 13 patients with anorexia nervosa restrictive-type (ANR), 12 patients recovered from AN (ANrec), 14 patients with bulimia nervosa and 12 controls. Neurohypophysis PET/MRI [11C] diprenorphin binding potential (BPND) was evaluated in AN, ANrec and controls. RESULTS Results revealed lower copeptin circadian levels in both ANR and ANrec compared to controls, with no oxytocin differences. Bulimia nervosa exhibited elevated copeptin and low oxytocin levels. [11C] diprenorphin pituitary binding was fully localised in NH. Anorexia nervosa restrictive-type displayed lower NH [11C] diprenorphin BPND (indicating higher opioid tone) and volume than controls. In ANR, copeptin inversely correlated with osmolarity. Neurohypophysis [11C] diprenorphin BPND did not correlated with copeptin or oxytocin. CONCLUSION Copeptin demonstrated significant group differences, highlighting its potential diagnostic and prognostic value. Oxytocin levels exhibited conflicting results, questioning the reliability of peripheral blood assessment. Increased NH opioid tone in anorexia nervosa may influence the vasopressin or oxytocin release, suggesting potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Doua
- TAPE Research Group, Jean Monnet University, Lyon University, Saint-Etienne, France
- Endocrinology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Natacha Germain
- TAPE Research Group, Jean Monnet University, Lyon University, Saint-Etienne, France
- Endocrinology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Eating Disorder Reference Center, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Manel Merabet
- TAPE Research Group, Jean Monnet University, Lyon University, Saint-Etienne, France
- Endocrinology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Claire Boutet
- TAPE Research Group, Jean Monnet University, Lyon University, Saint-Etienne, France
- Imaging Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Fabien Schneider
- TAPE Research Group, Jean Monnet University, Lyon University, Saint-Etienne, France
- Imaging Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Amira Hammour
- TAPE Research Group, Jean Monnet University, Lyon University, Saint-Etienne, France
- Endocrinology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Eating Disorder Reference Center, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Aurélia Gay
- TAPE Research Group, Jean Monnet University, Lyon University, Saint-Etienne, France
- Eating Disorder Reference Center, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Catherine Massoubre
- TAPE Research Group, Jean Monnet University, Lyon University, Saint-Etienne, France
- Eating Disorder Reference Center, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Bruno Estour
- TAPE Research Group, Jean Monnet University, Lyon University, Saint-Etienne, France
- Endocrinology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Eating Disorder Reference Center, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Bogdan Galusca
- TAPE Research Group, Jean Monnet University, Lyon University, Saint-Etienne, France
- Endocrinology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Eating Disorder Reference Center, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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Hauck A, Michael T, Issler TC, Klein S, Lass-Hennemann J, Ferreira de Sá DS. Can glucose facilitate fear exposure? Randomized, placebo-controlled trials on the effects of glucose administration on fear extinction processes. Behav Res Ther 2024; 178:104553. [PMID: 38728832 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2024.104553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that glucose has beneficial effects on memory function and can enhance contextual fear learning. To derive potential therapeutic interventions, further research is needed regarding the effects of glucose on fear extinction. In two experimental studies with healthy participants (Study 1: N = 68, 39 females; Study 2: N = 89, 67 females), we investigated the effects of glucose on fear extinction learning and its consolidation. Participants completed a differential fear conditioning paradigm consisting of acquisition, extinction, and return of fear tests: reinstatement, and extinction recall. US-expectancy ratings, skin conductance response (SCR), and fear potentiated startle (FPS) were collected. Participants were pseudorandomized and double-blinded to one of two groups: They received either a drink containing glucose or saccharine 20 min before (Study 1) or immediately after extinction (Study 2). The glucose group showed a significantly stronger decrease in differential FPS during extinction (Study 1) and extinction recall (Study 2). Additionally, the glucose group showed a significantly lower contextual anxiety at test of reinstatement (Study 2). Our findings provide first evidence that glucose supports the process of fear extinction, and in particular the consolidation of fear extinction memory, and thus has potential as a beneficial adjuvant to extinction-based treatments. Registered through the German Clinical Trials Registry (https://www.bfarm.de/EN/BfArM/Tasks/German-Clinical-Trials-Register/_node.html; Study 1: DRKS00010550; Study 2: DRKS00018933).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hauck
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tanja Michael
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tobias C Issler
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Steven Klein
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Johanna Lass-Hennemann
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Diana S Ferreira de Sá
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Challet E, Pévet P. Melatonin in energy control: Circadian time-giver and homeostatic monitor. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12961. [PMID: 38751172 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin is a neurohormone synthesized from dietary tryptophan in various organs, including the pineal gland and the retina. In the pineal gland, melatonin is produced at night under the control of the master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. Under physiological conditions, the pineal gland seems to constitute the unique source of circulating melatonin. Melatonin is involved in cellular metabolism in different ways. First, the circadian rhythm of melatonin helps the maintenance of proper internal timing, the disruption of which has deleterious effects on metabolic health. Second, melatonin modulates lipid metabolism, notably through diminished lipogenesis, and it has an antidiabetic effect, at least in several animal models. Third, pharmacological doses of melatonin have antioxidative, free radical-scavenging, and anti-inflammatory properties in various in vitro cellular models. As a result, melatonin can be considered both a circadian time-giver and a homeostatic monitor of cellular metabolism, via multiple mechanisms of action that are not all fully characterized. Aging, circadian disruption, and artificial light at night are conditions combining increased metabolic risks with diminished circulating levels of melatonin. Accordingly, melatonin supplementation could be of potential therapeutic value in the treatment or prevention of metabolic disorders. More clinical trials in controlled conditions are needed, notably taking greater account of circadian rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Challet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Paul Pévet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Dwivedi A, Malik S, Rani S. Evaluation of social jetlag and chronotypes in Indian school-going adolescents. Indian J Psychiatry 2023; 65:1137-1142. [PMID: 38249148 PMCID: PMC10795660 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_72_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background School-going students' school time acts as a zeitgeber during the weekdays, and in the weekends, due to the absence of the zeitgeber, they show free run and wake up late in the morning. This may result in poor health hazards in adolescents. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of social jetlag along with the distribution of their chronotype in school-going adolescents. Materials and Methods This is a cross-sectional study conducted between May and June 2019 with the help of the MCTQ (Munich Chronotype Questionnaire) and MEQ (Morningness and Eveningness Questionnaire) in the adolescent population (N = 1154). Statistical Analysis The study was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test to compare continuous variables of sleep parameters between workdays and free days. The significance was taken at P < 0.05. Results The results showed that out of the total population, 81% were morning type and 67% of adolescents were socially jetlagged. There was a significant delay in the time to bed on free days by 1.88 hours and a significant delay in the wake-up time by 2.46 hours. The total sleep duration was also significantly higher on free days by 1.88 hours in the population. Conclusion This is our first study in the Indian population to show that morning-type individuals showed irregular sleep timings and were more socially jetlagged. This needs to be focused on by the school authorities and government to keep a flexible school timing for the students on the basis of their chronotype for their better academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Dwivedi
- Department of Zoology, Biological Rhythm Research Unit, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shalie Malik
- Department of Zoology, Biological Rhythm Research Unit, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sangeeta Rani
- Department of Zoology, Biological Rhythm Research Unit, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Rastmanesh R, Gulcin Sagdicoglu Celep A, Wall-Medrano A. Editorial: Undetermined implications of chronutrition: a missing curriculum in medicine. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1290017. [PMID: 37841399 PMCID: PMC10576553 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1290017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abraham Wall-Medrano
- Coordinación de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico
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Peña-Escudero C, Priego-Fernández S, Caba M, Rodríguez-Alba JC, Corona-Morales AA, García-García F. Effect of a Hedonic Stimulus on the Sleep Architecture of Male Wistar Rats. Sleep Sci 2023; 16:e329-e334. [PMID: 38196767 PMCID: PMC10773505 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1773788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Nocturnal animals forage and eat during the night and sleep during the day. When food is available only for a short period during the day, animals develop a catabolic state and exhibit locomotor behavior before accessing food, termed food anticipatory activity . Consequently, there is a disruption in the sleep pattern. The present study aimed to explore how anticipatory arousal emerges under circadian exposure to a palatable meal (PM) and disrupts sleep architecture. Materials and Methods Adult male Wistar rats were implanted with electrodes for continuous sleep recording and housed under a light/dark 12/12-hour cycle with free access to food and water. After basal recordings, the rats had access to a PM during the light period for eight days. Results The anticipatory arousal started on the third day. On the eighth day, we found an increase in wake time and a decrease in the non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) times 45 minutes before the PM compared with the basal recordings. The REMS transitions (events from NREMS to REMS) showed a significant reduction during the light period of the eighth day of PM. In contrast, the number of NREMS transitions (events from wakefulness to NREMS) remained unchanged. Conclusion The results suggest that palatable food induces a motivational timing that leads the rat to wake by altering the sleep quota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Peña-Escudero
- Departament of Biomedicine, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Sergio Priego-Fernández
- Departament of Biomedicine, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Mario Caba
- Biomedical Research Center, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Alba
- Departament of Biomedicine, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | | | - Fabio García-García
- Departament of Biomedicine, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
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Perez SM, Elam HB, McCoy AM, Boley AM, Eassa NE, Lodge DJ. Congenital blindness does not protect against a schizophrenia-related phenotype in rodents. Schizophr Res 2023; 258:1-8. [PMID: 37364392 PMCID: PMC10529675 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 1950, Drs. Chevigny and Braverman authored a book about people's attitudes and prejudices toward the blind, noting that out of the thousands of schizophrenia patients they and others had treated, not one was blind. This led some to the intriguing hypothesis that congenital blindness may provide protection against schizophrenia. In this study, we directly examined whether congenital blindness protects against a schizophrenia-related phenotype in the methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) rodent model. DESIGN Enucleation surgeries were performed on pups of MAM- or saline-treated rats on post-natal day 10. Once pups reached adulthood, male and female rats were evaluated for schizophrenia-like phenotypes using behavioral and electrophysiological measures. Consistent with previous work, MAM-treated rats display elevated dopamine neuron population activity, deficits in pre-pulse inhibition of startle, and hypersensitivity to psychomotor stimulants. RESULTS Blindness did not protect against any of the MAM-induced phenotypes. Surprisingly, blindness in saline-treated rats caused changes in behavior and dopamine neuron activity. To examine the circadian rhythms of enucleated rats, we performed non-invasive measurements of corticosterone, a steroid hormone known to vary across the light/dark period, revealing blind rats display aberrant (non-cycling) corticosterone levels. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in dopamine neuron activity and associated behaviors observed in blind rats are likely secondary to aberrant circadian regulation. This is the first preclinical study examining whether congenital blindness protects against a schizophrenia-like phenotype. While support of this hypothesis would have led to novel avenues of research and potential novel therapies, the results of current study suggest that blindness does not protect against schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Perez
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Hannah B Elam
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra M McCoy
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Angela M Boley
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nicole E Eassa
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J Lodge
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Wang W, Hao Z, Wu Z, Cui J, Liu H. Long-term artificial/natural daytime light affects mood, melatonin, corticosterone, and gut microbiota in rats. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2689-2705. [PMID: 36912904 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12446-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The desynchronization of circadian rhythms affected by light may induce physiological and psychological disequilibrium. We aimed to elucidate changes of growth, depression-anxiety like behaviors, melatonin and corticosterone (CORT) secretion, and gut microbiota in rats influenced by long-term light inputs. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a 16/8 h light/dark regime for 8 weeks. The light period was set to 13 h of daylight with artificial light (AL group, n = 10), or with natural light (NL group, n = 10), or with mixed artificial-natural light (ANL group, n = 10), and 3 h of artificial night light after sunset. The obtained findings indicated that the highest weight gain and food efficiency were observed in the AL group and the lowest in NL group. In the behavioral tests, the NL and ANL groups showed lower anxiety level than AL group, and ANL groups showed lower depression level than AL group. The NL and ANL groups had delayed acrophases and maintained higher concentrations of melatonin compared to AL group. The circadian rhythm of CORT was only found in ANL group. At the phylum level, the mixed light contributed to a lower abundance of Bacteroidetes. The genus level results recommend a synergistic effect of artificial light and natural light on Lactobacillus abundance and an antagonistic effect on the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group abundance. The study indicated that the mixture of artificial and natural light as well as the alignment of the proportions had beneficial influences on depression-anxiety-like levels, melatonin and corticosterone secretion, and the composition of the gut microbiota. KEY POINTS: • The mixed light can reduce the depression-anxiety level • The mixed light can maintain the secretion rhythm of melatonin and CORT • The mixed light can increase Lactobacillus and decrease Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Zikai Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zizhou Wu
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jingwei Cui
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Neville MC, Demerath EW, Hahn-Holbrook J, Hovey RC, Martin-Carli J, McGuire MA, Newton ER, Rasmussen KM, Rudolph MC, Raiten DJ. Parental factors that impact the ecology of human mammary development, milk secretion, and milk composition-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 1. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117 Suppl 1:S11-S27. [PMID: 37173058 PMCID: PMC10232333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of Working Group 1 in the Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN) Project was to outline factors influencing biological processes governing human milk secretion and to evaluate our current knowledge of these processes. Many factors regulate mammary gland development in utero, during puberty, in pregnancy, through secretory activation, and at weaning. These factors include breast anatomy, breast vasculature, diet, and the lactating parent's hormonal milieu including estrogen, progesterone, placental lactogen, cortisol, prolactin, and growth hormone. We examine the effects of time of day and postpartum interval on milk secretion, along with the role and mechanisms of lactating parent-infant interactions on milk secretion and bonding, with particular attention to the actions of oxytocin on the mammary gland and the pleasure systems in the brain. We then consider the potential effects of clinical conditions including infection, pre-eclampsia, preterm birth, cardiovascular health, inflammatory states, mastitis, and particularly, gestational diabetes and obesity. Although we know a great deal about the transporter systems by which zinc and calcium pass from the blood stream into milk, the interactions and cellular localization of transporters that carry substrates such as glucose, amino acids, copper, and the many other trace metals present in human milk across plasma and intracellular membranes require more research. We pose the question of how cultured mammary alveolar cells and animal models can help answer lingering questions about the mechanisms and regulation of human milk secretion. We raise questions about the role of the lactating parent and the infant microbiome and the immune system during breast development, secretion of immune molecules into milk, and protection of the breast from pathogens. Finally, we consider the effect of medications, recreational and illicit drugs, pesticides, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals on milk secretion and composition, emphasizing that this area needs much more research attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C Neville
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jennifer Hahn-Holbrook
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jayne Martin-Carli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mark A McGuire
- Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Edward R Newton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Kathleen M Rasmussen
- Nancy Schlegel Meinig Professor of Maternal and Child Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- The University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Daniel J Raiten
- Pediatric Growth and Nutrition Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Grosjean E, Simonneaux V, Challet E. Reciprocal Interactions between Circadian Clocks, Food Intake, and Energy Metabolism. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040539. [PMID: 37106739 PMCID: PMC10136292 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Like other biological functions, food intake and energy metabolism display daily rhythms controlled by the circadian timing system that comprises a main circadian clock and numerous secondary clocks in the brain and peripheral tissues. Each secondary circadian clock delivers local temporal cues based on intracellular transcriptional and translational feedback loops that are tightly interconnected to intracellular nutrient-sensing pathways. Genetic impairment of molecular clocks and alteration in the rhythmic synchronizing cues, such as ambient light at night or mistimed meals, lead to circadian disruption that, in turn, negatively impacts metabolic health. Not all circadian clocks are sensitive to the same synchronizing signals. The master clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus is mostly synchronized by ambient light and, to a lesser extent, by behavioral cues coupled to arousal and exercise. Secondary clocks are generally phase-shifted by timed metabolic cues associated with feeding, exercise, and changes in temperature. Furthermore, both the master and secondary clocks are modulated by calorie restriction and high-fat feeding. Taking into account the regularity of daily meals, the duration of eating periods, chronotype, and sex, chrononutritional strategies may be useful for improving the robustness of daily rhythmicity and maintaining or even restoring the appropriate energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Grosjean
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Simonneaux
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Etienne Challet
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Huang L, Chen Y, Wen S, Lu D, Shen X, Deng H, Xu L. Is time-restricted eating (8/16) beneficial for body weight and metabolism of obese and overweight adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:1187-1200. [PMID: 36911845 PMCID: PMC10002957 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a new therapeutic strategy for the management of weight loss and dysmetabolic diseases. At present, TRE (8/16, 8 h eating:16 h fasting) is the most common form of TRE. Therefore, this meta-analysis included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on TRE (8/16) in overweight and obese adults to determine its impact on body weight and metabolism. Articles reviewed from PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register for the relevant RCTs that compared TRE (8/16) to non-TRE in overweight and obese adults. Eight RCTs were included in this meta-analysis. Participants following TRE (8/16) showed significant body weight reduction (mean difference [MD]: -1.48 kg, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -2.53 to -0.44) and fat mass reduction (MD: -1.09 kg, 95% CI: -1.55 to -0.63). There was no significant difference in lean mass change with TRE intervention (MD: -0.48 kg, 95% CI: -1.02 to 0.05, p = .08, I 2 = 41%). The energy restriction and early TRE (eTRE) subgroups resulted in greater weight loss. TRE (8/16) showed beneficial effects on the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, MD: -0.32, 95% CI: -0.59 to -0.06), but had no significant effect on other parameters of glucose metabolism and lipid profiles. In conclusion, TRE (8/16), especially eTRE, or in combination with caloric intake restriction, is a potential therapeutic strategy for weight control in overweight and obese adults. TRE (8/16) also reduced HOMA-IR; therefore, it may have a positive effect on glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China.,Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education Chengdu China.,The Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong Chengdu China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China.,Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education Chengdu China.,The Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong Chengdu China
| | - Shu Wen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine West China Hospital of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Danhua Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China.,Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education Chengdu China.,The Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong Chengdu China
| | - Xiaoyang Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China.,Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education Chengdu China.,The Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong Chengdu China
| | - Hongxia Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China.,Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education Chengdu China.,The Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong Chengdu China
| | - Liangzhi Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China.,Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education Chengdu China.,The Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong Chengdu China
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13
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Lages M, Barros R, Carmo-Silva S, Guarino MP. Linking dietary intake, circadian biomarkers, and clock genes on obesity: A study protocol. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1134789. [PMID: 37113302 PMCID: PMC10126511 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1134789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of obesity continues to rise, and although this is a complex disease, the screening is made simply with the value of the Body Mass Index. This index only considers weight and height, being limited in portraying the multiple existing obesity phenotypes. The characterization of the chronotype and circadian system as an innovative phenotype of a patient's form of obesity is gaining increasing importance for the development of novel and pinpointed nutritional interventions. Objective The present study is a prospective observational controlled study conducted in Portugal, aiming to characterize the chronotype and determine its relation to the phenotype and dietary patterns of patients with obesity and healthy participants. Methods Adults with obesity (study group) and healthy adults (control group), aged between 18 and 75, will be enrolled in this study. Data will be collected to characterize the chronotype, dietary intake, and sleep quality through validated questionnaires. Body composition will also be assessed, and blood samples will be collected to quantify circadian and metabolic biomarkers. Discussion This study is expected to contribute to a better understanding of the impact of obesity and dietary intake on circadian biomarkers and, therefore, increase scientific evidence to help future therapeutic interventions based on chronobiology, with a particular focus on nutritional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Lages
- ciTechCare—Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit—Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata Barros
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit—Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Carmo-Silva
- Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Maria P. Guarino
- ciTechCare—Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- ESSLei, School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Maria P. Guarino,
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14
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Gómez-Boronat M, De Pedro N, Alonso-Gómez ÁL, Delgado MJ, Isorna E. Nuclear Receptors (PPARs, REV-ERBs, RORs) and Clock Gene Rhythms in Goldfish (Carassius auratus) Are Differently Regulated in Hypothalamus and Liver. Front Physiol 2022; 13:903799. [PMID: 35733989 PMCID: PMC9207440 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.903799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian system is formed by a network of oscillators located in central and peripheral tissues that are tightly linked to generate rhythms in vertebrates to adapt the organism to the cyclic environmental changes. The nuclear receptors PPARs, REV-ERBs and RORs are transcription factors controlled by the circadian system that regulate, among others, a large number of genes that control metabolic processes for which they have been proposed as key genes that link metabolism and temporal homeostasis. To date it is unclear whether these nuclear receptors show circadian expression and which zeitgebers are important for their synchronization in fish. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether the two main zeitgebers (light-dark cycle and feeding time) could affect the synchronization of central (hypothalamus) and peripheral (liver) core clocks and nuclear receptors in goldfish. To this aim, three experimental groups were established: fish under a 12 h light-12 h darkness and fed at Zeitgeber Time 2; fish with the same photoperiod but randomly fed; and fish under constant darkness and fed at Circadian Time 2. After one month, clock genes and nuclear receptors expression in hypothalamus and liver and circulating glucose were studied. Clock genes displayed daily rhythms in both tissues of goldfish if the light-dark cycle was present, with shifted-acrophases of negative and positive elements, as expected for proper functioning clocks. In darkness-maintained fish hypothalamic clock genes were fully arrhythmic while the hepatic ones were still rhythmic. Among studied nuclear receptors, in the hypothalamus only nr1d1 was rhythmic and only when the light-dark cycle was present. In the liver all nuclear receptors were rhythmic when both zeitgebers were present, but only nr1d1 when one of them was removed. Plasma glucose levels showed significant rhythms in fish maintained under random fed regimen or constant darkness, with the highest levels at 1-h postprandially in all groups. Altogether these results support that hypothalamus is mainly a light-entrained-oscillator, while the liver is a food-entrained-oscillator. Moreover, nuclear receptors are revealed as clear outputs of the circadian system acting as key elements in the timekeeping of temporal homeostasis, particularly in the liver.
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15
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Watts AG, Kanoski SE, Sanchez-Watts G, Langhans W. The physiological control of eating: signals, neurons, and networks. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:689-813. [PMID: 34486393 PMCID: PMC8759974 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities that has coincided with an ever increasing sophistication of genetically based manipulations. These techniques have produced results with a remarkable degree of cell specificity, particularly at the cell signaling level, and have played a lead role in advancing the field. However, putting these findings into a brain-wide context that connects physiological signals and neurons to behavior and somatic physiology requires a thorough consideration of neuronal connections: a field that has also seen an extraordinary technological revolution. Our goal is to present a comprehensive and balanced assessment of how physiological signals associated with energy homeostasis interact at many brain levels to control eating behaviors. A major theme is that these signals engage sets of interacting neural networks throughout the brain that are defined by specific neural connections. We begin by discussing some fundamental concepts, including ones that still engender vigorous debate, that provide the necessary frameworks for understanding how the brain controls meal initiation and termination. These include key word definitions, ATP availability as the pivotal regulated variable in energy homeostasis, neuropeptide signaling, homeostatic and hedonic eating, and meal structure. Within this context, we discuss network models of how key regions in the endbrain (or telencephalon), hypothalamus, hindbrain, medulla, vagus nerve, and spinal cord work together with the gastrointestinal tract to enable the complex motor events that permit animals to eat in diverse situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Graciela Sanchez-Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule-Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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16
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Benazzi S, Gorini S, Feraco A, Caprio M. Ritmi circadiani e variabili metaboliche. L'ENDOCRINOLOGO 2021. [PMCID: PMC8569496 DOI: 10.1007/s40619-021-00983-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
I ritmi circadiani sono influenzati da numerose variabili correlate allo stile di vita, soprattutto in relazione ai ritmi imposti dalla società moderna, e vengono profondamente alterati da diverse condizioni patologiche. La fisiologia circadiana è organizzata in modo complesso e integrato; molti dei fattori che sincronizzano il sistema sono a loro volta influenzati e regolati da diversi assi ormonali. Parallelamente, i disturbi del ritmo circadiano derivano da input non ottimali dei fattori sincronizzanti o da condizioni patologiche, e le conseguenze determinano un impatto significativo in diverse condizioni, quali l’obesità e i disturbi del sonno. Durante l’attuale emergenza COVID-19 sono stati registrati crescenti tassi di alterazioni del sonno, complici la preoccupazione diffusa, un comportamento alimentare alterato e la difficoltà per molti, durante il lockdown, nel mantenere ritmi di vita regolari (Barrea et al. in J Transl Med 18:1–11, 2020). Le misure di intervento che si sono mostrate più promettenti contro la desincronizzazione circadiana sono quelle che agiscono sullo stile di vita, basate sul recupero di un corretto ritmo del sonno, la corretta esposizione alla luce solare, l’idonea distribuzione dei pasti e del timing alimentare e lo svolgimento di un’adeguata attività fisica.
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17
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Bering T, Hertz H, Rath MF. The Circadian Oscillator of the Cerebellum: Triiodothyronine Regulates Clock Gene Expression in Granule Cells in vitro and in the Cerebellum of Neonatal Rats in vivo. Front Physiol 2021; 12:706433. [PMID: 34776993 PMCID: PMC8578874 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.706433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The central circadian clock resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, but an SCN-dependent molecular circadian oscillator is present in the cerebellar cortex. Recent findings suggest that circadian release of corticosterone is capable of driving the circadian oscillator of the rat cerebellum. To determine if additional neuroendocrine signals act to shape cerebellar clock gene expression, we here tested the role of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) in regulation of the cerebellar circadian oscillator. In cultured cerebellar granule cells from mixed-gender neonatal rats, T3 treatment affected transcript levels of the clock genes Per2, Arntl, Nr1d1, and Dbp, suggesting that T3 acts directly on granule cells to control the circadian oscillator. We then used two different in vivo protocols to test the role of T3 in adult female rats: Firstly, a single injection of T3 did not influence clock gene expression in the cerebellum. Secondly, we established a surgical rat model combining SCN lesion with a programmable micropump infusing circadian physiological levels of T3; however, rhythmic infusion of T3 did not reestablish differential clock gene expression between day and night in SCN lesioned rats. To test if the effects of T3 observed in vitro were related to the developmental stage, acute injections of T3 were performed in mixed-gender neonatal rats in vivo; this procedure significantly affected cerebellar expression of the clock genes Per1, Per2, Nr1d1, and Dbp. Developmental comparisons showed rhythmic expression of all clock genes analyzed in the cerebellum of adult rats only, whereas T3 responsiveness was limited to neonatal animals. Thus, T3 shapes cerebellar clock gene profiles in early postnatal stages, but it does not represent a systemic circadian regulatory mechanism linking the SCN to the cerebellum throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenna Bering
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hertz
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Fredensborg Rath
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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H. Sahraei MS, Meftahi GH, Sahraei H. Covid-19 pandemic quarantine and social jetlag. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj93.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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19
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Hoffmann HM, Meadows JD, Breuer JA, Yaw AM, Nguyen D, Tonsfeldt KJ, Chin AY, Devries BM, Trang C, Oosterhouse HJ, Lee JS, Doser JW, Gorman MR, Welsh DK, Mellon PL. The transcription factors SIX3 and VAX1 are required for suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian output and fertility in female mice. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2625-2645. [PMID: 34212416 PMCID: PMC8577618 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factors sine oculis homeobox 3 (Six3) and ventral anterior homeobox 1 (Vax1) are required for brain development. Their expression in specific brain areas is maintained in adulthood, where their functions are poorly understood. To identify the roles of Six3 and Vax1 in neurons, we conditionally deleted each gene using Synapsincre , a promoter targeting maturing neurons, and generated Six3syn and Vax1syn mice. Six3syn and Vax1syn females, but not males, had reduced fertility, due to impairment of the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge driving ovulation. In nocturnal rodents, the LH surge requires a precise timing signal from the brain's circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), near the time of activity onset. Indeed, both Six3syn and Vax1syn females had impaired rhythmic SCN output, which was associated with weakened Period 2 molecular clock function in both Six3syn and Vax1syn mice. These impairments were associated with a reduction of the SCN neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide in Vax1syn mice and a modest weakening of SCN timekeeping function in both Six3syn and Vax1syn mice. Changes in SCN function were associated with mistimed peak PER2::LUC expression in the SCN and pituitary in both Six3syn and Vax1syn females. Interestingly, Six3syn ovaries presented reduced sensitivity to LH, causing reduced ovulation during superovulation. In conclusion, we have identified novel roles of the homeodomain transcription factors SIX3 and VAX1 in neurons, where they are required for proper molecular circadian clock function, SCN rhythmic output, and female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne M. Hoffmann
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Animal Science and the Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jason D. Meadows
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph A. Breuer
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra M. Yaw
- Department of Animal Science and the Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Duong Nguyen
- Department of Animal Science and the Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Karen J. Tonsfeldt
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Austin Y. Chin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brooke M. Devries
- Department of Animal Science and the Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Crystal Trang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Haley J. Oosterhouse
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Sora Lee
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Doser
- CANR Statistical Consulting Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Michael R. Gorman
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David K. Welsh
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pamela L. Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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20
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Chrobok L, Jeczmien-Lazur JS, Bubka M, Pradel K, Klekocinska A, Klich JD, Ridla Rahim A, Myung J, Kepczynski M, Lewandowski MH. Daily coordination of orexinergic gating in the rat superior colliculus-Implications for intrinsic clock activities in the visual system. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21930. [PMID: 34533886 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100779rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The orexinergic system delivers excitation for multiple brain centers to facilitate behavioral arousal, with its malfunction resulting in narcolepsy, somnolence, and notably, visual hallucinations. Since the circadian clock underlies the daily arousal, a timed coordination is expected between the orexin system and its target subcortical visual system, including the superior colliculus (SC). Here, we use a combination of electrophysiological, immunohistochemical, and molecular approaches across 24 h, together with the neuronal tract-tracing methods to investigate the daily coordination between the orexin system and the rodent SC. Higher orexinergic input was found to occur nocturnally in the superficial layers of the SC, in time for nocturnal silencing of spontaneous firing in this visual brain area. We identify autonomous daily and circadian expression of clock genes in the SC, which may underlie these day-night changes. Additionally, we establish the lateral hypothalamic origin of the orexin innervation to the SC and that the SC neurons robustly respond to orexin A via OX2 receptor in both excitatory and GABAA receptor-dependent inhibitory manners. Together, our evidence elucidates the combination of intrinsic and extrinsic clock mechanisms that shape the daily function of the visual layers of the SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Chrobok
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jagoda Stanislawa Jeczmien-Lazur
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Bubka
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Pradel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Klekocinska
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jasmin Daniela Klich
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Amalia Ridla Rahim
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jihwan Myung
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain and Consciousness Research Centre, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Mariusz Kepczynski
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marian Henryk Lewandowski
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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21
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Chrobok L, Klich JD, Sanetra AM, Jeczmien-Lazur JS, Pradel K, Palus-Chramiec K, Kepczynski M, Piggins HD, Lewandowski MH. Rhythmic neuronal activities of the rat nucleus of the solitary tract are impaired by high-fat diet - implications for daily control of satiety. J Physiol 2021; 600:751-767. [PMID: 34490628 DOI: 10.1113/jp281838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal partitioning of daily food intake is crucial for survival and involves the integration of internal circadian states and external influences such as the light-dark cycle and dietary composition. These intrinsic and extrinsic factors are interdependent with misalignment of circadian rhythms promoting body weight gain, while consumption of a calorie-dense diet elevates the risk of obesity and blunts circadian rhythms. Recently, we defined the circadian properties of the dorsal vagal complex of the brainstem, a structure implicated in the control of food intake and autonomic tone, but whether and how 24 h rhythms in this area are influenced by diet remains unresolved. Here we focused on a key structure of this complex, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). We used a combination of immunohistochemical and electrophysiological approaches together with daily monitoring of body weight and food intake to interrogate how the neuronal rhythms of the NTS are affected by a high-fat diet. We report that short-term consumption of a high-fat diet increases food intake during the day and blunts NTS daily rhythms in neuronal discharge. Additionally, we found that a high-fat diet dampens NTS responsiveness to metabolic neuropeptides, and decreases orexin immunoreactive fibres in this structure. These alterations occur without prominent body weight gain, suggesting that a high-fat diet acts initially to reduce activity in the NTS to disinhibit mechanisms that suppress daytime feeding. KEY POINTS: The dorsal vagal complex of the rodent hindbrain possesses intrinsic circadian timekeeping mechanisms In particular, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is a robust circadian oscillator, independent of the master suprachiasmatic clock Here, we reveal that rat NTS neurons display timed daily rhythms in their neuronal activity and responsiveness to ingestive cues These daily rhythms are blunted or eliminated by a short-term high-fat diet, together with increased consumption of calories during the behaviourally quiescent day Our results help us better understand the circadian control of satiety by the brainstem and its malfunctioning under a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Chrobok
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jasmin D Klich
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna M Sanetra
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jagoda S Jeczmien-Lazur
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Pradel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Palus-Chramiec
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kepczynski
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Hugh D Piggins
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marian H Lewandowski
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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22
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Chrobok L, Klich JD, Jeczmien-Lazur JS, Pradel K, Palus-Chramiec K, Sanetra AM, Piggins HD, Lewandowski MH. Daily changes in neuronal activities of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus under standard and high-fat diet. J Physiol 2021; 600:733-749. [PMID: 34053067 DOI: 10.1113/jp281596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Recently, we found that the dorsal vagal complex displays autonomous circadian timekeeping properties The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) is an executory part of this complex - a source of parasympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract Here, we reveal daily changes in the neuronal activities of the rat DMV, including firing rate, intrinsic excitability and synaptic input - all of these peaking in the late day Additionally, we establish that short term high-fat diet disrupts these daily rhythms, boosting the variability in the firing rate, but blunting the DMV responsiveness to ingestive cues These results help us better understand daily control over parasympathetic outflow and provide evidence on its dependence on the high-fat diet ABSTRACT: The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus function as the brain's primary circadian clock, but circadian clock genes are also rhythmically expressed in several extra-SCN brain sites where they can exert local temporal control over physiology and behaviour. Recently, we found that the hindbrain dorsal vagal complex possesses strong daily timekeeping capabilities, with the area postrema and nucleus of the solitary tract exhibiting the most robust clock properties. The possibility that the executory part of this complex - the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) - also exhibits daily changes has not been extensively studied. The DMV is the source of vagal efferent motoneurons that regulate gastric motility and emptying and consequently influence meal size and energy homeostasis. We used a combination of multi-channel electrophysiology and patch clamp recordings to gain insight into effects of time of day and diet on these DMV cells. We found that DMV neurons increase their spontaneous activity, excitability and responsiveness to metabolic neuromodulators at late day and this was paralleled with an enhanced synaptic input to these neurons. A high-fat diet typically damps circadian rhythms, but we found that consumption of a high-fat diet paradoxically amplified daily variation of DMV neuronal activity, while blunting the neurons responsiveness to metabolic neuromodulators. In summary, we show for the first time that DMV neural activity changes with time of day, with this temporal variation modulated by diet. These findings have clear implications for our understanding of the daily control of vagal efferents and parasympathetic outflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Chrobok
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa Street 9, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Jasmin D Klich
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa Street 9, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Jagoda S Jeczmien-Lazur
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa Street 9, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Kamil Pradel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa Street 9, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Palus-Chramiec
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa Street 9, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Anna M Sanetra
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa Street 9, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Hugh D Piggins
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Marian H Lewandowski
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa Street 9, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
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23
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Chakir I, Tournier BB, Touati H, Poirel VJ, Challet E, Pevet P, Ouarour A, Vuillez P. Pinealectomy and gonadectomy modulate amplitude, but not photoperiodic modulation of Clock gene expression in the Syrian hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3612-3620. [PMID: 33840135 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The duration of daytime light phase (photoperiod) controls reproduction in seasonal mammals. Syrian hamsters are sexually active when exposed to long photoperiod, while gonadal atrophy is observed after exposure to short photoperiod. The photorefractory period, or photorefractoriness, is a particular state of spontaneous recrudescence of sexual activity that occurs after a long-term exposure to short photoperiod. Expression of core clock genes in the master circadian clock contained in the suprachiasmatic nuclei depends on photoperiodic conditions. Interestingly, the expression of the Clock gene is also modified in photorefractory Syrian hamsters. Since melatonin and testosterone levels in seasonal species are dependent on photoperiod, photoperiodic variations of Clock mRNA levels in the suprachiasmatic clock could be a consequence of these hormonal changes. To test this hypothesis, we analysed the effects of pinealectomy on Clock mRNA changes due to long to short photoperiod transition and of gonadectomy on Clock mRNA levels in photorefractory period. Our data show that the suprachiasmatic integration of the short photoperiod (assessed by a rhythmic expression profile of Clock) is independent of the presence of melatonin. Furthermore, constitutively low expression of Clock observed during the photorefractory period does not require the presence of either melatonin or testosterone. However, we show that both hormones provide positive feedback on average levels of Clock expression. Thus, our data support the hypothesis that daily variations of Clock levels in the suprachiasmatic nuclei are influenced by photoperiodic changes and the time spent in short photoperiod, independently of seasonal modifications of melatonin or testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtissam Chakir
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Multidisciplinary faculty, LPRD, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Benjamin B Tournier
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hanane Touati
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Neurobiology Team, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Vincent-Joseph Poirel
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Etienne Challet
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Paul Pevet
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ali Ouarour
- Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Biology and Health, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Patrick Vuillez
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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24
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Stoynev AG, Ikonomov OC, Stoynev NA. Suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nuclei (SCN) in regulation of homeostasis: a role beyond circadian control? BIOL RHYTHM RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2021.1920125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Stoynev
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ognian C. Ikonomov
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, USA
| | - Nikolay A. Stoynev
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
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25
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Rique GLN, Rique MC, Augusto de Souza Bonifácio T, Andrade MJO, dos Santos NA. Effects of vertical gastrectomy on sleep quality, eating behavior, and metabolic parameters in obese adults: a case study. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2021.1906504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Lemos Negri Rique
- Perception, Neurosciences, and Behavior Laboratory, Psychology Department, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Michael Jackson Oliveira Andrade
- Neurosciences, Chronobiology, and Sleep Psychology Laboratory, Psychology Department, Minas Gerais State University, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Natanael Antonio dos Santos
- Perception, Neurosciences, and Behavior Laboratory, Psychology Department, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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26
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Woller A, Gonze D. Circadian Misalignment and Metabolic Disorders: A Story of Twisted Clocks. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10030207. [PMID: 33801795 PMCID: PMC8001388 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary In mammals, many physiological processes follow a 24 h rhythmic pattern. These rhythms are governed by a complex network of circadian clocks, which perceives external time cues (notably light and nutrients) and adjusts the timing of metabolic and physiological functions to allow a proper adaptation of the organism to the daily changes in the environmental conditions. Circadian rhythms originate at the cellular level through a transcriptional–translational regulatory network involving a handful of clock genes. In this review, we show how adverse effects caused by ill-timed feeding or jet lag can lead to a dysregulation of this genetic clockwork, which in turn results in altered metabolic regulation and possibly in diseases. We also show how computational modeling can complement experimental observations to understand the design of the clockwork and the onset of metabolic disorders. Abstract Biological clocks are cell-autonomous oscillators that can be entrained by periodic environmental cues. This allows organisms to anticipate predictable daily environmental changes and, thereby, to partition physiological processes into appropriate phases with respect to these changing external conditions. Nowadays our 24/7 society challenges this delicate equilibrium. Indeed, many studies suggest that perturbations such as chronic jet lag, ill-timed eating patterns, or shift work increase the susceptibility to cardiometabolic disorders, diabetes, and cancers. However the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. A deeper understanding of this complex, dynamic system requires a global holistic approach for which mathematical modeling can be highly beneficial. In this review, we summarize several experimental works pertaining to the effect of adverse conditions on clock gene expression and on physiology, and we show how computational models can bring interesting insights into the links between circadian misalignment and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Woller
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
| | - Didier Gonze
- Unité de Chronobiologie Théorique, Faculté des Sciences CP 231, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bvd du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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27
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Basti A, Yalçin M, Herms D, Hesse J, Aboumanify O, Li Y, Aretz Z, Garmshausen J, El-Athman R, Hastermann M, Blottner D, Relógio A. Diurnal variations in the expression of core-clock genes correlate with resting muscle properties and predict fluctuations in exercise performance across the day. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e000876. [PMID: 33680499 PMCID: PMC7878143 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives In this study, we investigated daily fluctuations in molecular (gene expression) and physiological (biomechanical muscle properties) features in human peripheral cells and their correlation with exercise performance. Methods 21 healthy participants (13 men and 8 women) took part in three test series: for the molecular analysis, 15 participants provided hair, blood or saliva time-course sampling for the rhythmicity analysis of core-clock gene expression via RT-PCR. For the exercise tests, 16 participants conducted strength and endurance exercises at different times of the day (9h, 12h, 15h and 18h). Myotonometry was carried out using a digital palpation device (MyotonPRO), five muscles were measured in 11 participants. A computational analysis was performed to relate core-clock gene expression, resting muscle tone and exercise performance. Results Core-clock genes show daily fluctuations in expression in all biological samples tested for all participants. Exercise performance peaks in the late afternoon (15–18 hours for both men and women) and shows variations in performance, depending on the type of exercise (eg, strength vs endurance). Muscle tone varies across the day and higher muscle tone correlates with better performance. Molecular daily profiles correlate with daily variation in exercise performance. Conclusion Training programmes can profit from these findings to increase efficiency and fine-tune timing of training sessions based on the individual molecular data. Our results can benefit both professional athletes, where a fraction of seconds may allow for a gold medal, and rehabilitation in clinical settings to increase therapy efficacy and reduce recovery times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Basti
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Systems Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Müge Yalçin
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Herms
- Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Karate Department, Berliner Turn- und Sportclub e.V, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janina Hesse
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Systems Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ouda Aboumanify
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yin Li
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zita Aretz
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josefin Garmshausen
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rukeia El-Athman
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Hastermann
- Center of Space Medicine Berlin, NeuroMuscular Group and Institut für Integrative Neuroanatomie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Blottner
- Center of Space Medicine Berlin, NeuroMuscular Group and Institut für Integrative Neuroanatomie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela Relógio
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Systems Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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28
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Cetiner O, Yildirim G, Kalyoncu ZB. Social Jetlag Is Associated with the Frequency of Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and a High BMI Percentile in Adolescents: Results of the Cross-Sectional Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating (FLASHE) Study. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021; 121:1721-1731.e1. [PMID: 33653680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social jetlag (SJL) occurs in adolescents due to misalignment of the biological and social clocks, so that most teens wake up earlier than their biological clocks on weekdays and delay bedtime and wake up time on weekends. This shift in sleep timing among adolescents is associated with an adverse endocrine and behavioral risk profile, in addition to increased food consumption and increased body mass index (BMI). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the association between SJL, and the frequency of consumption of multiple food and beverage groups and BMI percentile in adolescents. DESIGN Publicly available data from the cross-sectional Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating (FLASHE) study were analyzed. PARTICIPANTS Participants from the FLASHE study were recruited from all regions of the United States between April and October 2014. Among the 1,581 adolescents aged 12 through 17 years in the original study, 1,556 with complete sleep data were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The difference between the frequency of dietary consumption according to the Dietary Screener Questionnaire and BMI percentile was assessed in adolescents grouped according to SJL, as follows: no SJL: less than 1-hour difference; mild SJL: 1- to 2-hour difference; and severe SJL: more than 2-hour difference. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Differences in the frequency of food consumption were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Secondary outcomes were analyzed using logistic regression models. RESULTS Daily consumption frequency of sugar-sweetened beverages and fruits and vegetables differed among the 3 groups. Likewise, the BMI percentile differed among the 3 groups and was highest in the severe SJL group. Those in the severe SJL group had a 1.84-fold higher probability of having overweight or obesity (95% CI 1.83 to 1.84) than those in the no SJL group. CONCLUSIONS Severe SJL is associated with a higher frequency of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and higher odds of having overweight or obesity compared with no SJL in adolescents.
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29
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Ramirez AVG, Filho DR, de Sá LBPC. Melatonin and its Relationships with Diabetes and Obesity: A Literature Review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021; 17:e072620184137. [PMID: 32718296 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666200727102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is an important clinical entity, causing many public health issues. Around two billion people in the world are overweight and obese. Almost 40% of American adults are obese and Brazil has about 18 million obese people. Nowadays, 415 million people have diabetes, around 1 in every 11 adults. These numbers will rise to 650 million people within 20 years. Melatonin shows a positive profile on the regulation of the metabolism of the human body. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to carry out a broad narrative review of the metabolic profile and associations between melatonin, diabetes and obesity. METHODS Article reviews, systematic reviews, prospective studies, retrospective studies, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trials in humans recently published were selected and analyzed. A total of 368 articles were collated and submitted to the eligibility analysis. Subsequently, 215 studies were selected to compose the content part of the paper, and 153 studies composed the narrative review. RESULTS Studies suggest a possible role of melatonin in metabolic diseases such as obesity, T2DM and metabolic syndrome. Intervention studies using this hormone in metabolic diseases are still unclear regarding the possible benefit of it. There is so far no consensus about the possible role of melatonin as an adjuvant in the treatment of metabolic diseases. More studies are necessary to define possible risks and benefits of melatonin as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V G Ramirez
- Clinic Ana Valeria (CAV)- Clinic of Nutrition and Health Science, Street Antônio José Martins Filho, 300, Sao Jose do Rio Preto SP, 15092-230, Brazil
| | - Durval R Filho
- Associacao Brasileira de Nutrologia (ABRAN)/Brazilian Association of Nutrology, Catanduva/SP, Rua Belo Horizonte, 909 - Centro, Catanduva SP, Brazil
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30
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31
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Ye Y, Xu H, Xie Z, Wang L, Sun Y, Yang H, Hu D, Mao Y. Time-Restricted Feeding Reduces the Detrimental Effects of a High-Fat Diet, Possibly by Modulating the Circadian Rhythm of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota. Front Nutr 2020; 7:596285. [PMID: 33425971 PMCID: PMC7793950 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.596285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Time-restricted feeding, also known as intermittent fasting, can confer various beneficial effects, especially protecting against obesity, and related metabolic disorders, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effects of time-restricted feeding on the circadian rhythm of gut microbiota and hepatic metabolism. Methods: Eight-week-old male Kunming mice received either a normal diet ad libitum, a high-fat diet ad libitum, or a high-fat diet restricted to an 8-h temporal window per day for an experimental period of 8 weeks. Weight gain and calorie intake were measured weekly. Serum metabolites, hepatic sections and lipid metabolites, gut microbiota, and the hepatic expression of Per1, Cry1, Bmal1, SIRT1, SREBP, and PPARα were measured at the end of the experimental period. The composition of gut microbiota and the expression of hepatic genes were compared between four timepoints. Results: Mice that received a time-restricted high-fat diet had less weight gain, milder liver steatosis, and lower hepatic levels of triglycerides than mice that received a high-fat diet ad libitum (p < 0.05). The numbers of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes differed between mice that received a time-restricted high-fat diet and mice that received a high-fat diet ad libitum (p < 0.05). Mice fed a time-restricted high-fat diet showed distinct circadian rhythms of hepatic expression of SIRT1, SREBP, and PPARα compared with mice fed a normal diet ad libitum, as well as the circadian rhythm of the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Conclusions: Time-restricted feeding is associated with better metabolic conditions, perhaps owing to alterations in gut microbiota and the circadian pattern of molecules related to hepatic lipid metabolism, which were first to report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Ye
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Haopeng Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Zhibo Xie
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Lun Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Yuning Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Huayu Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yilei Mao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
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32
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Falcón J, Torriglia A, Attia D, Viénot F, Gronfier C, Behar-Cohen F, Martinsons C, Hicks D. Exposure to Artificial Light at Night and the Consequences for Flora, Fauna, and Ecosystems. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:602796. [PMID: 33304237 PMCID: PMC7701298 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.602796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review draws together wide-ranging studies performed over the last decades that catalogue the effects of artificial-light-at-night (ALAN) upon living species and their environment. We provide an overview of the tremendous variety of light-detection strategies which have evolved in living organisms - unicellular, plants and animals, covering chloroplasts (plants), and the plethora of ocular and extra-ocular organs (animals). We describe the visual pigments which permit photo-detection, paying attention to their spectral characteristics, which extend from the ultraviolet into infrared. We discuss how organisms use light information in a way crucial for their development, growth and survival: phototropism, phototaxis, photoperiodism, and synchronization of circadian clocks. These aspects are treated in depth, as their perturbation underlies much of the disruptive effects of ALAN. The review goes into detail on circadian networks in living organisms, since these fundamental features are of critical importance in regulating the interface between environment and body. Especially, hormonal synthesis and secretion are often under circadian and circannual control, hence perturbation of the clock will lead to hormonal imbalance. The review addresses how the ubiquitous introduction of light-emitting diode technology may exacerbate, or in some cases reduce, the generalized ever-increasing light pollution. Numerous examples are given of how widespread exposure to ALAN is perturbing many aspects of plant and animal behaviour and survival: foraging, orientation, migration, seasonal reproduction, colonization and more. We examine the potential problems at the level of individual species and populations and extend the debate to the consequences for ecosystems. We stress, through a few examples, the synergistic harmful effects resulting from the impacts of ALAN combined with other anthropogenic pressures, which often impact the neuroendocrine loops in vertebrates. The article concludes by debating how these anthropogenic changes could be mitigated by more reasonable use of available technology - for example by restricting illumination to more essential areas and hours, directing lighting to avoid wasteful radiation and selecting spectral emissions, to reduce impact on circadian clocks. We end by discussing how society should take into account the potentially major consequences that ALAN has on the natural world and the repercussions for ongoing human health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Falcón
- Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), MNHN, CNRS FRE 2030, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Alicia Torriglia
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U 1138, Ophtalmopole Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris - SU, Paris, France
| | - Dina Attia
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Claude Gronfier
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Waking Team, Inserm UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U 1138, Ophtalmopole Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris - SU, Paris, France
| | | | - David Hicks
- Inserm, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Præstholm SM, Correia CM, Grøntved L. Multifaceted Control of GR Signaling and Its Impact on Hepatic Transcriptional Networks and Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:572981. [PMID: 33133019 PMCID: PMC7578419 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.572981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) are important regulators of development, inflammation, stress response and metabolism, demonstrated in various diseases including Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome and by the many side effects of prolonged clinical administration of GCs. These conditions include severe metabolic challenges in key metabolic organs like the liver. In the liver, GR is known to regulate the transcription of key enzymes in glucose and lipid metabolism and contribute to the regulation of circadian-expressed genes. Insights to the modes of GR regulation and the underlying functional mechanisms are key for understanding diseases and for the development of improved clinical uses of GCs. The activity and function of GR is regulated at numerous levels including ligand availability, interaction with heat shock protein (HSP) complexes, expression of GR isoforms and posttranslational modifications. Moreover, recent genomics studies show functional interaction with multiple transcription factors (TF) and coregulators in complex transcriptional networks controlling cell type-specific gene expression by GCs. In this review we describe the different regulatory steps important for GR activity and discuss how different TF interaction partners of GR selectively control hepatic gene transcription and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lars Grøntved
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Abstract
In this highly digitalized era, sleep disorders are becoming more common and are associated with an increased burden of chronic disease. Shift workers are at an increased risk for both sleep disorders and metabolic syndrome. In this article, the authors outline the connection between circadian discordance, hormonal imbalance, and the development of metabolic syndrome in shift workers. Based on a literature review of animal model studies, observational studies, and clinical trials conducted between August and October of 2018, the authors offer several clinical interventions, including work schedules, light therapy, medications, and dietary habits to improve the circadian synchronicity of shift workers and reduce their risk of morbidity and mortality. It is important for physicians to be familiar with the consequences of shift work and ways to mitigate the risks for this patient population.
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Kirlioglu SS, Balcioglu YH. Chronobiology Revisited in Psychiatric Disorders: From a Translational Perspective. Psychiatry Investig 2020; 17:725-743. [PMID: 32750762 PMCID: PMC7449842 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2020.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several lines of evidence support a relationship between circadian rhythms disruption in the onset, course, and maintenance of mental disorders. Despite the study of circadian phenotypes promising a decent understanding of the pathophysiologic or etiologic mechanisms of psychiatric entities, several questions still need to be addressed. In this review, we aimed to synthesize the literature investigating chronobiologic theories and their associations with psychiatric entities. METHODS The Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, and Scopus databases were comprehensively and systematically searched and articles published between January 1990 and October 2019 were reviewed. Different combinations of the relevant keywords were polled. We first introduced molecular elements and mechanisms of the circadian system to promote a better understanding of the chronobiologic implications of mental disorders. Then, we comprehensively and systematically reviewed circadian system studies in mood disorders, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders. RESULTS Although subject characteristics and study designs vary across studies, current research has demonstrated that circadian pathologies, including genetic and neurohumoral alterations, represent the neural substrates of the pathophysiology of many psychiatric disorders. Impaired HPA-axis function-related glucocorticoid rhythm and disrupted melatonin homeostasis have been prominently demonstrated in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, while alterations of molecular expressions of circadian rhythm genes including CLOCK, PER, and CRY have been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of mood disorders. CONCLUSION Further translational work is needed to identify the causal relationship between circadian physiology abnormalities and mental disorders and related psychopathology, and to develop sound pharmacologic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simge Seren Kirlioglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Prof Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasin Hasan Balcioglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Prof Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
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Differential Effects of Constant Light and Dim Light at Night on the Circadian Control of Metabolism and Behavior. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155478. [PMID: 32751870 PMCID: PMC7432546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The disruption of circadian rhythms by environmental conditions can induce alterations in body homeostasis, from behavior to metabolism. The light:dark cycle is the most reliable environmental agent, which entrains circadian rhythms, although its credibility has decreased because of the extensive use of artificial light at night. Light pollution can compromise performance and health, but underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The present review assesses the consequences induced by constant light (LL) in comparison with dim light at night (dLAN) on the circadian control of metabolism and behavior in rodents, since such an approach can identify the key mechanisms of chronodisruption. Data suggest that the effects of LL are more pronounced compared to dLAN and are directly related to the light level and duration of exposure. Dim LAN reduces nocturnal melatonin levels, similarly to LL, but the consequences on the rhythms of corticosterone and behavioral traits are not uniform and an improved quantification of the disrupted rhythms is needed. Metabolism is under strong circadian control and its disruption can lead to various pathologies. Moreover, metabolism is not only an output, but some metabolites and peripheral signal molecules can feedback on the circadian clockwork and either stabilize or amplify its desynchronization.
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Ruddick-Collins LC, Morgan PJ, Johnstone AM. Mealtime: A circadian disruptor and determinant of energy balance? J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12886. [PMID: 32662577 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms play a critical role in the physiological processes involved in energy metabolism and energy balance (EB). A large array of metabolic processes, including the expression of many energy-regulating endocrine hormones, display temporal rhythms that are driven by both the circadian clock and food intake. Mealtime has been shown to be a compelling zeitgeber in peripheral tissue rhythms. Inconsistent signalling to the periphery, because of mismatched input from the central clock vs time of eating, results in circadian disruption in which central and/or peripheral rhythms are asynchronously time shifted or their amplitudes reduced. A growing body of evidence supports the negative health effects of circadian disruption, with strong evidence in murine models that mealtime-induced circadian disruption results in various metabolic consequences, including energy imbalance and weight gain. Increased weight gain has been reported to occur even without differences in energy intake, indicating an effect of circadian disruption on energy expenditure. However, the translation of these findings to humans is not well established because the ability to undertake rigorously controlled dietary studies that explore the chronic effects on energy regulation is challenging. Establishing the neuroendocrine changes in response to both acute and chronic variations in mealtime, along with observations in populations with routinely abnormal mealtimes, may provide greater insight into underlying mechanisms that influence long-term weight management under different meal patterns. Human studies should explore mechanisms through relevant biomarkers; for example, cortisol, leptin, ghrelin and other energy-regulating neuroendocrine factors. Mistiming between aggregate hormonal signals, or between hormones with their receptors, may cause reduced signalling intensity and hormonal resistance. Understanding how mealtimes may impact on the coordination of endocrine factors is essential for untangling the complex regulation of EB. Here a review is provided on current evidence of the impacts of mealtime on energy metabolism and the underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms, with a specific focus on human research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J Morgan
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Ferreira de Sá DS, Römer S, Brückner AH, Issler T, Hauck A, Michael T. Effects of intranasal insulin as an enhancer of fear extinction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:753-760. [PMID: 31896118 PMCID: PMC7076012 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fear-extinction based psychotherapy (exposure) is the most effective method for treating anxiety disorders. Notwithstanding, since some patients show impairments in the unlearning of fear and insufficient fear remission, there is a growing interest in using cognitive enhancers as adjuvants to exposure. As insulin plays a critical role in stress processes and acts as a memory enhancer, this study aimed to assess the capacity of intranasal insulin to augment fear extinction. A double-blind, placebo-controlled differential fear-conditioning paradigm was conducted in 123 healthy participants (63 females). Pictures of faces with neutral expressions were used as conditioned stimuli and electric shocks as unconditioned stimuli. The paradigm consisted of four phases presented on three consecutive days: acquisition (day 1), extinction (day 2), reinstatement and re-extinction (day 3). A single intranasal dose of insulin (160 IU) or placebo was applied on day 2, 45 min before fear extinction. Skin conductance response (SCR), fear-potentiated startle (FPS) and expectancy ratings were assessed. During extinction, the insulin group (independent of sex) showed a significantly stronger decrease in differential FPS in comparison with the placebo group. Furthermore, a sex-specific effect was found for SCR, with women in the insulin group showing a greater decrease of differential SCR both at early extinction and at late re-extinction. Our results provide first evidence that intranasal insulin facilitates fear extinction processes and is therefore a promising adjuvant for extinction-based therapies in anxiety and related disorders. Sex-specific effects should be taken into consideration in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S. Ferreira de Sá
- 0000 0001 2167 7588grid.11749.3aDivision of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sonja Römer
- 0000 0001 2167 7588grid.11749.3aDivision of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexandra H. Brückner
- 0000 0001 2167 7588grid.11749.3aDivision of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tobias Issler
- 0000 0001 2167 7588grid.11749.3aDivision of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexander Hauck
- 0000 0001 2167 7588grid.11749.3aDivision of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tanja Michael
- 0000 0001 2167 7588grid.11749.3aDivision of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Carmona P, Mendez N, Ili CG, Brebi P. The Role of Clock Genes in Fibrinolysis Regulation: Circadian Disturbance and Its Effect on Fibrinolytic Activity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:129. [PMID: 32231582 PMCID: PMC7083126 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibrinolytic system is critical during the onset of fibrinolysis, a fundamental mechanism for fibrin degradation. Both tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) trigger fibrinolysis, leading to proteolytic activation of plasminogen to plasmin and subsequently fibrin proteolysis. This system is regulated by several inhibitors; plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the most studied, binds to and inactivates both tPA and uPA. Through the action of plasmin, this system regulates several physiological processes: embryogenesis, activation of inflammatory cells, cell proliferation and death, synaptic plasticity, wound healing, and others. The deregulated intervention of fibrinolysis in the pathophysiology of various diseases has been widely studied; findings of altered functioning have been reported in different chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD), reinforcing its pleiotropic character and the importance of its physiology and regulation. The evidence indicates that fundamental elements of the fibrinolytic system, such as tPA and PAI-1, show a circadian rhythm in their plasmatic levels and their gene expression are regulated by circadian system elements, known as clock genes – Bmal, Clock, Cry-, and accessory clock genes such as Rev-Erb and Ror. The disturbance in the molecular machinery of the clock by exposure to light during the night alters the natural light/dark cycle and causes disruption of the circadian rhythm. Such exposure affects the synchronization and functioning of peripheral clocks responsible for the expression of the components of the fibrinolytic system. So, this circadian disturbance could be critical in the pathophysiology of chronic diseases where this system has been found to be deregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Carmona
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Laboratory of Integrative Biology, Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Natalia Mendez
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carmen G Ili
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Laboratory of Integrative Biology, Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Priscilla Brebi
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Laboratory of Integrative Biology, Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Dibner C. The importance of being rhythmic: Living in harmony with your body clocks. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13281. [PMID: 30980501 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms have developed in all light-sensitive organisms, including humans, as a fundamental anticipatory mechanism that enables proactive adaptation to environmental changes. The circadian system is organized in a highly hierarchical manner, with clocks operative in most cells of the body ensuring the temporal coordination of physiological processes. Circadian misalignment, stemming from modern life style, draws increasing attention due to its tight association with the development of metabolic, cardiovascular, inflammatory and mental diseases as well as cancer. This review highlights recent findings emphasizing the role of the circadian system in the temporal orchestration of physiology, with a particular focus on implications of circadian misalignment in human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charna Dibner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Medicine University Hospital of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3) Geneva Switzerland
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41
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Dubois G, Bureau L. Rythmes et horloges biologiques de l'organisme. ACTUALITES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0515-3700(20)30284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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The Homeodomain Transcription Factors Vax1 and Six6 Are Required for SCN Development and Function. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1217-1232. [PMID: 31705443 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The brain's primary circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), is required to translate day-length and circadian rhythms into neuronal, hormonal, and behavioral rhythms. Here, we identify the homeodomain transcription factor ventral anterior homeobox 1 (Vax1) as required for SCN development, vasoactive intestinal peptide expression, and SCN output. Previous work has shown that VAX1 is required for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH/LHRH) neuron development, a neuronal population controlling reproductive status. Surprisingly, the ectopic expression of a Gnrh-Cre allele (Gnrhcre) in the SCN confirmed the requirement of both VAX1 (Vax1flox/flox:Gnrhcre, Vax1Gnrh-cre) and sine oculis homeobox protein 6 (Six6flox/flox:Gnrhcre, Six6Gnrh-cre) in SCN function in adulthood. To dissociate the role of Vax1 and Six6 in GnRH neuron and SCN function, we used another Gnrh-cre allele that targets GnRH neurons, but not the SCN (Lhrhcre). Both Six6Lhrh-cre and Vax1Lhrh-cre were infertile, and in contrast to Vax1Gnrh-cre and Six6Gnrh-cre mice, Six6Lhrh-cre and Vax1Lhrh-cre had normal circadian behavior. Unexpectedly, ~ 1/4 of the Six6Gnrh-cre mice were unable to entrain to light, showing that ectopic expression of Gnrhcre impaired function of the retino-hypothalamic tract that relays light information to the brain. This study identifies VAX1, and confirms SIX6, as transcription factors required for SCN development and function and demonstrates the importance of understanding how ectopic CRE expression can impact the results.
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Paulose JK, Cassone CV, Graniczkowska KB, Cassone VM. Entrainment of the Circadian Clock of the Enteric Bacterium Klebsiella aerogenes by Temperature Cycles. iScience 2019; 19:1202-1213. [PMID: 31551197 PMCID: PMC6831877 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal bacterium Klebsiella (née Enterobacter) aerogenes expresses an endogenously generated, temperature-compensated circadian rhythm in swarming motility. We hypothesized that this rhythm may be synchronized/entrained in vivo by body temperature (TB). To determine entrainment, cultures expressing bioluminescence were exposed to temperature cycles of 1°C (35°C-36°C) or 3°C (34°C-37°C) in amplitude at periods (T-cycles) of T = 22, T = 24, or T = 28 h. Bacteria entrained to all T-cycles at both amplitudes and with stable phase relationships. A high-amplitude phase response curve (PRC) in response to 1-h pulses of 3°C temperature spike (34°C-37°C) at different circadian phases was constructed, revealing a Type-0 phase resetting paradigm. Furthermore, real-time bioluminescence imaging revealed a spatiotemporal pattern to the circadian rhythm. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the K. aerogenes circadian clock entrains to its host via detection of and phase shifting to the daily pattern of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiffin K Paulose
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Charles V Cassone
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | | | - Vincent M Cassone
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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Cederroth CR, Park JS, Basinou V, Weger BD, Tserga E, Sarlus H, Magnusson AK, Kadri N, Gachon F, Canlon B. Circadian Regulation of Cochlear Sensitivity to Noise by Circulating Glucocorticoids. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2477-2487.e6. [PMID: 31353184 PMCID: PMC6904421 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The cochlea possesses a robust circadian clock machinery that regulates auditory function. How the cochlear clock is influenced by the circadian system remains unknown. Here, we show that cochlear rhythms are system driven and require local Bmal1 as well as central input from the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). SCN ablations disrupted the circadian expression of the core clock genes in the cochlea. Because the circadian secretion of glucocorticoids (GCs) is controlled by the SCN and GCs are known to modulate auditory function, we assessed their influence on circadian gene expression. Removal of circulating GCs by adrenalectomy (ADX) did not have a major impact on core clock gene expression in the cochlea. Rather it abolished the transcription of clock-controlled genes involved in inflammation. ADX abolished the known differential auditory sensitivity to day and night noise trauma and prevented the induction of GABA-ergic and glutamate receptors mRNA transcripts. However, these improvements were unrelated to changes at the synaptic level, suggesting other cochlear functions may be involved. Due to this circadian regulation of noise sensitivity by GCs, we evaluated the actions of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) at different times of the day. DEX was effective in protecting from acute noise trauma only when administered during daytime, when circulating glucocorticoids are low, indicating that chronopharmacological approaches are important for obtaining optimal treatment strategies for hearing loss. GCs appear as a major regulator of the differential sensitivity to day or night noise trauma, a mechanism likely involving the circadian control of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jung-Sub Park
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden; Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Vasiliki Basinou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Benjamin D Weger
- Department of Diabetes and Circadian Rhythms, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Evangelia Tserga
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Heela Sarlus
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Anna K Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Nadir Kadri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Frédéric Gachon
- Department of Diabetes and Circadian Rhythms, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Canlon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
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Abstract
Feeding, which is essential for all animals, is regulated by homeostatic mechanisms. In addition, food consumption is temporally coordinated by the brain over the circadian (~24 h) cycle. A network of circadian clocks set daily windows during which food consumption can occur. These daily windows mostly overlap with the active phase. Brain clocks that ensure the circadian control of food intake include a master light-entrainable clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus and secondary clocks in hypothalamic and brainstem regions. Metabolic hormones, circulating nutrients and visceral neural inputs transmit rhythmic cues that permit (via close and reciprocal molecular interactions that link metabolic processes and circadian clockwork) brain and peripheral organs to be synchronized to feeding time. As a consequence of these complex interactions, growing evidence shows that chronodisruption and mistimed eating have deleterious effects on metabolic health. Conversely, eating, even eating an unbalanced diet, during the normal active phase reduces metabolic disturbances. Therefore, in addition to energy intake and dietary composition, appropriately timed meal patterns are critical to prevent circadian desynchronization and limit metabolic risks. This Review provides insight into the dual modulation of food intake by homeostatic and circadian processes, describes the mechanisms regulating feeding time and highlights the beneficial effects of correctly timed eating, as opposed to the negative metabolic consequences of mistimed eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Challet
- Circadian clocks and metabolism team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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Hoffmann J, Schirmer A, Eccard JA. Light pollution affects space use and interaction of two small mammal species irrespective of personality. BMC Ecol 2019; 19:26. [PMID: 31215409 PMCID: PMC6582560 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Artificial light at night (ALAN) is one form of human-induced rapid environmental changes (HIREC) and is strongly interfering with natural dark–light cycles. Some personality types within a species might be better suited to cope with environmental change and therefore might be selected upon under ongoing urbanization. Results We used LED street lamps in a large outdoor enclosure to experimentally investigate the effects of ALAN on activity patterns, movement and interaction of individuals of two species, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) and the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius). We analyzed effects combined with individual boldness score. Both species reduced their activity budget during daylight hours. While under natural light conditions home ranges were larger during daylight than during nighttime, this difference vanished under ALAN. Conspecifics showed reduced home range overlap, proximity and activity synchrony when subjected to nighttime illumination. Changes in movement patterns in reaction to ALAN were not associated with differences in boldness score of individuals. Conclusions Our results suggest that light pollution can lead to changes in movement patterns and individual interactions in small mammals. This could lead to fitness consequences on the population level. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12898-019-0241-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hoffmann
- Animal Ecology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 1, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Annika Schirmer
- Animal Ecology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 1, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jana Anja Eccard
- Animal Ecology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 1, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
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Naderi F, Míguez JM, Soengas JL, López-Patiño MA. SIRT1 mediates the effect of stress on hypothalamic clock genes and food intake regulators in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 235:102-111. [PMID: 31152913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Stress negatively affects a wide range of physiological and behavioural functions (circadian physiology and food intake, among others), thus compromising animal welfare. Cortisol mediates the effect of stress on food intake, but other mediators (such as sirtuins) may participate in that related to circadian physiology. We evaluated 1) the effect of stress on the day-night variation of hypothalamic clock genes and food intake regulators, 2) changes of mRNA abundance in cortisol biosynthesis at the head kidney, and 3) changes of glucocorticoid receptors in both tissues of rainbow trout, together with the involvement of SIRT1 in such effect. Trout receiving or not SIRT1 inhibitor (EX527) and subjected or not to stress by high stocking density (72 h), were sampled at day- (ZT10) and night-time (ZT18). Our results indicate that SIRT1 mediates the effect of stress on mRNA abundance of clock genes in trout hypothalamus, but it also influences those changes occurring on food intake-related peptides. High stocking density inhibits clock genes expression, but enhances that of food intake-related peptides. EX527 treatment prevents stress-related changes observed in clock genes, thus evidencing a key role played by SIRT1 in mediating this effect on trout circadian oscillators. On the other hand, EX527 treatment partially prevents changes of food intake-related peptides, indicating that an interaction between SIRT1 and other mediators (such as cortisol) exists during response to stress. In support of that, our results reveal that SIRT1 influences cortisol biosynthesis during stress. Whatever the case is, further research will help understanding the underlying mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Naderi
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro Singular de Investigación Mariña-ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Jesús M Míguez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro Singular de Investigación Mariña-ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro Singular de Investigación Mariña-ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Marcos A López-Patiño
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro Singular de Investigación Mariña-ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Spain.
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Human milk as "chrononutrition": implications for child health and development. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:936-942. [PMID: 30858473 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human biology follows recurring daily rhythms that are governed by circadian cues in the environment. Here we show that human milk is a powerful form of "chrononutrition," formulated to communicate time-of-day information to infants. However, 85% of breastfed infants in the US consume some milk that does not come directly from the breast but is pumped and stored in advance of feeding. Expressed milk is not necessarily circadian-matched (e.g., an infant might drink breastmilk pumped in the evening on the following morning). Ingesting mistimed milk may disrupt infants' developing circadian rhythms, potentially contributing to sleep problems and decreased physiological attunement with their mothers and environments. Dysregulated circadian biology may compromise infant health and development. Despite wide-ranging public health implications, the timing of milk delivery has received little empirical study, and no major pediatric or public health organization has issued recommendations regarding the circadian-matching of milk. However, potential adverse developmental and health consequences could be ameliorated by simple, low-cost interventions to label and circadian-match stored milk. The current paper reviews evidence for human milk as chrononutrition and makes recommendations for future research, practice, and policy.
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Hernández-Pérez J, Naderi F, Chivite M, Soengas JL, Míguez JM, López-Patiño MA. Influence of Stress on Liver Circadian Physiology. A Study in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, as Fish Model. Front Physiol 2019; 10:611. [PMID: 31164837 PMCID: PMC6536609 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates stress negatively affects body homeostasis and triggers a battery of metabolic responses, with liver playing a key role. This organ responds with altered metabolism, leading the animal to cope with the stress situation, which involves carbohydrate and lipid mobilization. However, metabolism among other physiological functions is under circadian control within the liver. Then, metabolic homeostasis at system level involves circadian timing systems within tissues and cells, and collaborate with each other. During chronic stress, cortisol maintains the liver metabolic response by modulating carbohydrate- and lipid-related metabolism. Stress also disrupts the circadian oscillator within the liver in mammals, whereas little information is available in other vertebrates, such as fish. To raise the complexity of this process, other candidates may mediate in such effect of stress. In fact, sirtuin1, a link between cellular sensing of energy status and circadian clocks, participates in the response to stress in mammals, but no information is available in fish. Considering the role played by liver in providing energy for the animal to deal with an adverse situation, and the existence of a circadian oscillator within this tissue, jeopardized liver circadian physiology during stress exposure might be expected. Whether the physiological response to stress is a well conserved process through the phylogeny and the mechanisms involved in such response is a question that remains to be elucidated. Then, we provide information at this respect in mammals and show comparable results in rainbow trout as fish animal model. Similar to that in mammals, stress triggers a series of responses in fish that leads the animal to cope with the adverse situation. Stress influences liver physiology in fish, affecting carbohydrate and lipid metabolism-related parameters, and the circadian oscillator as well. In a similar way than that of mammals different mediators participate in the response of liver circadian physiology to stress in fish. Among them, we confirm for the teleost rainbow trout a role of nuclear receptors (rev-erbβ), cortisol, and sirt1. However, further research is needed to evaluate the independent effect of each one, or the existence of any interaction among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hernández-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Fatemeh Naderi
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Mauro Chivite
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jesús M Míguez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marcos A López-Patiño
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Murphy BA. Circadian and Circannual Regulation in the Horse: Internal Timing in an Elite Athlete. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 76:14-24. [PMID: 31084748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biological rhythms evolved to provide temporal coordination across all tissues and organs and allow synchronization of physiology with predictable environmental cycles. Most important of these are circadian and circannual rhythms, primarily regulated via photoperiod signals from the retina. Understanding the nature of physiological rhythms in horses is crucially important for equine management. Predominantly, they have been removed from exposure to their natural environmental stimuli; the seasonally changing photoperiod, continuous foraging and feeding activity, social herd interactions, and the continuous low-intensity exercise of a grassland dweller. These have been replaced in many cases with confined indoor housing, regimental feeding and exercise times, social isolation, and exposure to lighting that is often erratic and does not come close to mimicking the spectral composition of sunlight. Man has further altered seasonal timing cues through the use of artificial lighting programs that impact reproductive behavior, breeding efficiency, and the development of youngstock. Understanding how these new environmental cues (some stronger and some weaker) impact the internal physiology of the horse in the context of the natural endogenous rhythms that evolved over millennia is key to helping to improve equine health, welfare, and performance, now and into the future. This review provides an overview of the field, highlights the recent discoveries related to biological timing in horses, and discusses the implications that these findings may have for the production and management of the elite equine athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Murphy
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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