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Hüttl M, Markova I, Miklánková D, Zapletalova I, Kujal P, Šilhavý J, Pravenec M, Malinska H. Hypolipidemic and insulin sensitizing effects of salsalate beyond suppressing inflammation in a prediabetic rat model. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1117683. [PMID: 37077818 PMCID: PMC10106727 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1117683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Low-grade chronic inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and their complications. In this study, we investigated the effects of salsalate, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, on metabolic disturbances in an animal model of prediabetes—a strain of non-obese hereditary hypertriglyceridemic (HHTg) rats.Materials and Methods: Adult male HHTg and Wistar control rats were fed a standard diet without or with salsalate delivering a daily dose of 200 mg/kg of body weight for 6 weeks. Tissue sensitivity to insulin action was measured ex vivo according to basal and insulin-stimulated 14C-U-glucose incorporation into muscle glycogen or adipose tissue lipids. The concentration of methylglyoxal and glutathione was determined using the HPLC-method. Gene expression was measured by quantitative RT-PCR.Results: Salsalate treatment of HHTg rats when compared to their untreated controls was associated with significant amelioration of inflammation, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Specificaly, salsalate treatment was associated with reduced inflammation, oxidative and dicarbonyl stress when inflammatory markers, lipoperoxidation products and methylglyoxal levels were significantly decreased in serum and tissues. In addition, salsalate ameliorated glycaemia and reduced serum lipid concentrations. Insulin sensitivity in visceral adipose tissue and skeletal muscle was significantly increased after salsalate administration. Further, salsalate markedly reduced hepatic lipid accumulation (triglycerides −29% and cholesterol −14%). Hypolipidemic effects of salsalate were associated with differential expression of genes coding for enzymes and transcription factors involved in lipid synthesis (Fas, Hmgcr), oxidation (Pparα) and transport (Ldlr, Abc transporters), as well as changes in gene expression of cytochrome P450 proteins, in particular decreased Cyp7a and increased Cyp4a isoforms.Conclusion: These results demonstrate important anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of salsalate that were associated with reduced dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in HHTg rats. Hypolipidemic effects of salsalate were associated with differential expression of genes regulating lipid metabolism in the liver. These results suggest potential beneficial use of salsalate in prediabetic patients with NAFLD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hüttl
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech
| | - Irena Markova
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech
| | - Denisa Miklánková
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech
| | - Iveta Zapletalova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech
| | - Petr Kujal
- Department of Pathology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech
| | - Jan Šilhavý
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech
| | - Michal Pravenec
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech
| | - Hana Malinska
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech
- *Correspondence: Hana Malinska,
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2
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Sanders MJ, Ratinaud Y, Neopane K, Bonhoure N, Day EA, Ciclet O, Lassueur S, Naranjo Pinta M, Deak M, Brinon B, Christen S, Steinberg GR, Barron D, Sakamoto K. Natural (dihydro)phenanthrene plant compounds are direct activators of AMPK through its allosteric drug and metabolite-binding site. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101852. [PMID: 35331736 PMCID: PMC9108889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a central energy sensor that coordinates the response to energy challenges to maintain cellular ATP levels. AMPK is a potential therapeutic target for treating metabolic disorders, and several direct synthetic activators of AMPK have been developed that show promise in preclinical models of type 2 diabetes. These compounds have been shown to regulate AMPK through binding to a novel allosteric drug and metabolite (ADaM)–binding site on AMPK, and it is possible that other molecules might similarly bind this site. Here, we performed a high-throughput screen with natural plant compounds to identify such direct allosteric activators of AMPK. We identified a natural plant dihydrophenathrene, Lusianthridin, which allosterically activates and protects AMPK from dephosphorylation by binding to the ADaM site. Similar to other ADaM site activators, Lusianthridin showed preferential activation of AMPKβ1-containing complexes in intact cells and was unable to activate an AMPKβ1 S108A mutant. Lusianthridin dose-dependently increased phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in mouse primary hepatocytes, which led to a corresponding decrease in de novo lipogenesis. This ability of Lusianthridin to inhibit lipogenesis was impaired in hepatocytes from β1 S108A knock-in mice and mice bearing a mutation at the AMPK phosphorylation site of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1/2. Finally, we show that activation of AMPK by natural compounds extends to several analogs of Lusianthridin and the related chemical series, phenanthrenes. The emergence of natural plant compounds that regulate AMPK through the ADaM site raises the distinct possibility that other natural compounds share a common mechanism of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sanders
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Yann Ratinaud
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katyayanee Neopane
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bonhoure
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emily A Day
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity, and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivier Ciclet
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Steve Lassueur
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martine Naranjo Pinta
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Deak
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Brinon
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Christen
- Nestle Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity, and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denis Barron
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Javeed N, Her TK, Brown MR, Vanderboom P, Rakshit K, Egan AM, Vella A, Lanza I, Matveyenko AV. Pro-inflammatory β cell small extracellular vesicles induce β cell failure through activation of the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis in diabetes. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109613. [PMID: 34433033 PMCID: PMC8420815 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated communication among pancreatic islet cells is necessary for maintenance of glucose homeostasis. In diabetes, chronic exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines has been shown to perturb β cell communication and function. Compelling evidence has implicated extracellular vesicles (EVs) in modulating physiological and pathological responses to β cell stress. We report that pro-inflammatory β cell small EVs (cytokine-exposed EVs [cytoEVs]) induce β cell dysfunction, promote a pro-inflammatory islet transcriptome, and enhance recruitment of CD8+ T cells and macrophages. Proteomic analysis of cytoEVs shows enrichment of the chemokine CXCL10, with surface topological analysis depicting CXCL10 as membrane bound on cytoEVs to facilitate direct binding to CXCR3 receptors on the surface of β cells. CXCR3 receptor inhibition reduced CXCL10-cytoEV binding and attenuated β cell dysfunction, inflammatory gene expression, and leukocyte recruitment to islets. This work implies a significant role of pro-inflammatory β cell-derived small EVs in modulating β cell function, global gene expression, and antigen presentation through activation of the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naureen Javeed
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Tracy K Her
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Matthew R Brown
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Patrick Vanderboom
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kuntol Rakshit
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Aoife M Egan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Adrian Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ian Lanza
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Aleksey V Matveyenko
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Perreault L, Skyler JS, Rosenstock J. Novel therapies with precision mechanisms for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:364-377. [PMID: 33948015 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the greatest health crises of our time and its prevalence is projected to increase by >50% globally by 2045. Currently, 10 classes of drugs are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of T2DM. Drugs in development for T2DM must show meaningful reductions in glycaemic parameters as well as cardiovascular safety. Results from an increasing number of cardiovascular outcome trials using modern T2DM therapeutics have shown a reduced risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, congestive heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Hence, guidelines have become increasingly evidence based and more patient centred, focusing on reaching individualized glycaemic goals while optimizing safety, non-glycaemic benefits and the prevention of complications. The bar has been raised for novel therapies under development for T2DM as they are now expected to achieve these aims and possibly even treat concurrent comorbidities. Indeed, the pharmaceutical pipeline for T2DM is fertile. Drugs that augment insulin sensitivity, stimulate insulin secretion or the incretin axis, or suppress hepatic glucose production are active in more than 7,000 global trials using new mechanisms of action. Our collective goal of being able to truly personalize medicine for T2DM has never been closer at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Perreault
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Jay S Skyler
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Julio Rosenstock
- Dallas Diabetes Research Center at Medical City, Dallas, TX, USA
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5
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Dabravolski SA, Nikiforov NG, Eid AH, Nedosugova LV, Starodubova AV, Popkova TV, Bezsonov EE, Orekhov AN. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Chronic Inflammation in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3923. [PMID: 33920227 PMCID: PMC8070512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine-metabolic disorder affecting a vast population worldwide; it is linked with anovulation, mitochondrial dysfunctions and hormonal disbalance. Mutations in mtDNA have been identified in PCOS patients and likely play an important role in PCOS aetiology and pathogenesis; however, their causative role in PCOS development requires further investigation. As a low-grade chronic inflammation disease, PCOS patients have permanently elevated levels of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, CRP, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18). In this review, we summarise recent data regarding the role of mtDNA mutations and mitochondrial malfunctions in PCOS pathogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss recent papers dedicated to the identification of novel biomarkers for early PCOS diagnosis. Finally, traditional and new mitochondria-targeted treatments are discussed. This review intends to emphasise the key role of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in PCOS pathogenesis; however, the exact molecular mechanism is mostly unknown and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei A. Dabravolski
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine [UO VGAVM], 7/11 Dovatora str., 210026 Vitebsk, Belarus
| | - Nikita G. Nikiforov
- Center of Collective Usage, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (E.E.B.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon
| | - Ludmila V. Nedosugova
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubenskaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Antonina V. Starodubova
- Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 2/14 Ustinsky Passage, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana V. Popkova
- V.A. Nasonova Institute of Rheumatology, 34A Kashirskoye Shosse, 115522 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Evgeny E. Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (E.E.B.); (A.N.O.)
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, The Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (E.E.B.); (A.N.O.)
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6
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Sevoflurane-induced hyperglycemia is attenuated by salsalate in obese insulin-resistant mice. Can J Anaesth 2021; 68:972-979. [PMID: 33580878 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-021-01935-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Perioperative hyperglycemia is common and is associated with significant morbidity. Although patient characteristics and surgery influence perioperative glucose metabolism, anesthetics have a significant impact. We hypothesized that mice that were obese and insulin-resistant would experience greater hyperglycemia in response to sevoflurane anesthesia compared with lean controls. We further hypothesized that sevoflurane-induced hyperglycemia would be attenuated by salsalate pre-treatment. METHODS Lean and obese male C57BL/6J mice were anesthetized with sevoflurane for 60 min with or without pre-treatment of 62.5 mg·kg-1 salsalate. Blood glucose, plasma insulin, and glucose uptake into different tissues were measured. RESULTS Under sevoflurane anesthesia, obese mice had higher blood glucose compared to lean mice. Increases in blood glucose were attenuated with acute salsalate pre-treatment at 60 min under anesthesia in obese mice (mean ± standard error of the mean [SEM], delta blood glucose; vehicle 5.79 ± 1.09 vs salsalate 1.91 ± 1.32 mM; P = 0.04) but did not reach statistical significance in lean mice (delta blood glucose, vehicle 4.39 ± 0.55 vs salsalate 2.79 ± 0.71 mM; P = 0.10). This effect was independent of changes in insulin but associated with an approx. 1.7-fold increase in glucose uptake into brown adipose tissue (vehicle 45.28 ± 4.57 vs salsalate 76.89 ± 12.23 µmol·g-1 tissue·hr-1; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION These data show that salsalate can reduce sevoflurane-induced hyperglycemia in mice. This indicates that salsalate may represent a new class of therapeutics that, in addition to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, may be useful to reduce perioperative hyperglycemia.
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7
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Steinberg GR, Carling D. AMP-activated protein kinase: the current landscape for drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 18:527-551. [PMID: 30867601 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as a central regulator of energy homeostasis, many exciting insights into its structure, regulation and physiological roles have been revealed. While exercise, caloric restriction, metformin and many natural products increase AMPK activity and exert a multitude of health benefits, developing direct activators of AMPK to elicit beneficial effects has been challenging. However, in recent years, direct AMPK activators have been identified and tested in preclinical models, and a small number have entered clinical trials. Despite these advances, which disease(s) represent the best indications for therapeutic AMPK activation and the long-term safety of such approaches remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - David Carling
- Cellular Stress Group, Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
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8
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Martínez-Hervás S, González-Navarro H. Terapias antiinflamatorias para la enfermedad cardiovascular: vías de señalización y mecanismos. Rev Esp Cardiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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The dimerization of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA-A). Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:1078-1083. [PMID: 31649855 PMCID: PMC6804457 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renewed interest in dimeric salicylates as broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic agents provided a rationale to investigate the dimerization of the substituted salicylate Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA-A, 3a) as a strategy to solve its instability to decarboxylation and to generate analogues and/or pro-drugs of this native pre-cannabinoid. Activation of the carboxylic group with the DCC-HOBt-DMAP protocol afforded a high yield of the OBt ester 4, that was next converted into the highly crystalline di-depsidic dimer 5 upon treatment with DMAP. The mono-depsidic dimer 6 was also formed when the reaction was carried out with partially decarboxylated THCA-A samples. The structure of the depsidic dimers was established by spectroscopic methods and by aminolysis of 5 into the pre-cannabinoid amide 7. Both dimers showed excellent shelf stability and did not generate significant amounts of Δ9-THC upon heating. However, only the didepsidic dimer 5 activated PPAR-γ, the major target of pre-cannabinoids, but strong binding to serum proteins abolished this activity, also shielding it from the action of esterases.
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10
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Cox AR, Chernis N, Masschelin PM, Hartig SM. Immune Cells Gate White Adipose Tissue Expansion. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1645-1658. [PMID: 31107528 PMCID: PMC6591013 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immune system plays a critical role in white adipose tissue (WAT) energy homeostasis and, by extension, whole-body metabolism. Substantial evidence from mouse and human studies firmly establishes that insulin sensitivity deteriorates as a result of subclinical inflammation in the adipose tissue of individuals with diabetes. However, the relationship between adipose tissue expandability and immune cell infiltration remains a complex problem important for understanding the pathogenesis of obesity. Notably, a large body of work challenges the idea that all immune responses are deleterious to WAT function. This review highlights recent advances that describe how immune cells and adipocytes coordinately enable WAT expansion and regulation of energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Cox
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Natasha Chernis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter M Masschelin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Correspondence: Sean M. Hartig, PhD, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM185, Houston, Texas 77030. E-mail:
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11
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Anti-inflammatory Therapies for Cardiovascular Disease: Signaling Pathways and Mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 72:767-773. [PMID: 31155366 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease promoted by several risk factors such as dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and smoking. Acute CVD events are the result of an unresolved inflammatory chronic state that promotes the rupture of unstable plaque lesions. Of note, the existing intensive therapies modify risk factors but do not prevent life-threatening recurrent ischemic events in high-risk patients, who have a residual inflammatory risk displayed by increased C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Better understanding of the role of innate and adaptive immunity in plaque development and rupture has led to intensive investigation of anti-inflammatory strategies for CVD. Some of them are being tested in specific clinical trials and use lower doses of existing medications originally developed for other inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, which have high CVD risk. Other investigations are retrospective and meta-analyses of existing clinical trials that evaluate the incidence of CVD in these inflammatory diseases. Others are based on preclinical testing such as vaccines. In this article, we summarize the main anti-inflammatory strategies and associated molecular mechanisms that are being evaluated in preclinical or clinical CVD studies.
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12
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Broadfield LA, Marcinko K, Tsakiridis E, Zacharidis PG, Villani L, Lally JSV, Menjolian G, Maharaj D, Mathurin T, Smoke M, Farrell T, Muti P, Steinberg GR, Tsakiridis T. Salicylate enhances the response of prostate cancer to radiotherapy. Prostate 2019; 79:489-497. [PMID: 30609074 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy (RT) is a key therapeutic modality for prostate cancer (PrCa), but RT resistance necessitates dose-escalation, often causing bladder and rectal toxicity. Aspirin, a prodrug of salicylate (SAL), has been associated with improved RT response in clinical PrCa cases, but the potential mechanism mediating this effect is unknown. SAL activates the metabolic stress sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which inhibits de novo lipogenesis, and protein synthesis via inhibition of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC), and the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), respectively. RT also activates AMPK through a mechanism distinctly different from SAL. Therefore, combining these two therapies may have synergistic effects on suppressing PrCa. Here, we examined the potential of SAL to enhance the response of human PrCa cells and tumors to RT. METHODS Androgen-insensitive (PC3) and -sensitive (LNCaP) PrCa cells were subjected to proliferation and clonogenic survival assays after treatment with clinically relevant doses of SAL and RT. Balb/c nude mice with PC3 xenografts were fed standard chow diet or chow diet supplemented with 2.5 g/kg salsalate (SAL pro-drug dimer) one week prior to a single dose of 0 or 10 Gy RT. Immunoblotting analysis of signaling events in the DNA repair and AMPK-mTOR pathways and lipogenesis were assessed in cells treated with SAL and RT. RESULTS SAL inhibited proliferation and clonogenic survival in PrCa cells and enhanced the inhibition mediated by RT. Salsalate, added to diet, enhanced the anti-tumor effects of RT in PC3 tumor xenografts. RT activated genotoxic stress markers and the activity of mTOR pathway and AMPK and mediated inhibitory phosphorylation of ACC. Interestingly, SAL enhanced the effects of RT on AMPK and ACC but blocked markers of mTOR activation. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that SAL can enhance RT responses in PrCa. Salsalate is a promising agent to investigate this concept in prospective clinical trials of PrCa in combination with RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Broadfield
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katarina Marcinko
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evangelia Tsakiridis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Panayiotis G Zacharidis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda Villani
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James S V Lally
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabe Menjolian
- Division of Radiotherapy, Juravinski Cancer Center, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danitra Maharaj
- Division of Radiotherapy, Juravinski Cancer Center, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tammy Mathurin
- Division of Radiotherapy, Juravinski Cancer Center, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcia Smoke
- Division of Radiotherapy, Juravinski Cancer Center, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Farrell
- Division of Physics, Juravinski Cancer Center, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paola Muti
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theodoros Tsakiridis
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Divisions of Radiation Oncology, Juravinski Cancer Center, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Desjardins EM, Steinberg GR. Emerging Role of AMPK in Brown and Beige Adipose Tissue (BAT): Implications for Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2018; 18:80. [PMID: 30120579 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-018-1049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is escalating at alarming rates, demanding the development of additional classes of therapeutics to further reduce the burden of disease. Recent studies have indicated that increasing the metabolic activity of brown and beige adipose tissue may represent a novel means to reduce circulating glucose and lipids in people with T2D. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy sensor that has recently been demonstrated to be important in potentially regulating the metabolic activity of brown and beige adipose tissue. The goal of this review is to summarize recent work describing the role of AMPK in brown and beige adipose tissue, focusing on its role in adipogenesis and non-shivering thermogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Ablation of AMPK in mouse adipocytes results in cold intolerance, a reduction in non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT), and the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance; effects associated with a defect in mitochondrial specific autophagy (mitophagy) within BAT. The effects of a β3-adrenergic agonist on the induction of BAT thermogenesis and the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) are also blunted in mice lacking adipose tissue AMPK. A specific AMPK activator, A-769662, also results in the activation of BAT and the browning of WAT, effects which may involve demethylation of the PR domain containing 16 (Prdm16) promoter region, which is important for BAT development. AMPK plays an important role in the development and maintenance of brown and beige adipose tissue. Adipose tissue AMPK is reduced in people with insulin resistance, consistent with findings that mice lacking adipocyte AMPK develop greater NAFLD and insulin resistance. These data suggest that pharmacologically targeting adipose tissue AMPK may represent a promising strategy to enhance energy expenditure and reduce circulating glucose and lipids, which may be effective for the treatment of NAFLD and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Desjardins
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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Hypothalamic inflammation and malfunctioning glia in the pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes: Translational significance. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:123-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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