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Spiliotis K, Appali R, Fontes Gomes AK, Payonk JP, Adrian S, van Rienen U, Starke J, Köhling R. Utilising activity patterns of a complex biophysical network model to optimise intra-striatal deep brain stimulation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18919. [PMID: 39143173 PMCID: PMC11324959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69456-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A large-scale biophysical network model for the isolated striatal body is developed to optimise potential intrastriatal deep brain stimulation applied to, e.g. obsessive-compulsive disorder. The model is based on modified Hodgkin-Huxley equations with small-world connectivity, while the spatial information about the positions of the neurons is taken from a detailed human atlas. The model produces neuronal spatiotemporal activity patterns segregating healthy from pathological conditions. Three biomarkers were used for the optimisation of stimulation protocols regarding stimulation frequency, amplitude and localisation: the mean activity of the entire network, the frequency spectrum of the entire network (rhythmicity) and a combination of the above two. By minimising the deviation of the aforementioned biomarkers from the normal state, we compute the optimal deep brain stimulation parameters, regarding position, amplitude and frequency. Our results suggest that in the DBS optimisation process, there is a clear trade-off between frequency synchronisation and overall network activity, which has also been observed during in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Spiliotis
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
- Laboratory of Mathematics and Informatics (ISCE), Department of Civil Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece.
| | - Revathi Appali
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Ageing of Individuals and Society, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Jan Philipp Payonk
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Simon Adrian
- Faculty of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ursula van Rienen
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Ageing of Individuals and Society, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jens Starke
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Ageing of Individuals and Society, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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2
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Han Z, Yang C, He H, Huang T, Yin Q, Tian G, Wu Y, Hu W, Lu L, Bajpai AK, Mi J, Xu F. Systems Genetics Analyses Reveals Key Genes Related to Behavioral Traits in the Striatum of CFW Mice. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0252242024. [PMID: 38777602 PMCID: PMC11211725 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0252-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The striatum plays a central role in directing many complex behaviors ranging from motor control to action choice and reward learning. In our study, we used 55 male CFW mice with rapid decay linkage disequilibrium to systematically mine the striatum-related behavioral functional genes by analyzing their striatal transcriptomes and 79 measured behavioral phenotypic data. By constructing a gene coexpression network, we clustered the genes into 13 modules, with most of them being positively correlated with motor traits. Based on functional annotations as well as Fisher's exact and hypergeometric distribution tests, brown and magenta modules were identified as core modules. They were significantly enriched for striatal-related functional genes. Subsequent Mendelian randomization analysis verified the causal relationship between the core modules and dyskinesia. Through the intramodular gene connectivity analysis, Adcy5 and Kcnma1 were identified as brown and magenta module hub genes, respectively. Knock outs of both Adcy5 and Kcnma1 lead to motor dysfunction in mice, and KCNMA1 acts as a risk gene for schizophrenia and smoking addiction in humans. We also evaluated the cellular composition of each module and identified oligodendrocytes in the striatum to have a positive role in motor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Han
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chunhua Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongjie He
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Quanting Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Geng Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuyong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Bajpai
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Jia Mi
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fuyi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
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Abbondanza A, Urushadze A, Alves-Barboza AR, Janickova H. Expression and function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in specific neuronal populations: Focus on striatal and prefrontal circuits. Pharmacol Res 2024; 204:107190. [PMID: 38704107 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are widely expressed in the central nervous system and play an important role in the control of neural functions including neuronal activity, transmitter release and synaptic plasticity. Although the common subtypes of nAChRs are abundantly expressed throughout the brain, their expression in different brain regions and by individual neuronal types is not homogeneous or incidental. In recent years, several studies have emerged showing that particular subtypes of nAChRs are expressed by specific neuronal populations in which they have major influence on the activity of local circuits and behavior. It has been demonstrated that even nAChRs expressed by relatively rare neuronal types can induce significant changes in behavior and contribute to pathological processes. Depending on the identity and connectivity of the particular nAChRs-expressing neuronal populations, the activation of nAChRs can have distinct or even opposing effects on local neuronal signaling. In this review, we will summarize the available literature describing the expression of individual nicotinic subunits by different neuronal types in two crucial brain regions, the striatum and the prefrontal cortex. The review will also briefly discuss nicotinic expression in non-neuronal, glial cells, as they cannot be ignored as potential targets of nAChRs-modulating drugs. The final section will discuss options that could allow us to target nAChRs in a neuronal-type-specific manner, not only in the experimental field, but also eventually in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Abbondanza
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Urushadze
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Amanda Rosanna Alves-Barboza
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Janickova
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14200, Czech Republic.
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Matsuda T, Morigaki R, Hayasawa H, Koyama H, Oda T, Miyake K, Takagi Y. Striatal parvalbumin interneurons are activated in a mouse model of cerebellar dystonia. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050338. [PMID: 38616770 PMCID: PMC11128288 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is thought to arise from abnormalities in the motor loop of the basal ganglia; however, there is an ongoing debate regarding cerebellar involvement. We adopted an established cerebellar dystonia mouse model by injecting ouabain to examine the contribution of the cerebellum. Initially, we examined whether the entopeduncular nucleus (EPN), substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), globus pallidus externus (GPe) and striatal neurons were activated in the model. Next, we examined whether administration of a dopamine D1 receptor agonist and dopamine D2 receptor antagonist or selective ablation of striatal parvalbumin (PV, encoded by Pvalb)-expressing interneurons could modulate the involuntary movements of the mice. The cerebellar dystonia mice had a higher number of cells positive for c-fos (encoded by Fos) in the EPN, SNr and GPe, as well as a higher positive ratio of c-fos in striatal PV interneurons, than those in control mice. Furthermore, systemic administration of combined D1 receptor agonist and D2 receptor antagonist and selective ablation of striatal PV interneurons relieved the involuntary movements of the mice. Abnormalities in the motor loop of the basal ganglia could be crucially involved in cerebellar dystonia, and modulating PV interneurons might provide a novel treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Matsuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ryoma Morigaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Department of Advanced Brain Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hayasawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Teruo Oda
- Department of Advanced Brain Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Miyake
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Department of Advanced Brain Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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5
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Morgenstern NA, Esposito MS. The Basal Ganglia and Mesencephalic Locomotor Region Connectivity Matrix. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1454-1472. [PMID: 37559244 PMCID: PMC11097982 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230809112840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although classically considered a relay station for basal ganglia (BG) output, the anatomy, connectivity, and function of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) were redefined during the last two decades. In striking opposition to what was initially thought, MLR and BG are actually reciprocally and intimately interconnected. New viral-based, optogenetic, and mapping technologies revealed that cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurons coexist in this structure, which, in addition to extending descending projections, send long-range ascending fibers to the BG. These MLR projections to the BG convey motor and non-motor information to specific synaptic targets throughout different nuclei. Moreover, MLR efferent fibers originate from precise neuronal subpopulations located in particular MLR subregions, defining independent anatomo-functional subcircuits involved in particular aspects of animal behavior such as fast locomotion, explorative locomotion, posture, forelimb- related movements, speed, reinforcement, among others. In this review, we revised the literature produced during the last decade linking MLR and BG. We conclude that the classic framework considering the MLR as a homogeneous output structure passively receiving input from the BG needs to be revisited. We propose instead that the multiple subcircuits embedded in this region should be taken as independent entities that convey relevant and specific ascending information to the BG and, thus, actively participate in the execution and tuning of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás A. Morgenstern
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Instituto De Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria S. Esposito
- Department of Medical Physics, Centro Atomico Bariloche, CNEA, CONICET, Av. Bustillo 9500, San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
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Sicre M, Ambroggi F, Meffre J. Two Distinct Neuronal Populations in the Rat Parafascicular Nucleus Oppositely Encode the Engagement in Stimulus-driven Reward-seeking. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1551-1565. [PMID: 38847144 PMCID: PMC11097993 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666240131114225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thalamus is a phylogenetically well-preserved structure. Known to densely contact cortical regions, its role in the transmission of sensory information to the striatal complex has been widely reconsidered in recent years. METHODS The parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus (Pf) has been implicated in the orientation of attention toward salient sensory stimuli. In a stimulus-driven reward-seeking task, we sought to characterize the electrophysiological activity of Pf neurons in rats. RESULTS We observed a predominance of excitatory over inhibitory responses for all events in the task. Neurons responded more strongly to the stimulus compared to lever-pressing and reward collecting, confirming the strong involvement of the Pf in sensory information processing. The use of long sessions allowed us to compare neuronal responses to stimuli between trials when animals were engaged in action and those when they were not. We distinguished two populations of neurons with opposite responses: MOTIV+ neurons responded more intensely to stimuli followed by a behavioral response than those that were not. Conversely, MOTIV- neurons responded more strongly when the animal did not respond to the stimulus. In addition, the latency of excitation of MOTIV- neurons was shorter than that of MOTIV+ neurons. CONCLUSION Through this encoding, the Pf could perform an early selection of environmental stimuli transmitted to the striatum according to motivational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sicre
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, Marseille, France
| | - Frederic Ambroggi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, Marseille, France
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INT, Marseille, France
| | - Julie Meffre
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, Marseille, France
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Tiroshi L, Atamna Y, Gilin N, Berkowitz N, Goldberg JA. Striatal Neurons Are Recruited Dynamically into Collective Representations of Self-Initiated and Learned Actions in Freely Moving Mice. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0315-23.2023. [PMID: 38164559 PMCID: PMC11057506 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0315-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Striatal spiny projection neurons are hyperpolarized-at-rest (HaR) and driven to action potential threshold by a small number of powerful inputs-an input-output configuration that is detrimental to response reliability. Because the striatum is important for habitual behaviors and goal-directed learning, we conducted a microendoscopic imaging in freely moving mice that express a genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator sparsely in striatal HaR neurons to evaluate their response reliability during self-initiated movements and operant conditioning. The sparse expression was critical for longitudinal studies of response reliability, and for studying correlations among HaR neurons while minimizing spurious correlations arising from contamination by the background signal. We found that HaR neurons are recruited dynamically into action representation, with distinct neuronal subsets being engaged in a moment-by-moment fashion. While individual neurons respond with little reliability, the population response remained stable across days. Moreover, we found evidence for the temporal coupling between neuronal subsets during conditioned (but not innate) behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Tiroshi
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yara Atamna
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Naomi Gilin
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Noa Berkowitz
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joshua A Goldberg
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel
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Franz D, Richter A, Köhling R. Electrophysiological insights into deep brain stimulation of the network disorder dystonia. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1133-1147. [PMID: 37530804 PMCID: PMC10499667 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02845-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a treatment for modulating the abnormal central neuronal circuitry, has become the standard of care nowadays and is sometimes the only option to reduce symptoms of movement disorders such as dystonia. However, on the one hand, there are still open questions regarding the pathomechanisms of dystonia and, on the other hand, the mechanisms of DBS on neuronal circuitry. That lack of knowledge limits the therapeutic effect and makes it hard to predict the outcome of DBS for individual dystonia patients. Finding electrophysiological biomarkers seems to be a promising option to enable adapted individualised DBS treatment. However, biomarker search studies cannot be conducted on patients on a large scale and experimental approaches with animal models of dystonia are needed. In this review, physiological findings of deep brain stimulation studies in humans and animal models of dystonia are summarised and the current pathophysiological concepts of dystonia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Franz
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Darbin O. Discussion on S. Shirani, A. Valentin, G. Alarcon, F. Kazi and S. Sanei, Separating Inhibitory and Excitatory Responses of Epileptic Brain to Single-Pulse Electrical Stimulation, International Journal of Neural Systems, Vol. 33, No. 2 (2023) 2350008. Int J Neural Syst 2023; 33:2375001. [PMID: 36853276 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065723750011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Darbin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
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10
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Rocha GS, Freire MAM, Britto AM, Paiva KM, Oliveira RF, Fonseca IAT, Araújo DP, Oliveira LC, Guzen FP, Morais PLAG, Cavalcanti JRLP. Basal ganglia for beginners: the basic concepts you need to know and their role in movement control. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1242929. [PMID: 37600831 PMCID: PMC10435282 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1242929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia are a subcortical collection of interacting clusters of cell bodies, and are involved in reward, emotional, and motor circuits. Within all the brain processing necessary to carry out voluntary movement, the basal nuclei are fundamental, as they modulate the activity of the motor regions of the cortex. Despite being much studied, the motor circuit of the basal ganglia is still difficult to understand for many people at all, especially undergraduate and graduate students. This review article seeks to bring the functioning of this circuit with a simple and objective approach, exploring the functional anatomy, neurochemistry, neuronal pathways, related diseases, and interactions with other brain regions to coordinate voluntary movement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - José R. L. P. Cavalcanti
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, Brazil
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11
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Lozovaya N, Eftekhari S, Hammond C. The early excitatory action of striatal cholinergic-GABAergic microcircuits conditions the subsequent GABA inhibitory shift. Commun Biol 2023; 6:723. [PMID: 37452171 PMCID: PMC10349145 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic interneurons of the striatum play a role in action selection and associative learning by activating local GABAergic inhibitory microcircuits. We investigated whether cholinergic-GABAergic microcircuits function differently and fulfill a different role during early postnatal development, when GABAA actions are not inhibitory and mice pups do not walk. We focused our study mainly on dual cholinergic/GABAergic interneurons (CGINs). We report that morphological and intrinsic electrophysiological properties of CGINs rapidly develop during the first post-natal week. At this stage, CGINs are excited by the activation of GABAA receptors or GABAergic synaptic inputs, respond to cortical stimulation by a long excitation and are linked by polysynaptic excitations. All these excitations are replaced by inhibitions at P12-P15. Early chronic treatment with the NKCC1 antagonist bumetanide to evoke premature GABAergic inhibitions from P4 to P8, prevented the GABA polarity shift and corticostriatal pause response at control postnatal days. We propose that early excitatory cholinergic-GABAergic microcircuits are instrumental in the maturation of GABAergic inhibition.
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12
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Schulz A, Richter F, Richter A. In vivo optogenetic inhibition of striatal parvalbumin-reactive interneurons induced genotype-specific changes in neuronal activity without dystonic signs in male DYT1 knock-in mice. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:448-463. [PMID: 36546658 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of early-onset torsion dystonia (TOR1A/DYT1) remains unclear. Like 70% of human mutation carriers, rodent models with ΔGAG mutation such as DYT1 knock-in (KI) mice do not show overt dystonia but have subtle sensorimotor deficits and pattern of abnormal synaptic plasticity within the striatal microcircuits. There is evidence that dysfunction of striatal parvalbumin-reactive (Parv+) fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) can be involved in dystonic signs. To elucidate the relevance of these GABAergic interneurons in the pathophysiology of DYT1 dystonia, we used in vivo optogenetics to specifically inhibit Parv+ and to detect changes in motor behavior and neuronal activity. Optogenetic fibers were bilaterally implanted into the dorsal striatum of male DYT1 KI mice and wild-type (WT) littermates expressing halorhodopsin (eNpHR3.0) in Parv+ interneurons. While stimulations with yellow light pulses for up to 60 min at different pulse durations and interval lengths did not induce abnormal movements, such as dystonic signs, immunohistochemical examinations revealed genotype-dependent differences. In contrast to WT mice, stimulated DYT1 KI showed decreased striatal neuronal activity, that is, less c-Fos reactive neurons, and increased activation of cholinergic interneurons after optogenetic inhibition of Parv+ interneurons. These findings suggest an involvement of Parv+ interneurons in an impaired striatal network in DYT1 KI mice, but at least short-term inhibition of these GABAergic interneurons is not sufficient to trigger a dystonic phenotype, similar to previously shown optogenetic activation of cholinergic interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Sitzia G, Lovinger DM. Circuit dysfunctions of associative and sensorimotor basal ganglia loops in alcohol use disorder: insights from animal models. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 5:100056. [PMID: 36567745 PMCID: PMC9788651 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Persons that develop Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) experience behavioral changes that include compulsion to seek and take alcohol despite its negative consequences on the person's psychosocial, health and economic spheres, inability to limit alcohol intake and a negative emotional/ motivational state that emerges during withdrawal. During all the stages of AUD executive functions, i.e. the person's ability to direct their behavior towards a goal, working memory and cognitive flexibility are eroded. Animal models of AUD recapitulate aspects of action selection impairment and offer the opportunity to benchmark the underlying circuit mechanisms. Here we propose a circuit-based approach to AUD research focusing on recent advances in behavioral analysis, neuroanatomy, genetics, and physiology to guide future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Sitzia
- Current Address: Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Rockville, USA
- Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David M. Lovinger
- Current Address: Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Rockville, USA
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14
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Araújo de Góis Morais PL, de Souza Cavalcante J, Engelberth RC, Guzen FP, Junior ESN, Paiva Cavalcanti JRL. Morphology and morphometry of interneuron subpopulations of the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) striatum. Neurosci Res 2023:S0168-0102(23)00036-6. [PMID: 36804600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian striatum has long been considered a homogeneous entity. However, neuroanatomical and histochemical studies reveal that the striatum is much more heterogeneous than previously suspected. The caudate (Cd) and putamen (Pu) are composed of two chemical compartments: the matrix and the striosomes. Striatal interneurons have been classified into a variety of morphological and neurochemical subtypes. In this study, we compared the distribution of multiple neurochemical markers in the striatum of marmosets and described the morphology of different types of striatum interneurons. The immunoreactivities of choline-acetyl transferase (ChAT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), calretinin (CR), parvalbumin (PV) were analyzed along the entire rostrocaudal extent of the marmoset striatum. Calbindin immunohistochemistry is useful in identifying medium spiny neurons (MSNs), with efficient soma staining. Based on the size of the CB-positive cells, considered medium-sized, as expected, cholinergic cells are larger in area and diameter than the other subpopulations investigated, followed by NOS, NPY, PV and CR. In adjacent CB and PV-stained sections, the matrix and striosomes were clearly distinguished. The matrix is strongly reactive to CB and PV neuropils, while the striosomes exhibit low reactivity, especially in the dorsal Cd. Therefore, we provide a detailed description morphology and distribution of striatal interneuron populations in a model as a valuable tool for studying neurodegenerative pathogenesis, progression and treatment strategies.
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15
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Martel AC, Galvan A. Connectivity of the corticostriatal and thalamostriatal systems in normal and parkinsonian states: An update. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105878. [PMID: 36183947 PMCID: PMC9976706 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The striatum receives abundant glutamatergic afferents from the cortex and thalamus. These inputs play a major role in the functions of the striatal neurons in normal conditions, and are significantly altered in pathological states, such as Parkinson's disease. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the connectivity of the corticostriatal and thalamostriatal pathways, with emphasis on the most recent advances in the field. We also discuss novel findings regarding structural changes in cortico- and thalamostriatal connections that occur in these connections as a consequence of striatal loss of dopamine in parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Caroline Martel
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adriana Galvan
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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16
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Kocaturk S, Guven EB, Shah F, Tepper JM, Assous M. Cholinergic control of striatal GABAergic microcircuits. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111531. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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17
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Lara-González E, Padilla-Orozco M, Fuentes-Serrano A, Bargas J, Duhne M. Translational neuronal ensembles: Neuronal microcircuits in psychology, physiology, pharmacology and pathology. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:979680. [PMID: 36090187 PMCID: PMC9449457 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.979680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-recording techniques show evidence that neurons coordinate their firing forming ensembles and that brain networks are made by connections between ensembles. While “canonical” microcircuits are composed of interconnected principal neurons and interneurons, it is not clear how they participate in recorded neuronal ensembles: “groups of neurons that show spatiotemporal co-activation”. Understanding synapses and their plasticity has become complex, making hard to consider all details to fill the gap between cellular-synaptic and circuit levels. Therefore, two assumptions became necessary: First, whatever the nature of the synapses these may be simplified by “functional connections”. Second, whatever the mechanisms to achieve synaptic potentiation or depression, the resultant synaptic weights are relatively stable. Both assumptions have experimental basis cited in this review, and tools to analyze neuronal populations are being developed based on them. Microcircuitry processing followed with multi-recording techniques show temporal sequences of neuronal ensembles resembling computational routines. These sequences can be aligned with the steps of behavioral tasks and behavior can be modified upon their manipulation, supporting the hypothesis that they are memory traces. In vitro, recordings show that these temporal sequences can be contained in isolated tissue of histological scale. Sequences found in control conditions differ from those recorded in pathological tissue obtained from animal disease models and those recorded after the actions of clinically useful drugs to treat disease states, setting the basis for new bioassays to test drugs with potential clinical use. These findings make the neuronal ensembles theoretical framework a dynamic neuroscience paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Lara-González
- División Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Montserrat Padilla-Orozco
- División Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Fuentes-Serrano
- División Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Bargas
- División Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: José Bargas,
| | - Mariana Duhne
- División Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Mariana Duhne,
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18
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Matityahu L, Malgady JM, Schirelman M, Johansson Y, Wilking J, Silberberg G, Goldberg JA, Plotkin JL. A tonic nicotinic brake controls spike timing in striatal spiny projection neurons. eLife 2022; 11:75829. [PMID: 35579422 PMCID: PMC9142149 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) transform convergent excitatory corticostriatal inputs into an inhibitory signal that shapes basal ganglia output. This process is fine-tuned by striatal GABAergic interneurons (GINs), which receive overlapping cortical inputs and mediate rapid corticostriatal feedforward inhibition of SPNs. Adding another level of control, cholinergic interneurons (CINs), which are also vigorously activated by corticostriatal excitation, can disynaptically inhibit SPNs by activating α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on various GINs. Measurements of this disynaptic inhibitory pathway, however, indicate that it is too slow to compete with direct GIN-mediated feedforward inhibition. Moreover, functional nAChRs are also present on populations of GINs that respond only weakly to phasic activation of CINs, such as parvalbumin-positive fast-spiking interneurons (PV-FSIs), making the overall role of nAChRs in shaping striatal synaptic integration unclear. Using acute striatal slices from mice we show that upon synchronous optogenetic activation of corticostriatal projections blockade of α4β2 nAChRs shortened SPN spike latencies and increased postsynaptic depolarizations. The nAChR-dependent inhibition was mediated by downstream GABA release, and data suggest that the GABA source was not limited to GINs that respond strongly to phasic CIN activation. In particular, the observed decrease in spike latency caused by nAChR blockade was associated with a diminished frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents in SPNs, a parallel hyperpolarization of PV-FSIs, and was occluded by pharmacologically preventing cortical activation of PV-FSIs. Taken together, we describe a role for tonic (as opposed to phasic) activation of nAChRs in striatal function. We conclude that tonic activation of nAChRs by CINs maintains a GABAergic brake on cortically-driven striatal output by ‘priming’ feedforward inhibition, a process that may shape SPN spike timing, striatal processing, and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Matityahu
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jeffrey M Malgady
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States
| | - Meital Schirelman
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yvonne Johansson
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Wilking
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States
| | - Gilad Silberberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joshua A Goldberg
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joshua L Plotkin
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States
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19
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Shang W, Dai Z, Zhang J, Shen F, Sui N, Liang J. Embryonic opioid exposure impairs inhibitory transmission of striatum in day‐old chicks. Dev Psychobiol 2022; 64:e22273. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.22273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health Institute of Psychology Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zhonghua Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health Institute of Psychology Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health Institute of Psychology Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Fang Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health Institute of Psychology Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Nan Sui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health Institute of Psychology Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jing Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health Institute of Psychology Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Sino‐Danish Center for Education and Research University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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20
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McKeon PN, Bunce GW, Patton MH, Chen R, Mathur BN. Cortical control of striatal fast-spiking interneuron synchrony. J Physiol 2022; 600:2189-2202. [PMID: 35332539 PMCID: PMC9058232 DOI: 10.1113/jp282850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Electrical synapses between striatal fast-spiking interneurons in adult mice occur in ∼8% of assayed pairs. Coincident, convergent cortical input onto fast-spiking interneurons significantly contributes to fast-spiking interneuron synchrony Electrical synapses between fast-spiking interneurons provide only minor enhancement of fast-spiking interneuron synchrony. These results suggest a mechanism by which adult mouse fast-spiking interneurons of the striatum synchronize in the face of declining expression of the electrical synapse-forming connexin-36 protein. ABSTRACT Inhibitory fast-spiking interneurons in the dorsal striatum regulate actions and action strategies, including habits. Fast-spiking interneurons are widely believed to synchronize their firing due to the electrical synapses formed between these neurons. However, neuronal modeling data suggest convergent cortical input may also drive synchrony in fast-spiking interneuron networks. To better understand how fast-spiking interneuron synchrony arises, we performed dual whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology experiments to inform a simple Bayesian network modeling cortico-fast-spiking interneuron circuitry. Dual whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology revealed that while responsivity to corticostriatal input activation was high in fast-spiking interneurons, few of these neurons exhibited electrical coupling in adult mice. In simulations of a cortico-fast-spiking interneuron network informed by these data, the degree of glutamatergic cortical convergence onto fast-spiking interneurons significantly increased fast-spiking interneuron synchronization while manipulations of electrical coupling between these neurons exerted relatively little impact. These results suggest that the primary source of functional coordination of fast-spiking interneuron activity in adulthood arises from convergent corticostriatal input activation. Abstract figure legend Dual whole-cell patch clamp recordings of dorsal striatal fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs; red circles) rarely (8 percentage) form electrical synapses with other FSIs in adult mouse. In a two-layer in silico model of cortical pyramidal neuron (gray triangles) input to FSIs using empirically defined cortico-FSI synaptic weights, synchronous FSI-FSI activity (in the absence of abundant electrical synapses) is achievable by convergent cortical pyramidal excitation of FSIs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige N McKeon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Garrett W Bunce
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary H Patton
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian N Mathur
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Evolutionarily conservative and non-conservative regulatory networks during primate interneuron development revealed by single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing. Cell Res 2022; 32:425-436. [PMID: 35273378 PMCID: PMC9061815 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The differences in size and function between primate and rodent brains, and the association of disturbed excitatory/inhibitory balance with many neurodevelopmental disorders highlight the importance to study primate ganglionic eminences (GEs) development. Here we used single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing to characterize the emergence of cell diversity in monkey and human GEs where most striatal and cortical interneurons are generated. We identified regional and temporal diversity among progenitor cells which give rise to a variety of interneurons. These cells are specified within the primate GEs by well conserved gene regulatory networks, similar to those identified in mice. However, we detected, in human, several novel regulatory pathways or factors involved in the specification and migration of interneurons. Importantly, comparison of progenitors between our human and published mouse GE datasets led to the discovery and confirmation of outer radial glial cells in GEs in human cortex. Our findings reveal both evolutionarily conservative and nonconservative regulatory networks in primate GEs, which may contribute to their larger brain sizes and more complex neural networks compared with mouse.
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22
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Morgenstern NA, Isidro AF, Israely I, Costa RM. Pyramidal tract neurons drive amplification of excitatory inputs to striatum through cholinergic interneurons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabh4315. [PMID: 35138902 PMCID: PMC8827762 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh4315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Corticostriatal connectivity is central for many cognitive and motor processes, such as reinforcement or action initiation and invigoration. The cortical input to the striatum arises from two main cortical populations: intratelencephalic (IT) and pyramidal tract (PT) neurons. We report a previously unknown excitatory circuit, supported by a polysynaptic motif from PT neurons to cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) to glutamate-releasing axons, which runs in parallel to the canonical monosynaptic corticostriatal connection. This motif conveys a delayed second phase of excitation to striatal spiny projection neurons, through an acetylcholine-dependent glutamate release mechanism mediated by α4-containing nicotinic receptors, resulting in biphasic corticostriatal signals. These biphasic signals are a hallmark of PT, but not IT, corticostriatal inputs, due to a stronger relative input from PT neurons to ChIs. These results describe a previously unidentified circuit mechanism by which PT activity amplifies excitatory inputs to the striatum, with potential implications for behavior, plasticity, and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Filipa Isidro
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Inbal Israely
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Neuroscience, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Rui M. Costa
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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23
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Enhanced habit formation in Tourette patients explained by shortcut modulation in a hierarchical cortico-basal ganglia model. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:1031-1050. [PMID: 35113242 PMCID: PMC8930794 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Devaluation protocols reveal that Tourette patients show an increased propensity to habitual behaviors as they continue to respond to devalued outcomes in a cognitive stimulus-response-outcome association task. We use a neuro-computational model of hierarchically organized cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops to shed more light on habit formation and its alteration in Tourette patients. In our model, habitual behavior emerges from cortico-thalamic shortcut connections, where enhanced habit formation can be linked to faster plasticity in the shortcut or to a stronger feedback from the shortcut to the basal ganglia. We explore two major hypotheses of Tourette pathophysiology-local striatal disinhibition and increased dopaminergic modulation of striatal medium spiny neurons-as causes for altered shortcut activation. Both model changes altered shortcut functioning and resulted in higher rates of responses towards devalued outcomes, similar to what is observed in Tourette patients. We recommend future experimental neuroscientific studies to locate shortcuts between cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops in the human brain and study their potential role in health and disease.
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24
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Morigaki R, Miyamoto R, Matsuda T, Miyake K, Yamamoto N, Takagi Y. Dystonia and Cerebellum: From Bench to Bedside. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:776. [PMID: 34440520 PMCID: PMC8401781 DOI: 10.3390/life11080776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia pathogenesis remains unclear; however, findings from basic and clinical research suggest the importance of the interaction between the basal ganglia and cerebellum. After the discovery of disynaptic pathways between the two, much attention has been paid to the cerebellum. Basic research using various dystonia rodent models and clinical studies in dystonia patients continues to provide new pieces of knowledge regarding the role of the cerebellum in dystonia genesis. Herein, we review basic and clinical articles related to dystonia focusing on the cerebellum, and clarify the current understanding of the role of the cerebellum in dystonia pathogenesis. Given the recent evidence providing new hypotheses regarding dystonia pathogenesis, we discuss how the current evidence answers the unsolved clinical questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Morigaki
- Department of Advanced Brain Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan; (N.Y.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan; (T.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Ryosuke Miyamoto
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan;
| | - Taku Matsuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan; (T.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Kazuhisa Miyake
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan; (T.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Nobuaki Yamamoto
- Department of Advanced Brain Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan; (N.Y.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan;
| | - Yasushi Takagi
- Department of Advanced Brain Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan; (N.Y.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan; (T.M.); (K.M.)
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25
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Zheng X, Sun L, Liu B, Huang Z, Zhu Y, Chen T, Jia L, Li Y, Lei W. Morphological Study of the Cortical and Thalamic Glutamatergic Synaptic Inputs of Striatal Parvalbumin Interneurons in Rats. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1659-1673. [PMID: 33770320 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Parvalbumin-immunoreactive (Parv+) interneurons is an important component of striatal GABAergic microcircuits, which receive excitatory inputs from the cortex and thalamus, and then target striatal projection neurons. The present study aimed to examine ultrastructural synaptic connection features of Parv+ neruons with cortical and thalamic input, and striatal projection neurons by using immuno-electron microscopy (immuno-EM) and immunofluorescence techniques. Our results showed that both Parv+ somas and dendrites received numerous asymmetric synaptic inputs, and Parv+ terminals formed symmetric synapses with Parv- somas, dendrites and spine bases. Most interestingly, spine bases targeted by Parv+ terminals simultaneously received excitatory inputs at their heads. Electrical stimulation of the motor cortex (M1) induced higher proportion of striatal Parv+ neurons express c-Jun than stimulation of the parafascicular nucleus (PFN), and indicated that cortical- and thalamic-inputs differentially modulate Parv+ neurons. Consistent with that, both Parv + soma and dendrites received more VGlut1+ than VGlut2+ terminals. However, the proportion of VGlut1+ terminal targeting onto Parv+ proximal and distal dendrites was not different, but VGlut2+ terminals tended to target Parv+ somas and proximal dendrites than distal dendrites. These functional and morphological results suggested excitatory cortical and thalamic glutamatergic inputs differently modulate Parv+ interneurons, which provided inhibition inputs onto striatal projection neurons. To maintain the balance between the cortex and thalamus onto Parv+ interneurons may be an important therapeutic target for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Sun
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyun Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaofeng Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linju Jia
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanmei Li
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanlong Lei
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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26
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Ren Y, Liu Y, Luo M. Gap Junctions Between Striatal D1 Neurons and Cholinergic Interneurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:674399. [PMID: 34168539 PMCID: PMC8217616 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.674399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The striatum participates in numerous important behaviors. Its principal projection neurons use GABA and peptides as neurotransmitters and interact extensively with interneurons, including cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) that are tonically active. Dissecting the interactions between projection neurons and ChIs is important for uncovering the role and mechanisms of the striatal microcircuits. Here, by combining several optogenetic tools with cell type-specific electrophysiological recordings, we uncovered direct electrical coupling between D1-type projection neurons and ChIs, in addition to the chemical transmission between these two major cell types. Optogenetic stimulation or inhibition led to bilateral current exchanges between D1 neurons and ChIs, which can be abolished by gap junction blockers. We further confirmed the presence of gap junctions through paired electrophysiological recordings and dye microinjections. Finally, we found that activating D1 neurons promotes basal activity of ChIs via gap junctions. Collectively, these results reveal the coexistence of the chemical synapse and gap junctions between D1 neurons and ChIs, which contributes to maintaining the tonically active firing patterns of ChIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking University-Tsinghua University-NIBS Joint Graduate Program, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Minmin Luo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Beijing, China
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27
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Eskenazi D, Malave L, Mingote S, Yetnikoff L, Ztaou S, Velicu V, Rayport S, Chuhma N. Dopamine Neurons That Cotransmit Glutamate, From Synapses to Circuits to Behavior. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:665386. [PMID: 34093138 PMCID: PMC8170480 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.665386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered just over 20 years ago, dopamine neurons have the ability to cotransmit both dopamine and glutamate. Yet, the functional roles of dopamine neuron glutamate cotransmission and their implications for therapeutic use are just emerging. This review article encompasses the current body of evidence investigating the functions of dopamine neurons of the ventral midbrain that cotransmit glutamate. Since its discovery in dopamine neuron cultures, further work in vivo confirmed dopamine neuron glutamate cotransmission across species. From there, growing interest has led to research related to neural functioning including roles in synaptic signaling, development, and behavior. Functional connectome mapping reveals robust connections in multiple forebrain regions to various cell types, most notably to cholinergic interneurons in both the medial shell of the nucleus accumbens and the lateral dorsal striatum. Glutamate markers in dopamine neurons reach peak levels during embryonic development and increase in response to various toxins, suggesting dopamine neuron glutamate cotransmission may serve neuroprotective roles. Findings from behavioral analyses reveal prominent roles for dopamine neuron glutamate cotransmission in responses to psychostimulants, in positive valence and cognitive systems and for subtle roles in negative valence systems. Insight into dopamine neuron glutamate cotransmission informs the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders such as addiction, schizophrenia and Parkinson Disease, with therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eskenazi
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lauren Malave
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Susana Mingote
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
- Neuroscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Leora Yetnikoff
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, United States
- CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Samira Ztaou
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vlad Velicu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stephen Rayport
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nao Chuhma
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
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Assous M. Striatal cholinergic transmission. Focus on nicotinic receptors' influence in striatal circuits. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:2421-2442. [PMID: 33529401 PMCID: PMC8161166 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The critical role of acetylcholine (ACh) in the basal ganglia is evident from the effect of cholinergic agents in patients suffering from several related neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Tourette syndrome, or dystonia. The striatum possesses the highest density of ACh markers in the basal ganglia underlying the importance of ACh in this structure. Striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs) are responsible for the bulk of striatal ACh, although extrinsic cholinergic afferents from brainstem structures may also play a role. CINs are tonically active, and synchronized pause in their activity occurs following the presentation of salient stimuli during behavioral conditioning. However, the synaptic mechanisms involved are not fully understood in this physiological response. ACh modulates striatal circuits by acting on muscarinic and nicotinic receptors existing in several combinations both presynaptically and postsynaptically. While the effects of ACh in the striatum through muscarinic receptors have received particular attention, nicotinic receptors function has been less studied. Here, after briefly reviewing relevant results regarding muscarinic receptors expression and function, I will focus on striatal nicotinic receptor expressed presynaptically on glutamatergic and dopaminergic afferents and postsynaptically on diverse striatal interneurons populations. I will also review recent evidence suggesting the involvement of different GABAergic sources in two distinct nicotinic-receptor-mediated striatal circuits: the disynaptic inhibition of striatal projection neurons and the recurrent inhibition among CINs. A better understanding of striatal nicotinic receptors expression and function may help to develop targeted pharmacological interventions to treat brain disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Tourette syndrome, dystonia, or nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Assous
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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Lopez-Huerta VG, Denton JA, Nakano Y, Jaidar O, Garcia-Munoz M, Arbuthnott GW. Striatal bilateral control of skilled forelimb movement. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108651. [PMID: 33472081 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skilled motor behavior requires bihemispheric coordination, and participation of striatal outputs originating from two neuronal groups identified by distinctive expression of D1 or D2 dopamine receptors. We trained mice to reach for and grasp a single food pellet and determined how the output pathways differently affected forelimb trajectory and task efficiency. We found that inhibition and excitation of D1-expressing spiny projection neurons (D1SPNs) have a similar effect on kinematics results, as if excitation and inhibition disrupt the whole ensemble dynamics and not exclusively one kind of output. In contrast, D2SPNs participate in control of target accuracy. Further, ex vivo electrophysiological comparison of naive mice and mice exposed to the task showed stronger striatal neuronal connectivity for ipsilateral D1 and contralateral D2 neurons in relation to the paw used. In summary, while the output pathways work together to smoothly execute skill movements, practice of the movement itself changes synaptic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta G Lopez-Huerta
- Brain Mechanisms for Behaviour Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute of Cellular Physiology, National University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Jai A Denton
- Brain Mechanisms for Behaviour Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yoko Nakano
- Brain Mechanisms for Behaviour Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Omar Jaidar
- Brain Mechanisms for Behaviour Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; Chem-H-/Neuro Research Building, Neurosurgery School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marianela Garcia-Munoz
- Brain Mechanisms for Behaviour Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Gordon W Arbuthnott
- Brain Mechanisms for Behaviour Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
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Chuhma N. Functional Connectome Analysis of the Striatum with Optogenetics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1293:417-428. [PMID: 33398830 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neural circuit function is determined not only by anatomical connections but also by the strength and nature of the connections, that is functional or physiological connectivity. To elucidate functional connectivity, selective stimulation of presynaptic terminals of an identified neuronal population is crucial. However, in the central nervous system, intermingled input fibers make selective electrical stimulation impossible. With optogenetics, this becomes possible, and enables the comprehensive study of functional synaptic connections between an identified population of neurons and defined postsynaptic targets to determine the functional connectome. By stimulating convergent synaptic inputs impinging on individual postsynaptic neurons, low frequency and small amplitude synaptic connections can be detected. Further, the optogenetic approach enables the measurement of cotransmission and its relative strength. Recently, optogenetic methods have been more widely used to study synaptic connectivity and revealed novel synaptic connections and revised connectivity of known projections. In this chapter, I focus on functional synaptic connectivity in the striatum, the main input structure of the basal ganglia, involved in the motivated behavior, cognition, and motor control, and its disruption in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Chuhma
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Dystonia is by far the most intrusive and invalidating extrapyramidal side effect of potent classical antipsychotic drugs. Antipsychotic drug-induced dystonia is classified in both acute and tardive forms. The incidence of drug-induced dystonia is associated with the affinity to inhibitory dopamine D2 receptors. Particularly acute dystonia can be treated with anticholinergic drugs, but the tardive form may also respond to such antimuscarinic treatment, which contrasts their effects in tardive dyskinesia. Combining knowledge of the pathophysiology of primary focal dystonia with the anatomical and pharmacological organization of the extrapyramidal system may shed some light on the mechanism of antipsychotic drug-induced dystonia. A suitable hypothesis is derived from the understanding that focal dystonia may be due to a faulty processing of somatosensory input, so leading to inappropriate execution of well-trained motor programmes. Neuroplastic alterations of the sensitivity of extrapyramidal medium-sized spiny projection neurons to stimulation, which are induced by the training of specific complex movements, lead to the sophisticated execution of these motor plans. The sudden and non-selective disinhibition of indirect pathway medium-sized spiny projection neurons by blocking dopamine D2 receptors may distort this process. Shutting down the widespread influence of tonically active giant cholinergic interneurons on all medium-sized spiny projection neurons by blocking muscarinic receptors may result in a reduction of the influence of extrapyramidal cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical regulation. Furthermore, striatal cholinergic interneurons have an important role to play in integrating cerebellar input with the output of cerebral cortex, and are also targeted by dopaminergic nigrostriatal fibres affecting dopamine D2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton JM Loonen
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacotherapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Geestelijke GezondheidsZorg Westelijk Noord-Brabant (GGZ WNB), Mental Health Hospital, Halsteren, The Netherlands
| | - Svetlana A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
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32
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Brandenburg C, Soghomonian JJ, Zhang K, Sulkaj I, Randolph B, Kachadoorian M, Blatt GJ. Increased Dopamine Type 2 Gene Expression in the Dorsal Striatum in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder Suggests Alterations in Indirect Pathway Signaling and Circuitry. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:577858. [PMID: 33240045 PMCID: PMC7681004 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.577858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is behaviorally defined and diagnosed by delayed and/or impeded language, stereotyped repetitive behaviors, and difficulties with social interactions. Additionally, there are disruptions in motor processing, which includes the intent to execute movements, interrupted/inhibited action chain sequences, impaired execution of speech, and repetitive motor behaviors. Cortical loops through basal ganglia (BG) structures are known to play critical roles in the typical functioning of these actions. Specifically, corticostriate projections to the dorsal striatum (caudate and putamen) convey abundant input from motor, cognitive and limbic cortices and subsequently project to other BG structures. Excitatory dopamine (DA) type 1 receptors are predominantly expressed on GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the dorsal striatum as part of the "direct pathway" to GPi and SNpr whereas inhibitory DA type 2 receptors are predominantly expressed on MSNs that primarily project to GPe. This study aimed to better understand how this circuitry may be altered in ASD, especially concerning the neurochemical modulation of GABAergic MSNs within the two major BG pathways. We utilized two classical methods to analyze the postmortem BG in ASD in comparison to neurotypical cases: ligand binding autoradiography to quantify densities of GABA-A, GABA-B, 5-HT2, and DA type 1 and 2 receptors and in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) to quantify mRNA for D1, D2 receptors and three key GABAergic subunits (α1, β2, and γ2), as well as the GABA synthesizing enzymes (GAD65/67). Results demonstrated significant increases in D2 mRNA within MSNs in both the caudate and putamen, which was further verified by proenkephalin mRNA that is co-expressed with the D2 receptor in the indirect pathway MSNs. In contrast, all other GABAergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic markers in the dorsal striatum had comparable labeling densities. These results indicate alterations in the indirect pathway of the BG, with possible implications for the execution of competing motor programs and E/I imbalance in the direct/indirect motor feedback pathways through thalamic and motor cortical areas. Results also provide insights regarding the efficacy of FDA-approved drugs used to treat individuals with ASD acting on specific DA and 5-HT receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Brandenburg
- Autism Neurocircuitry Laboratory, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jean-Jacques Soghomonian
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kunzhong Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ina Sulkaj
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brianna Randolph
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marissa Kachadoorian
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gene J Blatt
- Autism Neurocircuitry Laboratory, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD, United States
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33
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Johansson Y, Silberberg G. The Functional Organization of Cortical and Thalamic Inputs onto Five Types of Striatal Neurons Is Determined by Source and Target Cell Identities. Cell Rep 2020; 30:1178-1194.e3. [PMID: 31995757 PMCID: PMC6990404 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand striatal function, it is essential to know the functional organization of the numerous inputs targeting the diverse population of striatal neurons. Using optogenetics, we activated terminals from ipsi- or contralateral primary somatosensory cortex (S1) or primary motor cortex (M1), or thalamus while obtaining simultaneous whole-cell recordings from pairs or triplets of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and adjacent interneurons. Ipsilateral corticostriatal projections provided stronger excitation to fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) than to MSNs and only sparse and weak excitation to low threshold-spiking interneurons (LTSIs) and cholinergic interneurons (ChINs). Projections from contralateral M1 evoked the strongest responses in LTSIs but none in ChINs, whereas thalamus provided the strongest excitation to ChINs but none to LTSIs. In addition, inputs varied in their glutamate receptor composition and their short-term plasticity. Our data revealed a highly selective organization of excitatory striatal afferents, which is determined by both pre- and postsynaptic neuronal identity. Whole-cell recordings are obtained from neighboring striatal neurons of different types FSIs receive the strongest inputs from S1, M1, and thalamic PF LTSIs are primarily excited by contralateral M1 ChINs are primarily excited by PF and receive no input from contralateral M1 and S1
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Johansson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gilad Silberberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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34
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Dorst MC, Tokarska A, Zhou M, Lee K, Stagkourakis S, Broberger C, Masmanidis S, Silberberg G. Polysynaptic inhibition between striatal cholinergic interneurons shapes their network activity patterns in a dopamine-dependent manner. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5113. [PMID: 33037215 PMCID: PMC7547109 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Striatal activity is dynamically modulated by acetylcholine and dopamine, both of which are essential for basal ganglia function. Synchronized pauses in the activity of striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChINs) are correlated with elevated activity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, whereas synchronous firing of ChINs induces local release of dopamine. The mechanisms underlying ChIN synchronization and its interplay with dopamine release are not fully understood. Here we show that polysynaptic inhibition between ChINs is a robust network motif and instrumental in shaping the network activity of ChINs. Action potentials in ChINs evoke large inhibitory responses in multiple neighboring ChINs, strong enough to suppress their tonic activity. Using a combination of optogenetics and chemogenetics we show the involvement of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing interneurons in mediating this inhibition. Inhibition between ChINs is attenuated by dopaminergic midbrain afferents acting presynaptically on D2 receptors. Our results present a novel form of interaction between striatal dopamine and acetylcholine dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs C Dorst
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Tokarska
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kwang Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Stefanos Stagkourakis
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Christian Broberger
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Sotiris Masmanidis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gilad Silberberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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35
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Feng G, Jensen FE, Greely HT, Okano H, Treue S, Roberts AC, Fox JG, Caddick S, Poo MM, Newsome WT, Morrison JH. Opportunities and limitations of genetically modified nonhuman primate models for neuroscience research. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24022-24031. [PMID: 32817435 PMCID: PMC7533691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006515117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently developed new genome-editing technologies, such as the CRISPR/Cas system, have opened the door for generating genetically modified nonhuman primate (NHP) models for basic neuroscience and brain disorders research. The complex circuit formation and experience-dependent refinement of the human brain are very difficult to model in vitro, and thus require use of in vivo whole-animal models. For many neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, abnormal circuit formation and refinement might be at the center of their pathophysiology. Importantly, many of the critical circuits and regional cell populations implicated in higher human cognitive function and in many psychiatric disorders are not present in lower mammalian brains, while these analogous areas are replicated in NHP brains. Indeed, neuropsychiatric disorders represent a tremendous health and economic burden globally. The emerging field of genetically modified NHP models has the potential to transform our study of higher brain function and dramatically facilitate the development of effective treatment for human brain disorders. In this paper, we discuss the importance of developing such models, the infrastructure and training needed to maximize the impact of such models, and ethical standards required for using these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Feng
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Frances E Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
| | - Henry T Greely
- Center for Law and the Biosciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjukuku, 160-8592 Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 351-0106 Saitama, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Stefan Treue
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of Goettingen, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Angela C Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, CB2 3DY Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Sarah Caddick
- The Gatsby Charitable Foundation, SW1V 1AP London, United Kingdom
| | - Mu-Ming Poo
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - William T Newsome
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - John H Morrison
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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36
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Grillner S, Robertson B, Kotaleski JH. Basal Ganglia—A Motion Perspective. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:1241-1275. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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37
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Intrinsic electrophysiological properties predict variability in morphology and connectivity among striatal Parvalbumin-expressing Pthlh-cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15680. [PMID: 32973206 PMCID: PMC7518419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the cellular content of the nervous system in terms of cell types and the rules of their connectivity represents a fundamental challenge to the neurosciences. The recent advent of high-throughput techniques, such as single-cell RNA-sequencing has allowed for greater resolution in the identification of cell types and/or states. Although most of the current neuronal classification schemes comprise discrete clusters, several recent studies have suggested that, perhaps especially, within the striatum, neuronal populations exist in continua, with regards to both their molecular and electrophysiological properties. Whether these continua are stable properties, established during development, or if they reflect acute differences in activity-dependent regulation of critical genes is currently unknown. We set out to determine whether gradient-like molecular differences in the recently described Pthlh-expressing inhibitory interneuron population, which contains the Pvalb-expressing cells, correlate with differences in morphological and connectivity properties. We show that morphology and long-range inputs correlate with a spatially organized molecular and electrophysiological gradient of Pthlh-interneurons, suggesting that the processing of different types of information (by distinct anatomical striatal regions) has different computational requirements.
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38
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Castela I, Hernandez LF. Shedding light on dyskinesias. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:2398-2413. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Castela
- HM‐CINAC Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales Madrid Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Carlos III Health Institute Madrid Spain
| | - Ledia F. Hernandez
- HM‐CINAC Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales Madrid Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Carlos III Health Institute Madrid Spain
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39
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Fast spiking interneuron activity in primate striatum tracks learning of attention cues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18049-18058. [PMID: 32661170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001348117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility depends on a fast neural learning mechanism for enhancing momentary relevant over irrelevant information. A possible neural mechanism realizing this enhancement uses fast spiking interneurons (FSIs) in the striatum to train striatal projection neurons to gate relevant and suppress distracting cortical inputs. We found support for such a mechanism in nonhuman primates during the flexible adjustment of visual attention in a reversal learning task. FSI activity was modulated by visual attention cues during feature-based learning. One FSI subpopulation showed stronger activation during learning, while another FSI subpopulation showed response suppression after learning, which could indicate a disinhibitory effect on the local circuit. Additionally, FSIs that showed response suppression to learned attention cues were activated by salient distractor events, suggesting they contribute to suppressing bottom-up distraction. These findings suggest that striatal fast spiking interneurons play an important role when cues are learned that redirect attention away from previously relevant to newly relevant visual information. This cue-specific activity was independent of motor-related activity and thus tracked specifically the learning of reward predictive visual features.
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40
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Frost Nylén J, Carannante I, Grillner S, Hellgren Kotaleski J. Reciprocal interaction between striatal cholinergic and low‐threshold spiking interneurons — A computational study. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:2135-2148. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilaria Carannante
- Department of Computational Science and Technology Science for Life Laboratory The Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jeanette Hellgren Kotaleski
- Department of Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Computational Science and Technology Science for Life Laboratory The Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden
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41
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Hjorth JJJ, Kozlov A, Carannante I, Frost Nylén J, Lindroos R, Johansson Y, Tokarska A, Dorst MC, Suryanarayana SM, Silberberg G, Hellgren Kotaleski J, Grillner S. The microcircuits of striatum in silico. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9554-9565. [PMID: 32321828 PMCID: PMC7197017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000671117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia play an important role in decision making and selection of action primarily based on input from cortex, thalamus, and the dopamine system. Their main input structure, striatum, is central to this process. It consists of two types of projection neurons, together representing 95% of the neurons, and 5% of interneurons, among which are the cholinergic, fast-spiking, and low threshold-spiking subtypes. The membrane properties, soma-dendritic shape, and intrastriatal and extrastriatal synaptic interactions of these neurons are quite well described in the mouse, and therefore they can be simulated in sufficient detail to capture their intrinsic properties, as well as the connectivity. We focus on simulation at the striatal cellular/microcircuit level, in which the molecular/subcellular and systems levels meet. We present a nearly full-scale model of the mouse striatum using available data on synaptic connectivity, cellular morphology, and electrophysiological properties to create a microcircuit mimicking the real network. A striatal volume is populated with reconstructed neuronal morphologies with appropriate cell densities, and then we connect neurons together based on appositions between neurites as possible synapses and constrain them further with available connectivity data. Moreover, we simulate a subset of the striatum involving 10,000 neurons, with input from cortex, thalamus, and the dopamine system, as a proof of principle. Simulation at this biological scale should serve as an invaluable tool to understand the mode of operation of this complex structure. This platform will be updated with new data and expanded to simulate the entire striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Johannes Hjorth
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engeneering and Computer Science, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Kozlov
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engeneering and Computer Science, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm
| | - Ilaria Carannante
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engeneering and Computer Science, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Robert Lindroos
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm
| | - Yvonne Johansson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm
| | - Anna Tokarska
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm
| | - Matthijs C Dorst
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm
| | | | - Gilad Silberberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm
| | - Jeanette Hellgren Kotaleski
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engeneering and Computer Science, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm
| | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm
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Abstract
Behavior is readily classified into patterns of movements with inferred common goals-actions. Goals may be discrete; movements are continuous. Through the careful study of isolated movements in laboratory settings, or via introspection, it has become clear that animals can exhibit exquisite graded specification to their movements. Moreover, graded control can be as fundamental to success as the selection of which action to perform under many naturalistic scenarios: a predator adjusting its speed to intercept moving prey, or a tool-user exerting the perfect amount of force to complete a delicate task. The basal ganglia are a collection of nuclei in vertebrates that extend from the forebrain (telencephalon) to the midbrain (mesencephalon), constituting a major descending extrapyramidal pathway for control over midbrain and brainstem premotor structures. Here we discuss how this pathway contributes to the continuous specification of movements that endows our voluntary actions with vigor and grace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchol Park
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA;
| | - Luke T Coddington
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA;
| | - Joshua T Dudman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA;
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43
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Gazan A, Rial D, Schiffmann SN. Ablation of striatal somatostatin interneurons affects MSN morphology and electrophysiological properties, and increases cocaine‐induced hyperlocomotion in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:1388-1402. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Gazan
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology ULB Neuroscience Institute Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Brussels Belgium
| | - Daniel Rial
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology ULB Neuroscience Institute Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Brussels Belgium
| | - Serge N. Schiffmann
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology ULB Neuroscience Institute Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Brussels Belgium
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44
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Chambers NE, Lanza K, Bishop C. Pedunculopontine Nucleus Degeneration Contributes to Both Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1494. [PMID: 32009944 PMCID: PMC6974690 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by hypokinetic motor features; however, patients also display non-motor symptoms like sleep disorders. The standard treatment for PD is dopamine replacement with L-DOPA; however, symptoms including gait deficits and sleep disorders are unresponsive to L-DOPA. Notably, these symptoms have been linked to aberrant activity in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). Of late, clinical trials involving PPN deep brain stimulation (DBS) have been employed to alleviate gait deficits. Although preclinical evidence implicating PPN cholinergic neurons in gait dysfunction was initially promising, DBS trials fell short of expected outcomes. One reason for the failure of DBS may be that the PPN is a heterogenous nucleus that consists of GABAergic, cholinergic, and glutamatergic neurons that project to a diverse array of brain structures. Second, DBS trials may have been unsuccessful because PPN neurons are susceptible to mitochondrial dysfunction, Lewy body pathology, and degeneration in PD. Therefore, pharmaceutical or gene-therapy strategies targeting specific PPN neuronal populations or projections could better alleviate intractable PD symptoms. Unfortunately, how PPN neuronal populations and their respective projections influence PD motor and non-motor symptoms remains enigmatic. Herein, we discuss normal cellular and neuroanatomical features of the PPN, the differential susceptibility of PPN neurons to PD-related insults, and we give an overview of literature suggesting a role for PPN neurons in motor and sleep deficits in PD. Finally, we identify future approaches directed towards the PPN for the treatment of PD motor and sleep symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher Bishop
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
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45
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Walker LC, Lawrence AJ. Allosteric modulation of muscarinic receptors in alcohol and substance use disorders. FROM STRUCTURE TO CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT: ALLOSTERIC MODULATION OF G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS 2020; 88:233-275. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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46
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Assous M, Tepper JM. Cortical and thalamic inputs exert cell type-specific feedforward inhibition on striatal GABAergic interneurons. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1491-1502. [PMID: 31102306 PMCID: PMC6801038 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The classical view of striatal GABAergic interneuron function has been that they operate as largely independent, parallel, feedforward inhibitory elements providing inhibitory inputs to spiny projection neurons (SPNs). Much recent evidence has shown that the extrinsic innervation of striatal interneurons is not indiscriminate but rather very specific, and that striatal interneurons are themselves interconnected in a cell type-specific manner. This suggests that the ultimate effect of extrinsic inputs on striatal neuronal activity depends critically on synaptic interactions within interneuronal circuitry. Here, we compared the cortical and thalamic input to two recently described subtypes of striatal GABAergic interneurons, tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing interneurons (THINs), and spontaneously active bursty interneurons (SABIs) using transgenic TH-Cre and Htr3a-Cre mice of both sexes. Our results show that both THINs and SABIs receive strong excitatory input from the motor cortex and the thalamic parafascicular nucleus. Cortical optogenetic stimulation also evokes disynaptic inhibitory GABAergic responses in THINs but not in SABIs. In contrast, optogenetic stimulation of the parafascicular nucleus induces disynaptic inhibitory responses in both interneuron populations. However, the short-term plasticity of these disynaptic inhibitory responses is different suggesting the involvement of different intrastriatal microcircuits. Altogether, our results point to highly specific interneuronal circuits that are selectively engaged by different excitatory inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Assous
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102
| | - James M. Tepper
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102
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47
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Villalba RM, Pare JF, Lee S, Lee S, Smith Y. Thalamic degeneration in MPTP-treated Parkinsonian monkeys: impact upon glutamatergic innervation of striatal cholinergic interneurons. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:3321-3338. [PMID: 31679085 PMCID: PMC6878768 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01967-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In both Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and MPTP-treated non-human primates, there is a profound neuronal degeneration of the intralaminar centromedian/parafascicular (CM/Pf) thalamic complex. Although this thalamic pathology has long been established in PD (and other neurodegenerative disorders), the impact of CM/Pf cell loss on the integrity of the thalamo-striatal glutamatergic system and its regulatory functions upon striatal neurons remain unknown. In the striatum, cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) are important constituents of the striatal microcircuitry and represent one of the main targets of CM/Pf-striatal projections. Using light and electron microscopy approaches, we have analyzed the potential impact of CM/Pf neuronal loss on the anatomy of the synaptic connections between thalamic terminals (vGluT2-positive) and ChIs neurons in the striatum of parkinsonian monkeys treated chronically with MPTP. The following conclusions can be drawn from our observations: (1) as reported in PD patients, and in our previous monkey study, CM/Pf neurons undergo profound degeneration in monkeys chronically treated with low doses of MPTP. (2) In the caudate (head and body) nucleus of parkinsonian monkeys, there is an increased density of ChIs. (3) Despite the robust loss of CM/Pf neurons, no significant change was found in the density of thalamostriatal (vGluT2-positive) terminals, and in the prevalence of vGluT2-positive terminals in contact with ChIs in parkinsonian monkeys. These findings provide new information about the state of thalamic innervation of the striatum in parkinsonian monkeys with CM/Pf degeneration, and bring up an additional level of intricacy to the consequences of thalamic pathology upon the functional microcircuitry of the thalamostriatal system in parkinsonism. Future studies are needed to assess the importance of CM/Pf neuronal loss, and its potential consequences on the neuroplastic changes induced in the synaptic organization of the thalamostriatal system, in the development of early cognitive impairments in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Villalba
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurological Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 303, USA.
- UDALL Center for Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Jean-Francois Pare
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurological Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 303, USA
- UDALL Center for Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Solah Lee
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurological Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 303, USA
- UDALL Center for Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sol Lee
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurological Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 303, USA
- UDALL Center for Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurological Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 303, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- UDALL Center for Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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48
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Li W, Pozzo-Miller L. Dysfunction of the corticostriatal pathway in autism spectrum disorders. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:2130-2147. [PMID: 31758607 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The corticostriatal pathway that carries sensory, motor, and limbic information to the striatum plays a critical role in motor control, action selection, and reward. Dysfunction of this pathway is associated with many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Corticostriatal synapses have unique features in their cortical origins and striatal targets. In this review, we first describe axonal growth and synaptogenesis in the corticostriatal pathway during development, and then summarize the current understanding of the molecular bases of synaptic transmission and plasticity at mature corticostriatal synapses. Genes associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been implicated in axonal growth abnormalities, imbalance of the synaptic excitation/inhibition ratio, and altered long-term synaptic plasticity in the corticostriatal pathway. Here, we review a number of ASD-associated high-confidence genes, including FMR1, KMT2A, GRIN2B, SCN2A, NLGN1, NLGN3, MET, CNTNAP2, FOXP2, TSHZ3, SHANK3, PTEN, CHD8, MECP2, DYRK1A, RELN, FOXP1, SYNGAP1, and NRXN, and discuss their relevance to proper corticostriatal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lucas Pozzo-Miller
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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49
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Lee K, Bakhurin KI, Claar LD, Holley SM, Chong NC, Cepeda C, Levine MS, Masmanidis SC. Gain Modulation by Corticostriatal and Thalamostriatal Input Signals during Reward-Conditioned Behavior. Cell Rep 2019; 29:2438-2449.e4. [PMID: 31747611 PMCID: PMC6907740 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortex and thalamus send excitatory projections to the striatum, but little is known about how these inputs, either individually or collectively, regulate striatal dynamics during behavior. The lateral striatum receives overlapping input from the secondary motor cortex (M2), an area involved in licking, and the parafascicular thalamic nucleus (PF). Using neural recordings, together with optogenetic terminal inhibition, we examine the contribution of M2 and PF projections on medium spiny projection neuron (MSN) activity as mice performed an anticipatory licking task. Each input has a similar contribution to striatal activity. By comparing how suppressing single or multiple projections altered striatal activity, we find that cortical and thalamic input signals modulate MSN gain and that this effect is more pronounced in a temporally specific period of the task following the cue presentation. These results demonstrate that cortical and thalamic inputs synergistically regulate striatal output during reward-conditioned behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Konstantin I Bakhurin
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Leslie D Claar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sandra M Holley
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Brain Research Institute, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Natalie C Chong
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Brain Research Institute, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael S Levine
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Brain Research Institute, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sotiris C Masmanidis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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50
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Loonen AJ, Wilffert B, Ivanova SA. Putative role of pharmacogenetics to elucidate the mechanism of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Pharmacogenomics 2019; 20:1199-1223. [PMID: 31686592 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2019-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying biomarkers which can be used as a diagnostic tool is a major objective of pharmacogenetic studies. Most mental and many neurological disorders have a compiled multifaceted nature, which may be the reason why this endeavor has hitherto not been very successful. This is also true for tardive dyskinesia (TD), an involuntary movement complication of long-term treatment with antipsychotic drugs. The observed associations of specific gene variants with the prevalence and severity of a disorder can also be applied to try to elucidate the pathogenesis of the condition. In this paper, this strategy is used by combining pharmacogenetic knowledge with theories on the possible role of a dysfunction of specific cellular elements of neostriatal parts of the (dorsal) extrapyramidal circuits: various glutamatergic terminals, medium spiny neurons, striatal interneurons and ascending monoaminergic fibers. A peculiar finding is that genetic variants which would be expected to increase the neostriatal dopamine concentration are not associated with the prevalence and severity of TD. Moreover, modifying the sensitivity to glutamatergic long-term potentiation (and excitotoxicity) shows a relationship with levodopa-induced dyskinesia, but not with TD. Contrasting this, TD is associated with genetic variants that modify vulnerability to oxidative stress. Reducing the oxidative stress burden of medium spiny neurons may also be the mechanism behind the protective influence of 5-HT2 receptor antagonists. It is probably worthwhile to discriminate between neostriatal matrix and striosomal compartments when studying the mechanism of TD and between orofacial and limb-truncal components in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Jm Loonen
- Unit of PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology & Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.,GGZ Westelijk Noord-Brabant, Hoofdlaan 8, 4661AA Halsteren, The Netherlands
| | - Bob Wilffert
- Unit of PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology & Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.,Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Svetlana A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya Street, 4, 634014 Tomsk, Russian Federation.,School of Non-Destructive Testing & Security, Division for Control and Diagnostics, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Moscowski Trakt, 2, 634050 Tomsk, Russian Federation
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