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van Heerwaarden B, Sgrò C, Kellermann VM. Threshold shifts and developmental temperature impact trade-offs between tolerance and plasticity. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232700. [PMID: 38320612 PMCID: PMC10846935 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that ectotherms are already living close to their upper physiological thermal limits. Phenotypic plasticity has been proposed to reduce the impact of climate change in the short-term providing time for adaptation, but the tolerance-plasticity trade-off hypothesis predicts organisms with higher tolerance have lower plasticity. Empirical evidence is mixed, which may be driven by methodological issues such as statistical artefacts, nonlinear reaction norms, threshold shifts or selection. Here, we examine whether threshold shifts (organisms with higher tolerance require stronger treatments to induce maximum plastic responses) influence tolerance-plasticity trade-offs in hardening capacity for desiccation tolerance and critical thermal maximum (CTMAX) across Drosophila species with varying distributions/sensitivity to desiccation/heat stress. We found evidence for threshold shifts in both traits; species with higher heat/desiccation tolerance required longer hardening treatments to induce maximum hardening responses. Species with higher heat tolerance also showed reductions in hardening capacity at higher developmental acclimation temperatures. Trade-off patterns differed depending on the hardening treatment used and the developmental temperature flies were exposed to. Based on these findings, studies that do not consider threshold shifts, or that estimate plasticity under a narrow set of environments, will have a limited ability to assess trade-off patterns and differences in plasticity across species/populations more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanessa M. Kellermann
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
- School of Agriculture Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Vahsen ML, Kleiner HS, Kodak H, Summers JL, Vahsen WL, Blum MJ, Megonigal JP, McLachlan JS. Complex eco-evolutionary responses of a foundational coastal marsh plant to global change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2121-2136. [PMID: 37452486 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the fate of coastal marshes requires understanding how plants respond to rapid environmental change. Environmental change can elicit shifts in trait variation attributable to phenotypic plasticity and act as selective agents to shift trait means, resulting in rapid evolution. Comparably, less is known about the potential for responses to reflect the evolution of trait plasticity. Here, we assessed the relative magnitude of eco-evolutionary responses to interacting global change factors using a multifactorial experiment. We exposed replicates of 32 Schoenoplectus americanus genotypes 'resurrected' from century-long, soil-stored seed banks to ambient or elevated CO2 , varying levels of inundation, and the presence of a competing marsh grass, across two sites with different salinities. Comparisons of responses to global change factors among age cohorts and across provenances indicated that plasticity has evolved in five of the seven traits measured. Accounting for evolutionary factors (i.e. evolution and sources of heritable variation) in statistical models explained an additional 9-31% of trait variation. Our findings indicate that evolutionary factors mediate ecological responses to environmental change. The magnitude of evolutionary change in plant traits over the last century suggests that evolution could play a role in pacing future ecosystem response to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Vahsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Helena S Kleiner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Haley Kodak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Jennifer L Summers
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Wendy L Vahsen
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Michael J Blum
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | | | - Jason S McLachlan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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3
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Sammarco I, Münzbergová Z, Latzel V. Response of Fragaria vesca to projected change in temperature, water availability and concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10678. [PMID: 37393360 PMCID: PMC10314927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The high rate of climate change may soon expose plants to conditions beyond their adaptation limits. Clonal plants might be particularly affected due to limited genotypic diversity of their populations, potentially decreasing their adaptability. We therefore tested the ability of a widely distributed predominantly clonally reproducing herb (Fragaria vesca) to cope with periods of drought and flooding in climatic conditions predicted to occur at the end of the twenty-first century, i.e. on average 4 °C warmer and with twice the concentration of CO2 in the air (800 ppm) than the current state. We found that F. vesca can phenotypically adjust to future climatic conditions, although its drought resistance may be reduced. Increased temperature and CO2 levels in the air had a far greater effect on growth, phenology, reproduction, and gene expression than the temperature increase itself, and promoted resistance of F. vesca to repeated flooding periods. Higher temperature promoted clonal over sexual reproduction, and increased temperature and CO2 concentration in the air triggered change in expression of genes controlling the level of self-pollination. We conclude that F. vesca can acclimatise to predicted climate change, but the increased ratio of clonal to sexual reproduction and the alteration of genes involved in the self-(in)compatibility system may be associated with reduced genotypic diversity of its populations, which may negatively impact its ability to genetically adapt to novel climate in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Sammarco
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia.
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vít Latzel
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia.
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4
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Yang K, Huang Y, Yang J, Lv C, Hu Z, Yu L, Sun W. Effects of three patterns of elevated CO2 in single and multiple generations on photosynthesis and stomatal features in rice. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:463-473. [PMID: 36708194 PMCID: PMC10072110 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Effects of elevated CO2 (E) within a generation on photosynthesis and stomatal features have been well documented in crops; however, long-term responses to gradually elevated CO2 (Eg) and abruptly elevated CO2 (Ea) over multiple generations remain scarce. METHODS Japonica rice plants grown in open-top chambers were tested in the first generation (F1) under Ea and in the fifth generation (F5) under Eg and Ea, as follows: Ea in F1: ambient CO2 (A) + 200 μmol mol-1; Eg in F5: an increase of A + 40 μmol mol-1 year-1 until A + 200 μmol mol-1 from 2016 to 2020; Ea in F5: A + 200 μmol mol-1 from 2016 to 2020. For multigenerational tests, the harvested seeds were grown continuously in the following year in the respective CO2 environments. KEY RESULTS The responses to Ea in F1 were consistent with the previous consensus, such as the occurrence of photosynthetic acclimation, stimulation of photosynthesis, and downregulation of photosynthetic physiological parameters and stomatal area. In contrast, multigenerational exposure to both Eg and Ea did not induce photosynthetic acclimation, but stimulated greater photosynthesis and had little effect on the photosynthetic physiology and stomatal traits. This suggests that E retained intergenerational effects on photosynthesis and stomatal features and that there were no multigenerational differences in the effects of Eg and Ea. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that projecting future changes induced by E based on the physiological responses of contemporary plants could be misleading. Thus, responses of plants to large and rapid environmental changes within a generation cannot predict the long-term response of plants to natural environmental changes over multiple generations, especially in annual herbs with short life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingrui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhua Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenghua Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingfei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Mozdzer TJ, McCormick MK, Slette IJ, Blum MJ, Megonigal JP. Rapid evolution of a coastal marsh ecosystem engineer in response to global change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:157846. [PMID: 35948126 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that global change can alter ecosystems by eliciting rapid evolution of foundational plants capable of shaping vital attributes and processes. Here we describe results of a field-scale exposure experiment and multilocus assays illustrating that elevated CO2 (eCO2) and nitrogen (N) enrichment can result in rapid shifts in genetic and genotypic variation in Phragmites australis, an ecologically dominant plant that acts as an ecosystem engineer in coastal marshes worldwide. Compared to control treatments, genotypic diversity declined over three years of exposure, especially to N enrichment. The magnitude of loss also increased over time under conditions of N enrichment. Comparisons of genotype frequencies revealed that proportional abundances shifted with exposure to eCO2 and N in a manner consistent with expected responses to selection. Comparisons also revealed evidence of tradeoffs that constrained exposure responses, where any particular genotype responded favorably to one factor rather than to different factors or to combinations of factors. These findings challenge the prevailing view that plant-mediated ecosystem outcomes of global change are governed primarily by differences in species responses to shifting environmental pressures and highlight the value of accounting for organismal evolution in predictive models to improve forecasts of ecosystem responses to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Mozdzer
- Bryn Mawr College, Department of Biology, 101 N. Merion Ave, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010, United States of America; Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, United States of America.
| | - Melissa K McCormick
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, United States of America.
| | - Ingrid J Slette
- Colorado State University, Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, 251 W Pitkin St, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States of America
| | - Michael J Blum
- University of Tennessee, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 1416 Circle Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America.
| | - J Patrick Megonigal
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, United States of America.
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6
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Oliveira ACG, Rios PM, Pereira EG, Souza JP. Growth and competition between a native leguminous forb and an alien grass from the Cerrado under elevated CO
2. AUSTRAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cristina Gonçalves Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Management and Conservation of Natural and Agricultural Ecosystems Institute of Biology Federal University of Viçosa (UFV) Florestal Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Patrick Moreira Rios
- Institute of Biology Federal University of Viçosa (UFV) Campus Florestal Florestal Minas Gerais35690‐000Brazil
| | - Eduardo Gusmão Pereira
- Institute of Biology Federal University of Viçosa (UFV) Campus Florestal Florestal Minas Gerais35690‐000Brazil
| | - João Paulo Souza
- Institute of Biology Federal University of Viçosa (UFV) Campus Florestal Florestal Minas Gerais35690‐000Brazil
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7
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deMayo JA, Girod A, Sasaki MC, Dam HG. Adaptation to simultaneous warming and acidification carries a thermal tolerance cost in a marine copepod. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210071. [PMID: 34256577 PMCID: PMC8278047 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocean is undergoing warming and acidification. Thermal tolerance is affected both by evolutionary adaptation and developmental plasticity. Yet, thermal tolerance in animals adapted to simultaneous warming and acidification is unknown. We experimentally evolved the ubiquitous copepod Acartia tonsa to future combined ocean warming and acidification conditions (OWA approx. 22°C, 2000 µatm CO2) and then compared its thermal tolerance relative to ambient conditions (AM approx. 18°C, 400 µatm CO2). The OWA and AM treatments were reciprocally transplanted after 65 generations to assess effects of developmental conditions on thermal tolerance and potential costs of adaptation. Treatments transplanted from OWA to AM conditions were assessed at the F1 and F9 generations following transplant. Adaptation to warming and acidification, paradoxically, reduces both thermal tolerance and phenotypic plasticity. These costs of adaptation to combined warming and acidification may limit future population resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. deMayo
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340-6048, USA
| | - Amanda Girod
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA
| | - Matthew C. Sasaki
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340-6048, USA
| | - Hans G. Dam
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340-6048, USA
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8
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Marques I, Fernandes I, David PH, Paulo OS, Goulao LF, Fortunato AS, Lidon FC, DaMatta FM, Ramalho JC, Ribeiro-Barros AI. Transcriptomic Leaf Profiling Reveals Differential Responses of the Two Most Traded Coffee Species to Elevated [CO 2]. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239211. [PMID: 33287164 PMCID: PMC7730880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As atmospheric [CO2] continues to rise to unprecedented levels, understanding its impact on plants is imperative to improve crop performance and sustainability under future climate conditions. In this context, transcriptional changes promoted by elevated CO2 (eCO2) were studied in genotypes from the two major traded coffee species: the allopolyploid Coffea arabica (Icatu) and its diploid parent, C. canephora (CL153). While Icatu expressed more genes than CL153, a higher number of differentially expressed genes were found in CL153 as a response to eCO2. Although many genes were found to be commonly expressed by the two genotypes under eCO2, unique genes and pathways differed between them, with CL153 showing more enriched GO terms and metabolic pathways than Icatu. Divergent functional categories and significantly enriched pathways were found in these genotypes, which altogether supports contrasting responses to eCO2. A considerable number of genes linked to coffee physiological and biochemical responses were found to be affected by eCO2 with the significant upregulation of photosynthetic, antioxidant, and lipidic genes. This supports the absence of photosynthesis down-regulation and, therefore, the maintenance of increased photosynthetic potential promoted by eCO2 in these coffee genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Marques
- Plant-Environment Interactions and Biodiversity Lab (PlantStress & Biodiversity), Forest Research Centre (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, 2784-505 Oeiras and Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.F.); (P.H.D.); (O.S.P.)
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (J.C.R.); (A.I.R.-B.)
| | - Isabel Fernandes
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.F.); (P.H.D.); (O.S.P.)
| | - Pedro H.C. David
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.F.); (P.H.D.); (O.S.P.)
| | - Octávio S. Paulo
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.F.); (P.H.D.); (O.S.P.)
| | - Luis F. Goulao
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Ana S. Fortunato
- GREEN-IT—Bioresources for Sustainability, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Fernando C. Lidon
- GeoBioSciences, GeoTechnologies and GeoEngineering (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Fábio M. DaMatta
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa 36570-900 (MG), Brazil;
| | - José C. Ramalho
- Plant-Environment Interactions and Biodiversity Lab (PlantStress & Biodiversity), Forest Research Centre (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, 2784-505 Oeiras and Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- GeoBioSciences, GeoTechnologies and GeoEngineering (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (J.C.R.); (A.I.R.-B.)
| | - Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros
- Plant-Environment Interactions and Biodiversity Lab (PlantStress & Biodiversity), Forest Research Centre (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, 2784-505 Oeiras and Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- GeoBioSciences, GeoTechnologies and GeoEngineering (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (J.C.R.); (A.I.R.-B.)
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9
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Saban JM, Watson-Lazowski A, Chapman MA, Taylor G. The methylome is altered for plants in a high CO 2 world: Insights into the response of a wild plant population to multigenerational exposure to elevated atmospheric [CO 2 ]. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6474-6492. [PMID: 32902071 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Unravelling plant responses to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2 ]) has largely focussed on plastic functional attributes to single generation [CO2 ] exposure. Quantifying the consequences of long-term, decadal multigenerational exposure to elevated [CO2 ] and the genetic changes that may underpin evolutionary mechanisms with [CO2 ] as a driver remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated both plastic and evolutionary plant responses to elevated [CO2 ] by applying multi-omic technologies using populations of Plantago lanceolata L., grown in naturally high [CO2 ] for many generations in a CO2 spring. Seed from populations at the CO2 spring and an adjacent control site (ambient [CO2 ]) were grown in a common environment for one generation, and then offspring were grown in ambient or elevated [CO2 ] growth chambers. Low overall genetic differentiation between the CO2 spring and control site populations was found, with evidence of weak selection in exons. We identified evolutionary divergence in the DNA methylation profiles of populations derived from the spring relative to the control population, providing the first evidence that plant methylomes may respond to elevated [CO2 ] over multiple generations. In contrast, growth at elevated [CO2 ] for a single generation induced limited methylome remodelling (an order of magnitude fewer differential methylation events than observed between populations), although some of this appeared to be stably transgenerationally inherited. In all, 59 regions of the genome were identified where transcripts exhibiting differential expression (associated with single generation or long-term natural exposure to elevated [CO2 ]) co-located with sites of differential methylation or with single nucleotide polymorphisms exhibiting significant inter-population divergence. This included genes in pathways known to respond to elevated [CO2 ], such as nitrogen use efficiency and stomatal patterning. This study provides the first indication that DNA methylation may contribute to plant adaptation to future atmospheric [CO2 ] and identifies several areas of the genome that are targets for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M Saban
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Mark A Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Gail Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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10
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Metz J, Lampei C, Bäumler L, Bocherens H, Dittberner H, Henneberg L, de Meaux J, Tielbörger K. Rapid adaptive evolution to drought in a subset of plant traits in a large-scale climate change experiment. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1643-1653. [PMID: 32851791 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rapid evolution of traits and of plasticity may enable adaptation to climate change, yet solid experimental evidence under natural conditions is scarce. Here, we imposed rainfall manipulations (+30%, control, -30%) for 10 years on entire natural plant communities in two Eastern Mediterranean sites. Additional sites along a natural rainfall gradient and selection analyses in a greenhouse assessed whether potential responses were adaptive. In both sites, our annual target species Biscutella didyma consistently evolved earlier phenology and higher reproductive allocation under drought. Multiple arguments suggest that this response was adaptive: it aligned with theory, corresponding trait shifts along the natural rainfall gradient, and selection analyses under differential watering in the greenhouse. However, another seven candidate traits did not evolve, and there was little support for evolution of plasticity. Our results provide compelling evidence for rapid adaptive evolution under climate change. Yet, several non-evolving traits may indicate potential constraints to full adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Metz
- Plant Ecology & Nature Conservation, Institute of Biology & Chemistry, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany.,Plant Ecology Group, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Lampei
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Laura Bäumler
- Plant Ecology Group, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hervé Bocherens
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, and Department of Geosciences, Biogeology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hannes Dittberner
- Plant Molecular Ecology, Institute of Botany, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lorenz Henneberg
- Plant Ecology Group, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juliette de Meaux
- Plant Molecular Ecology, Institute of Botany, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katja Tielbörger
- Plant Ecology Group, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Kelly M. Adaptation to climate change through genetic accommodation and assimilation of plastic phenotypes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180176. [PMID: 30966963 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory suggests that evolutionary changes in phenotypic plasticity could either hinder or facilitate evolutionary rescue in a changing climate. Nevertheless, the actual role of evolving plasticity in the responses of natural populations to climate change remains unresolved. Direct observations of evolutionary change in nature are rare, making it difficult to assess the relative contributions of changes in trait means versus changes in plasticity to climate change responses. To address this gap, this review explores several proxies that can be used to understand evolving plasticity in the context of climate change, including space for time substitutions, experimental evolution and tests for genomic divergence at environmentally responsive loci. Comparisons among populations indicate a prominent role for divergence in environmentally responsive traits in local adaptation to climatic gradients. Moreover, genomic comparisons among such populations have identified pervasive divergence in the regulatory regions of environmentally responsive loci. Taken together, these lines of evidence suggest that divergence in plasticity plays a prominent role in adaptation to climatic gradients over space, indicating that evolving plasticity is also likely to play a key role in adaptive responses to climate change through time. This suggests that genetic variation in plastic responses to the environment (G × E) might be an important predictor of species' vulnerabilities to climate-driven decline or extinction. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of plasticity in phenotypic adaptation to rapid environmental change'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Kelly
- Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA 70808 , USA
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12
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Sage RF. Global change biology: A primer. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3-30. [PMID: 31663217 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Because of human action, the Earth has entered an era where profound changes in the global environment are creating novel conditions that will be discernable far into the future. One consequence may be a large reduction of the Earth's biodiversity, potentially representing a sixth mass extinction. With effective stewardship, the global change drivers that threaten the Earth's biota could be alleviated, but this requires clear understanding of the drivers, their interactions, and how they impact ecological communities. This review identifies 10 anthropogenic global change drivers and discusses how six of the drivers (atmospheric CO2 enrichment, climate change, land transformation, species exploitation, exotic species invasions, eutrophication) impact Earth's biodiversity. Driver impacts on a particular species could be positive or negative. In either case, they initiate secondary responses that cascade along ecological lines of connection and in doing so magnify the initial impact. The unique nature of the threat to the Earth's biodiversity is not simply due to the magnitude of each driver, but due to the speed of change, the novelty of the drivers, and their interactions. Emphasizing one driver, notably climate change, is problematic because the other global change drivers also degrade biodiversity and together threaten the stability of the biosphere. As the main academic journal addressing global change effects on living systems, GCB is well positioned to provide leadership in solving the global change challenge. If humanity cannot meet the challenge, then GCB is positioned to serve as a leading chronicle of the sixth mass extinction to occur on planet Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Holohan AD, Müller C, McElwain J. Heritable Changes in Physiological Gas Exchange Traits in Response to Long-Term, Moderate Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1210. [PMID: 31681354 PMCID: PMC6802601 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO2]) concentrations significantly alter developmental plant traits with potentially far-reaching consequences for ecosystem function and productivity. However, contemporary evolutionary responses among extant plant species that coincide with modern, anthropogenically driven [CO2] rise have rarely been demonstrated among field-grown plant populations. Here we present findings from a long-term, free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) study in a seminatural European grassland ecosystem in which we observe a differential capacity among plant species to acclimate intrinsic water-use efficiencies (WUEs) in response to prolonged multigenerational exposure to elevated [CO2] concentrations. In a reciprocal swap trial, using controlled environment growth chambers, we germinated seeds from six of the most dominant plant species at the FACE site [Arrhenatherum elatius (L.), Trisetum flavescens (L.), Holcus lanatus (L.), Geranium pratense (L.), Sanguisorba officinalis (L.), and Plantago lanceolata (L.)]. We found that long-term exposure to elevated [CO2] strongly influenced the dynamic control of WUEi in the first filial generations (F1) of all species as well as an unequal ability to adapt to changes in the [CO2] of the growth environment among those species. Furthermore, despite trait-environment relationships of this nature often being considered evidence for local adaptation in plants, we demonstrate that the ability to increase WUEi does not necessarily translate to an ecological advantage in diverse species mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan David Holohan
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, The Earth Institute, O’Brien Centre for Science (E4.47), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christoph Müller
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, The Earth Institute, O’Brien Centre for Science (E4.47), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Plant Ecology and Interdisciplinary Research Center (IFZ), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer McElwain
- Botany Department, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Summers JL, Bernik B, Saunders CJ, McLachlan JS, Blum MJ. A century of genetic variation inferred from a persistent soil-stored seed bank. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1715-1731. [PMID: 30344638 PMCID: PMC6183470 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stratigraphic accretion of dormant propagules in soil can result in natural archives useful for studying ecological and evolutionary responses to environmental change. Few attempts have been made, however, to use soil-stored seed banks as natural archives, in part because of concerns over nonrandom attrition and mixed stratification. Here, we examine the persistent seed bank of Schoenoplectus americanus, a foundational brackish marsh sedge, to determine whether it can serve as a resource for reconstructing historical records of demographic and population genetic variation. After assembling profiles of the seed bank from radionuclide-dated soil cores, we germinated seeds to "resurrect" cohorts spanning the 20th century. Using microsatellite markers, we assessed genetic diversity and differentiation among depth cohorts, drawing comparisons to extant plants at the study site and in nearby and more distant marshes. We found that seed density peaked at intermediate soil depths. We also detected genotypic differences among cohorts as well as between cohorts and extant plants. Genetic diversity did not decline with depth, indicating that the observed pattern of differentiation is not due to attrition. Patterns of differentiation within and among extant marshes also suggest that local populations persist as aggregates of small clones, likely reflecting repeated seedling recruitment and low immigration from admixed regional gene pools. These findings indicate that persistent and stratified soil-stored seed banks merit further consideration as resources for reconstructing decadal- to century-long records that can lend insight into the tempo and nature of ecological and evolutionary processes that shape populations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Summers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyTulane UniversityNew OrleansLouisiana
| | - Brittany Bernik
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyTulane UniversityNew OrleansLouisiana
| | - Colin J. Saunders
- Southeast Environmental Research CenterFlorida International UniversityMiamiFlorida
| | - Jason S. McLachlan
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
| | - Michael J. Blum
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyTulane UniversityNew OrleansLouisiana
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15
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Ecoevolutionary Dynamics of Carbon Cycling in the Anthropocene. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:213-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Assessing elements of an extended evolutionary synthesis for plant domestication and agricultural origin research. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6429-6437. [PMID: 28576881 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703658114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of agricultural societies, one of the most transformative events in human and ecological history, was made possible by plant and animal domestication. Plant domestication began 12,000-10,000 y ago in a number of major world areas, including the New World tropics, Southwest Asia, and China, during a period of profound global environmental perturbations as the Pleistocene epoch ended and transitioned into the Holocene. Domestication is at its heart an evolutionary process, and for many prehistorians evolutionary theory has been foundational in investigating agricultural origins. Similarly, geneticists working largely with modern crops and their living wild progenitors have documented some of the mechanisms that underwrote phenotypic transformations from wild to domesticated species. Ever-improving analytic methods for retrieval of empirical data from archaeological sites, together with advances in genetic, genomic, epigenetic, and experimental research on living crop plants and wild progenitors, suggest that three fields of study currently little applied to plant domestication processes may be necessary to understand these transformations across a range of species important in early prehistoric agriculture. These fields are phenotypic (developmental) plasticity, niche construction theory, and epigenetics with transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. All are central in a controversy about whether an Extended Evolutionary Synthesis is needed to reconceptualize how evolutionary change occurs. An exploration of their present and potential utility in domestication study shows that all three fields have considerable promise in elucidating important issues in plant domestication and in agricultural origin and dispersal research and should be increasingly applied to these issues.
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Watson-Lazowski A, Lin Y, Miglietta F, Edwards RJ, Chapman MA, Taylor G. Plant adaptation or acclimation to rising CO 2 ? Insight from first multigenerational RNA-Seq transcriptome. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:3760-3773. [PMID: 27539677 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) directly determines the rate of plant photosynthesis and indirectly effects plant productivity and fitness and may therefore act as a selective pressure driving evolution, but evidence to support this contention is sparse. Using Plantago lanceolata L. seed collected from a naturally high CO2 spring and adjacent ambient CO2 control site, we investigated multigenerational response to future, elevated atmospheric CO2 . Plants were grown in either ambient or elevated CO2 (700 μmol mol-1 ), enabling for the first time, characterization of the functional and population genomics of plant acclimation and adaptation to elevated CO2 . This revealed that spring and control plants differed significantly in phenotypic plasticity for traits underpinning fitness including above-ground biomass, leaf size, epidermal cell size and number and stomatal density and index. Gene expression responses to elevated CO2 (acclimation) were modest [33-131 genes differentially expressed (DE)], whilst those between control and spring plants (adaptation) were considerably larger (689-853 DE genes). In contrast, population genomic analysis showed that genetic differentiation between spring and control plants was close to zero, with no fixed differences, suggesting that plants are adapted to their native CO2 environment at the level of gene expression. An unusual phenotype of increased stomatal index in spring but not control plants in elevated CO2 correlated with altered expression of stomatal patterning genes between spring and control plants for three loci (YODA, CDKB1;1 and SCRM2) and between ambient and elevated CO2 for four loci (ER, YODA, MYB88 and BCA1). We propose that the two positive regulators of stomatal number (SCRM2) and CDKB1;1 when upregulated act as key controllers of stomatal adaptation to elevated CO2 . Combined with significant transcriptome reprogramming of photosynthetic and dark respiration and enhanced growth in spring plants, we have identified the potential basis of plant adaptation to high CO2 likely to occur over coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunan Lin
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Franco Miglietta
- Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Caproni 8, Firenze, 50145, Italy
| | - Richard J Edwards
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Mark A Chapman
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Gail Taylor
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Becklin KM, Mullinix GWR, Ward JK. Host Plant Physiology and Mycorrhizal Functioning Shift across a Glacial through Future [CO2] Gradient. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:789-801. [PMID: 27573369 PMCID: PMC5047097 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) may modulate the functioning of mycorrhizal associations by altering the relative degree of nutrient and carbohydrate limitations in plants. To test this, we grew Taraxacum ceratophorum and Taraxacum officinale (native and exotic dandelions) with and without mycorrhizal fungi across a broad [CO2] gradient (180-1,000 µL L-1). Differential plant growth rates and vegetative plasticity were hypothesized to drive species-specific responses to [CO2] and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. To evaluate [CO2] effects on mycorrhizal functioning, we calculated response ratios based on the relative biomass of mycorrhizal (MBio) and nonmycorrhizal (NMBio) plants (RBio = [MBio - NMBio]/NMBio). We then assessed linkages between RBio and host physiology, fungal growth, and biomass allocation using structural equation modeling. For T. officinale, RBio increased with rising [CO2], shifting from negative to positive values at 700 µL L-1 [CO2] and mycorrhizal effects on photosynthesis and leaf growth rates drove shifts in RBio in this species. For T. ceratophorum, RBio increased from 180 to 390 µL L-1 and further increases in [CO2] caused RBio to shift from positive to negative values. [CO2] and fungal effects on plant growth and carbon sink strength were correlated with shifts in RBio in this species. Overall, we show that rising [CO2] significantly altered the functioning of mycorrhizal associations. These symbioses became more beneficial with rising [CO2], but nonlinear effects may limit plant responses to mycorrhizal fungi under future [CO2]. The magnitude and mechanisms driving mycorrhizal-CO2 responses reflected species-specific differences in growth rate and vegetative plasticity, indicating that these traits may provide a framework for predicting mycorrhizal responses to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Becklin
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - George W R Mullinix
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Joy K Ward
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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Kelly MW, Pankey MS, DeBiasse MB, Plachetzki DC. Adaptation to heat stress reduces phenotypic and transcriptional plasticity in a marine copepod. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan W. Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA70803 USA
| | - M. Sabrina Pankey
- Molecular, Cellular, & Biomedical Sciences University of New Hampshire Rudman Hall 46 College Rd. Durham NH03824‐2618 USA
| | - Melissa B. DeBiasse
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA70803 USA
| | - David C. Plachetzki
- Molecular, Cellular, & Biomedical Sciences University of New Hampshire Rudman Hall 46 College Rd. Durham NH03824‐2618 USA
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Caño L, Fuertes-Mendizabal T, García-Baquero G, Herrera M, González-Moro MB. Plasticity to salinity and transgenerational effects in the nonnative shrub Baccharis halimifolia: Insights into an estuarine invasion. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:808-820. [PMID: 27208349 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Abiotic constraints act as selection filters for plant invasion in stressful habitats. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity and transgenerational effects play a major role in colonization of heterogeneous habitats when the scale of environmental variation is smaller than that of gene flow. We investigated how plasticity and parental salinity conditions influence the performance of the invasive dioecious shrub Baccharis halimifolia, which replaces heterogeneous estuarine communities in Europe with monospecific and continuous stands. METHODS In two greenhouse experiments, we grew plants derived from seeds and cuttings collected through interspersed patches differing in edaphic salinity from an invasive population. We estimated parental environmental salinity from leaf Na(+) content in parental plants, and we measured fitness and ion homeostasis of the offspring grown in contrasting salinity conditions. KEY RESULTS Baccharis halimifolia tolerates high salinity but experiences drastic biomass reduction at moderate salinity. At moderate salinity, responses to salinity are affected by the parental salinity: flowering initiation in seedlings and male cuttings is positively correlated with parental leaf Na(+) content, and biomass is positively correlated with maternal leaf Na(+) in female cuttings and seedlings. Plant height, leaf production, specific leaf area, and ionic homeostasis at the low part of the gradient are also affected by parental salinity, suggesting enhanced shoot growth as parental salinity increases. CONCLUSIONS Our results support plasticity to salinity and transgenerational effects as factors with great potential to contribute to the invasive ability of B. halimifolia through estuarine communities of high conservation value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Caño
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU 48080 Bizkaia, Spain Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science 48160 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Teresa Fuertes-Mendizabal
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU 48080 Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Gonzalo García-Baquero
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU 48080 Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Herrera
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU 48080 Bizkaia, Spain
| | - M Begoña González-Moro
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU 48080 Bizkaia, Spain
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Ecological Genetics, Local Adaptation, and Phenotypic Plasticity in Bromus tectorum in the Context of a Changing Climate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24930-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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22
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Sultan SE, Matesanz S. An ideal weed: plasticity and invasiveness in Polygonum cespitosum. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1360:101-19. [PMID: 26457473 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The introduced Asian plant Polygonum cespitosum has only recently become invasive in northeastern North America, spreading into sunny as well as shaded habitats. We present findings from a multiyear case study of this ongoing species invasion, drawing on field environmental measurements, glasshouse plasticity and resurrection experiments, and molecular genetic (microsatellite) data. We focus in particular on patterns of individual phenotypic plasticity (norms of reaction), their diversity within and among populations in the species' introduced range, and their contribution to its potential to evolve even greater invasiveness. Genotypes from introduced-range P. cespitosum populations have recently evolved to express greater adaptive plasticity to full sun and/or dry conditions without any loss of fitness in shade. Evidently, this species may evolve the sort of "general-purpose genotypes" hypothesized by Herbert Baker to characterize an "ideal weed." Indeed, we identified certain genotypes capable of extremely high reproductive output across contrasting conditions, including sunny, shaded, moist, and dry. Populations containing these high-performance genotypes had consistently higher fitness in all glasshouse habitats; there was no evidence for local adaptive differentiation among populations from sunny, shaded, moist, or dry sites. Norm of reaction data may provide valuable insights to invasion biology: the presence of broadly adaptive, high-performance genotypes can promote a species' ecological spread while providing the fuel for increased invasiveness to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia E Sultan
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut
| | - Silvia Matesanz
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, Spain
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Horgan-Kobelski T, Matesanz S, Sultan SE. Limits to Future Adaptation in the Invasive PlantPolygonum cespitosum: Expression of Functional and Fitness Traits at Elevated CO2. J Hered 2015; 107:42-50. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abella S, Fisichelli NA, Schmid SM, Embrey TM, Hughson D, Cipra J. Status and management of non-native plant invasion in three of the largest national parks in the United States. NATURE CONSERVATION 2015. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.10.4407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Agricultural intensification is critical to meet global food demand, but intensification threatens native species and degrades ecosystems. Sustainable intensification (SI) is heralded as a new approach for enabling growth in agriculture while minimizing environmental impacts. However, the SI literature has overlooked a major environmental risk. Using data from eight countries on six continents, we show that few governments regulate conventionally bred pasture taxa to limit threats to natural areas, even though most agribusinesses promote taxa with substantial weed risk. New pasture taxa (including species, subspecies, varieties, cultivars, and plant-endophyte combinations) are bred with characteristics typical of invasive species and environmental weeds. By introducing novel genetic and endophyte variation, pasture taxa are imbued with additional capacity for invasion and environmental impact. New strategies to prevent future problems are urgently needed. We highlight opportunities for researchers, agribusiness, and consumers to reduce environmental risks associated with new pasture taxa. We also emphasize four main approaches that governments could consider as they build new policies to limit weed risks, including (i) national lists of taxa that are prohibited based on environmental risk; (ii) a weed risk assessment for all new taxa; (iii) a program to rapidly detect and control new taxa that invade natural areas; and (iv) the polluter-pays principle, so that if a taxon becomes an environmental weed, industry pays for its management. There is mounting pressure to increase livestock production. With foresight and planning, growth in agriculture can be achieved sustainably provided that the scope of SI expands to encompass environmental weed risks.
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