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Beugnon R, Le Guyader N, Milcu A, Lenoir J, Puissant J, Morin X, Hättenschwiler S. Microclimate modulation: An overlooked mechanism influencing the impact of plant diversity on ecosystem functioning. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17214. [PMID: 38494864 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Changes in climate and biodiversity are widely recognized as primary global change drivers of ecosystem structure and functioning, also affecting ecosystem services provided to human populations. Increasing plant diversity not only enhances ecosystem functioning and stability but also mitigates climate change effects and buffers extreme weather conditions, yet the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. Recent studies have shown that plant diversity can mitigate climate change (e.g. reduce temperature fluctuations or drought through microclimatic effects) in different compartments of the focal ecosystem, which as such may contribute to the effect of plant diversity on ecosystem properties and functioning. However, these potential plant diversity-induced microclimate effects are not sufficiently understood. Here, we explored the consequences of climate modulation through microclimate modification by plant diversity for ecosystem functioning as a potential mechanism contributing to the widely documented biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships, using a combination of theoretical and simulation approaches. We focused on a diverse set of response variables at various levels of integration ranging from ecosystem-level carbon exchange to soil enzyme activity, including population dynamics and the activity of specific organisms. Here, we demonstrated that a vegetation layer composed of many plant species has the potential to influence ecosystem functioning and stability through the modification of microclimatic conditions, thus mitigating the negative impacts of climate extremes on ecosystem functioning. Integrating microclimatic processes (e.g. temperature, humidity and light modulation) as a mechanism contributing to the BEF relationships is a promising avenue to improve our understanding of the effects of climate change on ecosystem functioning and to better predict future ecosystem structure, functioning and services. In addition, microclimate management and monitoring should be seen as a potential tool by practitioners to adapt ecosystems to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Beugnon
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Nolwenn Le Guyader
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Master de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandru Milcu
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- UMR CNRS 7058 "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Jérémy Puissant
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Xavier Morin
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Gauzens B, Rosenbaum B, Kalinkat G, Boy T, Jochum M, Kortsch S, O’Gorman EJ, Brose U. Flexible foraging behaviour increases predator vulnerability to climate change. NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE 2024; 14:387-392. [PMID: 38617202 PMCID: PMC11006620 DOI: 10.1038/s41558-024-01946-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Higher temperatures are expected to reduce species coexistence by increasing energetic demands. However, flexible foraging behaviour could balance this effect by allowing predators to target specific prey species to maximize their energy intake, according to principles of optimal foraging theory. Here we test these assumptions using a large dataset comprising 2,487 stomach contents from six fish species with different feeding strategies, sampled across environments with varying prey availability over 12 years in Kiel Bay (Baltic Sea). Our results show that foraging shifts from trait- to density-dependent prey selectivity in warmer and more productive environments. This behavioural change leads to lower consumption efficiency at higher temperature as fish select more abundant but less energetically rewarding prey, thereby undermining species persistence and biodiversity. By integrating this behaviour into dynamic food web models, our study reveals that flexible foraging leads to lower species coexistence and biodiversity in communities under global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Gauzens
- EcoNetLab, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Rosenbaum
- EcoNetLab, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Gregor Kalinkat
- Department of Community and Ecosystem Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Boy
- EcoNetLab, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Malte Jochum
- Experimental Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Global Change Ecology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kortsch
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland
| | - Eoin J. O’Gorman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
| | - Ulrich Brose
- EcoNetLab, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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3
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Gauzens B, Kalinkat G, Antunes AC, Boy T, O'Gorman EJ, Jacob U, Jochum M, Kortsch S, Rosenbaum B, Figueiredo L, Brose U. Quantitative description of six fish species' gut contents and prey abundances in the Baltic Sea (1968-1978). Sci Data 2024; 11:236. [PMID: 38396055 PMCID: PMC10891096 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The dataset presents a compilation of stomach contents from six demersal fish species from two functional groups inhabiting the Baltic Sea. It includes detailed information on prey identities, body masses, and biomasses recovered from both the fish's digestive systems and their surrounding environment. Environmental parameters, such as salinity and temperature levels, have been integrated to enrich this dataset. The juxtaposition of information on prey found in stomachs and in the environment provides an opportunity to quantify trophic interactions across different environmental contexts and investigate how fish foraging behaviour adapts to changes in their environment, such as an increase in temperature. The compilation of body mass and taxonomic information for all species allows approaching these new questions using either a taxonomic (based on species identity) or functional trait (based on body mass) approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Gauzens
- EcoNetLab, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - Gregor Kalinkat
- Department of Community and Ecosystem Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Carolina Antunes
- EcoNetLab, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Boy
- EcoNetLab, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Eoin J O'Gorman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Ute Jacob
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Malte Jochum
- Experimental Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Global Change Ecology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kortsch
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland
| | - Benjamin Rosenbaum
- EcoNetLab, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ludmilla Figueiredo
- Integrative Biodiversity Data and Code Support Unit, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Informatics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- EcoNetLab, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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4
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Vagnon C, Pomeranz J, Loheac B, Vallat M, Guillard J, Raymond JC, Sentis A, Frossard V. Changes in vertical and horizontal diversities mediated by the size structure of introduced fish collectively shape food-web stability. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1752-1764. [PMID: 37492003 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Species introductions can alter local food-web structure by changing the vertical or horizontal diversity within communities, largely driven by their body size distributions. Increasing vertical and horizontal diversities is predicted to have opposing effects on stability. However, their interactive effects remain largely overlooked. We investigated the independent and collective effects of vertical and horizontal diversities on food-web stability in alpine lakes stocked with variable body size distributions of introduced fish species. Introduced predators destabilize food-webs by increasing vertical diversity through food chain lengthening. Alternatively, increasing horizontal diversity results in more stable food-web topologies. A non-linear interaction between vertical and horizontal diversities suggests that increasing vertical diversity is most destabilizing when horizontal diversity is low. Our findings suggest that the size structure of introduced predators drives their impacts on stability by modifying the structure of food-webs, and highlights the interactive effects of vertical and horizontal diversities on stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Vagnon
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, UMR CARRTEL, Thonon-les-Bains, France
- Pôle R&D Ecosystèmes Lacustres (ECLA), OFB-INRAE-USMB, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | | | - Bertrand Loheac
- Fédération de Savoie pour la Pêche et la Protection du Milieu Aquatique (FDPPMA 73), Saint-Alban-Leysse, France
| | - Manuel Vallat
- Fédération de Savoie pour la Pêche et la Protection du Milieu Aquatique (FDPPMA 73), Saint-Alban-Leysse, France
| | - Jean Guillard
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, UMR CARRTEL, Thonon-les-Bains, France
- Pôle R&D Ecosystèmes Lacustres (ECLA), OFB-INRAE-USMB, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Jean-Claude Raymond
- Pôle R&D Ecosystèmes Lacustres (ECLA), OFB-INRAE-USMB, Aix-en-Provence, France
- Office Française pour la Biodiversité, Unité Spécialisée Milieux Lacustres, Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | - Arnaud Sentis
- Pôle R&D Ecosystèmes Lacustres (ECLA), OFB-INRAE-USMB, Aix-en-Provence, France
- INRAE, Université Aix Marseille, UMR RECOVER, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Victor Frossard
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, UMR CARRTEL, Thonon-les-Bains, France
- Pôle R&D Ecosystèmes Lacustres (ECLA), OFB-INRAE-USMB, Aix-en-Provence, France
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5
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Han ZY, Wieczynski DJ, Yammine A, Gibert JP. Temperature and nutrients drive eco-phenotypic dynamics in a microbial food web. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222263. [PMID: 36722083 PMCID: PMC9890118 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic increases in temperature and nutrient loads will likely impact food web structure and stability. Although their independent effects have been reasonably well studied, their joint effects-particularly on coupled ecological and phenotypic dynamics-remain poorly understood. Here we experimentally manipulated temperature and nutrient levels in microbial food webs and used time-series analysis to quantify the strength of reciprocal effects between ecological and phenotypic dynamics across trophic levels. We found that (1) joint-often interactive-effects of temperature and nutrients on ecological dynamics are more common at higher trophic levels, (2) temperature and nutrients interact to shift the relative strength of top-down versus bottom-up control, and (3) rapid phenotypic change mediates observed ecological responses to changes in temperature and nutrients. Our results uncover how feedback between ecological and phenotypic dynamics mediate food web responses to environmental change. This suggests important but previously unknown ways that temperature and nutrients might jointly control the rapid eco-phenotypic feedback that determine food web dynamics in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yi Han
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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6
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Soares AO, Haelewaters D, Ameixa OMCC, Borges I, Brown PMJ, Cardoso P, de Groot MD, Evans EW, Grez AA, Hochkirch A, Holecová M, Honěk A, Kulfan J, Lillebø AI, Martinková Z, Michaud JP, Nedvěd O, Roy HE, Saxena S, Shandilya A, Sentis A, Skuhrovec J, Viglášová S, Zach P, Zaviezo T, Losey JE. A roadmap for ladybird conservation and recovery. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2023; 37:e13965. [PMID: 35686511 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) provide services that are critical to food production, and they fulfill an ecological role as a food source for predators. The richness, abundance, and distribution of ladybirds, however, are compromised by many anthropogenic threats. Meanwhile, a lack of knowledge of the conservation status of most species and the factors driving their population dynamics hinders the development and implementation of conservation strategies for ladybirds. We conducted a review of the literature on the ecology, diversity, and conservation of ladybirds to identify their key ecological threats. Ladybird populations are most affected by climate factors, landscape composition, and biological invasions. We suggest mitigating actions for ladybird conservation and recovery. Short-term actions include citizen science programs and education, protective measures for habitat recovery and threatened species, prevention of the introduction of non-native species, and the maintenance and restoration of natural areas and landscape heterogeneity. Mid-term actions involve the analysis of data from monitoring programs and insect collections to disentangle the effect of different threats to ladybird populations, understand habitat use by taxa on which there is limited knowledge, and quantify temporal trends of abundance, diversity, and biomass along a management-intensity gradient. Long-term actions include the development of a worldwide monitoring program based on standardized sampling to fill data gaps, increase explanatory power, streamline analyses, and facilitate global collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- António O Soares
- Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group (cE3c-ABG) / CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, São Miguel Island (Azores), Portugal
- IUCN SSC, Ladybird Specialist Group
| | - Danny Haelewaters
- IUCN SSC, Ladybird Specialist Group
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Olga M C C Ameixa
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Borges
- Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group (cE3c-ABG) / CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, São Miguel Island (Azores), Portugal
| | - Peter M J Brown
- Applied Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History LUOMUS, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michiel D de Groot
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Edward W Evans
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Audrey A Grez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Axel Hochkirch
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
- IUCN SSC Invertebrate Conservation Committee, Trier, Germany
| | - Milada Holecová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alois Honěk
- Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Kulfan
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovak Republic
| | - Ana I Lillebø
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - J P Michaud
- Agricultural Research Center - Hays (ARCH), Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Hays, Kansas, USA
| | - Oldřich Nedvěd
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Helen E Roy
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | - Swati Saxena
- Ladybird Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Apoorva Shandilya
- Ladybird Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Arnaud Sentis
- UMR RECOVER, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE) & Aix-Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | | | - Sandra Viglášová
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Zach
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovak Republic
| | - Tania Zaviezo
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - John E Losey
- IUCN SSC, Ladybird Specialist Group
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Gupta A, David Figueroa H, O'Gorman E, Jones I, Woodward G, Petchey OL. How many predator guts are required to predict trophic interactions? FOOD WEBS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2022.e00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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8
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Sentis A, Hemptinne J, Magro A, Outreman Y. Biological control needs evolutionary perspectives of ecological interactions. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1537-1554. [PMID: 36330295 PMCID: PMC9624075 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
While ecological interactions have been identified as determinant for biological control efficiency, the role of evolution remains largely underestimated in biological control programs. With the restrictions on the use of both pesticides and exotic biological control agents (BCAs), the evolutionary optimization of local BCAs becomes central for improving the efficiency and the resilience of biological control. In particular, we need to better account for the natural processes of evolution to fully understand the interactions of pests and BCAs, including in biocontrol strategies integrating human manipulations of evolution (i.e., artificial selection and genetic engineering). In agroecosystems, the evolution of BCAs traits and performance depends on heritable phenotypic variation, trait genetic architecture, selection strength, stochastic processes, and other selective forces. Humans can manipulate these natural processes to increase the likelihood of evolutionary trait improvement, by artificially increasing heritable phenotypic variation, strengthening selection, controlling stochastic processes, or overpassing evolution through genetic engineering. We highlight these facets by reviewing recent studies addressing the importance of natural processes of evolution and human manipulations of these processes in biological control. We then discuss the interactions between the natural processes of evolution occurring in agroecosystems and affecting the artificially improved BCAs after their release. We emphasize that biological control cannot be summarized by interactions between species pairs because pests and biological control agents are entangled in diverse communities and are exposed to a multitude of deterministic and stochastic selective forces that can change rapidly in direction and intensity. We conclude that the combination of different evolutionary approaches can help optimize BCAs to remain efficient under changing environmental conditions and, ultimately, favor agroecosystem sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sentis
- INRAEAix Marseille University, UMR RECOVERAix‐en‐ProvenceFrance
| | - Jean‐Louis Hemptinne
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité biologiqueUMR 5174 CNRS/UPS/IRDToulouseFrance
- Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi‐Pyrénées – ENSFEACastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Alexandra Magro
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité biologiqueUMR 5174 CNRS/UPS/IRDToulouseFrance
- Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi‐Pyrénées – ENSFEACastanet‐TolosanFrance
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9
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Sentis A, Haegeman B, Montoya JM. Stoichiometric constraints modulate temperature and nutrient effects on biomass distribution and community stability. OIKOS 2022; 2022:oik.08601. [PMID: 36644620 PMCID: PMC7614052 DOI: 10.1111/oik.08601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Temperature and nutrients are two of the most important drivers of global change. Both can modify the elemental composition (i.e. stoichiometry) of primary producers and consumers. Yet their combined effect on the stoichiometry, dynamics and stability of ecological communities remains largely unexplored. To fill this gap, we extended the Rosenzweig-MacArthur consumer-resource model by including thermal dependencies, nutrient dynamics and stoichiometric constraints on both the primary producer and the consumer. We found that stoichiometric and nutrient conservation constraints dampen the paradox of enrichment and increased persistence at high nutrient levels. Nevertheless, stoichiometric constraints also reduced consumer persistence at extreme temperatures. Finally, we also found that stoichiometric constraints and nutrient dynamics can strongly influence biomass distribution across trophic levels by modulating consumer assimilation efficiency and resource growth rates along the environmental gradients. In the Rosenzweig-MacArthur model, consumer biomass exceeded resource biomass for most parameter values whereas, in the stoichiometric model, consumer biomass was strongly reduced and sometimes lower than resource biomass. Our findings highlight the importance of accounting for stoichiometric constraints as they can mediate the temperature and nutrient impact on the dynamics and functioning of ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sentis
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, Moulis, France
| | - Bart Haegeman
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, Moulis, France
| | - José M Montoya
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, Moulis, France
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10
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Thakur MP, Risch AC, van der Putten WH. Biotic responses to climate extremes in terrestrial ecosystems. iScience 2022; 25:104559. [PMID: 35784794 PMCID: PMC9240802 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change is increasing the incidence of climate extremes. Consequences of climate extremes on biodiversity can be highly detrimental, yet few studies also suggest beneficial effects of climate extremes on certain organisms. To obtain a general understanding of ecological responses to climate extremes, we present a review of how 16 major taxonomic/functional groups (including microorganisms, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates) respond during extreme drought, precipitation, and temperature. Most taxonomic/functional groups respond negatively to extreme events, whereas groups such as mosses, legumes, trees, and vertebrate predators respond most negatively to climate extremes. We further highlight that ecological recovery after climate extremes is challenging to predict purely based on ecological responses during or immediately after climate extremes. By accounting for the characteristics of the recovering species, resource availability, and species interactions with neighboring competitors or facilitators, mutualists, and enemies, we outline a conceptual framework to better predict ecological recovery in terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav P. Thakur
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO- KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author
| | - Anita C. Risch
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Switzerland
| | - Wim H. van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO- KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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11
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12
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Sentis A, Veselý L, Let M, Musil M, Malinovska V, Kouba A. Short-term thermal acclimation modulates predator functional response. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8631. [PMID: 35222981 PMCID: PMC8855023 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plastic responses to temperature can modulate the kinetic effects of temperature on biological rates and traits and thus play an important role for species adaptation to climate change. However, there is little information on how these plastic responses to temperature can influence trophic interactions. Here, we conducted an experiment using marbled crayfish and their water louse prey to investigate how short-term thermal acclimation at two temperatures (16 and 24°C) modulates the predator functional response. We found that both functional response parameters (search rate and handling time) differed between the two experimental temperatures. However, the sign and magnitudes of these differences strongly depended on acclimation time. Acclimation to 16°C increased handling time and search rate whereas acclimation to 24°C leads to the opposite effects with shorter handling time and lower search rate for acclimated predators. Moreover, the strength of these effects increased with acclimation time so that the differences in search rate and handing time between the two temperatures were reversed between the treatment without acclimation and after 24 h of acclimation. Overall, we found that the magnitude of the acclimation effects can be as strong as the direct kinetic effects of temperature. Our study highlights the importance of taking into account short-term thermal plasticity to improve our understanding of the potential consequences of global warming on species interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sentis
- INRAEAix Marseille UniversityUMR RECOVERAix‐en‐ProvenceFrance
| | - Lukas Veselý
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of WatersSouth Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of HydrocenosesUniversity of South Bohemia in České BudějoviceVodňanyCzech Republic
| | - Marek Let
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of WatersSouth Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of HydrocenosesUniversity of South Bohemia in České BudějoviceVodňanyCzech Republic
| | - Martin Musil
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of WatersSouth Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of HydrocenosesUniversity of South Bohemia in České BudějoviceVodňanyCzech Republic
| | - Viktoriia Malinovska
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of WatersSouth Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of HydrocenosesUniversity of South Bohemia in České BudějoviceVodňanyCzech Republic
| | - Antonín Kouba
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of WatersSouth Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of HydrocenosesUniversity of South Bohemia in České BudějoviceVodňanyCzech Republic
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13
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Wootton KL, Curtsdotter A, Roslin T, Bommarco R, Jonsson T. Towards a modular theory of trophic interactions. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate L. Wootton
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
- Biofrontiers Institute University of Colorado Boulder CO USA
| | - Alva Curtsdotter
- Insect Ecology Lab, Zoology The University of New England Armidale NSW Australia
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Riccardo Bommarco
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Tomas Jonsson
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
- Ecological Modelling Group University of Skövde Skövde Sweden
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14
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Lee M, Kim Y, Park J, Cho K. Prediction of changing predator–prey interactions under warming: A simulation study using two aphid–ladybird systems. Ecol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering Korea University Seoul South Korea
| | - Yongeun Kim
- Ojeong Resilience Institute, Korea University Seoul South Korea
| | - Jung‐Joon Park
- Department of Applied Biology Institute of Agricultural and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University Jinju South Korea
| | - Kijong Cho
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering Korea University Seoul South Korea
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15
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Leclerc JC, de Bettignies T, de Bettignies F, Christie H, Franco JN, Leroux C, Davoult D, Pedersen MF, Filbee-Dexter K, Wernberg T. Local flexibility in feeding behaviour and contrasting microhabitat use of an omnivore across latitudes. Oecologia 2021; 196:441-453. [PMID: 34009471 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As the environment is getting warmer and species are redistributed, consumers can be forced to adjust their interactions with available prey, and this could have cascading effects within food webs. To better understand the capacity for foraging flexibility, our study aimed to determine the diet variability of an ectotherm omnivore inhabiting kelp forests, the sea urchin Echinus esculentus, along its entire latitudinal distribution in the northeast Atlantic. Using a combination of gut content and stable isotope analyses, we determined the diet and trophic position of sea urchins at sites in Portugal (42° N), France (49° N), southern Norway (63° N), and northern Norway (70° N), and related these results to the local abundance and distribution of putative food items. With mean estimated trophic levels ranging from 2.4 to 4.6, omnivory and diet varied substantially within and between sites but not across latitudes. Diet composition generally reflected prey availability within epiphyte or understorey assemblages, with local affinities demonstrating that the sea urchin adjusts its foraging to match the small-scale distribution of food items. A net "preference" for epiphytic food sources was found in northern Norway, where understorey food was limited compared to other regions. We conclude that diet change may occur in response to food source redistribution at multiple spatial scales (microhabitats, sites, regions). Across these scales, the way that key consumers alter their foraging in response to food availability can have important implication for food web dynamics and ecosystem functions along current and future environmental gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Leclerc
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7144 AD2M, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680, Roscoff, France. .,Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Casilla 297, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Thibaut de Bettignies
- UMS Patrimoine Naturel (PATRINAT), AFB-CNRS-MNHN, CP41, 36 rue Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 75005, Paris, France.,School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, 39 Fairway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Florian de Bettignies
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7144 AD2M, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Hartvig Christie
- Marine Biology Section, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - João N Franco
- CIIMAR, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões. Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.,MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Cédric Leroux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR 2424, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Dominique Davoult
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7144 AD2M, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Morten F Pedersen
- Department for Science and Environment (DSE), Roskilde University, PO Box 260, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Karen Filbee-Dexter
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, 39 Fairway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,Benthic Communities Research Group, Institute of Marine Research, His, Norway
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, 39 Fairway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department for Science and Environment (DSE), Roskilde University, PO Box 260, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.,Benthic Communities Research Group, Institute of Marine Research, His, Norway
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16
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Sentis A, Montoya JM, Lurgi M. Warming indirectly increases invasion success in food webs. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202622. [PMID: 33726601 PMCID: PMC8059653 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate warming and biological invasions are key drivers of biodiversity change. Their combined effects on ecological communities remain largely unexplored. We investigated the direct and indirect influences of temperature on invasion success, and their synergistic effects on community structure and dynamics. Using size-structured food web models, we found that higher temperatures increased invasion success. The direct physiological effects of temperature on invasions were minimal in comparison with indirect effects mediated by changes on food web structure and stability. Warmer communities with less connectivity, shortened food chains and reduced temporal variability were more susceptible to invasions. The directionality and magnitude of invasions effects on food webs varied across temperature regimes. When invaded, warmer communities became smaller, more connected and with more predator species than their colder counterparts. They were also less stable and their species more abundant. Considering food web structure is crucial to predict invasion success and its impacts along temperature gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sentis
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France,INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, UMR RECOVER, 3275 route Cézanne, 13182 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Jose M. Montoya
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Miguel Lurgi
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France,Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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17
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Davidson AT, Hamman EA, McCoy MW, Vonesh JR. Asymmetrical effects of temperature on stage‐structured predator–prey interactions. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Davidson
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA
| | | | - Michael W. McCoy
- Department of Biology Eastern Carolina University Greenville NC USA
| | - James R. Vonesh
- Center for Environmental Studies Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA
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18
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Bideault A, Galiana N, Zelnik YR, Gravel D, Loreau M, Barbier M, Sentis A. Thermal mismatches in biological rates determine trophic control and biomass distribution under warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:257-269. [PMID: 33084162 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Temperature has numerous effects on the structure and dynamics of ecological communities. Yet, there is no general trend or consensus on the magnitude and directions of these effects. To fill this gap, we propose a mechanistic framework based on key biological rates that predicts how temperature influences biomass distribution and trophic control in food webs. We show that these predictions arise from thermal mismatches between biological rates and across trophic levels. We couple our theory with experimental data for a wide range of species and find that warming should lead to top-heavier terrestrial food chains and stronger top-down control in aquatic environments. We then derive predictions for the effects of temperature on herbivory and validate them with data on stream grazers. Our study provides a mechanistic explanation of thermal effects on consumer-resource systems which is crucial to better understand the biogeography and the consequences of global warming on trophic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azenor Bideault
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Center for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Experimental Ecology Station, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Moulis, France
| | - Núria Galiana
- Center for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Experimental Ecology Station, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Moulis, France
| | - Yuval R Zelnik
- Center for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Experimental Ecology Station, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Moulis, France
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Loreau
- Center for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Experimental Ecology Station, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Moulis, France
| | - Matthieu Barbier
- Center for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Experimental Ecology Station, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Moulis, France
| | - Arnaud Sentis
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., UMR RECOVER, Aix-en-Provence, France
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19
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He H, Li Q, Li J, Han Y, Cao Y, Liu W, Yu J, Li K, Liu Z, Jeppesen E. Turning up the heat: warming influences plankton biomass and spring phenology in subtropical waters characterized by extensive fish omnivory. Oecologia 2020; 194:251-265. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Tabi A, Pennekamp F, Altermatt F, Alther R, Fronhofer EA, Horgan K, Mächler E, Pontarp M, Petchey OL, Saavedra S. Species multidimensional effects explain idiosyncratic responses of communities to environmental change. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1036-1043. [PMID: 32572220 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Environmental change can alter species' abundances within communities consistently; for example, increasing all abundances by the same percentage, or more idiosyncratically. Here, we show how comparing effects of temperature on species grown in isolation and when grown together helps our understanding of how ecological communities more generally respond to environmental change. In particular, we find that the shape of the feasibility domain (the parameter space of carrying capacities compatible with positive species' abundances) helps to explain the composition of experimental microbial communities under changing environmental conditions. First, we introduce a measure to quantify the asymmetry of a community's feasibility domain using the column vectors of the corresponding interaction matrix. These column vectors describe the effects each species has on all other species in the community (hereafter referred to as species' multidimensional effects). We show that as the asymmetry of the feasibility domain increases the relationship between species' abundance when grown together and when grown in isolation weakens. We then show that microbial communities experiencing different temperature environments exhibit patterns consistent with this theory. Specifically, communities at warmer temperatures show relatively more asymmetry; thus, the idiosyncrasy of responses is higher compared with that in communities at cooler temperatures. These results suggest that while species' interactions are typically defined at the pairwise level, multispecies dynamics can be better understood by focusing on the effects of these interactions at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tabi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Frank Pennekamp
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Altermatt
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Alther
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel A Fronhofer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Katherine Horgan
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elvira Mächler
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mikael Pontarp
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Owen L Petchey
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Serguei Saavedra
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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21
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Sentis A, Desneux N. Editorial overview: Global change: integrating ecological and evolutionary consequences across time and space. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 35:iii-vi. [PMID: 31629476 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sentis
- National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture (IRSTEA), Centre d'Aix-en-Provence, 3275 route Cézanne, 13182 Aix-en-Provence, France.
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France.
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22
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Marx JM, Rall BC, Phillips HRP, Brose U. Opening the black box of plant nutrient uptake under warming predicts global patterns in community biomass and biological carbon storage. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jori M. Marx
- German Inst. for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle – Jena – Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, DE‐04103 Leipzig, Germany, and: Inst. of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller Univ. Jena Jena Germany
| | - Björn C. Rall
- German Inst. for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle – Jena – Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, DE‐04103 Leipzig, Germany, and: Inst. of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller Univ. Jena Jena Germany
| | - Helen R. P. Phillips
- German Inst. for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle – Jena – Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, DE‐04103 Leipzig, Germany, and: Inst. of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller Univ. Jena Jena Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Inst. for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle – Jena – Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, DE‐04103 Leipzig, Germany, and: Inst. of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller Univ. Jena Jena Germany
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23
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Betini GS, Avgar T, McCann KS, Fryxell JM. Temperature triggers a non‐linear response in resource–consumer interaction strength. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo S. Betini
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Tal Avgar
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan Utah 84322 USA
| | - Kevin S. McCann
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - John M. Fryxell
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
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24
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Nowrouzi S, Bush A, Harwood T, Staunton KM, Robson SKA, Andersen AN. Incorporating habitat suitability into community projections: Ant responses to climate change in the Australian Wet Tropics. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Nowrouzi
- Zoology and Ecology, College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
- CSIRO Land and Water Darwin Northern Territory Australia
- CSIRO Land and Water Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Alex Bush
- CSIRO Land and Water Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Environment and Climate Change Canada University of New Brunswick Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
| | - Tom Harwood
- CSIRO Land and Water Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Kyran M. Staunton
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences James Cook University Cairns Queensland Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine James Cook University Cairns Queensland Australia
| | - Simon K. A. Robson
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University Townsville Queensland Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Alan N. Andersen
- CSIRO Land and Water Darwin Northern Territory Australia
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Darwin Northern Territory Australia
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25
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Bideault A, Loreau M, Gravel D. Temperature Modifies Consumer-Resource Interaction Strength Through Its Effects on Biological Rates and Body Mass. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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26
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Amundrud SL, Clay-Smith SA, Flynn BL, Higgins KE, Reich MS, Wiens DRH, Srivastava DS. Drought alters the trophic role of an opportunistic generalist in an aquatic ecosystem. Oecologia 2019; 189:733-744. [PMID: 30697643 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Abiotic change can alter species interactions by modifying species' trophic roles, but this has not been well studied. Until now, bromeliad-dwelling tipulid larvae were thought to positively affect other macroinvertebrates via a facilitative processing chain. However, under drought, we found the opposite. We performed two microcosm experiments in which we factorially manipulated water level and predation by tipulids, and measured the effects on mosquito and chironomid larvae. The experiments differed in whether high water was contrasted with low or no water, allowing us to distinguish between the effects of desiccation stress (no water) and increased encounter rates due to compression of habitat or reductions in prey mobility (low and no water). We also included a caged tipulid treatment to measure any non-consumptive effects. As well as directly reducing prey survival, reductions in water level indirectly decreased chironomid and mosquito survival by altering the trophic role of tipulids. Our results suggest that increased encounter rates with prey led to tipulids becoming predatory under simulated drought, as tipulids consumed prey under both low and no water. When water level was high, tipulids exerted negative non-consumptive effects on prey survival. Because opportunistic predators are common throughout aquatic ecosystems, the effects of drought on the trophic roles of species may be widespread. Such restructuring of food webs should be considered when attempting to predict the ecological effects of environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Amundrud
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Sarina A Clay-Smith
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Bret L Flynn
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kathleen E Higgins
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Megan S Reich
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Derek R H Wiens
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Diane S Srivastava
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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27
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On the use of functional responses to quantify emergent multiple predator effects. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11787. [PMID: 30082837 PMCID: PMC6079024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-independent interactions among predators can have important consequences for the structure and dynamics of ecological communities by enhancing or reducing prey mortality rate through, e.g., predator facilitation or interference. The multiplicative risk model, traditionally used to detect these emergent multiple predator effects (MPEs), is biased because it assumes linear functional response (FR) and no prey depletion. To rectify these biases, two approaches based on FR modelling have recently been proposed: the direct FR approach and the population-dynamic approach. Here we compare the strengths, limitations and predictions of the three approaches using simulated data sets. We found that the predictions of the direct FR and the multiplicative risk models are very similar and underestimate predation rates when prey density is high or prey depletion is substantial. As a consequence, these two approaches often fail in detecting risk reduction. Finally, parameters estimated with the direct FR approach lack mechanistic interpretation, which limits the understanding of the mechanisms driving multiple predator interactions and potential extension of this approach to more complex food webs. We thus strongly recommend using the population-dynamic approach because it is robust, precise, and provides a scalable mechanistic framework to detect and quantify MPEs.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker H. W. Rudolf
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice Univ., BioSciences; Houston TX USA
| | - Amber Roman
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice Univ., BioSciences; Houston TX USA
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29
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Saitoh F, Choh Y. Do intraguild prey protect their eggs from intraguild predators that share their oviposition site? Anim Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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30
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Warming drives higher rates of prey consumption and increases rates of intraguild predation. Oecologia 2018; 187:585-596. [PMID: 29687229 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Warming due to climate change is expected to alter species interactions. These interactions are shaped by components of individual behavior, particularly foraging behaviors. However, few studies consider species' behavioral responses to warming to predict how species interactions will be affected by warming. We chose two complementary approaches to examine how climate warming may affect the behavior and interactions of aquatic intraguild predators. First, we measured behavioral responses to warming in six larval dragonfly species, expecting that feeding rate and activity would increase with temperature. Secondly, we conducted intraguild predation (IGP) trials with three species to understand how temperature affects IGP, and if species' behavioral responses to warming are indicative of the outcome of IGP interactions. Warming increased feeding rates by 42% on average across species but had no effect on activity rate. The magnitude of change in feeding rate was positively correlated with the maximum temperatures species experience across their ranges. Lastly, warming increased rates of IGP twofold, however, species' behavioral responses alone were not predictive of their susceptibility to become IG prey of other larvae at warmer temperatures. Our results provide evidence that IGP interactions may be greatly affected by future increases in temperature; however, activity responses to warming alone are weak predictors of the outcomes of these interactions. Future studies should consider other species' traits when forecasting the effects of climate change on species interactions.
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31
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Whitney TD, Sitvarin MI, Roualdes EA, Bonner SJ, Harwood JD. Selectivity underlies the dissociation between seasonal prey availability and prey consumption in a generalist predator. Mol Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simon J. Bonner
- Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
| | - James D. Harwood
- Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
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Conserved community structure and simultaneous divergence events in the fig wasps associated with Ficus benjamina in Australia and China. BMC Ecol 2018; 18:13. [PMID: 29615023 PMCID: PMC5883542 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-018-0167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Localised patterns of species diversity can be influenced by many factors, including regional species pools, biogeographic features and interspecific interactions. Despite recognition of these issues, we still know surprisingly little about how invertebrate biodiversity is structured across geographic scales. In particular, there have been few studies of how insect communities vary geographically while using the same plant host. We compared the composition (species, genera) and functional structure (guilds) of the chalcid wasp communities associated with the widespread fig tree, Ficus benjamina, towards the northern (Hainan province, China) and southern (Queensland, Australia) edges of its natural range. Sequence data were generated for nuclear and mtDNA markers and used to delimit species, and Bayesian divergence analyses were used to test patterns of community cohesion through evolutionary time. Results Both communities host at least 14 fig wasp species, but no species are shared across continents. Community composition is similar at the genus level, with six genera shared although some differ in species diversity between China and Australia; a further three genera occur in only China or Australia. Community functional structure remains very similar in terms of numbers of species in each ecological guild despite community composition differing a little (genera) or a lot (species), depending on taxonomic level. Bayesian clustering analyses favour a single community divergence event across continents over multiple events for different ecological guilds. Molecular dating estimates of lineage splits between nearest inter-continental species pairs are broadly consistent with a scenario of synchronous community divergence from a shared “ancestral community”. Conclusions Fig wasp community structure and genus-level composition are largely conserved in a wide geographic comparison between China and Australia. Moreover, dating analyses suggest that the functional community structure has remained stable for long periods during historic range expansions. This suggests that ecological interactions between species may play a persistent role in shaping these communities, in contrast to findings in some comparable temperate systems. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12898-018-0167-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Stoks R, Verheyen J, Van Dievel M, Tüzün N. Daily temperature variation and extreme high temperatures drive performance and biotic interactions in a warming world. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 23:35-42. [PMID: 29129280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We review the major patterns on the effects of daily temperature variation (DTV) and extreme high temperatures (EXT) on performance traits and the resulting outcome of biotic interactions in insects. EXT profoundly affects the outcome of all types of biotic interactions: competitive, predator-prey, herbivore-plant, host-pathogen/parasitoid and symbiotic interactions. Studies investigating effects of DTV on biotic interactions are few but also show strong effects on competitive and host-pathogen/parasitoid interactions. EXT typically reduces predation, and is expected to reduce parasitoid success. The effects of EXT and DTV on the outcome of the other interaction types are highly variable, yet can be predicted based on comparisons of the TPCs of the interacting species, and challenges the formulation of general predictions about the change in biotic interactions in a warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicogy, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Julie Verheyen
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicogy, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marie Van Dievel
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicogy, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nedim Tüzün
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicogy, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Lemoine NP. Predation Risk Reverses the Potential Effects of Warming on Plant-Herbivore Interactions by Altering the Relative Strengths of Trait- and Density-Mediated Interactions. Am Nat 2017; 190:337-349. [PMID: 28829642 DOI: 10.1086/692605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Climate warming will initiate numerous changes in ecological community structure and function, and such high-level impacts derive from temperature-driven changes in individual physiology. Specifically, top-down control of plant biomass is sensitive to rising temperatures, but the direction of change depends on a complex interaction between temperature, predation risk, and predator thermal preference. Here, I developed an individual-based optimal foraging model of three trophic levels (primary producers, herbivores, and predators) to examine how warming affects top-down control of primary producers via both trait- and density-mediated indirect interactions (TMII and DMII). This model also factorially crossed warm- and cold-adapted herbivores and predators to determine how local adaptation modifies the effects of warming on food web interactions. Regardless of predator thermal preference, warming increased herbivore foraging effort and by extension predation rates. As a result, TMII declined in importance at high temperatures regardless of predator thermal adaptation. Finally, predation risk reduced herbivore fitness via both indirect (i.e., reduced herbivore size) and direct (i.e., reduced herbivore survival) pathways. These results suggest that, contrary to previous predictions, warming might stimulate primary productivity by reducing herbivore population sizes, releasing plants from immediate top-down control.
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35
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Sentis A, Gémard C, Jaugeon B, Boukal DS. Predator diversity and environmental change modify the strengths of trophic and nontrophic interactions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:2629-2640. [PMID: 27862723 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dependence of species interaction strengths on environmental factors and species diversity is crucial to predict community dynamics and persistence in a rapidly changing world. Nontrophic (e.g. predator interference) and trophic components together determine species interaction strengths, but the effects of environmental factors on these two components remain largely unknown. This impedes our ability to fully understand the links between environmental drivers and species interactions. Here, we used a dynamical modelling framework based on measured predator functional responses to investigate the effects of predator diversity, prey density, and temperature on trophic and nontrophic interaction strengths within a freshwater food web. We found that (i) species interaction strengths cannot be predicted from trophic interactions alone, (ii) nontrophic interaction strengths vary strongly among predator assemblages, (iii) temperature has opposite effects on trophic and nontrophic interaction strengths, and (iv) trophic interaction strengths decrease with prey density, whereas the dependence of nontrophic interaction strengths on prey density is concave up. Interestingly, the qualitative impacts of temperature and prey density on the strengths of trophic and nontrophic interactions were independent of predator identity, suggesting a general pattern. Our results indicate that taking multiple environmental factors and the nonlinearity of density-dependent species interactions into account is an important step towards a better understanding of the effects of environmental variations on complex ecological communities. The functional response approach used in this study opens new avenues for (i) the quantification of the relative importance of the trophic and nontrophic components in species interactions and (ii) a better understanding how environmental factors affect these interactions and the dynamics of ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sentis
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Aquatic Insects and Relict Ecosystems, Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5174 'Evolution et Diversité Biologique', Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, École Nationale de Formation Agronomique, BP 22687, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Charlène Gémard
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Baptiste Jaugeon
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - David S Boukal
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Aquatic Insects and Relict Ecosystems, Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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36
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Sentis A, Binzer A, Boukal DS. Temperature-size responses alter food chain persistence across environmental gradients. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:852-862. [PMID: 28544190 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Body-size reduction is a ubiquitous response to global warming alongside changes in species phenology and distributions. However, ecological consequences of temperature-size (TS) responses for community persistence under environmental change remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the interactive effects of warming, enrichment, community size structure and TS responses on a three-species food chain using a temperature-dependent model with empirical parameterisation. We found that TS responses often increase community persistence, mainly by modifying consumer-resource size ratios and thereby altering interaction strengths and energetic efficiencies. However, the sign and magnitude of these effects vary with warming and enrichment levels, TS responses of constituent species, and community size structure. We predict that the consequences of TS responses are stronger in aquatic than in terrestrial ecosystems, especially when species show different TS responses. We conclude that considering the links between phenotypic plasticity, environmental drivers and species interactions is crucial to better predict global change impacts on ecosystem diversity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sentis
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Biology Centre AS CR, vvi, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Unité Mixte de Recherche 5174 "Evolution et Diversité Biologique", Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Toulouse III - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Amrei Binzer
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August Thienemann Str. 2, 24306, Plön, Germany.,Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - David S Boukal
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Biology Centre AS CR, vvi, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Bonaviri C, Graham M, Gianguzza P, Shears NT. Warmer temperatures reduce the influence of an important keystone predator. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:490-500. [PMID: 28075025 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions may be strongly influenced by temperature variations in marine ecosystems. Consequently, climate change may alter the importance of predators with repercussions for ecosystem functioning and structure. In North-eastern Pacific kelp forests, the starfish Pycnopodia helianthoides is known to be an important predator of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Here we investigated the influence of water temperature on this predator-prey interaction by: (i) assessing the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of both species across a temperature gradient in the northern Channel Islands, California, and (ii) investigating how the feeding rate of P. helianthoides on S. purpuratus is affected by temperature in laboratory tests. On average, at sites where mean annual temperatures were <14 °C, P. helianthoides were common, S. purpuratus was rare and kelp was persistent, whereas where mean annual temperatures exceeded 14 °C, P. helianthoides and kelp were rare and S. purpuratus abundant. Temperature was found to be the primary environmental factor influencing P. helianthoides abundance, and in turn P. helianthoides was the primary determinant of S. purpuratus abundance. In the laboratory, temperatures >16 °C (equivalent to summer temperatures at sites where P. helianthoides were rare) reduced predation rates regardless of predator and prey sizes, although larger sea urchins were consumed only by large starfishes. These results clearly demonstrate that the effect of P. helianthoides on S. purpuratus is strongly mediated by temperature, and that the local abundance and predation rate of P. helianthoides on sea urchins will likely decrease with future warming. A reduction in top-down control on sea urchins, combined with other expected impacts of climate change on kelp, poses significant risks for the persistence of kelp forests in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bonaviri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 22, 90123, Palermo, Italy
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, B272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
| | - Michael Graham
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, B272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
| | - Paola Gianguzza
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 22, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nick T Shears
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Zander A, Bersier LF, Gray SM. Effects of temperature variability on community structure in a natural microbial food web. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:56-67. [PMID: 27234703 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Climate change research has demonstrated that changing temperatures will have an effect on community-level dynamics by altering species survival rates, shifting species distributions, and ultimately, creating mismatches in community interactions. However, most of this work has focused on increasing temperature, and still little is known about how the variation in temperature extremes will affect community dynamics. We used the model aquatic community held within the leaves of the carnivorous plant, Sarracenia purpurea, to test how food web dynamics will be affected by high temperature variation. We tested the community response of the first (bacterial density), second (protist diversity and composition), and third trophic level (predator mortality), and measured community respiration. We collected early and late successional stage inquiline communities from S. purpurea from two North American and two European sites with similar average July temperature. We then created a common garden experiment in which replicates of these communities underwent either high or normal daily temperature variation, with the average temperature equal among treatments. We found an impact of temperature variation on the first two, but not on the third trophic level. For bacteria in the high-variation treatment, density experienced an initial boost in growth but then decreased quickly through time. For protists in the high-variation treatment, alpha-diversity decreased faster than in the normal-variation treatment, beta-diversity increased only in the European sites, and protist community composition tended to diverge more in the late successional stage. The mortality of the predatory mosquito larvae was unaffected by temperature variation. Community respiration was lower in the high-variation treatment, indicating a lower ecosystem functioning. Our results highlight clear impacts of temperature variation. A more mechanistic understanding of the effects that temperature, and especially temperature variation, will have on community dynamics is still greatly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Zander
- Department of Biology - Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Louis-Félix Bersier
- Department of Biology - Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Sarah M Gray
- Department of Biology - Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
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39
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Mansfield S, Hagler JR. Wanted dead or alive: Scavenging versus predation by three insect predators. FOOD WEBS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Gruner DS, Bracken MES, Berger SA, Eriksson BK, Gamfeldt L, Matthiessen B, Moorthi S, Sommer U, Hillebrand H. Effects of experimental warming on biodiversity depend on ecosystem type and local species composition. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Gruner
- Dept of Entomology; Univ. of Maryland; College Park MD 20742-4454 USA
| | | | - Stella A. Berger
- Leibniz-Inst. of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB); Dept of Experimental Limnology; Stechlin Germany
| | - Britas Klemens Eriksson
- Marine Benthic Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies; Univ. of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Lars Gamfeldt
- Dept of Marine Sciences; Univ. of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - Stefanie Moorthi
- Inst. for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM); Carl-von-Ossietzky Univ. Oldenburg; Wilhelmshaven Germany
| | - Ulrich Sommer
- Helmoltz Centre for Ocean Research (GEOMAR); Kiel Germany
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- Inst. for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM); Carl-von-Ossietzky Univ. Oldenburg; Wilhelmshaven Germany
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41
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Abstract
The classical, ecological, paradox of enrichment describes a phenomenon that resource enrichment destabilizes predator-prey systems by exacerbating population oscillations. Here we suggest a new, evolutionary, paradox of enrichment. Resource enrichment can lead to more asymmetrical predator-prey coevolution (i.e., extremely high levels of prey defenses against predators) that decreases predator abundances and increases predator extinction risk. A major reason for this is that high resource availability can reduce fitness costs associated with prey defenses. In our experiments with a bacterium and its lytic phage, nutrient-balanced resource enrichment led to patterns in population demography and coevolutionary dynamics consistent with this coevolution-based paradox of enrichment; in particular, phage population extinction events were observed under nutrient-rich, not nutrient-poor, conditions. Consistent with ecological studies, carbon-biased resource enrichment (with carbon availability disproportionately increased relative to other nutrients) did not destabilize dynamics, and the asymmetry of coevolution was not altered in this context. Our work highlights the importance of integrating ecological and evolutionary thinking for studies of the consequences of nutrient pollution and other types of environmental changes.
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42
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Roth T, Bühler C, Amrhein V. Estimating Effects of Species Interactions on Populations of Endangered Species. Am Nat 2016; 187:457-67. [PMID: 27028074 DOI: 10.1086/685095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Global change causes community composition to change considerably through time, with ever-new combinations of interacting species. To study the consequences of newly established species interactions, one available source of data could be observational surveys from biodiversity monitoring. However, approaches using observational data would need to account for niche differences between species and for imperfect detection of individuals. To estimate population sizes of interacting species, we extended N-mixture models that were developed to estimate true population sizes in single species. Simulations revealed that our model is able to disentangle direct effects of dominant on subordinate species from indirect effects of dominant species on detection probability of subordinate species. For illustration, we applied our model to data from a Swiss amphibian monitoring program and showed that sizes of expanding water frog populations were negatively related to population sizes of endangered yellow-bellied toads and common midwife toads and partly of natterjack toads. Unlike other studies that analyzed presence and absence of species, our model suggests that the spread of water frogs in Central Europe is one of the reasons for the decline of endangered toad species. Thus, studying population impacts of dominant species on population sizes of endangered species using data from biodiversity monitoring programs should help to inform conservation policy and to decide whether competing species should be subject to population management.
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43
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Binzer A, Guill C, Rall BC, Brose U. Interactive effects of warming, eutrophication and size structure: impacts on biodiversity and food-web structure. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:220-227. [PMID: 26365694 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Warming and eutrophication are two of the most important global change stressors for natural ecosystems, but their interaction is poorly understood. We used a dynamic model of complex, size-structured food webs to assess interactive effects on diversity and network structure. We found antagonistic impacts: Warming increases diversity in eutrophic systems and decreases it in oligotrophic systems. These effects interact with the community size structure: Communities of similarly sized species such as parasitoid-host systems are stabilized by warming and destabilized by eutrophication, whereas the diversity of size-structured predator-prey networks decreases strongly with warming, but decreases only weakly with eutrophication. Nonrandom extinction risks for generalists and specialists lead to higher connectance in networks without size structure and lower connectance in size-structured communities. Overall, our results unravel interactive impacts of warming and eutrophication and suggest that size structure may serve as an important proxy for predicting the community sensitivity to these global change stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrei Binzer
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Guill
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Björn C Rall
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Sentis A, Ramon-Portugal F, Brodeur J, Hemptinne JL. The smell of change: warming affects species interactions mediated by chemical information. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:3586-94. [PMID: 25820469 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of how temperature influences an organism's physiology and behaviour is of paramount importance for understanding and predicting the impacts of climate change on species' interactions. While the behaviour of many organisms is driven by chemical information on which they rely on to detect resources, conspecifics, natural enemies and competitors, the effects of temperature on infochemical-mediated interactions remain largely unexplored. Here, we experimentally show that temperature strongly influences the emission of infochemicals by ladybeetle larvae, which, in turn, modifies the oviposition behaviour of conspecific females. Temperature also directly affects female perception of infochemicals and their oviposition behaviour. Our results suggest that temperature-mediated effects on chemical communication can influence flows across system boundaries (e.g. immigration and emigration) and thus alter the dynamics and stability of ecological networks. We therefore argue that investigating the effects of temperature on chemical communication is a crucial step towards a better understanding of the functioning of ecological communities facing rapid environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sentis
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2, Canada
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5174 'Evolution et Diversité Biologique', Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse - École Nationale de Formation Agronomique, BP 22687, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, Laboratory of Aquatic Insects and Relict Ecosystems, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Felipe Ramon-Portugal
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5174 'Evolution et Diversité Biologique', Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse - École Nationale de Formation Agronomique, BP 22687, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Jean-Louis Hemptinne
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5174 'Evolution et Diversité Biologique', Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse - École Nationale de Formation Agronomique, BP 22687, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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45
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Harvey E, MacDougall AS. Spatially Heterogeneous Perturbations Homogenize the Regulation of Insect Herbivores. Am Nat 2015; 186:623-33. [PMID: 26655775 DOI: 10.1086/683199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic influences on resources and consumers can affect food web regulation, with impacts on trophic structure and ecosystem processes. Identifying how these impacts unfold is challenging because alterations to one or both resources and consumers can similarly transform community structure, especially for intermediate consumers. To date, empirical testing of perturbations on trophic regulation has been limited by the difficulty in separating the direct effect of perturbations on species composition and diversity from those unfolding indirectly via altered feeding pathways. Moreover, disentangling the independent and interactive impacts of covarying stressors that characterize human-altered systems has been an ongoing analytical challenge. We used a large-scale metacommunity experiment in grasslands to test how resource inputs, stand perturbation, and spatial factors affect regulation of insect herbivores in tritrophic grassland food webs. Using path-model comparisons, we observed significant simplification of food web regulation on insect herbivores, shifting from mixed predator-resource regulation in unaltered mainland areas to strictly resource-based regulation with landscape perturbation and fragmentation. Most changes were attributed to homogenization of plant community caused by landscape fragmentation and the deterministic influence of eutrophication that reduced among-patch beta diversity. This led to a simplified food web dominated by fewer but more abundant herbivore taxa. Our work implies that anthropogenic perturbation relating to resources and spatial isolation can transform the regulation of food web diversity, structure, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Harvey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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46
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Sentis A, Morisson J, Boukal DS. Thermal acclimation modulates the impacts of temperature and enrichment on trophic interaction strengths and population dynamics. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:3290-8. [PMID: 25808556 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Global change affects individual phenotypes and biotic interactions, which can have cascading effects up to the ecosystem level. However, the role of environmentally induced phenotypic plasticity in species interactions is poorly understood, leaving a substantial gap in our knowledge of the impacts of global change on ecosystems. Using a cladoceran-dragonfly system, we experimentally investigated the effects of thermal acclimation, acute temperature change and enrichment on predator functional response and metabolic rate. Using our experimental data, we next parameterized a population dynamics model to determine the consequences of these effects on trophic interaction strength and food-chain stability. We found that (1) predation and metabolic rates of the dragonfly larvae increase with acute warming, (2) warm-acclimated larvae have a higher maximum predation rate than cold-acclimated ones, and (3) long-term interaction strength increases with enrichment but decreases with both acclimation and acute temperatures. Overall, our experimental results show that thermal acclimation can buffer negative impacts of environmental change on predators and increase food-web stability and persistence. We conclude that the effect of acclimation and, more generally, phenotypic plasticity on trophic interactions should not be overlooked if we aim to understand the effects of climate change and enrichment on species interaction strength and food-web stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sentis
- Faculty of Science, Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Aquatic Insects and Relict Ecosystems, Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Julie Morisson
- Faculty of Science, Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - David S Boukal
- Faculty of Science, Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Aquatic Insects and Relict Ecosystems, Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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47
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A primer on the history of food web ecology: Fundamental contributions of fourteen researchers. FOOD WEBS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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48
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Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Blüthgen N. Integrating network ecology with applied conservation: a synthesis and guide to implementation. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv076. [PMID: 26162897 PMCID: PMC4564002 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ecological networks are a useful tool to study the complexity of biotic interactions at a community level. Advances in the understanding of network patterns encourage the application of a network approach in other disciplines than theoretical ecology, such as biodiversity conservation. So far, however, practical applications have been meagre. Here we present a framework for network analysis to be harnessed to advance conservation management by using plant-pollinator networks and islands as model systems. Conservation practitioners require indicators to monitor and assess management effectiveness and validate overall conservation goals. By distinguishing between two network attributes, the 'diversity' and 'distribution' of interactions, on three hierarchical levels (species, guild/group and network) we identify seven quantitative metrics to describe changes in network patterns that have implications for conservation. Diversity metrics are partner diversity, vulnerability/generality, interaction diversity and interaction evenness, and distribution metrics are the specialization indices d' and [Formula: see text] and modularity. Distribution metrics account for sampling bias and may therefore be suitable indicators to detect human-induced changes to plant-pollinator communities, thus indirectly assessing the structural and functional robustness and integrity of ecosystems. We propose an implementation pathway that outlines the stages that are required to successfully embed a network approach in biodiversity conservation. Most importantly, only if conservation action and study design are aligned by practitioners and ecologists through joint experiments, are the findings of a conservation network approach equally beneficial for advancing adaptive management and ecological network theory. We list potential obstacles to the framework, highlight the shortfall in empirical, mostly experimental, network data and discuss possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nico Blüthgen
- Ecological Networks, Department of Biology, TU Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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49
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Moiroux J, Boivin G, Brodeur J. Temperature influences host instar selection in an aphid parasitoid: support for the relative fitness rule. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joffrey Moiroux
- Département de Sciences Biologiques; Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale; Université de Montréal; 4101 rue Sherbrooke Est Montréal QC H1X 2B2 Canada
- Centre de Recherche et de Développement en Horticulture; Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada; 430 boul. Gouin Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu QC J3B 3E6 Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche et de Développement en Horticulture; Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada; 430 boul. Gouin Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu QC J3B 3E6 Canada
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Département de Sciences Biologiques; Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale; Université de Montréal; 4101 rue Sherbrooke Est Montréal QC H1X 2B2 Canada
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50
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Nonadditive impacts of temperature and basal resource availability on predator-prey interactions and phenotypes. Oecologia 2015; 178:1215-25. [PMID: 25820751 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Predicting the impacts of climate change on communities requires understanding how temperature affects predator-prey interactions under different biotic conditions. In cases of size-specific predation, environmental influences on the growth rate of one or both species can determine predation rates. For example, warming increases top-down control of food webs, although this depends on resource availability for prey, as increased resources may allow prey to reach a size refuge. Moreover, because the magnitude of inducible defenses depends on predation rates and resource availability for prey, temperature and resource levels also affect phenotypic plasticity. To examine these issues, we manipulated the presence/absence of predatory Hynobius retardatus salamander larvae and herbivorous Rana pirica tadpoles at two temperatures and three basal resource levels. and measured their morphology, behavior, growth and survival. Prior work has shown that both species express antagonistic plasticity against one another in which salamanders enlarge their gape width and tadpoles increase their body width to reach a size-refuge. We found that increased temperatures increased predation rates, although this was counteracted by high basal resource availability, which further decreased salamander growth. Surprisingly, salamanders caused tadpoles to grow larger and express more extreme defensive phenotypes as resource levels decreased under warming, most likely due to their increased risk of predation. Thus, temperature and resources influenced defensive phenotype expression and its impacts on predator and prey growth by affecting their interaction strength. Our results indicate that basal resource levels can modify the impacts of increased temperatures on predator-prey interactions and its consequences for food webs.
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