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Mishra A, Kim HS, Kumar R, Srivastava V. Advances in Vibrio-related infection management: an integrated technology approach for aquaculture and human health. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-28. [PMID: 38705837 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2336526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Vibrio species pose significant threats worldwide, causing mortalities in aquaculture and infections in humans. Global warming and the emergence of worldwide strains of Vibrio diseases are increasing day by day. Control of Vibrio species requires effective monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment strategies at the global scale. Despite current efforts based on chemical, biological, and mechanical means, Vibrio control management faces limitations due to complicated implementation processes. This review explores the intricacies and challenges of Vibrio-related diseases, including accurate and cost-effective diagnosis and effective control. The global burden due to emerging Vibrio species further complicates management strategies. We propose an innovative integrated technology model that harnesses cutting-edge technologies to address these obstacles. The proposed model incorporates advanced tools, such as biosensing technologies, the Internet of Things (IoT), remote sensing devices, cloud computing, and machine learning. This model offers invaluable insights and supports better decision-making by integrating real-time ecological data and biological phenotype signatures. A major advantage of our approach lies in leveraging cloud-based analytics programs, efficiently extracting meaningful information from vast and complex datasets. Collaborating with data and clinical professionals ensures logical and customized solutions tailored to each unique situation. Aquaculture biotechnology that prioritizes sustainability may have a large impact on human health and the seafood industry. Our review underscores the importance of adopting this model, revolutionizing the prognosis and management of Vibrio-related infections, even under complex circumstances. Furthermore, this model has promising implications for aquaculture and public health, addressing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and their development agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Rajender Kumar
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
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Solarte-Murillo L, Reyes H, Ojeda L, Cárcamo JG, Pontigo JP, Loncoman CA. Analyses and Insights into Genetic Reassortment and Natural Selection as Key Drivers of Piscine orthoreovirus Evolution. Viruses 2024; 16:556. [PMID: 38675898 PMCID: PMC11053957 DOI: 10.3390/v16040556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a pathogen that causes heart and skeletal muscle inflammation in Salmo salar and has also been linked to circulatory disorders in other farmed salmonids, such as Oncorhynchus kisutch and Oncorhynchus mykiss. The virus has a segmented, double-stranded RNA genome, which makes it possible to undergo genetic reassortment and increase its genomic diversity through point mutations. In this study, genetic reassortment in PRV was assessed using the full genome sequences available in public databases. This study used full genome sequences that were concatenated and genome-wide reassortment events, and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the recombination/reassortment detection program version 5 (RDP5 V 5.5) software. Additionally, each segment was aligned codon by codon, and overall mean distance and selection was tested using the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis X software, version 10.2 (MEGA X version 10.2). The results showed that there were 17 significant reassortment events in 12 reassortant sequences, involving genome exchange between low and highly virulent genotypes. PRV sequences from different salmonid host species did not appear to limit the reassortment. This study found that PRV frequently undergoes reassortment events to increase the diversity of its segmented genome, leading to antigenic variation and increased virulence. This study also noted that to date, no reassortment events have been described between PRV-1 and PRV-3 genotypes. However, the number of complete genomic sequences within each genotype is uneven. This is important because PRV-3 induces cross-protection against PRV-1, making it a potential vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Solarte-Murillo
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Humberto Reyes
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile;
| | - Loreto Ojeda
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Virología y Biotecnología, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, INCAR, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Juan G. Cárcamo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Virología y Biotecnología, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, INCAR, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Pontigo
- Laboratorio Institucional, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt 5400000, Chile;
| | - Carlos A. Loncoman
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
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Knupp C, Soto E, Call DR, Loch TP. Persistence of heterologous Flavobacterium psychrophilum genetic variants in microcosms simulating fish farm and hatchery environments. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16581. [PMID: 38195078 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease, causes substantial economic losses in salmonid farms and hatcheries. Some multilocus sequence types (ST) of F. psychrophilum are more likely to be associated with fish farms and hatcheries, but it is unclear if these patterns of association represent genetic lineages that are more adapted to aquaculture environments. Towards elucidating the disease ecology of F. psychrophilum, the culturability of 10 distinct F. psychrophilum STs was evaluated for 13 weeks in three microcosms including sterilized well water, sterilized well water with commercial trout feed, or sterilized well water with raceway detritus. All STs remained culturable in each of the microcosms for at least 8 weeks, with bacterial concentrations often highest in the presence of raceway detritus. In addition, most (e.g., 90%) STs remained culturable for at least 13-weeks. Significant differences in log10 cfus were observed among STs, both within and between microcosms, suggesting potential variability in environmental persistence capacity among specific variants. Collectively, results highlight the ability of F. psychrophilum to not only persist for weeks under nutrient-limited conditions but also thrive in the presence of organic substrates common in fish farms and hatchery-rearing units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Knupp
- Michigan State University - Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Douglas R Call
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas P Loch
- Michigan State University - Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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He B, Sridhar A, Streiff C, Deketelaere C, Zhang H, Gao Y, Hu Y, Pirotte S, Delrez N, Davison AJ, Donohoe O, Vanderplasschen AFC. In Vivo Imaging Sheds Light on the Susceptibility and Permissivity of Carassius auratus to Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 According to Developmental Stage. Viruses 2023; 15:1746. [PMID: 37632088 PMCID: PMC10459324 DOI: 10.3390/v15081746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is a virus that causes mass mortality in economically important Carassius spp. However, there have been no comprehensive studies into host susceptibility or permissivity with respect to developmental stage, and the major portal of viral entry into the host is still unclear. To help bridge these knowledge gaps, we developed the first ever recombinant strain of CyHV-2 expressing bioluminescent and fluorescent reporter genes. Infection of Carassius auratus hosts with this recombinant by immersion facilitated the exploitation of various in vivo imaging techniques to establish the spatiotemporal aspects of CyHV-2 replication at larval, juvenile, and adult developmental stages. While less susceptible than later developmental stages, larvae were most permissive to CyHV-2 replication, leading to rapid systemic infection and high mortality. Permissivity to CyHV-2 decreased with advancing development, with adults being the least permissive and, thus, also exhibiting the least mortality. Across all developmental stages, the skin was the most susceptible and permissive organ to infection at the earliest sampling points post-infection, indicating that it represents the major portal of entry into these hosts. Collectively these findings provide important fundamental insights into CyHV-2 pathogenesis and epidemiology in Carassius auratus with high relevance to other related economically important virus-host models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo He
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Arun Sridhar
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Cindy Streiff
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Caroline Deketelaere
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Yuan Gao
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Yunlong Hu
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Sebastien Pirotte
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Natacha Delrez
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Owen Donohoe
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
- Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone N37 HD68, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Alain F. C. Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
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Oyanedel D, Rojas R, Brokordt K, Schmitt P. Crassostrea gigas oysters from a non-intensive farming area naturally harbor potentially pathogenic vibrio strains. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 196:107856. [PMID: 36414122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Farming intensification and climate change are inevitably linked to pathogen emergence in aquaculture. In this context, infectious diseases associated with vibrios span all developmental stages of the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas. Moreover, virulence factors associated with pathogenicity spread among the vibrio community through horizontal gene transfer as part of the natural eco-evolutive dynamic of this group. Therefore, risk factors associated with the emergence of pathogens should be assessed before the appearance of mass mortalities in developing rearing areas. In this context, we characterized the vibrios community associated with oysters cultured in a non-intensive area free of massive mortalities located at Tongoy bay, Chile, through a culture-dependent approach. We taxonomically affiliated our isolates at the species level through the partial sequencing of the heat shock protein 60 gene and estimated their virulence potential through experimental infection of juvenile C. gigas. The vibrio community belonged almost entirely to the Splendidus clade, with Vibrio lentus being the most abundant species. The virulence potential of selected isolates was highly contrasted with oyster survival ranging between 100 and 30 %. Moreover, different vibrio species affected oyster survival at different rates, for instance V. splendidus TO2_12 produced most mortalities just 24 h after injection, while the V. lentus the most virulent strain TO6_11 produced sustained mortalities reaching 30 % of survival at day 4 after injection. Production of enzymes associated with pathogenicity was detected and hemolytic activity was positive for 50 % of the virulent strains and negative for 90 % of non-virulent strains, representing the phenotype that better relates to the virulence status of strains. Overall, results highlight that virulence is a trait present in the absence of disease expression, and therefore the monitoring of potentially pathogenic groups such as vibrios is essential to anticipate and manage oyster disease emergence in both established and under-development rearing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Oyanedel
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patobiología Acuática, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile; Centro de Innovación Acuícola (AquaPacífico), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
| | - Katherina Brokordt
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile; Centro de Estudios avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo 1780000, Chile; Centro de Innovación Acuícola (AquaPacífico), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
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What Can Genetics Do for the Control of Infectious Diseases in Aquaculture? Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172176. [PMID: 36077896 PMCID: PMC9454762 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Infectious diseases place an economic burden on aquaculture and a limitation to its growth. This state-of-the-art review describes the application of genetics and genomics as novel tools to control infectious disease in aquaculture. Abstract Infectious diseases place an economic burden on aquaculture and a limitation to its growth. An innovative approach to mitigate their impact on production is breeding for disease resistance: selection for domestication, family-based selection, marker-assisted selection, and more recently, genomic selection. Advances in genetics and genomics approaches to the control of infectious diseases are key to increasing aquaculture efficiency, profitability, and sustainability and to reducing its environmental footprint. Interaction and co-evolution between a host and pathogen can, however, turn breeding to boost infectious disease resistance into a potential driver of pathogenic change. Parallel molecular characterization of the pathogen and its virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes is therefore essential to understand pathogen evolution over time in response to host immunity, and to apply appropriate mitigation strategies.
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Kazlauskaite R, Cheaib B, Humble J, Heys C, Ijaz UZ, Connelly S, Sloan WT, Russell J, Martinez-Rubio L, Sweetman J, Kitts A, McGinnity P, Lyons P, Llewellyn MS. Deploying an In Vitro Gut Model to Assay the Impact of the Mannan-Oligosaccharide Prebiotic Bio-Mos on the Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Gut Microbiome. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0195321. [PMID: 35532227 PMCID: PMC9241627 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01953-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha mannose-oligosaccharide (MOS) prebiotics are widely deployed in animal agriculture as immunomodulators as well as to enhance growth and gut health. Their mode of action is thought to be mediated through their impact on host microbial communities and their associated metabolism. Bio-Mos is a commercially available prebiotic currently used in the agri-feed industry, but studies show contrasting results of its effect on fish performance and feed efficiency. Thus, detailed studies are needed to investigate the effect of MOS supplements on the fish microbiome to enhance our understanding of the link between MOS and gut health. To assess Bio-Mos for potential use as a prebiotic growth promoter in salmonid aquaculture, we have modified an established Atlantic salmon in vitro gut model, SalmoSim, to evaluate its impact on the host microbial communities. The microbial communities obtained from ceca compartments from four adult farmed salmon were inoculated in biological triplicate reactors in SalmoSim. Prebiotic treatment was supplemented for 20 days, followed by a 6-day washout period. Inclusion of Bio-Mos in the media resulted in a significant increase in formate (P = 0.001), propionate (P = 0.037) and 3-methyl butanoic acid (P = 0.024) levels, correlated with increased abundances of several, principally, anaerobic microbial genera (Fusobacterium, Agarivorans, Pseudoalteromonas). DNA metabarcoding with the 16S rDNA marker confirmed a significant shift in microbial community composition in response to Bio-Mos supplementation with observed increase in lactic acid producing Carnobacterium. In conjunction with previous in vivo studies linking enhanced volatile fatty acid production alongside MOS supplementation to host growth and performance, our data suggest that Bio-Mos may be of value in salmonid production. Furthermore, our data highlights the potential role of in vitro gut models to complementin vivo trials of microbiome modulators. IMPORTANCE In this paper we report the results of the impact of a prebiotic (alpha-MOS supplementation) on microbial communities, using an in vitro simulator of the gut microbial environment of the Atlantic salmon. Our data suggest that Bio-Mos may be of value in salmonid production as it enhances volatile fatty acid production by the microbiota from salmon pyloric ceca and correlates with a significant shift in microbial community composition with observed increase in lactic acid producing Carnobacterium. In conjunction with previous in vivo studies linking enhanced volatile fatty acid production alongside MOS supplementation to host growth and performance, our data suggest that Bio-Mos may be of value in salmonid production. Furthermore, our data highlights the potential role of in vitro gut models to augment in vivo trials of microbiome modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raminta Kazlauskaite
- Institute of Behaviour, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Bachar Cheaib
- Institute of Behaviour, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Joseph Humble
- Institute of Behaviour, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Chloe Heys
- Institute of Behaviour, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | | | | | - Julie Russell
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | | | - Alex Kitts
- Institute of Behaviour, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Philip McGinnity
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Marine Institute, Foras na Mara, Newport, Ireland
| | | | - Martin S. Llewellyn
- Institute of Behaviour, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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Ishaq SL, Turner SM, Tudor MS, MacRae JD, Hamlin H, Kilchenmann J, Lee G, Bouchard D. Many Questions Remain Unanswered About the Role of Microbial Transmission in Epizootic Shell Disease in American Lobsters (Homarus americanus). Front Microbiol 2022; 13:824950. [PMID: 35602067 PMCID: PMC9121004 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.824950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research on lobster species’ biology, ecology, and microbiology, there are still unresolved questions about the microbial communities which associate in or on lobsters under healthy or diseased states, microbial acquisition, as well as microbial transmission between lobsters and between lobsters and their environment. There is an untapped opportunity for metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metabolomics to be added to the existing wealth of knowledge to more precisely track disease transmission, etiology, and host-microbe dynamics. Moreover, we need to gain this knowledge of wild lobster microbiomes before climate change alters environmental and host-microbial communities more than it likely already has, throwing a socioeconomically critical industry into disarray. As with so many animal species, the effects of climate change often manifest as changes in movement, and in this perspective piece, we consider the movement of the American lobster (Homarus americanus), Atlantic Ocean currents, and the microorganisms associated with either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L. Ishaq
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Orono, ME, United States
- *Correspondence: Suzanne L. Ishaq,
| | - Sarah M. Turner
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Orono, ME, United States
- Cooperative Extension, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - M. Scarlett Tudor
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Orono, ME, United States
- Cooperative Extension, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Jean D. MacRae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Heather Hamlin
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Orono, ME, United States
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Joelle Kilchenmann
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Grace Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, United States
| | - Deborah Bouchard
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Orono, ME, United States
- Cooperative Extension, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
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Panicz R, Całka B, Cubillo A, Ferreira JG, Guilder J, Kay S, Kennerley A, Lopes A, Lencart E Silva J, Taylor N, Eljasik P, Sadowski J, Hofsoe-Oppermann P, Keszka S. Impact of climate driven temperature increase on inland aquaculture: application to land-based production of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2341-e2350. [PMID: 35488872 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Climate change will expose the food producing sector to a range of challenges. Inland aquaculture farms are particularly vulnerable, due to the difficulty in changing their location, and therefore require specific tools to predict the influence of direct and indirect effects on production, environment, and economic feasibility. The objective of our study was to apply a simple set of models to produce a set of growth, risk and suitability maps for stakeholders within the common carp sector in Poland, to assist decision making under two different scenarios of climate change: a moderate situation (RCP 4.5) and an extreme situation (RCP 8.5). We used present (2000-2019) and future projections (2080-2099) for water surface temperature based on land surface temperature data from regionally downscaled climate models to draw maps to: i) show optimal temperature conditions for carp growth, ii) assess risk of disease outbreak caused by three important common carp pathogens: Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), carp edema virus (CEV) and spring viremia of carp (SVCV), and iii) predict potential suitability changes of carp farming in Poland. The study identified areas with the most and least favourable temperature conditions for carp growth, as well as those areas with the highest/lowest number of days with suitable temperatures for virus infection. These suitability maps showed the combined effect of direct and indirect effects of climate change projections under RCP 8.5 and RCP 4.5 scenarios. The approach applied herein will be of use worldwide for analysing the risks of temperature increase to land-based aquaculture, and the results presented are important for carp farmers in Poland and elsewhere, industry in general, and government stakeholders, to understand the direct and indirect effects of climate change on the triple bottom line of people, planet, and profit. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remigiusz Panicz
- Department of Meat Science, Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, 71-550 Szczecin, 4 Kazimierza Królewicza Street, Poland
| | - Beata Całka
- Institute of Geospatial Engineering and Geodesy, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, 46 2 gen. W. Urbanowicza Street, Poland
| | - Alhambra Cubillo
- Longline Environment Ltd, 63 St Mary Axe, London, EC3A 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - João G Ferreira
- Longline Environment Ltd, 63 St Mary Axe, London, EC3A 8AA, United Kingdom.,DCEA, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - James Guilder
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Susan Kay
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Adam Kennerley
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - André Lopes
- Longline Environment Ltd, 63 St Mary Axe, London, EC3A 8AA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nick Taylor
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Piotr Eljasik
- Department of Meat Science, Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, 71-550 Szczecin, 4 Kazimierza Królewicza Street, Poland
| | - Jacek Sadowski
- Department of Aquatic Bioengineering and Aquaculture, Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 71-550 Szczecin, 4 Kazimierza Królewicza Street, Poland
| | - Paulina Hofsoe-Oppermann
- Department of Aquatic Bioengineering and Aquaculture, Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 71-550 Szczecin, 4 Kazimierza Królewicza Street, Poland
| | - Sławomir Keszka
- Department of Aquatic Bioengineering and Aquaculture, Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 71-550 Szczecin, 4 Kazimierza Królewicza Street, Poland
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10
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Comparative Reverse Vaccinology of Piscirickettsia salmonis, Aeromonas salmonicida, Yersinia ruckeri, Vibrio anguillarum and Moritella viscosa, Frequent Pathogens of Atlantic Salmon and Lumpfish Aquaculture. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030473. [PMID: 35335104 PMCID: PMC8954842 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine finfish aquaculture is affected by diverse infectious diseases, and they commonly occur as co-infection. Some of the most frequent and prevalent Gram-negative bacterial pathogens of the finfish aquaculture include Piscirickettsia salmonis, Aeromonas salmonicida, Yersinia ruckeri, Vibrio anguillarum and Moritella viscosa. To prevent co-infections in aquaculture, polyvalent or universal vaccines would be ideal. Commercial polyvalent vaccines against some of these pathogens are based on whole inactivated microbes and their efficacy is controversial. Identification of common antigens can contribute to the development of effective universal or polyvalent vaccines. In this study, we identified common and unique antigens of P. salmonis, A. salmonicida, Y. ruckeri, V. anguillarum and M. viscosa based on a reverse vaccinology pipeline. We screened the proteome of several strains using complete available genomes and identified a total of 154 potential antigens, 74 of these identified antigens corresponded to secreted proteins, and 80 corresponded to exposed outer membrane proteins (OMPs). Further analysis revealed the outer membrane antigens TonB-dependent siderophore receptor, OMP assembly factor BamA, the LPS assembly protein LptD and secreted antigens flagellar hook assembly protein FlgD and flagellar basal body rod protein FlgG are present in all pathogens used in this study. Sequence and structural alignment of these antigens showed relatively low percentage sequence identity but good structural homology. Common domains harboring several B-cells and T-cell epitopes binding to major histocompatibility (MHC) class I and II were identified. Selected peptides were evaluated for docking with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Lumpfish MHC class II. Interaction of common peptide-MHC class II showed good in-silico binding affinities and dissociation constants between −10.3 to −6.5 kcal mol−1 and 5.10 × 10−9 to 9.4 × 10−6 M. This study provided the first list of antigens that can be used for the development of polyvalent or universal vaccines against these Gram-negative bacterial pathogens affecting finfish aquaculture.
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11
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Emmenegger EJ, Bueren EK, Jia P, Hendrix N, Liu H. Comparative virulence of spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) genotypes in two koi varieties. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 148:95-112. [PMID: 35297379 DOI: 10.3354/dao03650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), is a lethal freshwater pathogen of cyprinid fish, and Cyprinus carpio koi is a primary host species. The virus was initially described in the 1960s after outbreaks occurred in Europe, but a global expansion of SVCV has been ongoing since the late 1990s. Genetic typing of SVCV isolates separates them into 4 genotypes that are correlated with geographic origin: Ia (Asia), Ib and Ic (Eastern Europe), and Id (Central Europe). We compared infectivity and virulence of 8 SVCV strains, including 4 uncharacterized Chinese Ia isolates and representatives of genotypes Ia-d in 2 morphologically distinct varieties of koi: long-fin semi-scaled Beni Kikokuryu koi and short-fin fully scaled Sanke koi. Mortality ranged from 4 to 82% in the Beni Kikokuryu koi and 0 to 94% in the Sanke koi following immersion challenge. Genotype Ia isolates of Asian origin had a wide range in virulence (0-94%). Single isolates representing the European genotypes Ib and Ic were moderately virulent (38-56%). Each virus strain produced similar levels of mortality in both koi breeds, with the exception of the SVCV Id strain that appeared to have both moderate and high virulence phenotypes (60% in Beni Kikokuryu koi vs. 87% in Sanke koi). Overall SVCV strain virulence appeared to be a dominant factor in determining disease outcomes, whereas intraspecies variation, based on koi variety, had less of an impact. This study is the first side-by-side comparison of Chinese SVCV isolates and genotype Ia-d strain virulence in a highly susceptible host.
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12
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Niner MD, Stepien CA, Gorgoglione B, Leaman DW. Genomic and immunogenic changes of Piscine novirhabdovirus (Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus) over its evolutionary history in the Laurentian Great Lakes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0232923. [PMID: 34048438 PMCID: PMC8162641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A unique and highly virulent subgenogroup (-IVb) of Piscine novirhabdovirus, also known as Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV), suddenly appeared in the Laurentian Great Lakes, causing large mortality outbreaks in 2005 and 2006, and affecting >32 freshwater fish species. Periods of apparent dormancy have punctuated smaller and more geographically-restricted outbreaks in 2007, 2008, and 2017. In this study, we conduct the largest whole genome sequencing analysis of VHSV-IVb to date, evaluating its evolutionary changes from 48 isolates in relation to immunogenicity in cell culture. Our investigation compares genomic and genetic variation, selection, and rates of sequence changes in VHSV-IVb, in relation to other VHSV genogroups (VHSV-I, VHSV-II, VHSV-III, and VHSV-IVa) and with other Novirhabdoviruses. Results show that the VHSV-IVb isolates we sequenced contain 253 SNPs (2.3% of the total 11,158 nucleotides) across their entire genomes, with 85 (33.6%) of them being non-synonymous. The most substitutions occurred in the non-coding region (NCDS; 4.3%), followed by the Nv- (3.8%), and M- (2.8%) genes. Proportionally more M-gene substitutions encoded amino acid changes (52.9%), followed by the Nv- (50.0%), G- (48.6%), N- (35.7%) and L- (23.1%) genes. Among VHSV genogroups and subgenogroups, VHSV-IVa from the northeastern Pacific Ocean has shown the fastest substitution rate (2.01x10-3), followed by VHSV-IVb (6.64x10-5) and by the VHSV-I, -II and-III genogroups from Europe (4.09x10-5). A 2016 gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) from Lake Erie possessed the most divergent VHSV-IVb sequence. The in vitro immunogenicity analysis of that sample displayed reduced virulence (as did the other samples from 2016), in comparison to the original VHSV-IVb isolate (which had been traced back to 2003, as an origin date). The 2016 isolates that we tested induced milder impacts on fish host cell innate antiviral responses, suggesting altered phenotypic effects. In conclusion, our overall findings indicate that VHSV-IVb has undergone continued sequence change and a trend to lower virulence over its evolutionary history (2003 through present-day), which may facilitate its long-term persistence in fish host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D. Niner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Carol A. Stepien
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Genetics and Genomics Group, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Bartolomeo Gorgoglione
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Douglas W. Leaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
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13
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Donohoe O, Zhang H, Delrez N, Gao Y, Suárez NM, Davison AJ, Vanderplasschen A. Genomes of Anguillid Herpesvirus 1 Strains Reveal Evolutionary Disparities and Low Genetic Diversity in the Genus Cyprinivirus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050998. [PMID: 34063135 PMCID: PMC8148134 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1) is a pathogen of eels and a member of the genus Cyprinivirus in the family Alloherpesviridae. We have compared the biological and genomic features of different AngHV-1 strains, focusing on their growth kinetics in vitro and genetic content, diversity, and recombination. Comparisons based on three core genes conserved among alloherpesviruses revealed that AngHV-1 exhibits a slower rate of change and less positive selection than other cypriniviruses. We propose that this may be linked to major differences in host species and corresponding epidemiological circumstances. Efforts to derive evolutionary rate estimates for cypriniviruses under various theoretical models were ultimately unrewarding. We highlight the potential value of future collaborative efforts towards generating short-term evolutionary rate estimates based on known sequence sampling dates. Finally, we revealed that there is significantly less genetic diversity in core gene sequences within cyprinivirus species clades compared to species in the family Herpesviridae. This suggests that cyprinivirus species may have undergone much more vigorous purifying selection post species clade divergence. We discuss whether this may be linked to biological and anthropogenic factors or to sampling bias, and we propose that the comparison of short-term evolutionary rates between species may provide further insights into these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Donohoe
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.D.); (H.Z.); (N.D.); (Y.G.)
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Co. N37 HD68 Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.D.); (H.Z.); (N.D.); (Y.G.)
| | - Natacha Delrez
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.D.); (H.Z.); (N.D.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuan Gao
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.D.); (H.Z.); (N.D.); (Y.G.)
| | - Nicolás M. Suárez
- MRC-Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (N.M.S.); (A.J.D.)
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC-Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (N.M.S.); (A.J.D.)
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.D.); (H.Z.); (N.D.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-4-366-42-64; Fax: +32-4-366-42-61
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14
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Wargo AR, Kurath G, Scott RJ, Kerr B. Virus shedding kinetics and unconventional virulence tradeoffs. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009528. [PMID: 33970967 PMCID: PMC8109835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tradeoff theory, which postulates that virulence provides both transmission costs and benefits for pathogens, has become widely adopted by the scientific community. Although theoretical literature exploring virulence-tradeoffs is vast, empirical studies validating various assumptions still remain sparse. In particular, truncation of transmission duration as a cost of virulence has been difficult to quantify with robust controlled in vivo studies. We sought to fill this knowledge gap by investigating how transmission rate and duration were associated with virulence for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Using host mortality to quantify virulence and viral shedding to quantify transmission, we found that IHNV did not conform to classical tradeoff theory. More virulent genotypes of the virus were found to have longer transmission durations due to lower recovery rates of infected hosts, but the relationship was not saturating as assumed by tradeoff theory. Furthermore, the impact of host mortality on limiting transmission duration was minimal and greatly outweighed by recovery. Transmission rate differences between high and low virulence genotypes were also small and inconsistent. Ultimately, more virulent genotypes were found to have the overall fitness advantage, and there was no apparent constraint on the evolution of increased virulence for IHNV. However, using a mathematical model parameterized with experimental data, it was found that host culling resurrected the virulence tradeoff and provided low virulence genotypes with the advantage. Human-induced or natural culling, as well as host population fragmentation, may be some of the mechanisms by which virulence diversity is maintained in nature. This work highlights the importance of considering non-classical virulence tradeoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Wargo
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Gael Kurath
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Scott
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Kerr
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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15
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Babu B, Sathiyaraj G, Mandal A, Kandan S, Biju N, Palanisamy S, You S, Nisha RG, Prabhu NM. Surveillance of disease incidence in shrimp farms located in the east coastal region of India and in vitro antibacterial efficacy of probiotics against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 179:107536. [PMID: 33472086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We surveyed 130 shrimp farms located on the eastern coast of India to determine the prevalence of emerging diseases in Litopenaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon. Live shrimps were collected from the farms based on external symptoms. The biochemical, molecular, and histopathology results confirmed infection with Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (32.4%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (27.7%), White Spot Syndrome Virus (25.4%), Vibrio alginolyticus (16.1%), Vibrio harveyi (13.1%), Monodon-type baculovirus (4.61%), and infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (2.3%) in the collected shrimps. Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) occurred more frequently in L. vannamei than P. monodon, with the microsporidian spores in the hepatopancreas. In P. monodon, Monodon-type Baculovirus infection (33.3%) was dominant and small percentages of WSSV, IHHNV, V. alginolyticus, and V. harveyi were observed. A few ponds were observed with co-infection of EHP and WSSV (7.6%), V. parahaemolyticus and WSSV (4.6%) and also V. parahaemolyticus and EHP (6.1%). Among the Vibrio spp, V. parahaemolyticus showed the highest percentage of infection in L. vannamei. Overall, we found that shrimp were chiefly infected with EHP and V. parahaemolyticus. The impact of water quality parameters on shrimp diseases was not addressed in this study. In an antibiotic susceptibility study, V. parahaemolyticus isolated from L. vannamei ponds was susceptible to nitrofurantoin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and tetracycline, but resistant to erythromycin and nalidixic acid. In a preliminary in vitro antibacterial activity assay, probiotics against V. parahaemolyticus showed high inhibitory activity and the results encourage further in-depth studies on the efficacy of probiotics for disease control and prevention in shrimp farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskaran Babu
- Disease Control and Prevention Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi 630 003, India; Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA), Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA), Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India, 3/197, Poompuhar Road, Karaimedu Village, Sattanathapuram P.O., Sirkali, Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu 609 109, India
| | - Ganesan Sathiyaraj
- Disease Control and Prevention Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi 630 003, India; Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA), Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA), Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India, 3/197, Poompuhar Road, Karaimedu Village, Sattanathapuram P.O., Sirkali, Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu 609 109, India
| | - Anup Mandal
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA), Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA), Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India, 3/197, Poompuhar Road, Karaimedu Village, Sattanathapuram P.O., Sirkali, Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu 609 109, India
| | - Shanmuganathan Kandan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA), Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA), Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India, 3/197, Poompuhar Road, Karaimedu Village, Sattanathapuram P.O., Sirkali, Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu 609 109, India
| | - Narayanan Biju
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA), Marine Products Export Development Authority, Regional Division (RC), No. AH - 125, 8th Main Road, 4th Street, Shanthi Colony, Anna Nagar, Chennai 600 040, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramaniyan Palanisamy
- East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneung, Gangwon 210-720, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneungdaehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - SangGuan You
- East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneung, Gangwon 210-720, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneungdaehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajagopalan Girijakumari Nisha
- Disease Control and Prevention Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi 630 003, India
| | - Narayanasamy Marimuthu Prabhu
- Disease Control and Prevention Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi 630 003, India.
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16
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Huston DC, Ogawa K, Shirakashi S, Nowak BF. Metazoan Parasite Life Cycles: Significance for Fish Mariculture. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:1002-1012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Bouwmeester MM, Goedknegt MA, Poulin R, Thieltges DW. Collateral diseases: Aquaculture impacts on wildlife infections. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark M. Bouwmeester
- Department of Coastal Systems NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Den Burg The Netherlands
| | - M. Anouk Goedknegt
- UMR 5805 EPOC Station Marine d'Arcachon CNRSUniversité de Bordeaux Arcachon France
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - David W. Thieltges
- Department of Coastal Systems NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Den Burg The Netherlands
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18
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Mordecai GJ, Di Cicco E, Günther OP, Schulze AD, Kaukinen KH, Li S, Tabata A, Ming TJ, Ferguson HW, Suttle CA, Miller KM. Discovery and surveillance of viruses from salmon in British Columbia using viral immune-response biomarkers, metatranscriptomics, and high-throughput RT-PCR. Virus Evol 2020; 7:veaa069. [PMID: 33623707 PMCID: PMC7887441 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of infectious agents poses a continual economic and environmental challenge to aquaculture production, yet the diversity, abundance, and epidemiology of aquatic viruses are poorly characterised. In this study, we applied salmon host transcriptional biomarkers to identify and select fish in a viral disease state, but only those that were negative for known viruses based on RT-PCR screening. These fish were selected for metatranscriptomic sequencing to discover potential viral pathogens of dead and dying farmed Atlantic (Salmo salar) and Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon in British Columbia (BC). We found that the application of the biomarker panel increased the probability of discovering viruses in aquaculture populations. We discovered two viruses that have not previously been characterised in Atlantic salmon farms in BC (Atlantic salmon calicivirus and Cutthroat trout virus-2), as well as partially sequenced three putative novel viruses. To determine the epidemiology of the newly discovered or emerging viruses, we conducted high-throughput reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and screened over 9,000 farmed and wild salmon sampled over one decade. Atlantic salmon calicivirus and Cutthroat trout virus-2 were in more than half of the farmed Atlantic salmon we tested. Importantly we detected some of the viruses we first discovered in farmed Atlantic salmon in Chinook salmon, suggesting a broad host range. Finally, we applied in situ hybridisation to determine infection and found differing cell tropism for each virus tested. Our study demonstrates that continual discovery and surveillance of emerging viruses in these ecologically important salmon will be vital for management of both aquaculture and wild resources in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon J Mordecai
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, 10th Floor Vancouver, BC Canada V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Emiliano Di Cicco
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, 1682 W 7th Ave, Vancouver, BC V6J 4S6, Canada
| | - Oliver P Günther
- Günther Analytics, 402-5775 Hampton Place, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2G6, Canada
| | - Angela D Schulze
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Karia H Kaukinen
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Shaorong Li
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Amy Tabata
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Tobi J Ming
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Hugh W Ferguson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, St George’s University, True Blue, GrenadaWest Indies
| | - Curtis A Suttle
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365 - 2350 Health Sciences Mall Vancouver, British Columbia Canada V6T 1Z3
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3156-6270 University Blvd. Vancouver, BC Canada V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
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Untapped potential: The utility of drylands for testing eco-evolutionary relationships between hosts and parasites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 12:291-299. [PMID: 32426218 PMCID: PMC7229972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Drylands comprise over 41% of all terrestrial surface area and are home to approximately 35.5% of the world's population; however, both free-living and parasitic fauna of these regions remain relatively understudied. Yet, the very conditions that make these regions challenging to study – extreme environmental conditions and low population density for various organisms – also make them potentially untapped natural laboratories for examining eco-evolutionary relationships between hosts and parasites. Adaptations and ecological patterns illustrated by desert parasite communities can serve as exemplars within the extremes regarding the evolution of virulence, breadth of host spectra, and lifecycle strategies. This review provides relevant examples for each of these three topics using parasites from dryland regions in order to encourage future empirical tests of hypotheses regarding parasite ecology and evolution within dryland ecosystems and stimulate wider investigation into the parasitofauna of arid regions in general. As global climate changes and anthropogenic disturbance increases, desertification is a growing problem which has been labeled as a threat to global health. Thus, deserts not only provide useful natural laboratories in which to study parasite transmission but understanding parasite transmission within these habitats becomes increasingly important as larger, likely highly resource insecure, populations are projected to live on the margins of desert regions in the future. Drylands comprise over 41% of Earth's surface but their parasites are understudied. Desert parasite communities are exemplars within the extremes of parasite ecology. Can test hypotheses of virulence evolution, host spectra, and lifecycle strategies. Drylands can provide increasingly important insight into parasite transmission. Larger human populations are projected to live in arid regions as climate changes.
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Hayatgheib N, Fournel C, Calvez S, Pouliquen H, Moreau E. In vitro
antimicrobial effect of various commercial essential oils and their chemical constituents on
Aeromonas salmonicida
subsp.
salmonicida. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:137-145. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Dynes TL, Berry JA, Delaplane KS, de Roode JC, Brosi BJ. Assessing virulence of Varroa destructor mites from different honey bee management regimes. APIDOLOGIE 2019; 51:276-289. [PMID: 32355369 PMCID: PMC7175645 DOI: 10.1007/s13592-019-00716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mite Varroa destructor is an important honey bee parasite that causes substantial losses of honey bee colonies worldwide. Evolutionary theory suggests that the high densities at which honey bees are managed in large-scale beekeeping settings will likely select for mites with greater growth and virulence, thereby potentially explaining the major damage done by these mites. We tested this hypothesis by collecting mites from feral bee colonies, "lightly" managed colonies (those from small-scale sedentary operations), and "heavily" managed colonies (those from large-scale operations that move thousands of colonies across the US on a yearly basis). We established 8 apiaries, each consisting of 11 colonies from a standardized lightly managed bee background that were cleared of mites, and artificially infested each apiary with controlled numbers of mites from feral, lightly managed, or heavily managed bees or left uninoculated as negative control. We monitored the colonies for more than 2 years for mite levels, colony strength (adult bee population, brood coverage, and honey storage), and survival. As predicted by evolutionary theory, we found that colonies inoculated with mites from managed backgrounds had increased V. destructor mite levels relative to those with mites from feral colonies or negative controls. However, we did not see a difference between heavily and lightly managed colonies, and these higher mite burdens did not translate into greater virulence, as measured by reductions in colony strength and survival. Our results suggest that human management of honey bee colonies may favor the increased population growth rate of V. destructor, but that a range of potential confounders (including viral infections and genotype-by-genotype interactions) likely contribute to the relationship between mite reproduction and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis L. Dynes
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | | | | | | | - Berry J. Brosi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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22
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Karvonen A, Fenton A, Sundberg L. Sequential infection can decrease virulence in a fish-bacterium-fluke interaction: Implications for aquaculture disease management. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1900-1911. [PMID: 31700534 PMCID: PMC6824072 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hosts are typically infected with multiple strains or genotypes of one or several parasite species. These infections can take place simultaneously, but also at different times, i.e. sequentially, when one of the parasites establishes first. Sequential parasite dynamics are common in nature, but also in intensive farming units such as aquaculture. However, knowledge of effects of previous exposures on virulence of current infections in intensive farming is very limited. This is critical as consecutive epidemics and infection history of a host could underlie failures in management practices and medical intervention of diseases. Here, we explored effects of timing of multiple infections on virulence in two common aquaculture parasites, the bacterium Flavobacterium columnare and the fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum. We exposed fish hosts first to flukes and then to bacteria in two separate experiments, altering timing between the infections from few hours to several weeks. We found that both short-term and long-term differences in timing of the two infections resulted in significant, genotype-specific decrease in bacterial virulence. Second, we developed a mathematical model, parameterized from our experimental results, to predict the implications of sequential infections for epidemiological progression of the disease, and levels of fish population suppression, in an aquaculture setting. Predictions of the model showed that sequential exposure of hosts can decrease the population-level impact of the bacterial epidemic, primarily through the increased recovery rate of sequentially infected hosts, thereby substantially protecting the population from the detrimental impact of infection. However, these effects depended on bacterial strain-fluke genotype combinations, suggesting the genetic composition of the parasite populations can greatly influence the degree of host suppression. Overall, these results suggest that host infection history can have significant consequences for the impact of infection at host population level, potentially shaping parasite epidemiology, disease dynamics and evolution of virulence in farming environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Andy Fenton
- Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Lotta‐Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
- Nanoscience CenterUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
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23
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Almeida GMF, Mäkelä K, Laanto E, Pulkkinen J, Vielma J, Sundberg LR. The Fate of Bacteriophages in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS)-Towards Developing Phage Therapy for RAS. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E192. [PMID: 31652887 PMCID: PMC6963195 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture production has increased tremendously during the last decades, and new techniques have been developed, e.g., recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). In RAS, the majority of water volume is circulated via mechanical and biological filters and reused in the tanks. However, the prevention and treatment of diseases in these systems are challenging, as the pathogens spread throughout the system, and the addition of chemicals and antibiotics disrupts the microbiome of the biofilters. The increasing antibiotic resistance has made phage therapy a relevant alternative for antibiotics in food production. Indeed, as host-specific and self-replicating agent they might be optimal for targeted pathogen eradication in RAS. We tested the survival and spread of Flavobacterium columnare -infecting phage FCL-2 in recirculating aquaculture fish farm with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a fully controlled study. After a single addition, phage persisted in water samples collected from tank, fixed bed, moving bed, and aeration unit up to 14 days, and in the water of rearing tanks, rainbow trout mucus, and bioreactor carrier media from the fixed and moving bed biofilters for 21 days. Furthermore, phage adsorbed preferentially to moving bed carrier media, which contained biofilm attached and from which higher phage numbers were recovered. This study shows phages as a potent strategy for maintaining biosecurity in RAS systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M F Almeida
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Kati Mäkelä
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Elina Laanto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jani Pulkkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Production Systems, 40500 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Jouni Vielma
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Production Systems, 40500 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Lotta-Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
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24
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Bartlett LJ, Rozins C, Brosi BJ, Delaplane KS, de Roode JC, White A, Wilfert L, Boots M. Industrial bees: The impact of apicultural intensification on local disease prevalence. J Appl Ecol 2019; 56:2195-2205. [PMID: 31588148 PMCID: PMC6771535 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It is generally thought that the intensification of farming will result in higher disease prevalences, although there is little specific modelling testing this idea. Focussing on honeybees, we build multi-colony models to inform how "apicultural intensification" is predicted to impact honeybee pathogen epidemiology at the apiary scale.We used both agent-based and analytical models to show that three linked aspects of apicultural intensification (increased population sizes, changes in population network structure and increased between-colony transmission) are unlikely to greatly increase disease prevalence in apiaries. Principally this is because even low-intensity apiculture exhibits high disease prevalence.The greatest impacts of apicultural intensification are found for diseases with relatively low R0 (basic reproduction number), however, such diseases cause little overall disease prevalence and, therefore, the impacts of intensification are minor. Furthermore, the smallest impacts of intensification are for diseases with high R0 values, which we argue are typical of important honeybee diseases. Policy Implications: Our findings contradict the idea that apicultural intensification by crowding honeybee colonies in large, dense apiaries leads to notably higher disease prevalences for established honeybee pathogens. More broadly, our work demonstrates the need for informative models of all agricultural systems and management practices in order to understand the implications of management changes on diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J. Bartlett
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
- Department of BiologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Carly Rozins
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Berry J. Brosi
- Department of Environmental SciencesEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| | | | | | - Andrew White
- Department of MathematicsHeriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
| | - Lena Wilfert
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation GenomicsUniversity of UlmUlmGermany
| | - Michael Boots
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
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25
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Doumayrou J, Ryan MG, Wargo AR. Method for serial passage of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in rainbow trout. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 134:223-236. [PMID: 31169128 DOI: 10.3354/dao03368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Transmission is a fundamental component of pathogen fitness. A better understanding of pathogen transmission can greatly improve disease management. In particular, controlled studies of multiple rounds of natural transmission (i.e. serial passage) can provide powerful epidemiological and evolutionary inferences. However, such studies are possible in only a few systems because of the challenges in successfully initiating and maintaining transmission in the laboratory. Here we developed an efficient and reproducible cohabitation method for conducting controlled experiments investigating the effects of serial passage on infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in rainbow trout. This method was used to investigate the transmission efficiency and kinetics of viral shedding of IHNV over 3 serial passages. Transmission efficiency decreased from 100 to 62.5% over the passage steps and was associated with a decrease in virus shedding into water. A shift in the peak of viral shedding was also observed, from Day 2 post immersion for passage 0 to at least 24 h later for all subsequent passages. Finally, the characterization of viruses after 1 round of transmission and propagation on cells showed no change in glycoprotein (G gene) sequences or viral virulence compared to the ancestral virus stock. The methods developed provide valuable tools for reproducible population-level studies of IHNV epidemiology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Doumayrou
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
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26
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Pulkkinen K, Pekkala N, Ashrafi R, Hämäläinen DM, Nkembeng AN, Lipponen A, Hiltunen T, Valkonen JK, Taskinen J. Effect of resource availability on evolution of virulence and competition in an environmentally transmitted pathogen. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:4962392. [PMID: 29659817 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding ecological and epidemiological factors driving pathogen evolution in contemporary time scales is a major challenge in modern health management. Pathogens that replicate outside the hosts are subject to selection imposed by ambient environmental conditions. Increased nutrient levels could increase pathogen virulence by pre-adapting for efficient use of resources upon contact to a nutrient rich host or by favouring transmission of fast-growing virulent strains. We measured changes in virulence and competition in Flavobacterium columnare, a bacterial pathogen of freshwater fish, under high and low nutrient levels. To test competition between strains in genotype mixtures, we developed a quantitative real-time PCR assay. We found that a virulent strain maintained its virulence and outcompeted less virulent strains independent of the nutrient level and resource renewal rate while a less virulent strain further lost virulence in chemostats under low nutrient level and over long-term serial culture under high nutrient level. Our results suggest that increased outside-host nutrient levels might maintain virulence in less virulent strains and increase their contribution to epidemics in aquaculture. The results highlight a need to further explore the role of resource in the outside-host environment in maintaining strain diversity and driving evolution of virulence among environmentally growing pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Pulkkinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Nina Pekkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Roghaieh Ashrafi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, P. O. Box 35, (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä,Finland
| | - Dorrit M Hämäläinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Aloysius N Nkembeng
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anssi Lipponen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, P. O. Box 1627, (Neulaniementie 2), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of Microbiology, P. O. Box 56, (Viikinkaari 9), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne K Valkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, P. O. Box 35, (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä,Finland
| | - Jouni Taskinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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27
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Fogarty International Center collaborative networks in infectious disease modeling: Lessons learnt in research and capacity building. Epidemics 2019; 26:116-127. [PMID: 30446431 PMCID: PMC7105018 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a combination of ecological, political, and demographic factors, the emergence of novel pathogens has been increasingly observed in animals and humans in recent decades. Enhancing global capacity to study and interpret infectious disease surveillance data, and to develop data-driven computational models to guide policy, represents one of the most cost-effective, and yet overlooked, ways to prepare for the next pandemic. Epidemiological and behavioral data from recent pandemics and historic scourges have provided rich opportunities for validation of computational models, while new sequencing technologies and the 'big data' revolution present new tools for studying the epidemiology of outbreaks in real time. For the past two decades, the Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies (DIEPS) of the NIH Fogarty International Center has spearheaded two synergistic programs to better understand and devise control strategies for global infectious disease threats. The Multinational Influenza Seasonal Mortality Study (MISMS) has strengthened global capacity to study the epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of influenza viruses in 80 countries by organizing international research activities and training workshops. The Research and Policy in Infectious Disease Dynamics (RAPIDD) program and its precursor activities has established a network of global experts in infectious disease modeling operating at the research-policy interface, with collaborators in 78 countries. These activities have provided evidence-based recommendations for disease control, including during large-scale outbreaks of pandemic influenza, Ebola and Zika virus. Together, these programs have coordinated international collaborative networks to advance the study of emerging disease threats and the field of computational epidemic modeling. A global community of researchers and policy-makers have used the tools and trainings developed by these programs to interpret infectious disease patterns in their countries, understand modeling concepts, and inform control policies. Here we reflect on the scientific achievements and lessons learnt from these programs (h-index = 106 for RAPIDD and 79 for MISMS), including the identification of outstanding researchers and fellows; funding flexibility for timely research workshops and working groups (particularly relative to more traditional investigator-based grant programs); emphasis on group activities such as large-scale modeling reviews, model comparisons, forecasting challenges and special journal issues; strong quality control with a light touch on outputs; and prominence of training, data-sharing, and joint publications.
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28
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McKeown DA, Schroeder JL, Stevens K, Peters AF, Sáez CA, Park J, Rothman MD, Bolton JJ, Brown MT, Schroeder DC. Phaeoviral Infections Are Present in Macrocystis, Ecklonia and Undaria (Laminariales) and Are Influenced by Wave Exposure in Ectocarpales. Viruses 2018; 10:E410. [PMID: 30081590 PMCID: PMC6116031 DOI: 10.3390/v10080410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two sister orders of the brown macroalgae (class Phaeophyceae), the morphologically complex Laminariales (commonly referred to as kelp) and the morphologically simple Ectocarpales are natural hosts for the dsDNA phaeoviruses (family Phycodnaviridae) that persist as proviruses in the genomes of their hosts. We have previously shown that the major capsid protein (MCP) and DNA polymerase concatenated gene phylogeny splits phaeoviruses into two subgroups, A and B (both infecting Ectocarpales), while MCP-based phylogeny suggests that the kelp phaeoviruses form a distinct third subgroup C. Here we used MCP to better understand the host range of phaeoviruses by screening a further 96 and 909 samples representing 11 and 3 species of kelp and Ectocarpales, respectively. Sporophyte kelp samples were collected from their various natural coastal habitats spanning five continents: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and South America. Our phylogenetic analyses showed that while most of the kelp phaeoviruses, including one from Macrocystispyrifera, belonged to the previously designated subgroup C, new lineages of Phaeovirus in 3 kelp species, Ecklonia maxima, Ecklonia radiata, Undaria pinnatifida, grouped instead with subgroup A. In addition, we observed a prevalence of 26% and 63% in kelp and Ectocarpales, respectively. Although not common, multiple phaeoviral infections per individual were observed, with the Ectocarpales having both intra- and inter-subgroup phaeoviral infections. Only intra-subgroup phaeoviral infections were observed in kelp. Furthermore, prevalence of phaeoviral infections within the Ectocarpales is also linked to their exposure to waves. We conclude that phaeoviral infection is a widely occurring phenomenon in both lineages, and that phaeoviruses have diversified with their hosts at least since the divergence of the Laminariales and Ectocarpales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean A McKeown
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, Devon PL1 2PB, UK.
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Joanna L Schroeder
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, Devon PL1 2PB, UK.
| | - Kim Stevens
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, Devon PL1 2PB, UK.
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Akira F Peters
- Bezhin Rosko, 40 Rue des Pêcheurs, F-29250 Santec, France.
| | - Claudio A Sáez
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Research, Centre of Advanced Studies, University of Playa Ancha, Viña del Mar 581782, Chile.
| | - Jihae Park
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, 119, Songdomunwha-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Korea.
| | - Mark D Rothman
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Private bag X2, Vlaeberg 8018, South Africa.
- Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
| | - John J Bolton
- Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
| | - Murray T Brown
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Declan C Schroeder
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, Devon PL1 2PB, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6LA, UK.
- Veterinary Population Medicine, 225 Veterinary Medical Center, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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29
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Nowak BF, Archibald JM. Opportunistic but Lethal: The Mystery of Paramoebae. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:404-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bui S, Dalvin S, Dempster T, Skulstad OF, Edvardsen RB, Wargelius A, Oppedal F. Susceptibility, behaviour, and retention of the parasitic salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) differ with Atlantic salmon population origin. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:431-442. [PMID: 28921589 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic salmon populations across the world have diverse ecological and evolutionary histories, from wild anadromous or landlocked, to domestication and genetic modification. The natural host behaviours confer protection from infestation by ectoparasitic salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis, yet whether genetic origin results in different behaviours and thus susceptibility to infestation is unknown. In common garden experiments, we tested antiparasite behaviours, susceptibility and retention of salmon lice in wild anadromous, wild landlocked, domesticated and genetically modified domesticated strains. Within domesticated strains, we tested two infestation histories (previously infested and naïve) and a new phenotype (albino colouring). Farmed stocks initially acquired 24%-44% higher levels of parasite density than the wild and landlocked strains. Burst swimming and displacement behaviours were higher in the domesticated groups, and jumping was more prevalent in the domesticated strains. At 34 days post-infestation, domesticated strains and the wild anadromous strain did not differ significantly from each other; however, landlocked salmon had increased infestation levels considerably. Domesticated strains lost ~20% (±9.9%-16.5%; 95% CI) of their initial parasite load, while parasite load increased by 5.5% (±30.1%) for wild salmon and 20.1% (±28.5%) in landlocked salmon. This study provides early evidence for diverged host-parasite interactions associated with domestication in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bui
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - S Dalvin
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - T Dempster
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - A Wargelius
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - F Oppedal
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
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31
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Xavier R, Severino R, Pérez-Losada M, Gestal C, Freitas R, Harris DJ, Veríssimo A, Rosado D, Cable J. Phylogenetic analysis of apicomplexan parasites infecting commercially valuable species from the North-East Atlantic reveals high levels of diversity and insights into the evolution of the group. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:63. [PMID: 29370873 PMCID: PMC5785827 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2645-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Apicomplexa from aquatic environments are understudied relative to their terrestrial counterparts, and the seminal work assessing the phylogenetic relations of fish-infecting lineages is mostly based on freshwater hosts. The taxonomic uncertainty of some apicomplexan groups, such as the coccidia, is high and many genera were recently shown to be paraphyletic, questioning the value of strict morphological and ecological traits for parasite classification. Here, we surveyed the genetic diversity of the Apicomplexa in several commercially valuable vertebrates from the North-East Atlantic, including farmed fish. Results Most of the sequences retrieved were closely related to common fish coccidia of Eimeria, Goussia and Calyptospora. However, some lineages from the shark Scyliorhinus canicula were placed as sister taxa to the Isospora, Caryospora and Schellakia group. Additionally, others from Pagrus caeruleostictus and Solea senegalensis belonged to an unknown apicomplexan group previously found in the Caribbean Sea, where it was sequenced from the water column, corals, and fish. Four distinct parasite lineages were found infecting farmed Dicentrarchus labrax or Sparus aurata. One of the lineages from farmed D. labrax was also found infecting wild counterparts, and another was also recovered from farmed S. aurata and farm-associated Diplodus sargus. Conclusions Our results show that marine fish apicomplexans are diverse, and we highlight the need for a more extensive assessment of parasite diversity in this phylum. Additionally, parasites recovered from S. canicula were recovered as basal to their piscine counterparts reflecting hosts phylogeny. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2645-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Xavier
- CIBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4486-661, Vairão, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Severino
- Piscicultura Vale da Lama, Sapal do Vale da Lama, Odiáxere, Lagos, 8600-258, Nigeria
| | - Marcos Pérez-Losada
- CIBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4486-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Department of Invertebrate Zoology, US National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Camino Gestal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Rita Freitas
- CIBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4486-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - D James Harris
- CIBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4486-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ana Veríssimo
- CIBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4486-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Route 1208, Greate Road, 23062 Gloucester Point, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniela Rosado
- CIBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4486-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Joanne Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
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32
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Valderrama K, Saravia M, Santander J. Phenotype of Aeromonas salmonicida sp. salmonicida cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate receptor protein (Crp) mutants and its virulence in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1849-1856. [PMID: 28548689 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Precise deletion of genes related to virulence can be used as a strategy to produce attenuated bacterial vaccines. Here, we study the deletion of the cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) receptor protein (Crp) in Aeromonas salmonicida, the aetiologic agent of furunculosis in marine and freshwater fish. The Crp protein is a conserved global regulator, controlling physiology processes, like sugar utilization. Deletion of the crp gene has been utilized in live attenuated vaccines for mammals, birds and warm water fish. Here, we characterized the crp gene and reported the effect of a crp deletion in A. salmonicida virulent and non-virulent isolates. We found that A. salmonicida Δcrp was not able to utilize maltose and other sugars, and its generation time was similar to the wild type. A. salmonicida ∆crp showed a higher ability of cell invasion compared to the wild type. Fish challenges showed that A. salmonicida ∆crp is ~6 times attenuated in Oncorhynchus mykiss and conferred protective immunity against the intraperitoneal challenge with A. salmonicida wild type. We concluded that deletion of A. salmonicida crp influences sugar utilization, cell invasion and virulence. Deletion of crp in A. salmonicida could be considered as part of an effective strategy to develop immersion live attenuated vaccines against furunculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Valderrama
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
- PhD Program in Aquaculture, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - M Saravia
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba, Chile
| | - J Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba, Chile
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33
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Rogalski MA, Gowler CD, Shaw CL, Hufbauer RA, Duffy MA. Human drivers of ecological and evolutionary dynamics in emerging and disappearing infectious disease systems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0043. [PMID: 27920388 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have contributed to the increased frequency and severity of emerging infectious diseases, which pose a significant threat to wild and domestic species, as well as human health. This review examines major pathways by which humans influence parasitism by altering (co)evolutionary interactions between hosts and parasites on ecological timescales. There is still much to learn about these interactions, but a few well-studied cases show that humans influence disease emergence every step of the way. Human actions significantly increase dispersal of host, parasite and vector species, enabling greater frequency of infection in naive host populations and host switches. Very dense host populations resulting from urbanization and agriculture can drive the evolution of more virulent parasites and, in some cases, more resistant host populations. Human activities that reduce host genetic diversity or impose abiotic stress can impair the ability of hosts to adapt to disease threats. Further, evolutionary responses of hosts and parasites can thwart disease management and biocontrol efforts. Finally, in rare cases, humans influence evolution by eradicating an infectious disease. If we hope to fully understand the factors driving disease emergence and potentially control these epidemics we must consider the widespread influence of humans on host and parasite evolutionary trajectories.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Rogalski
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Camden D Gowler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Clara L Shaw
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ruth A Hufbauer
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Meghan A Duffy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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34
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Ecological and evolutionary approaches to managing honeybee disease. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:1250-1262. [PMID: 29046562 PMCID: PMC5749923 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Honeybee declines are a serious threat to global agricultural security and productivity. Although multiple factors contribute to these declines, parasites are a key driver. Disease problems in honeybees have intensified in recent years, despite increasing attention to addressing them. Here we argue that we must focus on the principles of disease ecology and evolution to understand disease dynamics, assess the severity of disease threats, and control these threats via honeybee management. We cover the ecological context of honeybee disease, including both host and parasite factors driving current transmission dynamics, and then discuss evolutionary dynamics including how beekeeping management practices may drive selection for more virulent parasites. We then outline how ecological and evolutionary principles can guide disease mitigation in honeybees, including several practical management suggestions for addressing short- and long-term disease dynamics and consequences. Multiple interacting factors have contributed to the rapid decline of honeybee populations worldwide. Here, the authors review the impact of parasites and pathogens, and how ecological and evolutionary principles can guide management practices.
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35
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Mennerat A, Ugelvik MS, Håkonsrud Jensen C, Skorping A. Invest more and die faster: The life history of a parasite on intensive farms. Evol Appl 2017; 10:890-896. [PMID: 29151880 PMCID: PMC5680424 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms are expected to respond to alterations in their survival by evolutionary changes in their life history traits. As agriculture and aquaculture have become increasingly intensive in the past decades, there has been growing interest in their evolutionary effects on the life histories of agri‐ and aquacultural pests, parasites, and pathogens. In this study, we used salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) to explore how modern farming might have affected life history evolution in parasites. We infected salmon hosts with lice from either farmed or unfarmed locations, and monitored life history traits of those parasites in laboratory conditions. Our results show that compared to salmon lice from areas unaffected by salmon farming, those from farmed areas produced more eggs in their first clutch, and less eggs later on; they achieved higher infestation intensities in early adulthood, but suffered higher adult mortality. These results suggest that salmon lice on farms may have been selected for increased investment in early reproduction, at the expense of later fecundity and survival. This call for further empirical studies of the extent to which farming practices may alter the virulence of agricultural parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adèle Mennerat
- Department of Biology University of Bergen Bergen Norway.,Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés (FRE 3498) CNRS/Université de Picardie Jules Verne Amiens France
| | | | | | - Arne Skorping
- Department of Biology University of Bergen Bergen Norway
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36
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Kinnula H, Mappes J, Valkonen JK, Pulkkinen K, Sundberg L. Higher resource level promotes virulence in an environmentally transmitted bacterial fish pathogen. Evol Appl 2017; 10:462-470. [PMID: 28515779 PMCID: PMC5427672 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases have become a primary constraint to sustainable aquaculture, but remarkably little attention has been paid to a broad class of pathogens: the opportunists. Opportunists often persist in the environment outside the host, and their pathogenic features are influenced by changes in the environment. To test how environmental nutrient levels influence virulence, we used strains of Flavobacterium columnare, an environmentally transmitted fish pathogen, to infect rainbow trout and zebra fish in two different nutrient concentrations. To separate the effects of dose and nutrients, we used three infective doses and studied the growth of bacteria in vitro. High nutrient concentration promoted both the virulence and the outside-host growth of the pathogen, most notably in a low-virulence strain. The increase in virulence could not be exhaustively explained by the increased dose under higher nutrient supply, suggesting virulence factor activation. In aquaculture settings, accumulation of organic material in rearing units can locally increase water nutrient concentration and therefore increase disease risk as a response to elevated bacterial density and virulence factor activation. Our results highlight the role of increased nutrients in outside-host environment as a selective agent for higher virulence and faster evolutionary rate in opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kinnula
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceCentre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Johanna Mappes
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceCentre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Janne K. Valkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceCentre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Katja Pulkkinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceCentre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Lotta‐Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceCentre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
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37
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Ugelvik MS, Skorping A, Moberg O, Mennerat A. Evolution of virulence under intensive farming: salmon lice increase skin lesions and reduce host growth in salmon farms. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1136-1142. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Ugelvik
- Department of Biology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - A. Skorping
- Department of Biology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - O. Moberg
- Department of Biology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - A. Mennerat
- Department of Biology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés (FRE 3498); CNRS/Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens France
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38
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Bayliss SC, Verner-Jeffreys DW, Bartie KL, Aanensen DM, Sheppard SK, Adams A, Feil EJ. The Promise of Whole Genome Pathogen Sequencing for the Molecular Epidemiology of Emerging Aquaculture Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:121. [PMID: 28217117 PMCID: PMC5290457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is the fastest growing food-producing sector, and the sustainability of this industry is critical both for global food security and economic welfare. The management of infectious disease represents a key challenge. Here, we discuss the opportunities afforded by whole genome sequencing of bacterial and viral pathogens of aquaculture to mitigate disease emergence and spread. We outline, by way of comparison, how sequencing technology is transforming the molecular epidemiology of pathogens of public health importance, emphasizing the importance of community-oriented databases and analysis tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sion C Bayliss
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath Bath, UK
| | | | - Kerry L Bartie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling Stirling, UK
| | - David M Aanensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK; The Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridge, UK
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath Bath, UK
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling Stirling, UK
| | - Edward J Feil
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath Bath, UK
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39
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Dietzgen RG, Kondo H, Goodin MM, Kurath G, Vasilakis N. The family Rhabdoviridae: mono- and bipartite negative-sense RNA viruses with diverse genome organization and common evolutionary origins. Virus Res 2017; 227:158-170. [PMID: 27773769 PMCID: PMC5124403 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The family Rhabdoviridae consists of mostly enveloped, bullet-shaped or bacilliform viruses with a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that infect vertebrates, invertebrates or plants. This ecological diversity is reflected by the diversity and complexity of their genomes. Five canonical structural protein genes are conserved in all rhabdoviruses, but may be overprinted, overlapped or interspersed with several novel and diverse accessory genes. This review gives an overview of the characteristics and diversity of rhabdoviruses, their taxonomic classification, replication mechanism, properties of classical rhabdoviruses such as rabies virus and rhabdoviruses with complex genomes, rhabdoviruses infecting aquatic species, and plant rhabdoviruses with both mono- and bipartite genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Michael M Goodin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Gael Kurath
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Centre, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
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40
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Sundberg LR, Ketola T, Laanto E, Kinnula H, Bamford JKH, Penttinen R, Mappes J. Intensive aquaculture selects for increased virulence and interference competition in bacteria. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20153069. [PMID: 26936249 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although increased disease severity driven by intensive farming practices is problematic in food production, the role of evolutionary change in disease is not well understood in these environments. Experiments on parasite evolution are traditionally conducted using laboratory models, often unrelated to economically important systems. We compared how the virulence, growth and competitive ability of a globally important fish pathogen, Flavobacterium columnare, change under intensive aquaculture. We characterized bacterial isolates from disease outbreaks at fish farms during 2003-2010, and compared F. columnare populations in inlet water and outlet water of a fish farm during the 2010 outbreak. Our data suggest that the farming environment may select for bacterial strains that have high virulence at both long and short time scales, and it seems that these strains have also evolved increased ability for interference competition. Our results are consistent with the suggestion that selection pressures at fish farms can cause rapid changes in pathogen populations, which are likely to have long-lasting evolutionary effects on pathogen virulence. A better understanding of these evolutionary effects will be vital in prevention and control of disease outbreaks to secure food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta-Riina Sundberg
- University of Jyvaskyla, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Centre), PO Box 35, Jyvaskyla 40014, Finland
| | - Tarmo Ketola
- University of Jyvaskyla, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Centre), PO Box 35, Jyvaskyla 40014, Finland
| | - Elina Laanto
- University of Jyvaskyla, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Centre), PO Box 35, Jyvaskyla 40014, Finland
| | - Hanna Kinnula
- University of Jyvaskyla, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Centre), PO Box 35, Jyvaskyla 40014, Finland
| | - Jaana K H Bamford
- University of Jyvaskyla, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Centre), PO Box 35, Jyvaskyla 40014, Finland
| | - Reetta Penttinen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Centre), PO Box 35, Jyvaskyla 40014, Finland
| | - Johanna Mappes
- University of Jyvaskyla, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Centre), PO Box 35, Jyvaskyla 40014, Finland
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41
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Wargo AR, Scott RJ, Kerr B, Kurath G. Replication and shedding kinetics of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in juvenile rainbow trout. Virus Res 2016; 227:200-211. [PMID: 27771253 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Viral replication and shedding are key components of transmission and fitness, the kinetics of which are heavily dependent on virus, host, and environmental factors. To date, no studies have quantified the shedding kinetics of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), or how they are associated with replication, making it difficult to ascertain the transmission dynamics of this pathogen of high agricultural and conservation importance. Here, the replication and shedding kinetics of two M genogroup IHNV genotypes were examined in their naturally co-evolved rainbow trout host. Within host virus replication began rapidly, approaching maximum values by day 3 post-infection, after which viral load was maintained or gradually dropped through day 7. Host innate immune response measured as stimulation of Mx-1 gene expression generally followed within host viral loads. Shedding also began very quickly and peaked within 2days, defining a generally uniform early peak period of shedding from 1 to 4days after exposure to virus. This was followed by a post-peak period where shedding declined, such that the majority of fish were no longer shedding by day 12 post-infection. Despite similar kinetics, the average shedding rate over the course of infection was significantly lower in mixed compared to single genotype infections, suggesting a competition effect, however, this did not significantly impact the total amount of virus shed. The data also indicated that the duration of shedding, rather than peak amount of virus shed, was correlated with fish mortality. Generally, the majority of virus produced during infection appeared to be shed into the environment rather than maintained in the host, although there was more retention of within host virus during the post-peak period. Viral virulence was correlated with shedding, such that the more virulent of the two genotypes shed more total virus. This fundamental understanding of IHNV shedding kinetics and variation at the individual fish level could assist with management decisions about how to respond to disease outbreaks when they occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Wargo
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States.
| | - Robert J Scott
- USGS Western Fisheries Research Center, 6505 NE 65th St., Seattle, WA 98115, United States
| | - Benjamin Kerr
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Gael Kurath
- USGS Western Fisheries Research Center, 6505 NE 65th St., Seattle, WA 98115, United States
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42
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Nozzi V, Strofaldi S, Piquer IF, Di Crescenzo D, Olivotto I, Carnevali O. Amyloodinum ocellatum in Dicentrarchus labrax: Study of infection in salt water and freshwater aquaponics. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 57:179-185. [PMID: 27542617 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This investigation is aimed to improve the knowledge on the physiological alterations occurring at morphological and molecular level in European sea bass naturally infected by A. ocellatum and reared at different salinities. European sea bass juveniles (Dicentrarchus labrax) weighing 20 ± 0.5 g were divided in three aquaponics systems: CTRL, reared at 20 ppt salinity; AFI, reared in freshwater (0 ppt) and infected with the dinoflagellate Amyloodinium ocellatum; ASI, reared at 20 ppt salinity and infected with A. ocellatum. Beta vulgaris plants were introduced in each of the aquaponic systems. Temperature was increased 1 °C every second day from 18 to 25 °C during the experiment. At the end of the trial, liver, brain, intestine and gills were sampled for molecular and histological analyses. A. ocellatum affected D. labrax growth (insulin-like growth factor I, IGF-I) and appetite (Neuropeptide Y, NPY) signals in ASI. Immune system was activated in ASI by the presence of parasites by producing higher levels of Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR α), codifying for a protein involved in lipid metabolism, was upregulated in ASI because of the necessity to produce energy to maintain homeostasis. On the contrary, A. ocellatum did not cause signs of infection in AFI as confirmed by gene expression and histological analysis, that were similar to CTRL. However, in freshwater reared fish, a modification of lipid metabolism was observed through a reduction in PPARα gene expression and hepatic lipid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Nozzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Strofaldi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Isabel Forner Piquer
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Davide Di Crescenzo
- Aquaguide s.a.s. Di Davide Di Crescenzo & Co., Via IV novembre 8, 60015, Falconara Marittima, AN, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Oliana Carnevali
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
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