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Morrone S, Sechi S, Carta C, Senes A, Cocco R, Pinna Parpaglia ML, Sanna Passino E, Cappai MG. Nutritional management of hyperlipaemia in a jenny: a brief report. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:3323-3329. [PMID: 38963468 PMCID: PMC11442551 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
An adult jenny (5-years-old, non-pregnant) was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) of the University of Sassari, with a recent history of appetite loss, extreme underweight condition and reluctance to move. On physical inspection, emaciation [body condition score, BCS: 3/9], muscular waste [muscular condition score, MCS: 1/5], loose/running faeces [faecal score, FS: 2/8], and a general state of mild dehydration were found. Blood analyses outlined a general undernourishment condition [circulating albumins, ALB: 17.6 g/L (21.6-31.6 g/L)] with underlying systemic inflammatory profile and moderate increase in circulating enzymes to explore liver function [aspartate amino-transferase, AST: 657 u/L (279-430 u/L); alanine amino-transferase ALT: 60 u/L (5-14 u/L); gamma-glutamyl-transferase, γ-GT: 87 IU/L (14-69 IU/L); total bilirubin close to the upper limit, TB: 0.20 mg/dL(0.07-0.21 mg/dL)]and hyperlipaemia [TG: 8.70 mmol/L (0.60-2.87 mmol/L)], following fat depots mobilisation, with total cholesterol closed to the lower limit of the physiological range. Hyper-phosphataemia was linked to haemolytic anaemia [P:1.81 mmol/L (0.77-1.39 mmol/L) and red blood cells, RBC: 4.14 1012/L (4.40-7.10 1012)] aligned with the TB to the upper limit. On ultrasound abdominal imaging, enlarged and hyper-echogenic liver was observed. Based on the clinical evaluation, a condition of hepatic lipidosis was diagnosed, requiring dedicated nutritional treatment to solve the extreme emaciation along with the metabolic disorder in support of medical therapy. A two-step feeding protocol was planned to support treatments aiming at immediate re-hydration (Ringer lactate solution 2 ml/kg/8 h). The nutritional objectives were meant at first to restart the voluntary feed intake. Gradual increasing energy provision through a palatable hay-based diet was planned to cover one fourth of daily metabolizable energy requirement calculated on the expected metabolic weight, adjusted according to the daily intake of feed and clinical condition. At the conclusion of this first 7-day phase, circulating blood parameters were closer to the reference values and the BCS moved from 3 to 4 out of 9. Bowel motility was restored, and faecal score improved (4/8). In the second phase, allowance to pasture and a combination diet with compound mixed feed were designed. Within four weeks of starting the nutritional plan, blood parameters were re-established to reference values. The gradual feed provision calculated in this two-phase approach proved successful in support of the overall clinical improvement observed after four weeks of treatment, in a severely undernourished jenny with compromised liver functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morrone
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - S Sechi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - C Carta
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - A Senes
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - R Cocco
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - M L Pinna Parpaglia
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - E Sanna Passino
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - M G Cappai
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy.
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2
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Bozzola C, Guffanti I, Ortolina A, Bronzo V, Zucca E. Influence of age, sex, bodyweight, and training on echocardiographic measurements in healthy mixed-breed donkeys. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:3339-3347. [PMID: 38967743 PMCID: PMC11442595 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The donkey has always been a notable working animal and its importance as a companion animal has been growing over the last few years. However, there are only a few studies about cardiology in this species. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of age, sex, training, and bodyweight on cardiac dimension in mixed-breed donkeys. Forty-five clinically and para-clinically healthy mixed-breed donkeys were included, and B-mode and M-mode echocardiographic measurements were recorded. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to identify the effect of age, sex, bodyweight, and training on cardiac measurements. Most of the echocardiographic measurements showed a strong statistically significant correlation with bodyweight. Linear regression analysis between echocardiographic measurements and bodyweight was performed to obtain the values of the intercept and slope of the linear equation to calculate the echocardiographic measurements as a function of bodyweight. This is the first study reporting a strong linear correlation between echocardiographic measurements and bodyweight and reporting a correlation between training and echocardiographic parameters in donkeys, suggesting that this variable should be considered when assessing cardiac dimensions in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bozzola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | | | | | - Valerio Bronzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Enrica Zucca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy.
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3
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Cappai MG, Senes A, Pilo G. Albinism and Blood Cell Profile: The Peculiar Case of Asinara Donkeys. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2641. [PMID: 39335231 PMCID: PMC11429210 DOI: 10.3390/ani14182641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The complete blood cell count (CBC) was screened in a group of 15 donkeys, of which 8 were of Asinara breed (oculocutaneous albinism type 1, OCA1) and 7 of Sardo breed (gray coat). All donkeys were kept under same management and dietary conditions and underwent periodic health monitoring in the month of June 2024, at the peak of the positive photoperiod, at Mediterranean latitudes. One aliquot of whole blood, drawn from each individual into K2-EDTA containing tubes, was analyzed for the complete blood cell count through an automatic analyzer, within two hours of sampling. Data were analyzed and compared by one-way ANOVA, where the breed was an independent variable. All animals appeared clinically healthy, though mild eosinophilia was observed in Sardo donkeys. The red blood cell line showed peculiar traits for Asinara donkeys, which displayed significantly higher circulating red blood cell numbers than gray coat Sardo donkeys (RBC, 5.19 vs. 3.80 1012/mL ± 0.98 pooled-St. Dev, respectively; p = 0.017). RBCs also exhibited a smaller diameter and higher degree of anisocytosis in Asinara donkeys, along with lower hematocrit value, albeit within physiological ranges. Taken all together, such hematological profile depicts a peculiar trait of the red blood cell line in albino donkeys during the positive photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Cappai
- Nutrition Desk of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alice Senes
- Nutrition Desk of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovannantonio Pilo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Reeves AM, Gray SS, Harveson LA, Hilton CD, Springer CM, Conway WC, Dittmar RO. HEMATOLOGY AND BIOCHEMICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS FOR FREE-RANGING PRONGHORN ( ANTILOCAPRA AMERICANA) IN WEST TEXAS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:573-584. [PMID: 39255198 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) are considered a keystone species of North American grasslands and an important economic source for many landowners in Texas. Pronghorn restoration projects routinely capture and translocate individuals from surplus populations to restoration areas. The objective of this study was to generate normal hematological and biochemical reference intervals (RI) for free-ranging pronghorn populations in Texas as a health monitoring tool for pronghorn restoration efforts. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture and divided among an EDTA tube, serum separator tube, and a single blood smear on site. Complete blood counts and biochemical profiles were completed at the Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. In total, 417 individuals (41 males, 376 females) were included in the analysis. RI were determined by robust methods (R Studio) and mixed models' analysis of variance (SPSS 28) to examine differences in blood parameters due to fever, sex, age (adult versus yearling [<1 yr of age]), cell abnormalities, and pathogen exposure reported by the testing laboratory. Sex, age, and pathogen exposure affected mean blood values, but did not warrant development of separate RI by class. Bluetongue virus was identified in 46.8% (195/417) of pronghorns and epizootic hemorrhagic disease in 89.4% (194/217) of pronghorns; 84.8% (184/217) of the pronghorns tested positive for both diseases. This information provides baseline hematology and biochemical parameters to assess the health of free-ranging pronghorn and guide wildlife managers in decision-making for future translocations and restoration objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shawn S Gray
- Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, TX 78744, USA
| | - Louis A Harveson
- Borderlands Research Institute, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, TX 79832, USA
| | - Clayton D Hilton
- Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Cary M Springer
- Research Computing Support, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Warren C Conway
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Silva G, Queiroga FL, Cruz Z, Maia A, Silvestre-Ferreira AC. Coagulation Profile of the Healthy Miranda's Donkey. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2031. [PMID: 39061493 PMCID: PMC11273550 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Miranda's donkey, originating in northern Portugal, is an autochthonous breed that is deeply intertwined with the region's culture and economy. Knowledge of the physiological characteristics of the breed is important for its preservation, and several studies have been carried out, but none have focused on its coagulation profile. The aim of this study was to establish reference intervals (RIs) for coagulation in healthy Miranda's donkey and to assess the influence of sex and age. Blood samples from 75 clinically healthy animals were analyzed for seven coagulation parameters: four using IDEXX ProCyte Dx and three using Start® 4-Diagnostica-Stago. The RI values were calculated following the ASVCP guidelines and with the Reference Advisor V.2.1 software. To analyze the influence of sex and age, SPSS version 29 was used. No significant differences were found between sexes (p > 0.05), but statistically significant differences were found between ages (p < 0.05) for platelet count and plateletcrit (both higher in young animals). The RIs described here can help monitor health and guide the diagnosis and treatment of diseased Miranda's donkeys, contributing to their preservation. Our study encourages further research on coagulation in donkeys and the use of different methodologies to obtain information for veterinarians working with this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grasiene Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (G.S.); (F.L.Q.); (A.M.)
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária–AL4AnimalS, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Felisbina L. Queiroga
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (G.S.); (F.L.Q.); (A.M.)
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária–AL4AnimalS, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Zélia Cruz
- AEPGA-Associação para o Estudo e Proteção do Gado Asinino, Largo da Igreja, n° 48, 5225-011 Atenor, Portugal;
| | - Amana Maia
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (G.S.); (F.L.Q.); (A.M.)
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Silvestre-Ferreira
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (G.S.); (F.L.Q.); (A.M.)
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária–AL4AnimalS, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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Goodrich EL, Webb JL. Complete Blood Count and Biochemistry Reference Intervals for Healthy Adult Donkeys in the United States. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2018. [PMID: 39061480 PMCID: PMC11274127 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous hematologic and serum biochemistry reference interval (RI) values have been established for donkeys in various geographic regions, life-stages, or for specific donkey breeds. The last extensive investigation establishing RIs for adult donkeys in the United States (U.S.) was published over three decades ago. We aimed to establish updated robust RIs using a reference population of apparently healthy adult donkeys from across the U.S. Standard sized (n = 102), miniature (n = 17), and mammoth (n = 1) donkeys from four different states were enrolled, with 20% of the study population including donkeys captured directly from the wild in Death Valley National Park, CA. RIs were established in accordance with the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The findings will assist practitioners with the interpretation of their complete blood count and biochemistry panel results in U.S. donkeys. This study also highlights a comparison of results for some important analytes in U.S. donkeys compared to U.S. horses and previously established donkey RIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L. Goodrich
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
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Nilkant R, Kathiresan C, Kumar N, Caritis S, Shaik IH, Venkataramanan R. Selection of a suitable animal model to evaluate secretion of drugs in the human milk: a systematic approach. Xenobiotica 2024; 54:288-303. [PMID: 38634455 PMCID: PMC11326520 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2345283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Lack of data on drug secretion in human milk is a concern for safe use of drugs during postpartum.Clinical studies are often difficult to perform; despite substantial improvements in computational methodologies such as physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling, there is limited clinical data to validate such models for many drugs.Various factors that are likely to impact milk to plasma ratio were identified. A literature search was performed to gather available data on milk composition, total volume of milk produced per day, milk pH, haematocrit, and renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate in various animal models.BLAST nucleotide and protein tools were used to evaluate the similarities between humans and animals in the expression and predominance of selected drug transporters, metabolic enzymes, and blood proteins.A multistep analysis of all the potential variables affecting drug secretion was considered to identify most appropriate animal model. The practicality of using the animal in a lab setting was also considered.Donkeys and goats were identified as the most suitable animals for studying drug secretion in milk and future studies should be performed in goats and donkeys to validate the preliminary observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Nilkant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chintha Kathiresan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Namrata Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Developmental Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steve Caritis
- Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Imam H Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy & Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy & Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Silva G, Silvestre-Ferreira AC, Leiva B, Queiroga FL. Serum Biochemistry Parameters of the Endangered Miranda's Donkey Breed: Reference Intervals and the Influence of Gender and Age. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:805. [PMID: 38473190 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Miranda's donkey is an endangered, autochthone breed from Northern Portugal. Understanding the physiological and pathological conditions of Miranda's donkey is crucial for the conservation of the breed. Our study aimed to establish reference intervals (RIs) for blood biochemistry parameters and to evaluate the influence of gender and age on these parameters. Blood samples from 75 clinically healthy animals were analyzed for 21 blood biochemistry parameters using Respons® 920 and Start® 4-Diagnostica-Stago. RIs were calculated according to the ASVCP guidelines, utilizing Reference Advisor software V. 2.1 and the statistical program SPSS version 29 to analyze the effects of gender and age. Significant gender-related differences (p < 0.05) were observed in cholesterol, chlorine, creatinine (CREA), glucose (GLU), sodium, and triglycerides (with higher values in females) and in aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase (CK), gamma-glutamyl transferase, potassium, magnesium (Mg), and urea (with higher values in males). Age-related differences (p < 0.05) were noted for alkaline phosphatase, CK, fibrinogen, GLU, and phosphorus (higher in young animals) and for globulin, Mg, and total protein (higher in adults). The RIs described here are invaluable for assessing and monitoring the health status of individual animals and herds. Our study highlights the importance of considering gender and age in the interpretation of biochemical parameters, providing critical insights for the conservation and management of this endangered breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grasiene Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária-AL4AnimalS, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana C Silvestre-Ferreira
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária-AL4AnimalS, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Belen Leiva
- AEPGA-Associação para o Estudo e Proteção Gado Asinino, M. Largo da Igreja, n° 48, 5225-011 Atenor, Portugal
| | - Felisbina L Queiroga
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária-AL4AnimalS, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Metabolic and Endocrine Insights in Donkeys. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:590. [PMID: 38396558 PMCID: PMC10885905 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Donkey medicine is gaining attention due to their increased use as companion animals, in shows, asinotherapy, etc. The increasing demand and unique aspects call for specialized care, requiring new information (physiology, infectious disorders, pharmacology, etc.). Since obesity is common in this species, hyperlipemia, metabolic syndrome and insulin dysregulation (ID) are common disorders in donkeys, in some cases with high mortality, either directly (multiorgan dysfunction) or indirectly due to poor quality of life (chronic laminitis). Donkeys have long-life expectancy and are often afflicted with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), a neurodegenerative and endocrine disease. Hyperlipemia is diagnosed based on high plasma triglyceride concentration in association with clinical findings and laboratory abnormalities from affected tissues (liver, kidney and pancreas). The measurement of resting serum insulin and plasma ACTH concentrations is the first step in ID and PPID diagnosis. In donkeys with clinical signs of ID (obesity or recurrent laminitis) or PPID (hypertrichosis, regional adiposity, laminitis and weight loss), where these hormones are in the normal or non-diagnostic range (donkey-specific cut-off values and reference ranges need to be established), dynamic tests are recommended (oral sugar test or thyrotropin-releasing hormone, respectively). Equine treatment protocols apply to donkeys, although pharmacological studies for most drugs, except pergolide, are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Mendoza
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Cordoba 14014, Spain;
| | - Ramiro E. Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Alejandro Perez-Ecija
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Cordoba 14014, Spain;
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Ferreira AM, Meneses G, Queiroga FL, Martins A, Cruz Z, Silvestre-Ferreira AC. Validation of a hematology analyzer in donkey medicine. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 132:104984. [PMID: 38081332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Asinina de Miranda is a protected donkey sub-species from the Mirandês plateau in northeastern of Portugal. Donkeys are animals that have substantially lost their place as working animals in modern society, this had led to a decrease in their population numbers. A need to preserve native species has led to the foundation of organizations like Associação para o Estudo e Proteção do Gado Asinino (AEPGA) and the development of studies regarding breed welfare, such as hematology. The IDEXX ProCyte Dx is a veterinary hematology analyzer validated for several species, but not for donkeys. The aim of this study was to validate the ProCyte Dx for Asinina de Miranda donkeys. The validation requires a controlled study of precision, carryover, linearity and comparison between the equipment and the manually obtained values for the leukocyte differential count and hematocrit. Results indicated coefficient of variation was good (below 5 %) for both the intra-assay and the inter-assay precision, except for basophils. Carryover was 0 % for all the parameters except platelets (5.88 %). Linearity showed a very high Pearson correlation coefficient, above 0.99, for erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, leucocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, platelets and plateletcrit. Comparison demonstrated excellent agreement for hematocrit (rs=0.96) and good Spearman rank correlation for neutrophils (rs=0.84) and lymphocytes (rs=0.90). Accuracy for total leukocyte count and platelets could not be determined. In conclusion, the ProCyte Dx seems appropriate to be used in Asinina de Miranda hematology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ferreira
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida e do Ambiente, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - G Meneses
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - F L Queiroga
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária - AL4Animals, Portugal
| | - A Martins
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária - AL4Animals, Portugal; Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Z Cruz
- Associação para o Estudo e Proteção do Gado Asinino (AEPGA), Atenor, Miranda do Douro, Portugal
| | - A C Silvestre-Ferreira
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária - AL4Animals, Portugal.
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Pe'er O, Gantz L, Gal E, Ofri R. A retinoscopic survey of donkeys and goats. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:385-392. [PMID: 37386869 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Assess the refractive states of donkeys and goats. METHODS Forty-two donkeys and 28 goats were enrolled. The mean ± SD ages were 7.68 ± 7.33 years for donkeys and 4.26 ± 2.33 years for goats. Seven donkeys and one goat were <6 months old. Retinoscopy was performed in alert animals, following cycloplegia in goats but not in donkeys. Normality was determined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The two primary meridians and two eyes were compared using Pearson's correlation and paired Student's t-tests. The association between refractive states and age was examined using one-way ANOVA in donkeys and a paired Student's t-test in goats. One-sample t-tests were conducted to assess if the refractive error distributions were significantly different from "0". RESULTS The mean ± SD spherical equivalent (SE) refractive errors of the right and left donkey eyes were -0.80 ± 1.03 D and -0.35 ± 0.95 D, respectively. The majority (86%) of the donkeys had an astigmatic refraction and eight (19%) had anisometropia. The mean SE refractive errors of the right and left goat eyes were -0.15 ± 1.1 D and -0.18 ± 1.2 D, respectively. The majority (54%) of the goat eyes had an astigmatic refraction and five (18%) had anisometropia. The right and left eye SE refractive errors were positively correlated in both species (both p = .9). Age was not correlated with refractive error in both donkeys (p = .09) and goats (p = .6). CONCLUSIONS Both goats and donkeys are emmetropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Pe'er
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liat Gantz
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Gal
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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12
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Medeiros do Nascimento RC, Graboschii ACG, da Fonseca LS, Silva AR, Souto PC, da Fonseca LA, Goulart MOF, Escodro PB. Pain Assessment and Acute Phase Response in Donkeys Submitted to Inguinal Orchiectomy. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 123:104223. [PMID: 36632948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In most animals, pain can compromise physiological functions and delay healing so, rapid detection of pain through behavior and inflammatory reaction with biomarkers are necessary. This study aimed to evaluate pain, physiological variations and Acute Phase Proteins (APP) in donkeys undergoing orchiectomy technique by inguinal access. For this research, 15 male northeastern donkeys kept in extensive management were selected, with a mean age of 4.5±3.1 years. All animals had the same anesthetic protocol, using dissociative anesthesia and local block with lidocaine, followed by orchiectomy by inguinal access. Due to their predisposition to complications, the inguinal technique is the most indicated to minimize complications and excessive inflammation in donkeys' orchiectomy, the donkeys were evaluated regarding behavioral assessment of pain, hematological parameters, APP and the surgical wound, during 0 hour, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours. As for the physiological parameters and APP, no significant differences were observed between times, due to the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. In the macroscopic evaluation of the surgical wound, it was observed that there were no significant differences between the times, with animals presenting mean scores of 1.8±0.414, in 48 hours 1.6 ± 0.507, and in 72 hours 1.6 ± 0.507. Most animals had mild to moderate edema in the scrotum and foreskin regions. As for pain assessment, the average scores were between 2 and 3, representing mild and moderate pain, not requiring intervention. However, further research is needed to elucidate the behavior of PFAs in the face of variables and the creation of new pain scales for animals raised in an extensive system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aline Rocha Silva
- Veterinary department of the Federal University of Alagoas, Viçosa- Alagoas, Brazil
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13
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Humphreys S, Kass PH, Magdesian KG, Goodrich E, Berryhill E. Seasonal variation of endogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations in healthy non-geriatric donkeys in Northern California. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:981920. [PMID: 36032308 PMCID: PMC9412165 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.981920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is often used to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in horses. The hormone naturally increases in the fall in horses, and donkeys have been found to have higher ACTH concentrations than horses. However, circannual variation of ACTH has not been assessed in donkeys. The objective of the study was to establish seasonal variation of basal plasma ACTH concentrations over the course of a year in clinically healthy, non-geriatric donkeys. It was hypothesized that donkey ACTH concentrations would be higher than those reported in horses without PPID in all seasons, and that, similarly to horses, ACTH concentrations would further increase in the fall months. Twenty-six healthy adult donkeys (10 standards, 16 miniatures), a median (range) of 6 (2–13) years of age, were included. Donkeys were housed at a single location. Serial plasma samples were obtained monthly for 12 months. Plasma ACTH concentrations were determined by immunoassay. Data are presented as median (range), with a P-value < 0.05 considered significant. ACTH concentrations were lowest in the winter and spring [12.8 (5.0–73.6) pg/ml and 12.5 (2.8–62.6) pg/ml, respectively], with an increase in the summer [53.2 (29.7–305.0) pg/ml], and peak in the fall [77.1 (12.4–319.0) pg/ml]. ACTH concentrations were highest in the month of September [122.0 (41.7–319.0) pg/ml]. Donkey ACTH concentrations were higher than equine reference ranges from May through November but showed similar circannual variation with dramatic increases in the fall months. Species-specific reference ranges are necessary for accurate interpretation of endocrinopathy screenings in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Humphreys
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Philip H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - K. Gary Magdesian
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Erin Goodrich
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Emily Berryhill
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Emily Berryhill
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14
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Kondratjeva J, Julien F, Coutelier C, Humeau L, Moog F, Combarros D, Fourquaux I, Pressanti C, Delverdier M, Moore PF, Cadiergues MC. Cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma in a donkey - a case report. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:267. [PMID: 35821128 PMCID: PMC9275177 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma is a malignant tumour of the skin already reported in humans, dogs, cats, horses, and other species, but not previously in donkeys. The standard diagnosis is based on clinical, morphological and immunophenotypic data. Differentiation of malignant versus benign proliferation of lymphocytes is crucial; in ambiguous cases T-cell receptor gamma (TRG) molecular clonality should be tested. In the present paper, we report a case of mycosis fungoides diagnosed in a donkey whose diagnosis was based on clinical, histological and immunohistochemical aspects and a positive TRG clonality test. Case presentation A twenty-five-year-old donkey gelding was referred with a mildly pruritic, generalised and severe exfoliative dermatosis. Otherwise, the animal was clinically healthy, though mildly underweight. Dermatological examination revealed severe generalised alopecic and exfoliative dermatitis, occasionally eroded, with high number of large, thin, greyish scales. All mucocutaneous junctions except the hoofs were affected. Ectoparasites and dermatophytes were ruled out. The complete blood count and blood smear evaluation revealed mild normocytic normochromic anemia. The biochemistry panel showed mild hyperproteinemia with albumin within the normal range. Protein electrophoresis showed moderate polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia. Histological findings were characterised by interface dermatitis with massive exocytosis in the epidermis of a homogenous population of lymphoid cells showing atypia. Clusters of neoplastic cells were present within the epidermis forming Pautrier “microabscesses”. These findings are consistent with cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma. Immunohistochemical staining revealed uniform labelling of the neoplastic cells for CD3, and lack of expression of CD20 (a B cell lineage associated marker). Molecular clonality PCR (PARR) was performed using equine TRG primers; this revealed a clonal rearrangement in a heavy polyclonal background. Transmission electronic microscopy showed multiple lymphocytes with convoluted or cerebriform nuclei. Conclusions This case report provides the first evidence of clinical, histopathological, immunophenotypic features, electron microscopy findings and molecular analysis of a cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides) in a donkey. Our observations suggest that cutaneous T-cell lymphoma should be included in the differential diagnoses of exfoliative dermatitis, even those progressing in a chronic pattern and/or with few or no pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Céline Coutelier
- Small Animal and Equine Hospital, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Louis Humeau
- Small Animal and Equine Hospital, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabien Moog
- Small Animal and Equine Hospital, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel Combarros
- Small Animal and Equine Hospital, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,INFINITy, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, InsermToulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Fourquaux
- Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée À La Biologie, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Charline Pressanti
- Small Animal and Equine Hospital, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,INFINITy, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, InsermToulouse, France
| | - Maxence Delverdier
- Basic Sciences Department, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France.,IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Peter F Moore
- Leukocyte Antigen Biology Laboratory, UC Davis, VM PMI, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marie Christine Cadiergues
- Small Animal and Equine Hospital, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France. .,INFINITy, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, InsermToulouse, France.
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15
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Serum Cortisol and Its Correlation with Leucocyte Profile and Circulating Lipids in Donkeys ( Equus asinus). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070841. [PMID: 35405831 PMCID: PMC8996940 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The values for basal serum cortisol concentrations of horses are available in many studies. However, there are limited data about serum cortisol in donkeys. The present study aimed to determine the baseline values for serum cortisol, to evaluate the influence of age and pregnancy on its levels, and to correlate its values with leucocyte profile, serum cholesterol, and triglycerides. Serum samples were collected from 97 healthy donkeys. Cortisol was analyzed by chemo-luminescent assay. The median and the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of serum cortisol measured and calculated in all donkeys were 5.64, 3.40, and 10.54 µg/dL, respectively. Females (n.91) were divided into three groups: Group A (young), Group B (adult), and Group C (pregnant at the 9th−11th months). The effect of age and physiological status was investigated by the Mann−Whitney test. Group C showed significantly higher levels than Group B (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were found in Group B with monocytes (r = 0.37, p < 0.01) and triglycerides (r = 0.30, p < 0.05), and in Group C with monocytes (r = 0.79, p < 0.01), basophils (r = 0.6, p < 0.05), and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (r = −0.63, p < 0.05). Higher cortisol values related to late pregnancy are also found in this species. These preliminary results provide evidence for a relationship between cortisol and the immune system as well as cortisol and lipid metabolism modulated by age and pregnancy when parameters are within normal values.
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16
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Onyiche TE, Igwenagu E, Malgwi SA, Omeh IJ, Biu AA, Thekisoe O. Hematology and biochemical values in equines naturally infected with Theileria equi in Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:103. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03095-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Xue C, Cavanaugh SM. Echocardiographic findings of a donkey (Equus asinus) jenny with suspected mitral valve dysplasia. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 111:103871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Reference intervals for hematological and biochemical analytes in a single herd of clinically healthy gelding donkeys in Saint Kitts. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 110:103858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Sefton A, Thiemann A. Practical tips for anaesthesia of donkeys. IN PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/inpr.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Salari F, Roncoroni C, Altomonte I, Boselli C, Brajon G, Martini M. Effects of the Physiological Status and Diet on Blood Metabolic Parameters in Amiata Dairy Donkeys. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113292. [PMID: 34828023 PMCID: PMC8614268 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study investigated the physiological responses of donkeys feeding two different diets during maintenance, pregnancy and lactation. To investigate how the metabolic state influences dairy production, we also assessed the relationships between the blood metabolic profile and milk quality. We found that pregnancy and the first months of lactation led to lower feed intake and increases in blood non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), which was linked to the difficulty that the jennies have in meeting the higher energy needs. The intake of the concentrate in the diet was associated with the increase in blood glucose, both during maintenance and lactation. Higher NEFA were related to lower de novo synthesized milk fatty acids, whereas higher plasma B-HBA were related to higher somatic cell count. This paper contributes to the knowledge of physiological responses of jennies during milk production phases and provides information for donkey milk producers. Abstract Body weight changes and blood metabolic parameters in jennies feeding two different diets and in three physiological statuses were investigated (maintenance vs. pregnancy; maintenance vs. lactation). The relationships between blood metabolic profile and milk quality were also evaluated. Fourteen jennies were allocated to two groups (1: pregnant/lactating; 2: non-pregnant, non–lactating). Pregnant jennies and maintenance jennies (during the first 10-week measurement period) fed a diet consisted of ad libitum grass hay (diet 1); lactating jennies and maintenance jennies (during the last 10-week measurement period) fed ad libitum grass hay plus 2 kg/head/day of concentrate (diet 2). Blood sampling was performed on the jennies of both groups; individual milk samples were also collected during the first 70 days in milk. Higher blood NEFA (p < 0.05) were found in pregnant compared to maintenance jennies (diet 1) (68 vs. 37 μmol/L). Lactating jennies showed higher (p < 0.01) average blood NEFA (268 vs. 26 μmol/L) and glucose (66 vs. 55 mg/dL) compared to the maintenance (diet 2). Blood glucose was positively correlated to milk fat (p < 0.05), while negative significant correlations between de novo milk fatty acids and NEFAs were observed. Positive correlations between plasma B-HBA and somatic cell count (p < 0.01) were also found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Salari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Cristina Roncoroni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana, 00178 Roma, Italy; (C.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Iolanda Altomonte
- Interdepartmental Centre for Research in Agricultural and Environmental Sciences “Enrico Avanzi”, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlo Boselli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana, 00178 Roma, Italy; (C.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Giovanni Brajon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, 50018 Florence, Italy;
| | - Mina Martini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.S.); (M.M.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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21
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Cappai MG, Wolf P, Liesegang A, Biggio GP, Podda A, Varcasia A, Tamponi C, Berlinguer F, Cossu I, Pinna W, Cherchi R. Shift in Circulating Serum Protein Fraction (SPF) Levels of Pregnant Jennies and Nutritional Related Aspects at Early-, Mid- and Late Gestation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2646. [PMID: 34573612 PMCID: PMC8470816 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A viable tool for the monitoring of the systemic condition of the pregnant jenny may be the determination of serum protein fraction (SPF) levels, including metabolic profiling. Tissue development and composition of the growing fetus requires the mother to provide adequate nutrients to its body parts and organs. In this regard, body fluid distribution and strategic molecule transportation can be screened using SPF electropherograms and analysis of intermediate metabolites. The nutritional and health status of 12 jennies (age: 5-8 years; BW at the start: 135-138 kg; Body Condition Score, BCS [1 to 5 points] = 2.25-2.50; 4th month of gestation) were monitored throughout gestation (approximate gestation period 350-356 d). All animals were pasture-fed and were offered hay ad libitum. Individual blood samples were collected within the 4th, 7th, and 10th month following conception (ultrasound scanning). Serum biochemistry, in particular, the analysis of 6 fractions of serum proteins was carried out. The significant decrease in circulating albumin in jennies from mid- to late-gestation (p < 0.001) suggests a considerable role of dietary amino acids in the synthesis of protein for fetal tissue formation as well as body fluid distribution and blood pressure control of the jenny in those stages. Moreover, α1-globulin decreased significantly in late gestation (p < 0.047), corresponding to major organ development in the terminal fetus and supported by lipid transportation in the bloodstream of the jenny. Similarly, α2-globulin decreased in late gestation (p < 0.054) as haptoglobin, an important component for the transport of free circulating hemoglobin, is likely used for fetal synthesis. Mid-gestation, appears to be a crucial moment for adequate dietary nutrient supplementation in order to prevent homeostasis perturbation of jennies, as observed in this trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Cappai
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.P.); (A.V.); (C.T.); (F.B.); (W.P.)
| | - Petra Wolf
- Institute of Nutrition Physiology and Animal Nutrition, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6b, 18059 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Annette Liesegang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 270, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Giovanni Paolo Biggio
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Per gli Equini, Agris Sardegna, 07014 Ozieri, Italy; (G.P.B.); (I.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Andrea Podda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.P.); (A.V.); (C.T.); (F.B.); (W.P.)
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.P.); (A.V.); (C.T.); (F.B.); (W.P.)
| | - Claudia Tamponi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.P.); (A.V.); (C.T.); (F.B.); (W.P.)
| | - Fiammetta Berlinguer
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.P.); (A.V.); (C.T.); (F.B.); (W.P.)
| | - Ignazio Cossu
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Per gli Equini, Agris Sardegna, 07014 Ozieri, Italy; (G.P.B.); (I.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Walter Pinna
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.P.); (A.V.); (C.T.); (F.B.); (W.P.)
| | - Raffaele Cherchi
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Per gli Equini, Agris Sardegna, 07014 Ozieri, Italy; (G.P.B.); (I.C.); (R.C.)
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22
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Podico G, Gray SM, Wang L, Canisso IF. A novel Streptococcus species causing clinical mastitis in a pregnant donkey. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:979-983. [PMID: 34247559 PMCID: PMC8366245 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211027306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An 8-y-old jenny was presented because of anorexia and mild depression. The jenny had weaned her colt 10 d before the admission. Upon arrival at the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital, the heart rate was elevated, and the right udder was painful and swollen on palpation. Milk stripping of the affected side revealed purulent content; the contralateral udder had normal-appearing milk. Cytology of mammary gland secretions from the affected side revealed a large number of hypersegmented reactive neutrophils with phagocytized bacteria. Complete blood count, serum chemistry, and fibrinogen were within normal limits. A diagnosis of clinical mastitis was made, and the jenny was started on a 5-d course of broad-spectrum antibiotics, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, hydrotherapy, and milk stripping. Clinical signs reduced over time, and the cure was attained by 96 h post-admission. Aerobic culture and subsequent MALDI-TOF MS analysis identified a bacterium of the Streptococcus genus but not the species. Whole-genome analysis was performed, and 16S rDNA sequencing and analysis determined that our isolate 20-37394 clustered with 2 other Streptococcus strains (27284-01 and 28462). Single-nucleotide variations and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that Streptococcus 20-37394 had 96.8% and 94.9% identities to Streptococcus strains 27284-01 and 28462, respectively; therefore, the bacteria isolated in our case was deemed as a new Streptococcus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Podico
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine (Podico, Gray, Canisso), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sarah M. Gray
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine (Podico, Gray, Canisso), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Leyi Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Wang), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Igor F. Canisso
- Igor F. Canisso, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1008 W. Hazelwood Dr, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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23
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Rickards K, Toribio RE. Clinical insights: Recent advances in donkey medicine and welfare. Equine Vet J 2021; 53:859-862. [PMID: 34355829 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rickards
- Veterinary Department, The Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth, Devon, UK
| | - Ramiro E Toribio
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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24
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Quaresma M, Marín C, Bacellar D, Nóvoa M, Navas FJ, McLean A. Selenium and Vitamin E Concentrations in Miranda Jennies and Foals ( Equus asinus) in Northeast Portugal. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1772. [PMID: 34198534 PMCID: PMC8231900 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in donkeys treated by practitioners in recent years has led to an increased interest in finding more information on basic biochemical preliminary reference values. The aims of this study were to measure Se and Vit E levels in plasma from Miranda jennies peripartum and postpartum and in their foals to compare blood profiles of the jenny and foal related to the overall foal's health. Twenty-two healthy peripartum and postpartum Miranda donkeys were sampled (12 jennies and 10 foals) in the northeast of Portugal (Atenor and Paradela) from May to November, 2018. Amounts of selenium in soil were significantly correlated (0.97) to concentrations of selenium in jennies (42.412 μg/L in Atenor and 9.612 μg/L in Paradela) and foals (19.378 μg/L in Atenor and 6.430 μg/L in Paradela). Selenium levels were lower in foals than adults and in males than females. Vitamin E was associated with overall foal health. Foals with a mean vitamin E of 3.585-5.307 mg/L showed signs of weakness, but carpal flexural deformities were observed when the average vitamin E was 11.520 mg/L. Low vitamin E levels (5.307 mg/L) in jennies were related to foal mortality. Diets, location, parity, and age affect blood profiles of jennies and, ultimately, foal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Quaresma
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- AEPGA-Association for the Study and Protection of Donkeys, Atenor, 5225-011 Miranda do Douro, Portugal; (D.B.); (M.N.)
| | - Carmen Marín
- Genetics Department, Veterinary Sciences, Rabanales University Campus, University of Córdoba, Madrid-Cádiz Km. 396, 14014 Cordoba, Spain;
- The Worldwide Donkey Breeds Project, Rabanales University Campus, University of Córdoba, Madrid-Cádiz Km. 396, 14014 Cordoba, Spain;
| | - Daniel Bacellar
- AEPGA-Association for the Study and Protection of Donkeys, Atenor, 5225-011 Miranda do Douro, Portugal; (D.B.); (M.N.)
| | - Miguel Nóvoa
- AEPGA-Association for the Study and Protection of Donkeys, Atenor, 5225-011 Miranda do Douro, Portugal; (D.B.); (M.N.)
| | - Francisco Javier Navas
- Genetics Department, Veterinary Sciences, Rabanales University Campus, University of Córdoba, Madrid-Cádiz Km. 396, 14014 Cordoba, Spain;
- The Worldwide Donkey Breeds Project, Rabanales University Campus, University of Córdoba, Madrid-Cádiz Km. 396, 14014 Cordoba, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Amy McLean
- The Worldwide Donkey Breeds Project, Rabanales University Campus, University of Córdoba, Madrid-Cádiz Km. 396, 14014 Cordoba, Spain;
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95617, USA
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Frączkowska K, Trzebuniak Z, Żak A, Siwińska N. Measurement of Selected Renal Biochemical Parameters in Healthy Adult Donkeys Considering the Influence of Gender, Age and Blood Freezing. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1748. [PMID: 34208098 PMCID: PMC8230895 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The reference values of the serum and urine biochemical parameters have not been well-studied in donkeys. This study aimed to assess the normal values of the selected renal biomarkers, such as: serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin, total protein (TP), electrolytes and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), urine protein concentration (UPC), urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR), the urine gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGTP)-to-creatinine ratio, serum creatinine-to-urine creatinine ratio (sCr/uCr), serum BUN-to-serum creatinine ratio (sBUN/sCr) and UPC-to-TP ratio, as well as the fractional electrolyte excretion of sodium (FENa) and potassium (FEK) in donkeys. The effects of age, gender and deep freezing of the serum material were investigated. Sixty-five healthy adult donkeys were involved in this study. The results showed higher BUN and TP values and lower albumin, UPCR, FENa and FEK levels in donkeys when compared to the reference values in horses. A significant gender relationship for creatinine and BUN was found. Age influenced the values of albumin, TP, potassium and chlorine. Potassium, sodium and SDMA did not show significant concentration changes after freezing. The study results demonstrated that horse reference range values for some parameters cannot be applied to donkey samples. Only a few of the serum parameters were not affected by freezing, and this should be taken into account when storing biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Frączkowska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.F.); (Z.T.)
| | - Zuzanna Trzebuniak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.F.); (Z.T.)
| | - Agnieszka Żak
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Natalia Siwińska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
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Energy hormone response to fasting-induced dyslipidemia in obese and non-obese donkeys. Vet J 2021; 271:105652. [PMID: 33840485 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic and endocrine disorders, such as dyslipidemia, are common in donkeys. Negative energy balance due to fasting, stressful conditions, or disease is a major trigger for fat mobilization often leading to dyslipidemia. The hormonal response to fasting has not been well characterized in donkeys. Therefore, this work aimed to study variations in insulin, glucagon, leptin, total adiponectin, ghrelin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations, insulin-to-glucagon (IGR) and glucagon-to-insulin (GIR) molar ratios, and lipid and carbohydrate parameters during a 66 h fasting period in 8 adult donkeys, and to determine differences depending on body condition. Obese donkeys developed earlier lipid mobilization (increased plasma total triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations) compared to non-obese donkeys. Plasma glucose and leptin concentrations decreased in obese animals. After 60 h fasting, obese donkeys showed a significant increase in glucagon and decrease in leptin. GIR significantly increased, while insulin and IGR decreased in both groups. These findings support faster lipid mobilization in response to negative energy status in obese donkeys during fasting, which could be linked to greater glucagonemia and could explain the predisposition of these animals to dyslipidemia.
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Collar EM, Watson LJ, Whitmer C, Hansen S. Successful closed reduction and conservative management with traumatic elbow luxation and medial collateral ligament rupture in an equid. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Collar
- Montana Equine Medical and Surgical Center Three Forks Montana USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - L. J. Watson
- Montana Equine Medical and Surgical Center Three Forks Montana USA
| | - C. Whitmer
- Montana Equine Medical and Surgical Center Helena Montana USA
| | - S. Hansen
- Montana Equine Medical and Surgical Center Three Forks Montana USA
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Liao Q, Li Z, Han Y, Deng L. Comparative Analysis of Serum Mineral and Biochemical Parameter Profiles Between Late Pregnant and Early Lactating Jennies. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 99:103401. [PMID: 33781411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the profile change of serum trace and major elements, and biochemical and hematological parameters in jennies during late pregnancy and early lactation. Twenty-five healthy Chinese Liaoxi jennies were used in late pregnancy and early lactation. Results showed that the levels of Fe, total protein (TP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were highly variable interindividual among the jennies. Early lactating jennies showed significantly lower serum levels of K, Se, AST, total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride than late pregnant jennies (P < .05). Principal component analysis identified six and five principal components of serum mineral and biochemical parameters for late pregnant and early lactating jennies, respectively, which was supported by the cluster analysis findings. Strong clustering of serum Cu-Mn, iPhos-Se-TP, and Ca-Zn-alanine aminotransferase-TC was found in the late pregnant jennies, and strong clustering of serum Ca-Zn-Se-Mn-albumin, Na-Fe-AST-triglyceride, and K-Mg-Cu-TP was observed in the early lactating jennies. The study suggests a significant variation in the serum levels of mineral and biochemical parameters in late pregnant and early lactating jennies, which is valuable in estimating their physiological status and providing proper health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchao Liao
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning Shenyang, PR China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yuwei Han
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning Shenyang, PR China
| | - Liang Deng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning Shenyang, PR China.
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Mas-Coma S, Buchon P, Funatsu IR, Angles R, Mas-Bargues C, Artigas P, Valero MA, Bargues MD. Donkey Fascioliasis Within a One Health Control Action: Transmission Capacity, Field Epidemiology, and Reservoir Role in a Human Hyperendemic Area. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:591384. [PMID: 33251272 PMCID: PMC7674489 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.591384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A One Health initiative has been implemented for fascioliasis control in a human hyperendemic area for the first time. The area selected for this multidisciplinary approach is the Northern Bolivian Altiplano, where the highest prevalences and intensities in humans have been reported. Within the strategic intervention axis of control activities concerning animal reservoirs, complete experimental studies, and field surveys have been performed to assess the fascioliasis transmission capacity and epidemiological role of the donkey for the first time. Laboratory studies with altiplanic donkey-infecting Fasciola hepatica and altiplanic Galba truncatula snail vector isolates demonstrate that the donkey assures the viability of the whole fasciolid life cycle. Several aspects indicate, however, that F. hepatica does not reach, in the donkey, the level of adaptation it shows in sheep and cattle in this high altitude hyperendemic area. This is illustrated by a few-day delay in egg embryonation, longer prepatent period despite similar miracidial infectivity and shorter patent period in the intramolluscan development, lower cercarial production per snail, different cercarial chronobiology, shorter snail survival after shedding end, shorter longevity of shedding snails, and lower metacercarial infectivity in Wistar rats. Thus, the role of the donkey in the disease transmission should be considered secondary. Field survey results proved that liver fluke prevalence and intensity in donkeys are similar to those of the main reservoirs sheep and cattle in this area. Fasciolid egg shedding by a donkey individual contributes to the environment contamination at a rate similar to sheep and cattle. In this endemic area, the pronounced lower number of donkeys when compared to sheep and cattle indicates that the epidemiological reservoir role of the donkey is also secondary. However, the donkey plays an important epidemiological role in the disease spread because of its use by Aymara inhabitants for good transport, movements, and travel from one locality/zone to another, a repercussion to be considered in the present geographical spread of fascioliasis in the Altiplano due to climate change. Donkey transport of parasite and vector, including movements inside the zone under control and potential introduction from outside that zone, poses a problem for the One Health initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paola Buchon
- Unidad de Limnología, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Ilra R Funatsu
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rene Angles
- Cátedra de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Cristina Mas-Bargues
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Arfuso F, Bazzano M, Brianti E, Gaglio G, Passantino A, Tesei B, Laus F. Nutritional Supplements Containing Cardus mariano, Eucalyptus globulus, Gentiana lutea, Urtica urens, and Mallotus philippinensis Extracts Are Effective in Reducing Egg Shedding in Dairy Jennies ( Equus asinus) Naturally Infected by Cyathostomins. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:556270. [PMID: 33251253 PMCID: PMC7676897 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.556270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing levels of anthelmintic resistance together with the restrictions in the use of drugs in food producing animals have enforced the search for sustainable alternative approaches for parasite control. The current study aimed to investigate the safety and the efficacy of a commercially available phytotherapic formulation against gastrointestinal strongyles in donkeys. Twenty-two Ragusana jennies (2.6 ± 0.5 years old) were assigned to two equal groups. One group was treated with two doses of a phytotherapic supplement Paraxitebio® containing Cardus mariano, Eucalyptus globulus, Gentiana lutea, Urtica urens, and Mallotus philippinensis, 14 days apart (Group A). One group was used as negative control (Group B). Individual fecal samples were collected at the beginning of the study (T−1), and after 7, 14, and 28 days (T7, T14, T28). Blood samples were collected on T−1 and T28 in order to assess changes in donkeys' hematological profile. After the initial rise in EPG values observed on T7, Group A showed a significant EPG decrease with lower eggs per gram (EPG) count compared to Group B on T28 and an overall fecal egg count reduction of 56.9% on the same time-point. Hematological parameters were within the normal physiological ranges for enrolled donkeys. However, significant differences in the values of RBCs, Hb, MCHC, MCV, WBCs, eosinophils, and basophils were recorded between groups after phytotherapic treatments, with Group A showing a general improvement in the hemogram picture. The phytotherapic supplement used in the current study was helpful in controlling intestinal parasites allowing a significant reduction in the fecal egg count 28 days after treatment. Further studies are needed to better explore the specific mode of action of the plant-derived formulation herein tested as well as to encourage their use as tool for the control of equine strongylosis under multimodal integrated approach in dairy donkey farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Arfuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marilena Bazzano
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Emanuele Brianti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gaglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Beniamino Tesei
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Fulvio Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
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Cappai MG, Dimauro C, Biggio GP, Cherchi R, Accioni F, Pudda F, Boatto G, Pinna W. The metabolic profile of Asinara (albino) and Sardo donkeys (pigmented) ( Equus asinus L., 1758) points to unequivocal breed assignment of individuals. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9297. [PMID: 32714654 PMCID: PMC7353909 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study pointed to explore if variations in circulating levels of metabolites in the blood stream of no. 25 feral donkeys occur in view of the different coat color between specimens of Asinara (albino, no. 8) vs. Sardo (dun-grey, no. 17) breed. All individuals involved in this investigation are living in the nature, at Mediterranean latitudes and roam in the same areas all over the National Park of Capo Caccia, where they feed on spontaneous vegetation sources. The study was conducted during the positive photoperiod of the boreal hemisphere (peak in the month of June, 2019) to maximize the effect of exposure to the natural sun radiation and thus elicit the coping ability of albino (Asinara) in comparison with pigmented donkeys (Sardo). The biochemical profile of all donkeys was used in a Discriminant Analysis (DA) to explore if circulating levels of metabolites could point to metabolic markers for breed assignment of individuals following a canonical discriminant analysis (CANDISC). The biochemical investigation included also the determination of the circulating Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol, α-TOH), as an essential biologically active compound involved in antioxidant mechanisms, and its respective status (circulating α-TOH to total triglycerides and total cholesterol ratio). In the CANDISC, the distance between the two breeds was not significant. However, it pointed to different metabolites (UREA, total protein, total triglycerides, Zn) capable of describing biochemical patterns on each respective breed (Asinara vs. Sardo). The multivariate analysis DA carried out using 22 metabolites correctly assigned individuals to the two breeds in the 100% of cases. In view of such metabolic background, circulating α-TOH found in the bloodstream of Asinara vs. Sardo donkeys under free grazing conditions turned out to reach similar values (2.114 vs. 1.872 µg/ml, respectively, p = 0.676). It is worth noting that significant differences were observed as to circulating lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, p = 0.022) levels, in association with increased creatine phosphokinase (CPK, p = 0.076), both above the upper limit of the physiological range reported in other donkey breeds, and found in the totality of Asinara (albino) donkeys solely, still apparently clinically healthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Cappai
- Research Unit for Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy, Italy
| | - Corrado Dimauro
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paolo Biggio
- Department of Research and Development of Equine Production, AGRIS of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Raffaele Cherchi
- Department of Research and Development of Equine Production, AGRIS of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Accioni
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Flavia Pudda
- FORESTAS, Centro di recupero della Fauna Selvatica di Bonassai, Bonassai Olmedo, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Boatto
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Walter Pinna
- Research Unit for Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy, Italy
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Raftery AG, Jallow S, Coultous RM, Rodgers J, Sutton DGM. Variation in disease phenotype is marked in equine trypanosomiasis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:148. [PMID: 32199454 PMCID: PMC7085162 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine trypanosomiasis is a severe and prevalent disease that has the greatest impact globally upon working equids due to its distribution across lower income countries. Morbidity and mortality rates are high; disease management strategies in endemic regions are ineffective and cost prohibitive. Individual variation in disease phenotype in other species suggests host factors could reveal novel treatment and control targets but has not been investigated in equids. Methods A prospective clinical evaluation of equines presenting for a free veterinary examination was performed in hyperendemic villages in The Gambia. Age, body condition score and body weight were estimated by validated methods, and haematocrit and total protein concentration measured. Animals fulfilling 2 out of 5 clinical inclusion criteria (anaemia, poor body condition, pyrexia, history of abortion, oedema) for a diagnosis of trypanosomiasis received trypanocidal treatment with follow-up at 1 and 2 weeks. Blood samples underwent PCR analysis with specific Trypanosoma spp. primers and results were compared to the subject’s clinical and clinicopathological features. A mixed effects generalised linear model was generated to evaluate the association of infection status with degree of pyrexia and anaemia. Results Morbidity was high within examined (n = 641) and selected (n = 247) study populations. PCR status was not associated with a defined disease phenotype; there was intra- and inter-species variability. Donkeys were more frequently Trypanosoma spp.-positive (P < 0.001) and febrile (P < 0.001) than horses, but infected horses were more anaemic (P < 0.001), and in poorer body condition (P < 0.001) than donkeys. Sex was correlated to disease phenotype: males were more anaemic (P = 0.03) and febrile (P < 0.001). Haemoparasite co-infections were more common than a single infection. Conclusions There was evidence of diversity in trypanosomiasis clinical signs plus variable disease phenotypes within equid subpopulations that warrant further investigation. The complex co-infection profile of field cases requires greater consideration to optimise disease management.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Raftery
- The Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, Large Animal Clinical Sciences and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Saloum Jallow
- Gambia Horse and Donkey Trust, Sambel Kunda, Central River District, The Gambia
| | - Robert M Coultous
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jean Rodgers
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David G M Sutton
- The Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, Large Animal Clinical Sciences and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
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Goodrich EL, Behling-Kelly E. Clinical Pathology of Donkeys and Mules. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:433-455. [PMID: 31672198 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the stoic nature of donkeys and their hybrids, it is important to consider the significance of diagnostic testing modalities that can provide objective health status information beyond the basic physical examination findings. However, clinical pathology assays are also fraught with significant limitations because the results for donkeys, mules, and hinnies can be difficult to interpret, and transference of data from the horse is not always applicable. This article presents considerations for sample collection, storage, analysis, and interpretation strategies for clinical pathology testing of donkeys and their hybrids based on the limited information available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Goodrich
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, A1-212 AHDC, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Erica Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, S1-062 Schurman Hall, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Barrio E, Rickards KJ, Thiemann AK. Clinical Evaluation and Preventative Care in Donkeys. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:545-560. [PMID: 31672202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evaluation and preventative care in donkeys should follow similar guidelines as for horses. There are species-specific differences due to the desert-adapted physiology of the donkey. Donkeys are mainly used as pack animals, companions and for production of meat or milk - they may be kept well into old age. Diseases often present late or may go unrecognized leading to poor welfare and quality of life. Basic knowledge of nutrition, blood values, pharmacology and common disease recognition will help veterinarians improve the health and welfare of donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Barrio
- The Veterinary Department, The Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth, Devon EX10 0NU, UK; The Veterinary Hospital, Brookfield, Honiton, Devon EX14 9SU, UK
| | - Karen J Rickards
- The Veterinary Department, The Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth, Devon EX10 0NU, UK; The Veterinary Hospital, Brookfield, Honiton, Devon EX14 9SU, UK
| | - Alexandra K Thiemann
- The Veterinary Hospital, Brookfield, Honiton, Devon EX14 9SU, UK; Education, The Veterinary Department, The Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth, Devon EX10 0NU, UK.
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35
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Lagos J, Tadich TA. Hematological and Biochemical Reference Intervals for Mules in Chile. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:400. [PMID: 31781585 PMCID: PMC6861176 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematological and biochemical reference intervals are an important tool for health assessment and treatment decision-making in veterinary medicine. Lack of information about reference intervals (RI) in mules force professionals to apply reference intervals developed for horses or donkeys, with the risk of misinterpretation. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine hematological and biochemical RI for healthy mules and compare them with those proposed in literature for horses, donkeys and mules. A total of 142 healthy mules (mixed breed mares × Baudet du Poitou) of both sex, all between 7 and 22 years of age and between 290 and 500 kg of live weight were sampled and 32 blood parameters analyzed in order to calculate reference intervals according to the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) and the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) standards. The values obtained for Chilean mules were within the RI in three of the 21 variables where data was available for UK donkeys and for three of 22 RI available for working horses in Pakistan; no similarities were found with those from Portuguese mules. In the case of Chilean working horses RI, mules values were within range for 11 of 25 variables. The differences found in blood biochemistry may be explained by husbandry conditions, diet, type of work and biological features. Differences between mules' reference intervals and those from donkeys and working horses highlight the importance of having specific reference values for this equid hybrid and the need to develop further research in mules under different working conditions and genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javiera Lagos
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Campus Sur, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tamara A Tadich
- Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
The domestic donkey is a unique equid species with specific nutritional requirements. This article examines the importance of feeding strategies that mimic the donkey's natural environment using poor nutritional quality fibers and access to browsing materials. The relationship between nutrition and health is examined and practical approaches to the healthy and sick donkey are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith A Burden
- Research Department, The Donkey Sanctuary, Slade House Farm, Sidmouth, Devon EX10 0NU, UK.
| | - Nicola Bell
- Research Department, The Donkey Sanctuary, Slade House Farm, Sidmouth, Devon EX10 0NU, UK
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Abstract
Donkeys suffer from the same respiratory diseases as horses; however, owing to their nonathletic nature many conditions can present in a more advanced state before becoming clinically apparent. Anatomically, their respiratory tract is similar to the horse, with certain species-specific differences that are important to be aware of. Often donkeys do not receive the same level of routine care as horses, so many are not vaccinated against respiratory pathogens such as influenza or herpesviruses. Donkeys can act as a reservoir for certain infectious and parasitic respiratory diseases and the interpretation of diagnostic tests needs to be carried out with caution.
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Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders in Donkeys. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:399-417. [PMID: 31587976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The donkey evolved under harsh and arid environmental conditions, developing unique energy-efficiency traits, with an efficiency to rapidly mobilize fat in situations of increased energy demands or when food is scarce. This evolution has led to an inherent predisposition of donkeys to obesity, dyslipidemias, insulin dysregulation/metabolic syndrome, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, and endocrinopathic laminitis. Marked differences have been described in hormone dynamics and testing protocols for the diagnosis of these endocrine and metabolic diseases in donkeys compared with horses, underlining the necessity of a species-specific approach in order to avoid misdiagnosis, unnecessary or inadequate treatments, and additional costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Mendoza
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Road Madrid-Cadiz km 396, Cordoba 14014, Spain.
| | - Ramiro E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alejandro Perez-Ecija
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Road Madrid-Cadiz km 396, Cordoba 14014, Spain
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Salari F, Ciampolini R, Mariti C, Millanta F, Altomonte I, Licitra R, Auzino B, Ascenzi CD, Bibbiani C, Giuliotti L, Amerigo Papini R, Martini M. A multi-approach study of the performance of dairy donkey during lactation: preliminary results. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1623094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Salari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Mariti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Iolanda Altomonte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosario Licitra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Auzino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo D’ Ascenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Bibbiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorella Giuliotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Mina Martini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute (NutraFood), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Bonelli F, Laus F, Briganti A, Evangelista F, Bazzano M, Conte G, Sgorbini M. Evaluation of Two Handheld Point-of-Care Blood Gas Analyzers in Healthy Donkeys. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 79:94-99. [PMID: 31405509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in blood gas analysis in donkeys. "Point-of-care (POC) testing" is a diagnostic testing performed on or immediately next to the patient. This study assesses the agreement between two POC blood gas analyzers in donkeys. Arterial and venous blood samples were collected from 17 donkeys and analyzed using a fully automated blood gas analyzer (ABL 700 Series Radiometer, Denmark) (RAD) and two POC blood gas analyzers (i-STAT System; VetStat, Idexx). The parameters revealed by all three devices were submitted to a canonical discriminant analysis, to evaluate which parameters differentiated the POC analyzers from the RAD. On the basis of the discriminant analysis, we evaluated the best POC for each parameter registered, in comparison with RAD. The results also changed depending on the type of blood (venous or arterial blood). The agreement between i-STAT and RAD was good for venous samples, but was poor for arterial samples. A poor agreement was found between VetStat and RAD for both venous and arterial samples. The increment of the number of subjects might lead to a better understanding of the potential role of the POCs in clinical setting. Finally, increasing the study population is recommended to set reference values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Angela Briganti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Flavia Evangelista
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marilena Bazzano
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Conte
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
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41
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Bazzano M, McLean A, Tesei B, Gallina E, Laus F. Selenium and Vitamin E Concentrations in a Healthy Donkey Population in Central Italy. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 78:112-116. [PMID: 31203973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Selenium and vitamin E protect the body against oxidative stress. Clinical manifestations of their deficiency in equids include neurologic and muscular symptoms. Despite the importance of donkeys as working and production animals, there is a dearth of scientific data on selenium and vitamin E normal values. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the plasma concentrations of selenium and vitamin E in healthy donkeys belonging to different ages, sexes, and productive phases. Animals were divided into five groups including foals (group A: n = 7, n = 4 males and n = 3 females), weanlings and yearlings (group B: n = 7, n = 2 males and n = 5 females), nonpregnant nonlactating jennies (group C: n = 5), pregnant nonlactating jennies (group D: n = 9), and adult males (group E: n = 9). Plasma samples obtained from each animal were tested for vitamin E and selenium concentration. One-way analysis of variance showed significant differences in selenium concentrations (P = .001) between group A and group E. In this study, we found the selenium range for donkeys to be 0.02-0.14 μg/mL, which is lower than the recommended range for horses. The results suggest that donkeys may have a lower selenium requirement than horses. Plasma vitamin E levels were 3.29-12.99 μmol/L, with foals having lower concentrations than adults. Knowing specific reference ranges for vitamin E and selenium in healthy donkeys can help improve our understanding of how to prevent deficiencies that could compromise their overall health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Bazzano
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, MC, Italy.
| | - Amy McLean
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Beniamino Tesei
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Elisa Gallina
- Equine Practitioner, School of Animal Health and Breeding, University of Camerino, Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Fulvio Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, MC, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Haines
- Lead — Behaviour; The Donkey Sanctuary, Veterinary Department, Brookfield Farm, Honiton, Devon, EX14 9SU
| | - Joanna Goliszek
- Veterinary Surgeon; The Donkey Sanctuary, Veterinary Department, Brookfield Farm, Honiton, Devon, EX14 9SU
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Effect of intravenous glucose and combined glucose-insulin challenges on energy-regulating hormones concentrations in donkeys. Vet J 2018; 240:40-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Thiemann A, Fernandez EB, Rickards K, Harrison A. Assessing quality of life and welfare of donkeys in the UK. IN PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.k2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Donkey Internal Medicine—Part I: Metabolic, Endocrine, and Alimentary Tract Disturbances. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [PMCID: PMC7111315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic and endocrine disturbances are common in donkeys. This species has an inherent ability to thrive with limited and poor-quality roughage. Donkeys are extremely efficient in energy storage and mobilization, which predisposes to hyperlipemia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of dyslipidemias is higher in donkeys than other equids, which is more evident under stressful conditions. Diagnosis of endocrine and metabolic disorders in donkeys should be based on species-specific information considering that differences in a multitude of variables compared with horses have been demonstrated. Protocols to assess endocrine disorders (e.g., pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and thyroid illness) are unavailable, and extrapolation from horse data can be misleading. Treatment guidelines for these conditions in donkeys are currently not reported. On the other hand, the typical stoic and hardy behavior of donkeys can hinder prompt diagnosis of gastrointestinal problems, specifically colic, which is commonly caused by dental issues in this species. Moreover, subclinical gastric ulcer syndrome appears to be a common pathology in this species, especially in working donkeys. Donkeys are different to horses. Numerous physiological and clinic-pathologic idiosyncrasies are reported in horses. Data published for horses should not be extrapolated for donkeys. Specific reference ranges, doses, and protocols have to be used for donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Mendoza
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
- Corresponding author at: Dr Francisco J. Mendoza, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Ramiro E. Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Alejandro Perez-Ecija
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
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Ultrasonographic Reference Values of Kidney Dimensions and Clinicopathological Findings Associating the Transcutaneous Ultrasound-Guided Renal Biopsy in Donkeys (Equus asinus). J Equine Vet Sci 2018; 68:1-11. [PMID: 31256879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to establish normal ultrasonographic reference values of kidney dimensions in donkeys (Equus asinus) and to describe and evaluate the clinicopathological variations associated with ultrasound-guided renal biopsy. The ultrasonographic dimensions of the right and left kidneys were conducted on 16 donkeys, which were then divided into two groups; eight each for biopsy of the right kidney (RK) and left kidney (LK). Three ultrasonographic cineloops were obtained at 17th intercostal space daily for 3 consecutive days. Renal length, width, and dimensions of the cortex, medulla, and pelvis for both the kidneys in each donkey were recorded. Maximal dimensions were obtained for the RK (length 10 ± 8 cm, width 4.9 ± 1 cm, thickness 4.2 ± 0.4 cm) and LK (length 8.9 ± 0.9 cm, width 4.7 ± 0.8 cm, thickness 3.5 ± 0.7 cm) with good-to-excellent repeatability for all measurements. Follow-up ultrasonography revealed development of postbiopsy subcapsular hematomas, which were confirmed postmortem, of mild (volume < 20 mL), moderate (volume from 20 to 40 mL), and severe degrees (volume > 40 mL). Gross hematuria had been observed till 24 hours after biopsy, and then microscopic hematuria was noticed thereafter. Variable clinicopathological changes were noticed in blood and urine. All the biopsy specimens were adequate for histopathological assessment. Postmortem histopathological examination revealed various kidney changes. In conclusion, kidney dimensions can be used by veterinarians for accurate diagnosis and management of renal diseases. Ultrasound-guided renal biopsy is a relatively safe procedure; however, some complications may develop. Renal biopsy is commonly associated with clinicopathological variations; thus, caution should be taken during interpretation of these variables.
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Hibbs CD, Barrett PM, Dees DD. Intraocular pressure reference intervals in eyes of clinically normal miniature donkeys (Equus africanus
asinus). Vet Ophthalmol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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48
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Hussein HA, Ibrahim A, Ali MF, Abdel-Maksoud FM. Development and Complications of Blind and Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Liver Biopsy Techniques in Donkeys ( Equus asinus ). J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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49
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Reference values for some clinical, hematobiochemical and electrocardiographic parameters in miniature donkeys: the effect of sex, age and season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-017-2488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Perez-Ecija A, Mendoza FJ. Characterisation of clotting factors, anticoagulant protein activities and viscoelastic analysis in healthy donkeys. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:734-738. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Perez-Ecija
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
| | - F. J. Mendoza
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
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