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Fei Y, Bao Z, Wang Q, Zhu Y, Lu J, Ouyang L, Hu Q, Zhou Y, Chen L. CRISPR/Cas9-induced LEAP2 and GHSR1a knockout mutant zebrafish displayed abnormal growth and impaired lipid metabolism. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 355:114563. [PMID: 38830459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Investigating the principles of fish fat deposition and conducting related research are current focal points in fish nutrition. This study explores the endocrine regulation of LEAP2 and GHSR1a in zebrafish by constructing mutantmodels andexamining the effects of the endocrine factors LEAP2 and its receptor GHSR1a on zebrafish growth, feeding, and liver fat deposition. Compared to the wild type (WT), the mutation of LEAP2 results in increased feeding and decreased swimming in zebrafish. The impact is more pronounced in adult female zebrafish, characterized by increased weight, length, width, and accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver.Incontrast, deficiency in GHSR1a significantly reduces the growth of male zebrafish and markedly decreases liver fat deposition.These research findings indicate the crucial roles of LEAP2 and GHSR1a in zebrafish feeding, growth, and intracellular fat metabolism. This study, for the first time, investigated the endocrine metabolic regulation functions of LEAP2 and GHSR1a in the model organism zebrafish, providing initial insights into their effects and potential mechanisms on zebrafish fat metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Fei
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonggui Bao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jigang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linyue Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quiqin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
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Shu X, Chen Z, Zheng X, Hua G, Zhuang W, Zhang J, Chen J. Quail GHRL and LEAP2 gene cloning, polymorphism detection, phylogenetic analysis, tissue expression profiling and its association analysis with feed intake. Gene 2024; 918:148479. [PMID: 38636815 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The GHRL, LEAP2, and GHSR system have recently been identified as important regulators of feed intake in mammals and chickens. However, the complete cloning of the quail GHRL (qGHRL) and quail LEAP2 (qLEAP2) genes, as well as their association with feed intake, remains unclear. This study cloned the entire qGHRL and qLEAP2 cDNA sequence in Chinese yellow quail (Coturnix japonica), including the 5' and 3' untranslated regions. Sanger sequencing analysis revealed no missense mutations in the coding region of qGHRL and qLEAP2. Subsequently, phylogenetic analysis and protein homology alignment were conducted on the qGHRL and qLEAP2 in major poultry species. The findings of this research indicated that the qGHRL and qLEAP2 sequences exhibit a high degree of similarity with those of chicken and turkey. Specifically, the N-terminal 6 amino acids of GHRL mature peptides and all the mature peptide sequence of LEAP2 exhibited consistent patterns across all species examined. The analysis of tissue gene expression profiles indicated that qGHRL was primarily expressed in the proventriculus and brain tissue, whereas qLEAP2 exhibited higher expression levels in the intestinal tissue, kidney, and liver tissue, differing slightly from previous studies conducted on chicken. It is necessary to investigate the significance of elevated expression of qGHRL in brain and qLEAP2 in kidney in the future. Further research has shown that the expression of qLEAP2 can quickly respond to changes in different energy states, whereas qGHRL does not exhibit the same capability. Overall, this study successfully cloned the complete cDNA sequences of qGHRL and qLEAP2, and conducted a comprehensive examination of their tissue expression profiles and gene expression levels in the main expressing organs across different energy states. Our current findings suggested that qLEAP2 is highly expressed in the liver, intestine, and kidney, and its expression level is regulated by feed intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Scientific Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Scientific Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaotong Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Scientific Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guoying Hua
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wuchao Zhuang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jilong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Scientific Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China.
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Yu CG, Ma L, Zhang DN, Ma Y, Wang CY, Chen J. Structure-activity relationships of the intramolecular disulphide bonds in LEAP2, an antimicrobial peptide from Acrossocheilus fasciatus. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:243. [PMID: 38835040 PMCID: PMC11149183 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) plays a pivotal role in the host's immune response against pathogenic microorganisms. Numerous such antimicrobial peptides have recently been shown to mitigate infection risk in fish, and studying those harboured by the economically important fish Acrossocheilus fasciatus is imperative for enhancing its immune responses against pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, we cloned and sequenced LEAP2 cDNA from A. fasciatus to examine its expression in immune tissues and investigate the structure-activity relationships of its intramolecular disulphide bonds. RESULTS The predicted amino acid sequence of A. fasciatus LEAP2 was found to include a signal peptide, pro-domain, and mature peptide. Sequence analysis indicated that A. fasciatus LEAP2 is a member of the fish LEAP2A cluster and is closely related to Cyprinus carpio LEAP2A. A. fasciatus LEAP2 transcripts were expressed in various tissues, with the head kidney exhibiting the highest mRNA levels. Upon exposure to Aeromonas hydrophila infection, LEAP2 expression was significantly upregulated in the liver, head kidney, and spleen. A mature peptide of A. fasciatus LEAP2, consisting of two disulphide bonds (Af-LEAP2-cys), and a linear form of the LEAP2 mature peptide (Af-LEAP2) were chemically synthesised. The circular dichroism spectroscopy result shows differences between the secondary structures of Af-LEAP2 and Af-LEAP2-cys, with a lower proportion of alpha helix and a higher proportion of random coil in Af-LEAP2. Af-LEAP2 exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against most tested bacteria, including Acinetobacter guillouiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Staphylococcus warneri. In contrast, Af-LEAP2-cys demonstrated weak or no antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria. Af-LEAP2 had a disruptive effect on bacterial cell membrane integrity, whereas Af-LEAP2-cys did not exhibit this effect. Additionally, neither Af-LEAP2 nor Af-LEAP2-cys displayed any observable ability to hydrolyse the genomic DNA of P. aeruginosa. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides clear evidence that linear LEAP2 exhibits better antibacterial activity than oxidised LEAP2, thereby confirming, for the first time, this phenomenon in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ci-Gang Yu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Biodiversity and Biosafety, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Di-Ni Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Biodiversity and Biosafety, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Biodiversity and Biosafety, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Chang-Yong Wang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Biodiversity and Biosafety, Nanjing, 210042, China.
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China.
- Lishui Institute for Ecological Economy Research, Lishui, 323000, China.
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Pedersen MGB, Lauritzen ES, Svart MV, Støy J, Søndergaard E, Thomsen HH, Kampmann U, Bjerre M, Jessen N, Møller N, Rittig N. Nutrient sensing: LEAP2 concentration in response to fasting, glucose, lactate, and β-hydroxybutyrate in healthy young males. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:1091-1098. [PMID: 37844838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The appetite-suppressing potential of liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2), and its antagonistic effects on the hunger-inducing hormone ghrelin have attracted scientific interest. It is unclear how LEAP2 is influenced by fasting and how it responds to specific nutrients. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this investigation was to assess whether LEAP2 concentration 1) decreases after fasting, 2) increases postprandially, and 3) is regulated by nutrient sensing in the splanchnic bed. METHODS Plasma LEAP2 concentration was measured in blood samples from 5 clinical cross-over trials, following 1) 36 h of fasting (n = 8), 2) 10 h of fasting (n = 37, baseline data pooled from 4 of the clinical trials), 3) Oral and intravenous glucose administration (n = 11), 4) Oral and intravenous Na-lactate administration (n = 10), and 5) Oral and intravenous Na-β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) administration (n = 8). All 5 trials included healthy males. RESULTS Compared with a 10-h fasting period, the median LEAP2 concentration was 38% lower following 36 h of fasting (P < 0.001). Oral administration of glucose elevated, whereas intravenous glucose administration lowered LEAP2 concentration (intervention x time, P = 0.001), resulting in a mean difference of 9 ng/mL (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1, 17) after 120 min. Oral lactate increased, and intravenous lactate decreased LEAP2 (intervention x time, P = 0.007), with a mean difference between interventions of 10 ng/mL (95% CI: 6, 15) after 120 min. In contrast, oral and intravenous administration of BHB reduced the LEAP2 concentration (main effect of time, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our investigations show that LEAP2 concentration was lower after a 36-h fast than an overnight fast and that oral delivery of glucose and lactate elevated LEAP2 concentration compared with intravenous administration, whereas LEAP2 concentrations decreased with both oral and intravenous BHB. This indicates that the LEAP2 concentration is sensitive to intestinal exposure to specific substrates, highlighting the need for future studies exploring the relationship between nutrients and LEAP2. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01840098, NCT03204877, NCT04299815, NCT03935841, and NCT01705782.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Glavind Bülow Pedersen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | | | - Mads Vandsted Svart
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Julie Støy
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Esben Søndergaard
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Holm Thomsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ulla Kampmann
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Rittig
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
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Tezenas du Montcel C, Duriez P, Cao J, Lebrun N, Ramoz N, Viltart O, Gorwood P, Tolle V. The role of dysregulated ghrelin/LEAP-2 balance in anorexia nervosa. iScience 2023; 26:107996. [PMID: 37867951 PMCID: PMC10587521 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
LEAP-2 is a ghrelin antagonist with an anorexigenic drive. This study investigates the evolution of plasma ghrelin and LEAP-2 concentrations in 29 patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) before and after refeeding and compares it to physiological adaptations during fasting in healthy controls or to mouse model of chronic food restriction and refeeding. Acute and chronic food restriction decrease LEAP-2 and increase ghrelin concentrations in both humans and mice, while patients with AN displayed higher ghrelin and LEAP-2 concentrations before than after refeeding (p = 0.043). After 6 months follow-up, patients with unstable weight gain (n = 17) had significantly decreased LEAP-2 concentrations after refeeding (p = 0.044), in contrast to patients with stable weight gain (n = 12). We provide evidence that the ghrelin/LEAP-2 system is not regulated according to the nutritional status in AN, in contrast to what is physiologically expected when coping with food restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Tezenas du Montcel
- Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience de Paris (IPNP), 75014 Paris, France
- Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l’Encéphale, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Philibert Duriez
- Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience de Paris (IPNP), 75014 Paris, France
- Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l’Encéphale, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jingxian Cao
- Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience de Paris (IPNP), 75014 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Lebrun
- Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience de Paris (IPNP), 75014 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ramoz
- Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience de Paris (IPNP), 75014 Paris, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience de Paris (IPNP), 75014 Paris, France
- Université de Lille, SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, UMR CNRS 9193, PsySEF département, 59653 Lille, France
| | - Philip Gorwood
- Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience de Paris (IPNP), 75014 Paris, France
- Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l’Encéphale, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience de Paris (IPNP), 75014 Paris, France
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Maric I, López-Ferreras L, Bhat Y, Asker M, Börchers S, Bellfy L, Byun S, Kwapis JL, Skibicka KP. From the stomach to locus coeruleus: new neural substrate for ghrelin's effects on ingestive, motivated and anxiety-like behaviors. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1286805. [PMID: 38026980 PMCID: PMC10679437 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1286805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a stomach-derived orexigenic hormone, has a well-established role in energy homeostasis, food reward, and emotionality. Noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) are known to play an important role in arousal, emotion, cognition, but recently have also been implicated in control of feeding behavior. Ghrelin receptors (the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHSR) may be found in the LC, but the behavioral effects of ghrelin signaling in this area are still unexplored. Here, we first determined whether GHSR are present in the rat LC, and demonstrate that GHSR are expressed on noradrenergic neurons in both sexes. We next investigated whether ghrelin controls ingestive and motivated behaviors as well as anxiety-like behavior by acting in the LC. To pursue this idea, we examined the effects of LC GHSR stimulation and blockade on food intake, operant responding for a palatable food reward and, anxiety-like behavior in the open field (OF) and acoustic startle response (ASR) tests in male and female rats. Our results demonstrate that intra-LC ghrelin administration increases chow intake and motivated behavior for sucrose in both sexes. Additionally, females, but not males, exhibited a potent anxiolytic response in the ASR. In order to determine whether activation of GHSR in the LC was necessary for feeding and anxiety behavior control, we utilized liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2), a newly identified endogenous GHSR antagonist. LEAP2 delivered specifically into the LC was sufficient to reduce fasting-induced chow hyperphagia in both sexes, but food reward only in females. Moreover, blockade of GHSR in the LC increased anxiety-like behavior measured in the ASR test in both sexes. Taken together, these results indicate that ghrelin acts in the LC to alter ingestive, motivated and anxiety-like behaviors, with a degree of sex divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Maric
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Lorena López-Ferreras
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yashaswini Bhat
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Mohammed Asker
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stina Börchers
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Lauren Bellfy
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Suyeun Byun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Janine L. Kwapis
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Karolina P. Skibicka
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
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7
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Tuero C, Becerril S, Ezquerro S, Neira G, Frühbeck G, Rodríguez A. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the hepatoprotective role of ghrelin against NAFLD progression. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:833-849. [PMID: 36417140 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms for the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are complex and multifactorial. Within the last years, experimental and clinical evidences support the role of ghrelin in the development of NAFLD. Ghrelin is a gut hormone that plays a major role in the short-term regulation of appetite and long-term regulation of adiposity. The liver constitutes a target for ghrelin, where this gut-derived peptide triggers intracellular pathways regulating lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Interestingly, circulating ghrelin levels are altered in patients with metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, which, in turn, are well-known risk factors for the pathogenesis of NAFLD. This review summarizes the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the hepatoprotective action of ghrelin, including the reduction of hepatocyte lipotoxicity via autophagy and fatty acid β-oxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and programmed cell death, the reversibility of the proinflammatory phenotype in Kupffer cells, and the inactivation of hepatic stellate cells. Together, the metabolic and inflammatory pathways regulated by ghrelin in the liver support its potential as a therapeutic target to prevent NAFLD in patients with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Tuero
- Department of General Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Ezquerro
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
| | - Gabriela Neira
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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8
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Li HZ, Wang YF, Zheng YS, Liu YL, Xu ZG, Guo ZY. The ghrelin receptor GHSR has two efficient agonists in the lobe-finned fish Latimeria chalumnae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 679:110-115. [PMID: 37677979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The peptide hormone ghrelin (an agonist) and LEAP2 (an antagonist) play important functions in energy metabolism via their receptor GHSR, an A-class G protein-coupled receptor. Ghrelin, LEAP2, and GHSR are widely present from fishes to mammals. However, our recent study suggested that fish GHSRs have different binding properties to ghrelin: a GHSR from the lobe-finned fish Latimeria chalumnae (coelacanth) is efficiently activated by ghrelin, but GHSRs from the ray-finned fish Danio rerio (zebrafish) and Larimichthys crocea (large yellow croaker) have lost binding to ghrelin. Do fish GHSRs use another peptide as their agonist? In the present study we tested to two fish motilins from D. rerio and L. chalumnae because motilin is distantly related to ghrelin. In ligand binding and activation assays, the fish GHSRs from D. rerio and L. crocea displayed no detectable or very low binding to all tested motilins; however, the fish GHSR from L. chalumnae bound to its motilin with high affinity and was efficiently activated by it. Therefore, it seemed that motilin is not a ligand for GHSR in the ray-finned fish D. rerio and L. crocea, but is an efficient agonist for GHSR in the lobe-finned fish L. chalumnae, one of the closest fish relatives of tetrapods. The results of present study suggested that GHSR might have two efficient agonists, ghrelin and motilin, in ancient fishes; however, this feature might be only preserved in some extant fishes with ancient evolutionary origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Zheng Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Fen Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Shan Zheng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Guang Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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Bhargava R, Luur S, Rodriguez Flores M, Emini M, Prechtl CG, Goldstone AP. Postprandial Increases in Liver-Gut Hormone LEAP2 Correlate with Attenuated Eating Behavior in Adults Without Obesity. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad061. [PMID: 37287649 PMCID: PMC10243873 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The novel liver-gut hormone liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP2) is a centrally acting inverse agonist, and competitive antagonist of orexigenic acyl ghrelin (AG), at the GH secretagogue receptor, reducing food intake in rodents. In humans, the effects of LEAP2 on eating behavior and mechanisms behind the postprandial increase in LEAP2 are unclear, though this is reciprocal to the postprandial decrease in plasma AG. Methods Plasma LEAP2 was measured in a secondary analysis of a previous study. Twenty-two adults without obesity attended after an overnight fast, consuming a 730-kcal meal without or with subcutaneous AG administration. Postprandial changes in plasma LEAP2 were correlated with postprandial changes in appetite, high-energy (HE) or low-energy (LE) food cue reactivity using functional magnetic resonance imaging, ad libitum food intake, and plasma/serum AG, glucose, insulin, and triglycerides. Results Postprandial plasma LEAP2 increased by 24.5% to 52.2% at 70 to 150 minutes, but was unchanged by exogenous AG administration. Postprandial increases in LEAP2 correlated positively with postprandial decreases in appetite, and cue reactivity to HE/LE and HE food in anteroposterior cingulate cortex, paracingulate cortex, frontal pole, and middle frontal gyrus, with similar trend for food intake. Postprandial increases in LEAP2 correlated negatively with body mass index, but did not correlate positively with increases in glucose, insulin, or triglycerides, nor decreases in AG. Conclusions These correlational findings are consistent with a role for postprandial increases in plasma LEAP2 in suppressing human eating behavior in adults without obesity. Postprandial increases in plasma LEAP2 are unrelated to changes in plasma AG and the mediator(s) remain uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Bhargava
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sandra Luur
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marcela Rodriguez Flores
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mimoza Emini
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Christina G Prechtl
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Anthony P Goldstone
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
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10
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Zhang Z, Tian T, Pan N, Wang Y, Peng M, Zhao X, Pan Z, Wan C. Microprotein Dysregulation in the Serum of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:1172-1180. [PMID: 36924315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The incidence rate of atrial fibrillation (AF) has stayed at a high level in recent years. Despite the intensive efforts to study the pathologic changes of AF, the molecular mechanism of disease development remains unclarified. Microproteins are ribosomally translated gene products from small open reading frames (sORFs) and are found to play crucial biological functions, while remain rare attention and indistinct in AF study. In this work, we recruited 65 AF patients and 65 healthy subjects for microproteomic profiling. By differential analysis and cross-validation between independent datasets, a total of 4 microproteins were identified as significantly different, including 3 annotated ones and 1 novel one. Additionally, we established a diagnostic model with either microproteins or global proteins by machine learning methods and found the model with microproteins achieved comparable and excellent performance as that with global proteins. Our results confirmed the abnormal expression of microproteins in AF and may provide new perspectives on the mechanism study of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education; State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ni Pan
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingbo Peng
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinbo Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education; State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenwei Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education; State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihong Wan
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
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11
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Tezenas-du-Montcel C, Tolle V. La régulation de la prise alimentaire au travers des actions antagonistes de la ghréline et du LEAP-2. CAHIERS DE NUTRITION ET DE DIÉTÉTIQUE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnd.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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12
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Li HZ, Shao XX, Wang YF, Liu YL, Xu ZG, Guo ZY. LEAP2 is a more conserved ligand than ghrelin for fish GHSRs. Biochimie 2023; 209:10-19. [PMID: 36669723 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) was identified as an endogenous antagonist and an inverse agonist of the ghrelin receptor GHSR. However, its functions in lower vertebrates are not well understood. Our recent study demonstrated that both LEAP2 and ghrelin are functional towards a fish GHSR from Latimeria chalumnae, an extant coelacanth believed to be one of the closest ancestors of tetrapods. However, amino acid sequence alignment identified that the 6.58 position (Ballesteros-Weinstein numbering system) of most fish GHSRs are not occupied by an aromatic Phe residue, which is absolutely conserved in all known GHSRs from amphibians to mammals, and is responsible for human GHSR binding to its agonist, ghrelin. To test whether these unusual fish receptors are functional, we studied the ligand binding properties of three representative fish GHSRs, two from Danio rerio (zebrafish) and one from Larimichthys crocea (large yellow croaker). After overexpression in human embryonic kidney 293T cells, the three fish GHSRs retained normal binding to all tested LEAP2s, except for a second LEAP2 from L. crocea. However, they displayed almost no binding to all chemically synthesized n-octanoylated ghrelins, despite these ghrelins all retaining normal function towards human and coelacanth GHSRs. Thus, it seems that LEAP2 is a more conserved ligand than ghrelin towards fish GHSRs. Our results not only provided new insights into the interaction mechanism of GHSRs with LEAP2s and ghrelins, but also shed new light on the functions of LEAP2 and ghrelin in different fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Zheng Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Fen Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Guang Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Wada R, Takemi S, Matsumoto M, Iijima M, Sakai T, Sakata I. Molecular cloning and analysis of the ghrelin/GHSR system in Xenopus tropicalis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 331:114167. [PMID: 36402245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gut-derived peptide with several physiological functions, including feeding, gastrointestinal motility, and hormonal secretion. Recently, a host defense peptide, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP2), was reported as an endogenous antagonist of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). The physiological relevance of the molecular LEAP2-GHS-R interaction in mammals has been explored; however, studies on non-mammals are limited. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of ghrelin and its related molecules in Western clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalis), a known model organism. We first identified cDNA encoding X. tropicalis ghrelin and GHS-R. RT-qPCR revealed that ghrelin mRNA expression was most abundant in the stomach. GHS-R mRNA was widely distributed in the brain and peripheral tissues, and a relatively strong signal was observed in the stomach and intestine. In addition, LEAP2 was mainly expressed in intestinal tissues at higher levels than in the liver. In functional analysis, X. tropicalis ghrelin and human ghrelin induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization with EC50 values in the low nanomolar range in CHO-K1 cells expressing X. tropicalis GHS-R. Furthermore, ghrelin-induced GHS-R activation was antagonized with IC50 values in the nanomolar range by heterologous human LEAP2. We also validated the expression of ghrelin and feeding-related factors under fasting conditions. After 2 days of fasting, no changes in ghrelin mRNA levels were observed in the stomach, but GHS-R mRNA levels were significantly increased, associated with significant downregulation of nucb2. In addition, LEAP2 upregulation was observed in the duodenum. These results provide the first evidence that LEAP2 functions as an antagonist of GHS-R in the anuran amphibian X. tropicalis. It has also been suggested that the ghrelin/GHS-R/LEAP2 system may be involved in energy homeostasis in X. tropicalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Wada
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Mio Matsumoto
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Mio Iijima
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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Chen RB, Wang QY, Wang YY, Wang YD, Liu JH, Liao ZZ, Xiao XH. Feeding-induced hepatokines and crosstalk with multi-organ: A novel therapeutic target for Type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1094458. [PMID: 36936164 PMCID: PMC10020511 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1094458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia, which can be caused by either an insulin deficit and/or insulin resistance, is the main symptom of Type 2 diabetes, a significant endocrine metabolic illness. Conventional medications, including insulin and oral antidiabetic medicines, can alleviate the signs of diabetes but cannot restore insulin release in a physiologically normal amount. The liver detects and reacts to shifts in the nutritional condition that occur under a wide variety of metabolic situations, making it an essential organ for maintaining energy homeostasis. It also performs a crucial function in glucolipid metabolism through the secretion of hepatokines. Emerging research shows that feeding induces hepatokines release, which regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. Notably, these feeding-induced hepatokines act on multiple organs to regulate glucolipotoxicity and thus influence the development of T2DM. In this review, we focus on describing how feeding-induced cross-talk between hepatokines, including Adropin, Manf, Leap2 and Pcsk9, and metabolic organs (e.g.brain, heart, pancreas, and adipose tissue) affects metabolic disorders, thus revealing a novel approach for both controlling and managing of Type 2 diabetes as a promising medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Bin Chen
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Qi-Yu Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Di Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jiang-Hua Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe-Zhen Liao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Hua Xiao, ; Zhe-Zhen Liao,
| | - Xin-Hua Xiao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Hua Xiao, ; Zhe-Zhen Liao,
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15
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Vergani E, Bruno C, Gavotti C, Oliva A, Currò D, Mancini A. Increased levels of plasma neudesin in adult growth hormone deficiency and their relationship with plasma liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 levels: a cross-sectional study. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 46:1187-1195. [PMID: 36495439 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adult growth hormone deficiency (aGHD) is characterized by an altered metabolic profile and increased cardiovascular risk. Neudesin is a newly discovered protein mainly secreted from adipose tissue and brain, under evaluation for its possible activity as a negative regulator of energy expenditure. Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide (LEAP)-2 is a competitive antagonist of ghrelin on its receptor. An observational cross-sectional study was performed to test the hypothesis that plasma neudesin levels may be modified in aGHD. Given the role played in the energy balance, any possible relationships between neudesin, LEAP-2 and metabolic and anthropometric parameters were evaluated. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Thirty-eight patients were included: 18 aGHD patients (7 females and 11 males, aged 59.7 ± 2.6 years, BMI 30.2 ± 2.2 kg/m2); 20 healthy controls (12 females and 8 males, aged 47.1 ± 2.5 years, BMI 24.1 ± 0.9 kg/m2). All patients were evaluated for glucose, insulin, HOMA and QUICKI index, total/LDL/HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, and IGF-1. Plasma neudesin, LEAP-2, and ghrelin were measured by ELISA. Fat mass was evaluated by DEXA. RESULTS Neudesin levels were significantly higher in aGHD versus controls. We confirmed the finding of significantly lower ghrelin levels and significantly higher LEAP-2/ghrelin ratio in aGHD patients and found a significant direct correlation between neudesin and LEAP-2 levels. A significant direct correlation between neudesin and fat mass percentage was found in the whole population. CONCLUSION These results suggest the onset of adaptive responses to an altered metabolic picture in aGHD. The changes in two distinct pathways that modulate food intake and the still limited knowledge about neudesin suggest future developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vergani
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - C Bruno
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - C Gavotti
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - A Oliva
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - D Currò
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Mancini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
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Regulation of feeding and therapeutic application of bioactive peptides. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Holá L, Železná B, Karnošová A, Kuneš J, Fehrentz JA, Denoyelle S, Cantel S, Blechová M, Sýkora D, Myšková A, Maletínská L. A Novel Truncated Liver Enriched Antimicrobial Peptide-2 Palmitoylated at its N-Terminal Antagonizes Effects of Ghrelin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 383:129-136. [PMID: 36198495 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is secreted in the stomach during fasting and targets the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR1a) in the hypothalamus and brainstem to exert its orexigenic effect. Recently, liver enriched antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP2) was identified as an endogenous high-affinity GHSR1a antagonist. LEAP2 is a 40-amino acid peptide with two disulfide bridges and GHRS1a affinity in the N-terminal hydrophobic part. In this study, we tested modified truncated N-terminal peptide LEAP2 (1-14), along with its myristoylated, palmitoylated, and stearoylated analogs, to determine their affinity to and activation of GHSR1a and their anorexigenic effects after acute peripheral administration. The lipidized analogs bound GHSR1a with affinity similar to that of natural LEAP2, and lipidization significantly enhanced the affinity of LEAP2(1-14) to GHSR1a. According to the beta-lactamase reporter gene response, the natural GHSR1a agonist ghrelin activated the receptor with nanomolar EC50 LEAP2(1-14) analogs behaved as inverse agonists of GHSR1a and suppressed internal activity of the receptor with EC50 values in the 10-8 M range. LEAP2(1-14) analogs significantly lowered acute food intake in overnight fasted mice, and palmitoylated LEAP2(1-14) was the most potent. In free-fed mice, all LEAP2(1-14) analogs significantly decreased the orexigenic effect of the stable ghrelin analog [Dpr3]Ghrelin. Moreover, palmitoylated LEAP2(1-14) inhibited the growth hormone (GH) release induced by [Dpr3] Ghrelin and exhibited an increased stability in rat plasma compared with LEAP2(1-14). In conclusion, palmitoylated LEAP2(1-14) had the most pronounced affinity for GHSR1a, had an anorexigenic effect, exhibited stability in rat plasma, and attenuated [Dpr3]Ghrelin-induced GH release. Such properties render palmitoylated LEAP2(1-14) a promising substance for antiobesity treatment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The agonist and antagonist of one receptor are rarely found in one organism. For ghrelin receptor (growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHSR), endogenous agonist ghrelin and endogenous antagonist/inverse agonist liver enriched antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP2) co-exist and differently control GHSR signaling. As ghrelin has a unique role in food intake regulation, energy homeostasis, and cytoprotection, lipidized truncated LEAP2 analogs presented in this study could serve not only to reveal the relationship between ghrelin and LEAP2 but also for development of potential anti-obesity agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Holá
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - Alena Karnošová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - Séverine Denoyelle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - Sonia Cantel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - Miroslava Blechová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - David Sýkora
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - Aneta Myšková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
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18
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Li HZ, Shao XX, Shou LL, Li N, Liu YL, Xu ZG, Guo ZY. Development of Esterase-Resistant and Highly Active Ghrelin Analogs via Thiol-Ene Click Chemistry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1655-1662. [PMID: 36262400 PMCID: PMC9575166 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexigenic peptide ghrelin exerts important functions in energy metabolism and has therapeutic potential to treat certain diseases. Native ghrelin carries an essential O-fatty acyl moiety; however, this post-translational modification is susceptible to hydrolysis by certain esterases in circulation, representing a major route of its in vivo inactivation. In the present study, we developed a novel approach to prepare various esterase-resistant ghrelin analogs via photoinduced thiol-ene click chemistry. A recombinant unacylated human ghrelin mutant was reacted with commercially available terminal alkenes; thus, various alkyl moieties were introduced to the side chain of its unique Cys3 residue via a thioether bond. Among 11 S-alkylated ghrelin analogs, analog 11, generated by reacting with 2-methyl-1-octene, not only acquired much higher stability in serum but also retained full activity compared with native human ghrelin. Thus, the present study provided an efficient approach to prepare highly stable and highly active ghrelin analogs with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Zheng Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine
at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine
at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Li-Li Shou
- Research Center for Translational Medicine
at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ning Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine
at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine
at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zeng-Guang Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine
at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine
at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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19
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Fernandez G, Cabral A, De Francesco PN, Uriarte M, Reynaldo M, Castrogiovanni D, Zubiría G, Giovambattista A, Cantel S, Denoyelle S, Fehrentz JA, Tolle V, Schiöth HB, Perello M. GHSR controls food deprivation-induced activation of CRF neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in a LEAP2-dependent manner. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:277. [PMID: 35504998 PMCID: PMC11072678 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prolonged fasting is a major challenge for living organisms. An appropriate metabolic response to food deprivation requires the activation of the corticotropin-releasing factor-producing neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVHCRF neurons), which are a part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), as well as the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) signaling, whose activity is up- or down-regulated, respectively, by the hormones ghrelin and the liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2). Since ghrelin treatment potently up-regulates the HPA axis, we studied the role of GHSR in mediating food deprivation-induced activation of the PVHCRF neurons in mice. METHODS We estimated the activation of the PVHCRF neurons, using immuno-staining against CRF and the marker of neuronal activation c-Fos in brain sections, and assessed plasma levels of corticosterone and glucose in different pharmacologically or genetically manipulated mouse models exposed, or not, to a 2-day food deprivation protocol. In particular, we investigated ad libitum fed or food-deprived male mice that: (1) lacked GHSR gene expression, (2) had genetic deletion of the ghrelin gene, (3) displayed neurotoxic ablation of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, (4) were centrally treated with an anti-ghrelin antibody to block central ghrelin action, (5) were centrally treated with a GHSR ligand that blocks ghrelin-evoked and constitutive GHSR activities, or (6) received a continuous systemic infusion of LEAP2(1-12). RESULTS We found that food deprivation results in the activation of the PVHCRF neurons and in a rise of the ghrelin/LEAP2 molar ratio. Food deprivation-induced activation of PVHCRF neurons required the presence and the signaling of GHSR at hypothalamic level, but not of ghrelin. Finally, we found that preventing the food deprivation-induced fall of LEAP2 reverses the activation of the PVHCRF neurons in food-deprived mice, although it has no effect on body weight or blood glucose. CONCLUSION Food deprivation-induced activation of the PVHCRF neurons involves ghrelin-independent actions of GHSR at hypothalamic level and requires a decrease of plasma LEAP2 levels. We propose that the up-regulation of the actions of GHSR associated to the fall of plasma LEAP2 level are physiologically relevant neuroendocrine signals during a prolonged fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gimena Fernandez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Agustina Cabral
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Pablo N De Francesco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Maia Uriarte
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Mirta Reynaldo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Daniel Castrogiovanni
- Cell Culture Facility, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Zubiría
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Andrés Giovambattista
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Sonia Cantel
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Severine Denoyelle
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina.
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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20
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Islam MN, Zhang W, Sakai K, Nakazato Y, Tanida R, Sakoda H, Takei T, Takao T, Nakazato M. Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 functions independently of growth hormone secretagogue receptor in calorie-restricted mice. Peptides 2022; 151:170763. [PMID: 35151767 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric-derived peptide that stimulates feeding, blood glucose elevation, body temperature reduction, and growth hormone (GH) secretion. Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is an endogenous antagonist of the ghrelin receptor, also called growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). We studied the effects of LEAP2 administration on feeding, body weight, glycemia, body temperature, and inflammation-related genes in the liver in C57BL/6 J mice and Ghsr-knockout (Ghsr-KO) mice. We found that a single administration of LEAP2 did not abolish fasting-induced food intake in 24-h fasted C57BL/6 J mice or Ghsr-KO mice. Moreover, continuous LEAP2 administration to mice fed ad libitum for 6 days did not affect feeding, body temperature, plasma ghrelin, or blood glucose. By contrast, continuous LEAP2 administration to calorie-restricted C57BL/6 J mice and Ghsr-KO mice induced body weight loss, hypoglycemia, body temperature reduction, and upregulation of Il-6 and Il-1β mRNAs in the liver. Our findings suggest that LEAP2 functions independently of GHSR, implying that LEAP2 affects physiology beyond the ghrelin-GHSR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurul Islam
- Department of Bioregulatory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Bioregulatory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Katsuya Sakai
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakazato
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Ryota Tanida
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sakoda
- Department of Bioregulatory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Toshiki Takei
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Takao
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Division of Interactive Organ Systems, Department of Projects Research, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan; AMED-CREST, Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
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21
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Liu YL, Guo ZY. The NanoBiT-Based Homogenous Ligand-Receptor Binding Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2525:139-153. [PMID: 35836065 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2473-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
NanoLuc Binary Technology (NanoBiT) was recently developed by Promega, based on a large NanoLuc fragment (LgBiT) and two small complementation tags, the low-affinity SmBiT tag and the high-affinity HiBiT tag. In recent studies, we applied NanoBiT to ligand-binding assays of some G protein-coupled receptors via genetic fusion of a secretory LgBiT (sLgBiT) to the extracellular N-terminus of the receptors and covalent attachment of the low-affinity SmBiT tag to an appropriate position of their peptide ligands. The NanoBiT-based homogenous ligand-receptor binding assay is convenient for use and suitable for both the wild-type and mutant receptors, representing a novel tool for interaction mechanism studies of these receptors with their ligands. In the present chapter, we provide detailed protocols for setting up the NanoBiT-based homogenous binding assay using growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHSR1a) and its endogenous agonist and antagonist as a representative model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Chu G, Peng H, Yu N, Zhang Y, Lin X, Lu Y. Involvement of POMC neurons in LEAP2 regulation of food intake and body weight. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:932761. [PMID: 36387867 PMCID: PMC9650057 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.932761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is a newly discovered antagonist of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and is considered the first endogenous peptide that can antagonize the metabolic actions of ghrelin. The effects of ghrelin administration on feeding behavior, body weight, and energy metabolism involve the activation of orexigenic neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus. It is unclear, however, if LEAP2 applied directly to the ARC of the hypothalamus affects these metabolic processes. Here, we show that overexpression of LEAP2 in the ARC through adeno-associated virus (AAV) reduced food intake and body weight in wild-type (WT) mice fed chow and a high-fat diet (HFD) and improved metabolic disorders. LEAP2 overexpression in the ARC overrides both central and peripheral ghrelin action on a chow diet. Interestingly, this AAV-LEAP2 treatment increased proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression while agouti-related peptide (AGRP)/neuropeptide Y (NPY) and GHSR levels remained unchanged in the hypothalamus. Additionally, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of LEAP2 decreased food intake, increased POMC neuronal activity, and repeated LEAP2 administration to mice induced body weight loss. Using chemogenetic manipulations, we found that inhibition of POMC neurons abolished the anorexigenic effect of LEAP2. These results demonstrate that central delivery of LEAP2 leads to appetite-suppressing and body weight reduction, which might require activation of POMC neurons in the ARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangpin Chu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hualing Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nana Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuejin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueling Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yisheng Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yisheng Lu,
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23
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Airapetov MI, Eresko SO, Lebedev AA, Bychkov ER, Shabanov PD. Expression of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) in the brain. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15113. [PMID: 34755494 PMCID: PMC8578894 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The review presents data on the expression of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) in the brain regions in model animals (zebrafish, rodents, primates), and in the human brain. Studies show widespread distribution of the receptor in the brain, which evidences the involvement of the receptor in many physiological processes. Using various organisms, data have been obtained regarding the participation of the GHS-R1a in the regulation of the anti- and pro-inflammatory response, proliferation, and apoptosis. It is known that the receptor plays an important role in eating behavior and is also involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms of drug addiction, obesity, and chronic alcohol consumption. Based on this, research is underway with the use of various therapeutic agents that can be used for the pharmacological correction of these conditions. This review also presents hypothetical pathways of intracellular signaling, in which GHS-R1a may participate. A complete understanding of these mechanisms has not yet been reached. The ghrelin intracellular signaling seem to be specific to brain region and, probably, also depend on the metabolic or stress status of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marat I. Airapetov
- Department of NeuropharmacologyInstitute of Experimental MedicineSt. PetersburgRussia
- Department of PharmacologySt. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical UniversitySt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Sergei O. Eresko
- Department of NeuropharmacologyInstitute of Experimental MedicineSt. PetersburgRussia
- Research and Training Center of Molecular and Cellular TechnologiesSt. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical UniversitySt PetersburgRussia
- Department of BiologySaint‐Petersburg State UniversitySt PetersburgRussia
| | - Andrei A. Lebedev
- Department of NeuropharmacologyInstitute of Experimental MedicineSt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Evgenii R. Bychkov
- Department of NeuropharmacologyInstitute of Experimental MedicineSt. PetersburgRussia
- Department of PharmacologyKirov Military Medical AcademySt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Petr D. Shabanov
- Department of NeuropharmacologyInstitute of Experimental MedicineSt. PetersburgRussia
- Department of PharmacologyKirov Military Medical AcademySt. PetersburgRussia
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24
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Mustafá ER, Cordisco González S, Damian M, Cantel S, Denoyelle S, Wagner R, Schiöth HB, Fehrentz JA, Banères JL, Perelló M, Raingo J. LEAP2 Impairs the Capability of the Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor to Regulate the Dopamine 2 Receptor Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:712437. [PMID: 34447311 PMCID: PMC8383165 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.712437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) signals in response to ghrelin, but also acts via ligand-independent mechanisms that include either constitutive activation or interaction with other G protein-coupled receptors, such as the dopamine 2 receptor (D2R). A key target of GHSR in neurons is voltage-gated calcium channels type 2.2 (CaV2.2). Recently, the liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) was recognized as a novel GHSR ligand, but the mechanism of action of LEAP2 on GHSR is not well understood. Here, we investigated the role of LEAP2 on the canonical and non-canonical modes of action of GHSR on CaV2.2 function. Using a heterologous expression system and patch-clamp recordings, we found that LEAP2 impairs the reduction of CaV2.2 currents induced by ghrelin-evoked and constitutive GHSR activities, acting as a GHSR antagonist and inverse agonist, respectively. We also found that LEAP2 prevents GHSR from modulating the effects of D2R signaling on CaV2.2 currents, and that the GHSR-binding N-terminal region LEAP2 underlies these effects. Using purified labeled receptors assembled into lipid nanodiscs and Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) assessments, we found that the N-terminal region of LEAP2 stabilizes an inactive conformation of GHSR that is dissociated from Gq protein and, consequently, reverses the effect of GHSR on D2R-dependent Gi activation. Thus, our results provide critical molecular insights into the mechanism mediating LEAP2 modulation of GHSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio R Mustafá
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], La Plata, Argentina
| | - Santiago Cordisco González
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marjorie Damian
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Sonia Cantel
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Severine Denoyelle
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Renaud Wagner
- Plateforme IMPReSs, CNRS UMR7242, Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, École Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Biothechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Louis Banères
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Mario Perelló
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jesica Raingo
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], La Plata, Argentina
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25
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Bayle M, Péraldi-Roux S, Gautheron G, Cros G, Oiry C, Neasta J. Liver-Expressed Antimicrobial Peptide 2 antagonizes the insulinostatic effect of ghrelin in rat isolated pancreatic islets. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 36:375-377. [PMID: 34449915 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The hormone ghrelin is the endogenous agonist of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) termed growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Ghrelin inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by activating pancreatic GHSR. Recently, Liver-Expressed Antimicrobial Peptide 2 (LEAP2) was recognized as an endogenous GHSR ligand that blocks ghrelin-induced actions. Nonetheless, the effect of LEAP2 on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic islets is unknown. We aimed at exploring the activity of LEAP2 on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Islets of Langerhans isolated from rat pancreas were exposed to glucose in the presence or in the absence of LEAP2 and ghrelin and then insulin secretion was assayed. LEAP2 did not modulate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. However, LEAP2 blocked the insulinostatic action of ghrelin. Our data show that LEAP2 behaves as an antagonist of pancreatic GHSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Bayle
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Gérard Cros
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Oiry
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérémie Neasta
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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26
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Airapetov MI, Eresko SO, Lebedev AA, Bychkov ER, Shabanov PD. Expression of Ghrelin Receptor GHS-R1a in the Brain (Mini Review). Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689332103002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Vergani E, Bruno C, Gavotti C, Aversa LS, Martire M, Mancini A, Currò D. LEAP-2/ghrelin interplay in adult growth hormone deficiency: Cause or consequence? A pilot study. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:978-984. [PMID: 33991145 PMCID: PMC8362053 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin and its endogenous antagonist liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2) are involved in GH secretion and glucose/lipids metabolism. LEAP-2 expression in conditions of metabolic impairment may be upregulated, usually pairing with a concomitant reduction in ghrelin secretion. Adult growth hormone deficiency (aGHD) is characterized by insulin resistance, weight gain, and increased fat mass. Therefore, the primary endpoint of this cross-sectional observational pilot study was to compare circulating LEAP-2 and ghrelin levels in aGHD and healthy controls. Thirty patients were included in the study. Group A included adult GHD: 15 patients, 8 females, and 7 males. Median and interquartile range age of the group was 53 (41-57) years, while BMI was 27.1 (25-35) kg/m2 . Group B was formed by 15 healthy controls (10 females and 5 males). Median and interquartile range age was 47 (36-57) years, while BMI 22.9 (20.8-33.1) kg/m2 . They were evaluated for serum glucose and insulin, HOMA-index, QUICKI-index, total/LDL/HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, IGF-1, ghrelin, and LEAP-2. Ghrelin levels in the aGHD group were significantly lower than in healthy controls. In contrast, LEAP-2 showed a trend toward higher levels, although the differences were not significant. However, the LEAP-2/Ghrelin ratio was significantly higher in aGHD. No significant correlations between ghrelin and LEAP-2 with BMI and HOMA index were found in aGHD population. However, a significant inverse correlation (r2 = 0.15, p = .047) between BMI and ghrelin was evidenced when considering the whole population. Taken together, these results may suggest a body adaptation to a metabolic scenario typical of aGHD. The decrease in ghrelin production could prevent further weight gain and fat mass increase, although losing its secretagogue effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Vergani
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Bruno
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Gavotti
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Simone Aversa
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Martire
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Mancini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Currò
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Li HZ, Shou LL, Shao XX, Li N, Liu YL, Xu ZG, Guo ZY. LEAP2 has antagonized the ghrelin receptor GHSR1a since its emergence in ancient fish. Amino Acids 2021; 53:939-949. [PMID: 33966114 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) antagonizes the ghrelin receptor GHSR1a in mammals. However, its antagonistic function in lower vertebrates has not yet been tested. LEAP2 orthologs have been identified from a variety of fish species; however, previous studies all focused on their antimicrobial activity. To test whether LEAP2 functions as a GHSR1a antagonist in the lowest vertebrates, we studied the antagonism of a fish LEAP2 from Latimeria chalumnae, an extant coelacanth that is one of the closest living fish relatives of tetrapods. Using binding assays, we demonstrated that the coelacanth LEAP2 and ghrelin bound to the coelacanth GHSR1a with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. Using activation assays, we demonstrated that the coelacanth ghrelin activated the coelacanth GHSR1a with an EC50 value in the nanomolar range, and this activation effect was efficiently antagonized by a nanomolar range of the coelacanth LEAP2. In addition, we also showed that the human LEAP2 and ghrelin were as effective as their coelacanth orthologs towards the coelacanth GHSR1a; however, the coelacanth peptides had moderately lower activity towards the human GHSR1a. Thus, LEAP2 serves as an endogenous antagonist of the ghrelin receptor GHSR1a in coelacanth and the ghrelin-LEAP2-GHSR1a system has evolved slowly since its emergence in ancient fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Zheng Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Li-Li Shou
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ning Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zeng-Guang Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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29
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Sakai K, Shiomi K, Mochizuki H, Islam MN, Nabekura H, Tanida R, Sakoda H, Nakazato M. Human liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 elevation in the cerebrospinal fluid in bacterial meningitis. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02111. [PMID: 33811478 PMCID: PMC8119843 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the presence of liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and to measure its concentrations in neurological disorders. MATERIALS & METHODS We identified the presence of LEAP2 in human CSF by chromatographic analysis and a LEAP2-specific enzyme immunoassay. We measured LEAP2 concentrations in the CSF of 35 patients with neurological disorders. RESULTS CSF LEAP2 concentrations in the bacterial meningitis group (mean ± SD, 9.32 ± 3.76 ng/ml) were significantly higher (p < .05) than those in the other four groups (psychosomatic disorder, 0.56 ± 0.15 ng/ml; peripheral autoimmune disease, 1.00 ± 0.60 ng/ml; multiple sclerosis, 0.62 ± 0.30 ng/ml; aseptic meningitis, 1.59 ± 0.69 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to identify the presence of human LEAP2 in the CSF. Levels of LEAP2 were increased in the CSF of patients with bacterial meningitis. LEAP2 may have potential as a biomarker for bacterial meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Sakai
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Shiomi
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mochizuki
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Md Nurul Islam
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nabekura
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ryota Tanida
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sakoda
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Li HZ, Shao XX, Shou LL, Li N, Liu YL, Xu ZG, Guo ZY. Unusual orthologs shed new light on the binding mechanism of ghrelin to its receptor GHSR1a. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 704:108872. [PMID: 33857472 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The gastric peptide ghrelin has important functions in energy metabolism and cellular homeostasis by activating growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHSR1a). The N-terminal residues of ghrelin orthologs from all vertebrates are quite conserved; however, in orthologs from Cavia porcellus and Phyllostomus discolor, Ser2 and Leu5 are replaced by a smaller Ala and a positively charged Arg, respectively. In the present study, we first demonstrated that the hydrophobic Leu5 is essential for the function of human ghrelin, because Ala replacement caused an approximately 100-fold decrease in activity. However, replacement of Leu5 by an Arg residue caused much less disruption; further replacement of Ser2 by Ala almost restored full activity, although the [S2A] mutation itself showed slight detriments, implying that the positively charged Arg5 in the [S2A,L5R] mutant might form alternative interactions with certain receptor residues to compensate for the loss of the essential Leu5. To identify the responsible receptor residues, we screened GHSR1a mutants in which all conserved negatively charged residues in the extracellular regions and all aromatic residues in the ligand-binding pocket were mutated separately. According to the decrease in selectivity of the mutant receptors towards [S2A,L5R]ghrelin, we deduced that the positively charged Arg5 of the ghrelin mutant primarily interacts with the essential aromatic Phe286 at the extracellular end of the sixth transmembrane domain of GHSR1a by forming cation-π and π-π interactions. The present study provided new insights into the binding mechanism of ghrelin with its receptor, and thus would facilitate the design of novel ligands for GHSR1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Zheng Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Li Shou
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Guang Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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31
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Cornejo MP, Mustafá ER, Cassano D, Banères JL, Raingo J, Perello M. The ups and downs of growth hormone secretagogue receptor signaling. FEBS J 2021; 288:7213-7229. [PMID: 33460513 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) has emerged as one of the most fascinating molecules from the perspective of neuroendocrine control. GHSR is mainly expressed in the pituitary and the brain, and plays key roles regulating not only growth hormone secretion but also food intake, adiposity, body weight, glucose homeostasis and other complex functions. Quite atypically, GHSR signaling displays a basal constitutive activity that can be up- or downregulated by two digestive system-derived hormones: the octanoylated-peptide ghrelin and the liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2), which was recently recognized as an endogenous GHSR ligand. The existence of two ligands with contrary actions indicates that GHSR activity can be tightly regulated and that the receptor displays the capability to integrate such opposing inputs in order to provide a balanced intracellular signal. This article provides a summary of the current understanding of the biology of ghrelin, LEAP2 and GHSR and discusses the reconceptualization of the cellular and physiological implications of the ligand-regulated GHSR signaling, based on the latest findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P Cornejo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET), Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emilio R Mustafá
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET), Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Cassano
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET), Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jean-Louis Banères
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Jesica Raingo
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET), Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET), Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], Buenos Aires, Argentina
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32
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Luo Q, Hu J, Yang G, Yuan X, Chen Z, Wang D, Lu Y, Zhu L, Wang G. Fasting Increases Iron Export by Modulating Ferroportin 1 Expression Through the Ghrelin/GHSR1α/MAPK Pathway in the Liver. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:267-277. [PMID: 32215811 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The liver is contributed to maintaining body iron homeostasis and controlling of body adaptation to fasting. Although previous studies implied a negative relationship between iron and ghrelin in both mice and humans, it remains to be explored whether fasting or ghrelin has a functional effect on iron homeostasis in the liver. In this study, we examined the roles of fasting and ghrelin in modulating the protein expression of Fpn1, transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), and ferritin light chain (Ft-L), as well as the mRNA expression of ghrelin, hepcidin, ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), and growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1 alpha (GHSR1α) in mouse liver and cultured hepatocytes. Our in vivo results suggested that fasting significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of ghrelin, GOAT, and GHSR1α, as well as the protein levels of ghrelin, Fpn1, and Ft-L, but not TfR1, in mouse liver. Interestingly, mRNA expression of hepcidin did not change significantly after fasting. Meanwhile, in cultured hepatocytes, ghrelin significantly increased the protein expression of Fpn1 but not Ft-L and TfR1 and significantly enhanced ERK phosphorylation. Furthermore, the pretreatment of cultured hepatocytes with either a pERK inhibitor or a GHSR1α antagonist abolished the effects of ghrelin on Fpn1 expression and ERK phosphorylation. Our findings confirmed that fasting increases iron export in the liver by upregulating Fpn1 expression through the ghrelin/GHSR1α/MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Luo
- Department of Physiology and Hypoxic Biomedicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianan Hu
- Department of Physiology and Hypoxic Biomedicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yuan
- Department of Physiology and Hypoxic Biomedicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Department of Physiology and Hypoxic Biomedicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Hypoxic Biomedicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yapeng Lu
- Department of Physiology and Hypoxic Biomedicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Hypoxic Biomedicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guohua Wang
- Department of Physiology and Hypoxic Biomedicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China.
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Lu X, Huang L, Huang Z, Feng D, Clark RJ, Chen C. LEAP-2: An Emerging Endogenous Ghrelin Receptor Antagonist in the Pathophysiology of Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:717544. [PMID: 34512549 PMCID: PMC8428150 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.717544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2), originally described as an antimicrobial peptide, has recently been recognized as an endogenous blocker of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a). GHS-R1a, also known as ghrelin receptor, is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) widely distributed on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland where it exerts its major functions of regulating appetite and growth hormone (GH) secretion. The activity of GHS-R1a is controlled by two counter-regulatory endogenous ligands: Ghrelin (activation) and LEAP-2 (inhibition). Ghrelin activates GHS-R1a on the neuropeptide Y/Agouti-related protein (NPY/AgRP) neurons at the arcuate nucleus (ARC) to promote appetite, and on the pituitary somatotrophs to stimulate GH release. On the flip side, LEAP-2, acts both as an endogenous competitive antagonist of ghrelin and an inverse agonist of constitutive GHS-R1a activity. Such a biological property of LEAP-2 vigorously blocks ghrelin's effects on food intake and hormonal secretion. In circulation, LEAP-2 displays an inverse pattern as to ghrelin; it increases with food intake and obesity (positive energy balance), whereas decreases upon fasting and weight loss (negative energy balance). Thus, the LEAP-2/ghrelin molar ratio fluctuates in response to energy status and modulation of this ratio conversely influences energy intake. Inhibiting ghrelin's activity has shown beneficial effects on obesity in preclinical experiments, which sheds light on LEAP-2's anti-obesity potential. In this review, we will analyze LEAP-2's effects from a metabolic point of view with a focus on metabolic hormones (e.g., ghrelin, GH, and insulin), and discuss LEAP-2's potential as a promising therapeutic target for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehan Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lili Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhengxiang Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dandan Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Richard J. Clark
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Chen Chen,
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Xiao X, Bi M, Jiao Q, Chen X, Du X, Jiang H. A new understanding of GHSR1a--independent of ghrelin activation. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101187. [PMID: 33007437 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a), a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, is a functional receptor of ghrelin. The expression levels and activities of GHSR1a are affected by various factors. In past years, it has been found that the ghrelin-GHSR1a system can perform biological functions such as anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-oxidative stress. In addition to mediating the effect of ghrelin, GHSR1a also has abnormally high constitutive activity; that is, it can still transmit intracellular signals without activation of the ghrelin ligand. This constitutive activity affects brain functions, growth and development of the body; therefore, it has profound impacts on neurodegenerative diseases and some other age-related diseases. In addition, GHSR1a can also form homodimers or heterodimers with other GPCRs, affecting the release of neurotransmitters, appetite regulation, cell proliferation and insulin release. Therefore, further understanding of the constitutive activities and dimerization of GHSR1a will enable us to better clarify the characteristics of GHSR1a and provide more therapeutic targets for drug development. Here, we focus on the roles of GHSR1a in various biological functions and provide a comprehensive summary of the current research on GHSR1a to provide broader therapeutic prospects for age-related disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingxia Bi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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35
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"A LEAP 2 conclusions? Targeting the ghrelin system to treat obesity and diabetes". Mol Metab 2020; 46:101128. [PMID: 33246141 PMCID: PMC8085568 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hormone ghrelin stimulates food intake, promotes adiposity, increases body weight, and elevates blood glucose. Consequently, alterations in plasma ghrelin levels and the functioning of other components of the broader ghrelin system have been proposed as potential contributors to obesity and diabetes. Furthermore, targeting the ghrelin system has been proposed as a novel therapeutic strategy for obesity and diabetes. SCOPE OF REVIEW The current review focuses on the potential for targeting ghrelin and other proteins comprising the ghrelin system as a treatment for obesity and diabetes. The main components of the ghrelin system are introduced. Data supporting a role for the endogenous ghrelin system in the development of obesity and diabetes along with data that seemingly refute such a role are outlined. An argument for further research into the development of ghrelin system-targeted therapeutic agents is delineated. Also, an evidence-based discussion of potential factors and contexts that might influence the efficacy of this class of therapeutics is provided. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS It would not be a "leap to" conclusions to suggest that agents which target the ghrelin system - including those that lower acyl-ghrelin levels, raise LEAP2 levels, block GHSR activity, and/or raise desacyl-ghrelin signaling - could represent efficacious novel treatments for obesity and diabetes.
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Childs MD, Luyt LG. A Decade's Progress in the Development of Molecular Imaging Agents Targeting the Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor. Mol Imaging 2020; 19:1536012120952623. [PMID: 33104445 PMCID: PMC8865914 DOI: 10.1177/1536012120952623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR), also called the ghrelin receptor, is a G protein-coupled receptor known to play an important metabolic role in the regulation of various physiological processes, including energy expenditure, growth hormone secretion, and cell proliferation. This receptor has been implicated in numerous health issues including obesity, gastrointestinal disorders, type II diabetes, and regulation of body weight in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome, and there has been growing interest in studying its mechanism of behavior to unlock further applications of GHSR-targeted therapeutics. In addition, the GHSR is expressed in various types of cancer including prostate, breast, and testicular cancers, while aberrant expression has been reported in cardiac disease. Targeted molecular imaging of the GHSR could provide insights into its role in biological processes related to these disease states. Over the past decade, imaging probes targeting this receptor have been discovered for the imaging modalities PET, SPECT, and optical imaging. High-affinity analogues of ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for the GHSR, as well as small molecule inhibitors have been developed and evaluated both in vitro and in pre-clinical models. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular imaging agents targeting the GHSR reported to the end of 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina D Childs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leonard G Luyt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Ma X, Xue X, Zhang J, Liang S, Xu C, Wang Y, Zhu J. Liver Expressed Antimicrobial Peptide 2 is Associated with Steatosis in Mice and Humans. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 129:601-610. [PMID: 32932529 DOI: 10.1055/a-1210-2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Liver expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is recently identified as a regulator in energy metabolism. This study aims to 1) investigate the role of leap2 in hepatic steatosis in C57BL/6 mice; 2) evaluate the association between circulating LEAP2 levels and liver fat contents in a hospital based case-control study. METHODS The rodent experiment: western blotting and qPCR were performed to evaluate leap2 levels, lipid metabolism pathways and insulin signaling. shRNA was used to knockdown leap2. The clinical study: commercial ELISA kits were used to measure circulating LEAP2 levels (validated by western blotting). Liver fat content was estimated using MRI-derived proton density fat fraction and FibroScan-derived controlled attenuation parameter. RESULTS The rodent experiment found the hepatic expression and secreted levels of leap2 were increased in mice with diet-induced steatosis. Leap2 knockdown ameliorated steatosis via lipolytic/lipogenic pathway and improved insulin sensitivity via IRS/AKT signaling. The clinical study reported increased circulating levels of LEAP2 in the subjects with steatosis. Moreover, LEAP2 correlated positively with age, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, liver fat content, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR, whereas inversely with acyl-ghrelin. Furthermore, the circulating levels of LEAP2 are dependent on liver fat content, acyl-ghrelin and fasting glucose. Lastly, circulating LEAP2 is an independent predictor of NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests LEAP2 is associated with hepatic steatosis, which may involve lipolytic/lipogenic pathway and insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, China
| | - Xing Xue
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingxin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunfang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinzhou Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Identifying key residues and key interactions for the binding of LEAP2 to receptor GHSR1a. Biochem J 2020; 477:3199-3217. [PMID: 32803260 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) was recently identified as a competitive antagonist for the G protein-coupled receptor GHSR1a, the cognate receptor for the gastric peptide ghrelin. LEAP2 plays important functions in energy metabolism by tuning the ghrelin–GHSR1a system. However, the molecular mechanism by which LEAP2 binds to GHSR1a is largely unknown. In the present study, we first conducted alanine-scanning mutagenesis on the N-terminal fragment of human LEAP2 and demonstrated that the positively charged Arg6 and the aromatic Phe4 are essential for LEAP2 binding to GHSR1a. To identify the receptor residues interacting with the essential Arg6 and Phe4 of LEAP2, we conducted extensive site-directed mutagenesis on GHSR1a. After all conserved negatively charged residues in the extracellular regions of human GHSR1a were mutated, only mutation of Asp99 caused much more detriments to GHSR1a binding to LEAP2 than binding to ghrelin, suggesting that the absolutely conserved Asp99 of GHSR1a probably interacts with the essential Arg6 of LEAP2. After five conserved Phe residues in the predicted ligand-binding pocket of human GHSR1a were mutated, three of them were identified as important for GHSR1a binding to LEAP2. According to a structural model of GHSR1a, we deduced that the adjacent Phe279 and Phe312 might interact with the essential Phe4 of LEAP2, while Phe119 might interact with the aromatic Trp5 of LEAP2. The present study provided new insights into the interaction of LEAP2 with its receptor, and would facilitate the design of novel ligands for GHSR1a in future studies.
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39
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Li HZ, Li N, Shao XX, Liu YL, Xu ZG, Guo ZY. Hydrophobic interactions of relaxin family peptide receptor 3 with ligands identified using a NanoBiT-based binding assay. Biochimie 2020; 177:117-126. [PMID: 32810565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin family peptide receptor 3 (RXFP3) is a G protein-coupled receptor implicated in the regulation of food intake and stress response upon activation by the neuropeptide relaxin-3. In recent studies, interactions of RXFP3 with some natural or synthetic ligands have been investigated. In the present study, we identified the hydrophobic interactions of human RXFP3 with the chimeric agonist R3/I5 and the chimeric antagonist R3(ΔB23-27)R/I5 using a newly developed NanoBiT-based homogenous binding assay. We first demonstrated that the conserved large aliphatic B15Ile and B19Ile were important for the binding of the agonist and antagonist to RXFP3, because alanine replacement significantly decreased their receptor-binding potency. Thereafter, we demonstrated that the conserved large aliphatic Leu246 and Leu248 in extracellular loop 2 were important for RXFP3 binding to the agonist and antagonist, because alanine replacement significantly decreased the binding affinity of RXFP3 for both ligands. Finally, we deduced probable hydrophobic interactions based on the ability of RXFP3 mutants to distinguish the wild-type and mutant ligands: Leu246 of RXFP3 interacted with B15Ile of both ligands, while Leu248 of RXFP3 interacted with both B15Ile and B19Ile of the agonist and antagonist. The present results not only provided new insights into the interaction mechanism of RXFP3 with agonists and antagonists, but also demonstrated usefulness of the NanoBiT-based homogenous binding assay to study the interaction mechanism of certain receptors with their ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Zheng Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Guang Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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40
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Mani BK, Puzziferri N, He Z, Rodriguez JA, Osborne-Lawrence S, Metzger NP, Chhina N, Gaylinn B, Thorner MO, Thomas EL, Bell JD, Williams KW, Goldstone AP, Zigman JM. LEAP2 changes with body mass and food intake in humans and mice. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:3909-3923. [PMID: 31424424 DOI: 10.1172/jci125332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-ghrelin administration increases food intake, body weight, and blood glucose. In contrast, mice lacking ghrelin or ghrelin receptors (GHSRs) exhibit life-threatening hypoglycemia during starvation-like conditions, but do not consistently exhibit overt metabolic phenotypes when given ad libitum food access. These results, and findings of ghrelin resistance in obese states, imply nutritional state dependence of ghrelin's metabolic actions. Here, we hypothesized that liver-enriched antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP2), a recently characterized endogenous GHSR antagonist, blunts ghrelin action during obese states and postprandially. To test this hypothesis, we determined changes in plasma LEAP2 and acyl-ghrelin due to fasting, eating, obesity, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), oral glucose administration, and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) using humans and/or mice. Our results suggest that plasma LEAP2 is regulated by metabolic status: its levels increased with body mass and blood glucose and decreased with fasting, RYGB, and in postprandial states following VSG. These changes were mostly opposite of those of acyl-ghrelin. Furthermore, using electrophysiology, we showed that LEAP2 both hyperpolarizes and prevents acyl-ghrelin from activating arcuate NPY neurons. We predict that the plasma LEAP2/acyl-ghrelin molar ratio may be a key determinant modulating acyl-ghrelin activity in response to body mass, feeding status, and blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath K Mani
- Division of Hypothalamic Research.,Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine.,Department of Psychiatry, and
| | - Nancy Puzziferri
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Surgery, Veterans Administration North Texas Heath Care System, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Juan A Rodriguez
- Division of Hypothalamic Research.,Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine.,Department of Psychiatry, and
| | - Sherri Osborne-Lawrence
- Division of Hypothalamic Research.,Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine.,Department of Psychiatry, and
| | - Nathan P Metzger
- Division of Hypothalamic Research.,Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine.,Department of Psychiatry, and
| | - Navpreet Chhina
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Psychiatry, and.,Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Gaylinn
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael O Thorner
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - E Louise Thomas
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anthony P Goldstone
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Psychiatry, and.,Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Division of Hypothalamic Research.,Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine.,Department of Psychiatry, and
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41
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Abizaid A, Hougland JL. Ghrelin Signaling: GOAT and GHS-R1a Take a LEAP in Complexity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:107-117. [PMID: 31636018 PMCID: PMC7299083 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin and the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) are important targets for disorders related to energy balance and metabolic regulation. Pharmacological control of ghrelin signaling is a promising avenue to address health issues involving appetite, weight gain, obesity, and related metabolic disorders, and may be an option for patients suffering from wasting conditions like cachexia. In this review, we summarize recent developments in the biochemistry of ghrelin and GHS-R1a signaling. These include unravelling the enzymatic transformations that generate active ghrelin and the discovery of multiple proteins that interact with ghrelin and GHS-R1a to regulate signaling. Furthermore, we propose that harnessing these processes will lead to highly selective treatments to address obesity, diabetes, and other metabolism-linked disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - James L Hougland
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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42
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Islam MN, Mita Y, Maruyama K, Tanida R, Zhang W, Sakoda H, Nakazato M. Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 antagonizes the effect of ghrelin in rodents. J Endocrinol 2020; 244:13-23. [PMID: 31539874 PMCID: PMC6839046 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a stomach-derived peptide, promotes feeding and growth hormone (GH) secretion. A recent study identified liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) as an endogenous inhibitor of ghrelin-induced GH secretion, but the effect of LEAP2 in the brain remained unknown. In this study, we showed that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of LEAP2 to rats suppressed central ghrelin functions including Fos expression in the hypothalamic nuclei, promotion of food intake, blood glucose elevation, and body temperature reduction. LEAP2 did not inhibit neuropeptide Y (NPY)-induced food intake or des-acyl ghrelin-induced reduction in body temperature, indicating that the inhibitory effects of LEAP2 were specific for GHSR. Plasma LEAP2 levels varied according to feeding status and seemed to be dependent on the hepatic Leap2 expression. Furthermore, ghrelin suppressed the expression of hepatic Leap2 via AMPK activation. Together, these results reveal that LEAP2 inhibits central ghrelin functions and crosstalk between liver and stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurul Islam
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Mita
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Maruyama
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ryota Tanida
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Department of Sports and Fitness, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sakoda
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- CREST (Japan) Agency for Medical Research and Development (A-MED) 1-7-1 Otemachi, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed to M Nakazato:
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44
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Barrile F, M'Kadmi C, De Francesco PN, Cabral A, García Romero G, Mustafá ER, Cantel S, Damian M, Mary S, Denoyelle S, Banères JL, Marie J, Raingo J, Fehrentz JA, Perelló M. Development of a novel fluorescent ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor based on the N-Terminal Leap2 region. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 498:110573. [PMID: 31499133 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) was recently recognized as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), which also is a receptor for the hormone ghrelin. LEAP2 blocks ghrelin-induced activation of GHSR and inhibits GHSR constitutive activity. Since fluorescence-based imaging and pharmacological analyses to investigate the biology of GHSR require reliable probes, we developed a novel fluorescent GHSR ligand based on the N-terminal LEAP2 sequence, hereafter named F-LEAP2. In vitro, F-LEAP2 displayed binding affinity and inverse agonism to GHSR similar to LEAP2. In a heterologous expression system, F-LEAP2 labeling was specifically observed in the surface of GHSR-expressing cells, in contrast to fluorescent ghrelin labeling that was mainly observed inside the GHSR-expressing cells. In mice, centrally-injected F-LEAP2 reduced ghrelin-induced food intake, in a similar fashion to LEAP2, and specifically labeled cells in GHSR-expressing brain areas. Thus, F-LEAP2 represents a valuable tool to study the biology of GHSR in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Barrile
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Céline M'Kadmi
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Pablo N De Francesco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Cabral
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe García Romero
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emilio R Mustafá
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sonia Cantel
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Marjorie Damian
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Mary
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Séverine Denoyelle
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Louis Banères
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacky Marie
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Jesica Raingo
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34093, Montpellier, France.
| | - Mario Perelló
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Cornejo MP, Castrogiovanni D, Schiöth HB, Reynaldo M, Marie J, Fehrentz JA, Perello M. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor signalling affects high-fat intake independently of plasma levels of ghrelin and LEAP2, in a 4-day binge eating model. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12785. [PMID: 31469195 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is highly expressed in the central nervous system. GHSR acts as a receptor for ghrelin and for liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2), which blocks ghrelin-evoked activity. GHSR also displays ligand-independent activity, including a high constitutive activity that signals in the absence of ghrelin and is reduced by LEAP2. GHSR activity modulates a variety of food intake-related behaviours, including binge eating. Previously, we reported that GHSR-deficient mice daily and time-limited exposed to a high-fat (HF) diet display an attenuated binge-like HF intake compared to wild-type mice. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether ligand-independent GHSR activity affects binge-like HF intake in a 4-day binge-like eating protocol. We found that plasma levels of ghrelin and LEAP2 were not modified in mice exposed to this binge-like eating protocol. Moreover, systemic administration of ghrelin or LEAP2 did not alter HF intake in our experimental conditions. Interestingly, we found that central administration of LEAP2 or K-(D-1-Nal)-FwLL-NH2 , which are both blockers of constitutive GHSR activity, reduced binge-like HF intake, whereas central administration of ghrelin or the ghrelin-evoked GHSR activity blockers [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 and JMV2959 did not modify binge-like HF intake. Taken together, current data indicate that GHSR activity in the brain affects binge-like HF intake in mice independently of plasma levels of ghrelin and LEAP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paula Cornejo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniel Castrogiovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mirta Reynaldo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jacky Marie
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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