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Sterck FJ, Song Y, Poorter L. Drought- and heat-induced mortality of conifer trees is explained by leaf and growth legacies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl4800. [PMID: 38608026 PMCID: PMC11014445 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl4800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
An increased frequency and severity of droughts and heat waves have resulted in increased tree mortality and forest dieback across the world, but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We used a common garden experiment with 20 conifer tree species to quantify mortality after three consecutive hot, dry summers and tested whether mortality could be explained by putative underlying mechanisms, such as stem hydraulics and legacies affected by leaf life span and stem growth responses to previous droughts. Mortality varied from 0 to 79% across species and was not affected by hydraulic traits. Mortality increased with species' leaf life span probably because leaf damage caused crown dieback and contributed to carbon depletion and bark beetle damage. Mortality also increased with lower growth resilience, which may exacerbate the contribution of carbon depletion and bark beetle sensitivity to tree mortality. Our study highlights how ecological legacies at different time scales can explain tree mortality in response to hot, dry periods and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J. Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yanjun Song
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
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2
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Xu X, van der Sleen P, Groenendijk P, Vlam M, Medvigy D, Moorcroft P, Petticord D, Ma Y, Zuidema PA. Constraining long-term model predictions for woody growth using tropical tree rings. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17075. [PMID: 38273586 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The strength and persistence of the tropical carbon sink hinges on the long-term responses of woody growth to climatic variations and increasing CO2 . However, the sensitivity of tropical woody growth to these environmental changes is poorly understood, leading to large uncertainties in growth predictions. Here, we used tree ring records from a Southeast Asian tropical forest to constrain ED2.2-hydro, a terrestrial biosphere model with explicit vegetation demography. Specifically, we assessed individual-level woody growth responses to historical climate variability and increases in atmospheric CO2 (Ca ). When forced with historical Ca , ED2.2-hydro reproduced the magnitude of increases in intercellular CO2 concentration (a major determinant of photosynthesis) estimated from tree ring carbon isotope records. In contrast, simulated growth trends were considerably larger than those obtained from tree rings, suggesting that woody biomass production efficiency (WBPE = woody biomass production:gross primary productivity) was overestimated by the model. The estimated WBPE decline under increasing Ca based on model-data discrepancy was comparable to or stronger than (depending on tree species and size) the observed WBPE changes from a multi-year mature-forest CO2 fertilization experiment. In addition, we found that ED2.2-hydro generally overestimated climatic sensitivity of woody growth, especially for late-successional plant functional types. The model-data discrepancy in growth sensitivity to climate was likely caused by underestimating WBPE in hot and dry years due to commonly used model assumptions on carbon use efficiency and allocation. To our knowledge, this is the first study to constrain model predictions of individual tree-level growth sensitivity to Ca and climate against tropical tree-ring data. Our results suggest that improving model processes related to WBPE is crucial to obtain better predictions of tropical forest responses to droughts and increasing Ca . More accurate parameterization of WBPE will likely reduce the stimulation of woody growth by Ca rise predicted by biosphere models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Peter van der Sleen
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Groenendijk
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mart Vlam
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Medvigy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Paul Moorcroft
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Petticord
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yixin Ma
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Pieter A Zuidema
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Feeley KJ, Bernal-Escobar M, Fortier R, Kullberg AT. Tropical Trees Will Need to Acclimate to Rising Temperatures-But Can They? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3142. [PMID: 37687387 PMCID: PMC10490527 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
For tropical forests to survive anthropogenic global warming, trees will need to avoid rising temperatures through range shifts and "species migrations" or tolerate the newly emerging conditions through adaptation and/or acclimation. In this literature review, we synthesize the available knowledge to show that although many tropical tree species are shifting their distributions to higher, cooler elevations, the rates of these migrations are too slow to offset ongoing changes in temperatures, especially in lowland tropical rainforests where thermal gradients are shallow or nonexistent. We also show that the rapidity and severity of global warming make it unlikely that tropical tree species can adapt (with some possible exceptions). We argue that the best hope for tropical tree species to avoid becoming "committed to extinction" is individual-level acclimation. Although several new methods are being used to test for acclimation, we unfortunately still do not know if tropical tree species can acclimate, how acclimation abilities vary between species, or what factors may prevent or facilitate acclimation. Until all of these questions are answered, our ability to predict the fate of tropical species and tropical forests-and the many services that they provide to humanity-remains critically impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J. Feeley
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA; (M.B.-E.); (R.F.); (A.T.K.)
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Oberhuber W, Dobler AL, Heinzle T, Scandurra F, Gruber A, Wieser G. Climate Overrides the Influence of Microsite Conditions on Radial Growth of the Tall Multi-Stemmed Shrub Alnus alnobetula at Treeline. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1708. [PMID: 37111935 PMCID: PMC10143859 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Green alder (Alnus alnobetula), a tall multi-stemmed deciduous shrub, is widespread at high elevations in the Central European Alps. Its growth form frequently leads to asymmetric radial growth and anomalous growth ring patterns, making development of representative ring-width series a challenge. In order to assess the variability among radii of one shoot, among shoots belonging to one stock and among stocks, 60 stem discs were sampled at treeline on Mt. Patscherkofel (Tyrol, Austria). Annual increments were measured along 188 radii and analyzed in terms of their variability by applying dendrochronological techniques. Results revealed a high agreement in ring-width variation among radii of one shoot, among shoots of one stock and largely among stocks from different sites, confirming the pronounced limitation of radial stem growth by climate forcing at the alpine treeline. In contrast to this, a high variability in both absolute growth rates and long-term growth trends was found, which we attribute to different microsite conditions and disturbances. These factors also override climate control of radial growth under growth-limiting environmental conditions. Based on our findings we provide recommendations for the number of samples needed to carry out inter- and intra-annual studies of radial growth in this multi-stemmed clonal shrub.
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Specificity of Individual Response Radial Increment of Scots Pine in the Voronezh Biosphere Reserve on the Differentiated Forest Conditions. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12111863. [PMID: 36430997 PMCID: PMC9698008 DOI: 10.3390/life12111863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to assess the individual variability of the response to climatic conditions of the radial increment of Pinus sylvestris L. trees aged 100-140 years. The studied pine stand grows in the conditions of a site with a heterogeneous microrelief in the Voronezh Reserve. The calculated coefficients of synchronicity and correlation of radial increment of a sample of individual Scots pine trees (wood cores). It has been established that in the radial increment of pine trees in the Voronezh Reserve, there is a significant diversity in the reflection of the climatic signal, which, as a rule, manifests itself in certain years that are not extreme in terms of climatic conditions. The reasons for the differentiated reaction of trees to climate are the differentiated conditions of the microrelief, and also, probably, the genetic diversity of forest stands. In natural stands there are individual trees showing very low values of synchronicity coefficients (GLK, %) or correlation coefficients (CC, %) with stand average values. Intrapopulation differences in the response of pine forest stands to fluctuations in climatic factors are one of the forms of protective mechanisms for the survival of a species that have developed as a result of evolutionary development. As our study showed, intrapopulation differences are large in stands of natural origin and not subject to anthropogenic impacts.
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Jing M, Zhu L, Liu S, Cao Y, Zhu Y, Yan W. Warming-induced drought leads to tree growth decline in subtropics: Evidence from tree rings in central China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:964400. [PMID: 36212337 PMCID: PMC9539437 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.964400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Subtropical forests provide diverse ecosystem services to human society. However, how subtropical tree species respond to climate change is still unclear. Using a dendrochronological method, we studied the radial growth patterns and species-specific responses of four main tree species in subtropical China to recent warming and drought. Results showed that the long-term drought caused by global warming and reduced precipitation since 1997 had resulted in the growth decline of Pinus massoniana, Castanea henryi and Castanopsis eyrei but not for Liquidambar formosana. Four species had similar sensitivities to the previous year and the current year, which is probably due to the carryover effect and temporal autocorrelation of climate data. Tree growth was positively correlated with growing season precipitation and relative humidity while negatively correlated with vapor pressure deficit. The negative relationship of tree radial growth with temperatures in the previous and current summer and the positive correlation with precipitation gradually strengthened after 1997. Therefore, we highlighted that drought-induced tree decline in subtropical forests is probably a common phenomenon, and it needed to verify by more tree-ring studies on a large scale. The species-specific responses of tree radial growth to climate change are not obvious, but they still should be considered in regional carbon balance and forest dynamics. Considering future climate change, species that are more drought tolerant should be considered as potential plantation species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdan Jing
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry and Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Liangjun Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry and Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Shuguang Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry and Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry and Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Wende Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry and Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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Treml V, Tumajer J, Jandová K, Oulehle F, Rydval M, Čada V, Treydte K, Mašek J, Vondrovicová L, Lhotáková Z, Svoboda M. Increasing water-use efficiency mediates effects of atmospheric carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen on growth variability of central European conifers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156483. [PMID: 35675888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate controls forest biomass production through direct effects on cambial activity and indirectly through interactions with CO2, air pollution, and nutrient availability. The atmospheric concentration of CO2, sulfur and nitrogen deposition can also exert a significant indirect control on wood formation since these factors influence the stomatal regulation of transpiration and carbon uptake, that is, intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE). Here we provide 120-year long tree-ring time series of iWUE, stem growth, climatic and combined sulfur and nitrogen (SN) deposition trends for two common tree species, Pinus sylvestris (PISY) and Picea abies (PCAB), at their lower and upper distribution margins in Central Europe. The main goals were to explain iWUE trends using theoretical scenarios including climatic and SN deposition data, and to assess the contribution of climate and iWUE to the observed growth trends. Our results showed that after a notable increase in iWUE between the 1950s and 1980s, this positive trend subsequently slowed down. The substantial rise of iWUE since the 1950s resulted from a combination of an accelerated increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Ca) and a stable level of leaf intercellular CO2 (Ci). The offset of observed iWUE values above the trajectory of a constant Ci/Ca scenario was explained by trends in SN deposition (all sites) together with the variation of drought conditions (low-elevation sites only). Increasing iWUE over the 20th and 21st centuries improved tree growth at low-elevation drought-sensitive sites. In contrast, at high-elevation PCAB sites, growth was mainly stimulated by recent warming. We propose that SN pollution should be considered in order to explain the steep increase in iWUE of conifers in the 20th century throughout Central Europe and other regions with a significant SN deposition history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Treml
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.
| | - Jan Tumajer
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | - Miloš Rydval
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Science, Czech University of Life Science, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vojtěch Čada
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Science, Czech University of Life Science, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kerstin Treydte
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jiří Mašek
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Science, Czech University of Life Science, Prague, Czechia
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Radial Stem Growth of the Clonal Shrub Alnus alnobetula at Treeline Is Constrained by Summer Temperature and Winter Desiccation and Differs in Carbon Allocation Strategy Compared to Co-Occurring Pinus cembra. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Green alder (Alnus alnobetula) is currently the most expanding shrub species in the Alps. Because dense thickets impair tree establishment, understanding how climate affects shrub growth is essential for predictions of treeline dynamics. We evaluated ring width data from >50 A. alnobetula stems sampled at treeline on Mt. Patscherkofel (Central European Alps, Austria) to identify main climatic drivers and influence of climate warming on radial stem growth (RG). We also compared RG of A. alnobetula with RG of the co-occurring treeline conifer Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra). We addressed our questions through calculation of response functions and evaluation of climate in years showing exceptional growth deviations. Response function analyses and evaluation of growth trends during 1991–2020 revealed that RG of A. alnobetula is significantly and directly related to summer temperatures. Precipitation in January also showed a direct relationship to RG, indicating effects of frost drought on RG. Surprisingly, nitrogen fixing A. alnobetula showed strikingly lower RG compared to P. cembra, and the latter also responded more strongly to the increase in summer temperature in the course of climate warming. We explain these findings by different carbon allocation strategies, i.e., preference of “vertical” stem growth in late successional P. cembra vs. favoring “horizontal” spread in the pioneer shrub A. alnobetula.
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9
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Anderson‐Teixeira KJ, Herrmann V, Rollinson CR, Gonzalez B, Gonzalez‐Akre EB, Pederson N, Alexander MR, Allen CD, Alfaro‐Sánchez R, Awada T, Baltzer JL, Baker PJ, Birch JD, Bunyavejchewin S, Cherubini P, Davies SJ, Dow C, Helcoski R, Kašpar J, Lutz JA, Margolis EQ, Maxwell JT, McMahon SM, Piponiot C, Russo SE, Šamonil P, Sniderhan AE, Tepley AJ, Vašíčková I, Vlam M, Zuidema PA. Joint effects of climate, tree size, and year on annual tree growth derived from tree-ring records of ten globally distributed forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:245-266. [PMID: 34653296 PMCID: PMC9298236 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tree rings provide an invaluable long-term record for understanding how climate and other drivers shape tree growth and forest productivity. However, conventional tree-ring analysis methods were not designed to simultaneously test effects of climate, tree size, and other drivers on individual growth. This has limited the potential to test ecologically relevant hypotheses on tree growth sensitivity to environmental drivers and their interactions with tree size. Here, we develop and apply a new method to simultaneously model nonlinear effects of primary climate drivers, reconstructed tree diameter at breast height (DBH), and calendar year in generalized least squares models that account for the temporal autocorrelation inherent to each individual tree's growth. We analyze data from 3811 trees representing 40 species at 10 globally distributed sites, showing that precipitation, temperature, DBH, and calendar year have additively, and often interactively, influenced annual growth over the past 120 years. Growth responses were predominantly positive to precipitation (usually over ≥3-month seasonal windows) and negative to temperature (usually maximum temperature, over ≤3-month seasonal windows), with concave-down responses in 63% of relationships. Climate sensitivity commonly varied with DBH (45% of cases tested), with larger trees usually more sensitive. Trends in ring width at small DBH were linked to the light environment under which trees established, but basal area or biomass increments consistently reached maxima at intermediate DBH. Accounting for climate and DBH, growth rate declined over time for 92% of species in secondary or disturbed stands, whereas growth trends were mixed in older forests. These trends were largely attributable to stand dynamics as cohorts and stands age, which remain challenging to disentangle from global change drivers. By providing a parsimonious approach for characterizing multiple interacting drivers of tree growth, our method reveals a more complete picture of the factors influencing growth than has previously been possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J. Anderson‐Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - Valentine Herrmann
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
| | | | - Bianca Gonzalez
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
| | - Erika B. Gonzalez‐Akre
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
| | | | - M. Ross Alexander
- Midwest Dendro LLCNapervilleIllinoisUSA
- Present address:
Decision and Infrastructure SciencesArgonne National LaboratoryLamontIllinoisUSA
| | - Craig D. Allen
- Department of Geography & Environmental StudiesUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | | | - Tala Awada
- School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | | | - Patrick J. Baker
- School of Ecosystem and Forest SciencesUniversity of MelbourneRichmondVIC.Australia
| | | | | | - Paolo Cherubini
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Faculty of ForestryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Stuart J. Davies
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - Cameron Dow
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Ryan Helcoski
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
| | - Jakub Kašpar
- Department of Forest EcologyThe Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental GardeningBrnoCzech Republic
| | - James A. Lutz
- S. J. & Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources and the Ecology CenterUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | - Ellis Q. Margolis
- Fort Collins Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyNew Mexico Landscapes Field StationLos AlamosNew MexicoUSA
| | | | - Sean M. McMahon
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
- Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterEdgewaterMarylandUSA
| | - Camille Piponiot
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
- CIRADMontpellierFrance
| | - Sabrina E. Russo
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnUSA
- Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of NebraskaLincolnUSA
| | - Pavel Šamonil
- Department of Forest EcologyThe Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental GardeningBrnoCzech Republic
| | | | - Alan J. Tepley
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
- Canadian Forest ServiceNorthern Forestry CentreEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Ivana Vašíčková
- Department of Forest EcologyThe Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental GardeningBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Mart Vlam
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningenThe Netherlands
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10
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Treml V, Mašek J, Tumajer J, Rydval M, Čada V, Ledvinka O, Svoboda M. Trends in climatically driven extreme growth reductions of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris in Central Europe. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:557-570. [PMID: 34610189 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Extreme tree growth reductions represent events of abrupt forest productivity decline and carbon sequestration reduction. An increase in their magnitude can represent an early warning signal of impending tree mortality. Yet the long-term trends in extreme growth reductions remain largely unknown. We analyzed the trends in the proportion of trees exhibiting extreme growth reductions in two Central-European conifer species-Pinus sylvestris (PISY) and Picea abies (PCAB)-between 1901 and 2018. We used a novel approach for extreme growth reduction quantification by relating their size to their mean recurrence interval. Twenty-eight sites throughout Czechia and Slovakia with 1120 ring width series representing high- and low-elevation forests were inspected for extreme growth reductions with recurrence intervals of 15 and 50 years along with their link to climatic drivers. Our results show the greatest growth reductions at low-elevation PCAB sites, indicating high vulnerability of PCAB to drought. The proportions of trees exhibiting extreme growth reductions increased over time at low-elevation PCAB, decreased recently following an abrupt increase in the 1970-1980s at high-elevation PCAB, and showed nonsignificant trends in high- and low-elevation PISY. Climatic drivers of extreme growth reductions, however, shifted over time for all site categories as the proportion of low-temperature-induced extreme growth reductions declined since the 1990s, whereas events caused by drought consistently increased in frequency during the same period. We observed higher growth volatility at the lower range of distribution compared with the upper range margin of PISY and PCAB. This will undoubtedly considerably impact tree growth and vitality as temperatures and incidence of drought in Central Europe are expected to further increase with ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Treml
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Mašek
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Tumajer
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Miloš Rydval
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Science, Czech University of Life Science, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vojtěch Čada
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Science, Czech University of Life Science, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Science, Czech University of Life Science, Prague, Czechia
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11
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Species-Specific Effects of Groundwater Level Alteration on Climate Sensitivity of Floodplain Trees. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12091178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
European floodplain forest is facing increasingly frequent and severe drought events related with ongoing climate change. Moreover, this ecosystem type was frequently affected by river regulation, leading to groundwater table lowering; however, river revitalization has, in some locations, achieved some restoration of groundwater levels. In this study, we investigated the growth–climate sensitivity and growth modulation after groundwater-level manipulation for Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. and Quercus robur L. in one of the most important floodplain forest complexes in Central Europe. We constructed three different types of tree ring chronologies to reflect the high frequency variability, medium-low frequency variability, and basal area increment. We found F. angustifolia to be more sensitive than Q. robur to both drought and groundwater level fluctuations. Moreover, F. angustifolia showed more pronounced short-term and long-term growth decreases after artificial ground water level alteration than did Q. robur. We also found that the groundwater level increase due to river revitalization reduced the climate sensitivity for both F. angustifolia and Q. robur. The decrease in climate sensitivity associated with revitalization was more pronounced for F. angustifolia which, moreover, showed a greater basal growth after river revitalization. Our results suggest that F. angustifolia will be more threatened than Q. robur by the diminution in groundwater availability and increase in drought with ongoing climate change. They also show that river revitalization can be a suitable management tool to help the adaptation to climate change.
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12
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Campbell EM, Magnussen S, Antos JA, Parish R. Size‐, species‐, and site‐specific tree growth responses to climate variability in old‐growth subalpine forests. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Campbell
- Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service Pacific Forestry Centre 506 West Burnside Road Victoria British ColumbiaV8Z 1M5Canada
| | - Steen Magnussen
- Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service Pacific Forestry Centre 506 West Burnside Road Victoria British ColumbiaV8Z 1M5Canada
| | - Joseph A. Antos
- Department of Biology University of Victoria P.O. Box 3020, STN CSC Victoria British ColumbiaV8W 3N5Canada
| | - Roberta Parish
- Azura Formetrics Ltd. 1540 Ash Road Victoria British ColumbiaV8N 2S8Canada
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Quadri P, Silva LCR, Zavaleta ES. Climate-induced reversal of tree growth patterns at a tropical treeline. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/22/eabb7572. [PMID: 34039595 PMCID: PMC8153731 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb7572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Globally, cold-limited trees and forests are expected to experience growth acceleration as a direct response to warming temperatures. However, thresholds of temperature limitation may vary substantially with local environmental conditions, leading to heterogeneous responses in tree ecophysiology. We used dendroecological and isotopic methods to quantify shifting tree growth and resource use over the past 143 years across topographic aspects in a high-elevation forest of central Mexico. Trees on south-facing slopes (SFS) grew faster than those on north-facing slopes (NFS) until the mid-20th century, when this pattern reversed notably with marked growth rate declines on SFS and increases on NFS. Stable isotopes of carbon, oxygen, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratios suggest that this reversal is linked to interactions between CO2 stimulation of photosynthesis and water or nitrogen limitation. Our findings highlight the importance of incorporating landscape processes and habitat heterogeneity in predictions of tree growth responses to global environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Quadri
- Sky Island Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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14
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Walker AP, De Kauwe MG, Bastos A, Belmecheri S, Georgiou K, Keeling RF, McMahon SM, Medlyn BE, Moore DJP, Norby RJ, Zaehle S, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Battipaglia G, Brienen RJW, Cabugao KG, Cailleret M, Campbell E, Canadell JG, Ciais P, Craig ME, Ellsworth DS, Farquhar GD, Fatichi S, Fisher JB, Frank DC, Graven H, Gu L, Haverd V, Heilman K, Heimann M, Hungate BA, Iversen CM, Joos F, Jiang M, Keenan TF, Knauer J, Körner C, Leshyk VO, Leuzinger S, Liu Y, MacBean N, Malhi Y, McVicar TR, Penuelas J, Pongratz J, Powell AS, Riutta T, Sabot MEB, Schleucher J, Sitch S, Smith WK, Sulman B, Taylor B, Terrer C, Torn MS, Treseder KK, Trugman AT, Trumbore SE, van Mantgem PJ, Voelker SL, Whelan ME, Zuidema PA. Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO 2. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2413-2445. [PMID: 32789857 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2 ]) is increasing, which increases leaf-scale photosynthesis and intrinsic water-use efficiency. These direct responses have the potential to increase plant growth, vegetation biomass, and soil organic matter; transferring carbon from the atmosphere into terrestrial ecosystems (a carbon sink). A substantial global terrestrial carbon sink would slow the rate of [CO2 ] increase and thus climate change. However, ecosystem CO2 responses are complex or confounded by concurrent changes in multiple agents of global change and evidence for a [CO2 ]-driven terrestrial carbon sink can appear contradictory. Here we synthesize theory and broad, multidisciplinary evidence for the effects of increasing [CO2 ] (iCO2 ) on the global terrestrial carbon sink. Evidence suggests a substantial increase in global photosynthesis since pre-industrial times. Established theory, supported by experiments, indicates that iCO2 is likely responsible for about half of the increase. Global carbon budgeting, atmospheric data, and forest inventories indicate a historical carbon sink, and these apparent iCO2 responses are high in comparison to experiments and predictions from theory. Plant mortality and soil carbon iCO2 responses are highly uncertain. In conclusion, a range of evidence supports a positive terrestrial carbon sink in response to iCO2 , albeit with uncertain magnitude and strong suggestion of a role for additional agents of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Martin G De Kauwe
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ana Bastos
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Luisenstr. 37, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Soumaya Belmecheri
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Katerina Georgiou
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ralph F Keeling
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - David J P Moore
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, 1064 East Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Richard J Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Sönke Zaehle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, MRC 5535, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Giovanna Battipaglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università della Campania, Caserta, 81100, Italy
| | | | - Kristine G Cabugao
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- INRAE, UMR RECOVER, Aix-Marseille Université, 3275 route de Cézanne, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 5, 13182, France
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Elliott Campbell
- Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Josep G Canadell
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91191, France
| | - Matthew E Craig
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - David S Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Simone Fatichi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini Platz 5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Joshua B Fisher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - David C Frank
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Heather Graven
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Kelly Heilman
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Martin Heimann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Bruce A Hungate
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Fortunat Joos
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstr. 5, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Mingkai Jiang
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Trevor F Keenan
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jürgen Knauer
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Christian Körner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Victor O Leshyk
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Sebastian Leuzinger
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yao Liu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Natasha MacBean
- Department of Geography, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Tim R McVicar
- CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, 142 Mills Rd, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Josep Penuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Julia Pongratz
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Luisenstr. 37, Munich, 80333, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstr. 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Shafer Powell
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Terhi Riutta
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Manon E B Sabot
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Juergen Schleucher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Umeå University, Umea, 901 87, Sweden
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Laver Building, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - William K Smith
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, 1064 East Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Benjamin Sulman
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Benton Taylor
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - César Terrer
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Margaret S Torn
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kathleen K Treseder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Anna T Trugman
- Department of Geography, 1832 Ellison Hall, Santa Barbara, CA, 93016, USA
| | - Susan E Trumbore
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | | | - Steve L Voelker
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Mary E Whelan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Pieter A Zuidema
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
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15
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Rollinson CR, Alexander MR, Dye AW, Moore DJP, Pederson N, Trouet V. Climate sensitivity of understory trees differs from overstory trees in temperate mesic forests. Ecology 2020; 102:e03264. [PMID: 33325555 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The response of understory trees to climate variability is key to understanding current and future forest dynamics. However, analyses of climatic effects on tree growth have primarily focused on the upper canopy, leaving understory dynamics unresolved. We analyzed differences in climate sensitivity based on canopy position of four common tree species (Acer rubrum, Fagus grandifolia, Quercus rubra, and Tsuga canadensis) using growth information from 1,084 trees across eight sites in the northeastern United States. Effects of canopy position on climate response varied, but were significant and often nonlinear, for all four species. Compared to overstory trees, understory trees showed stronger reductions in growth at high temperatures and varied shifts in precipitation response. This contradicts the prevailing assumption that climate responses, particularly to temperature, of understory trees are buffered by the overstory. Forest growth trajectories are uncertain in compositionally and structurally complex forests, and future demography and regeneration dynamics may be misinferred if not all canopy levels are represented in future forecasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alex W Dye
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97333, USA
| | - David J P Moore
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - Neil Pederson
- Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts, 01366, USA
| | - Valerie Trouet
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
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16
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Peters RL, von Arx G, Nievergelt D, Ibrom A, Stillhard J, Trotsiuk V, Mazurkiewicz A, Babst F. Axial changes in wood functional traits have limited net effects on stem biomass increment in European beech (Fagus sylvatica). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:498-510. [PMID: 32031220 PMCID: PMC7182063 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During the growing season, trees allocate photoassimilates to increase their aboveground woody biomass in the stem (ABIstem). This 'carbon allocation' to structural growth is a dynamic process influenced by internal and external (e.g., climatic) drivers. While radial variability in wood formation and its resulting structure have been intensively studied, their variability along tree stems and subsequent impacts on ABIstem remain poorly understood. We collected wood cores from mature trees within a fixed plot in a well-studied temperate Fagus sylvatica L. forest. For a subset of trees, we performed regular interval sampling along the stem to elucidate axial variability in ring width (RW) and wood density (ρ), and the resulting effects on tree- and plot-level ABIstem. Moreover, we measured wood anatomical traits to understand the anatomical basis of ρ and the coupling between changes in RW and ρ during drought. We found no significant axial variability in ρ because an increase in the vessel-to-fiber ratio with smaller RW compensated for vessel tapering towards the apex. By contrast, temporal variability in RW varied significantly along the stem axis, depending on the growing conditions. Drought caused a more severe growth decrease, and wetter summers caused a disproportionate growth increase at the stem base compared with the top. Discarding this axial variability resulted in a significant overestimation of tree-level ABIstem in wetter and cooler summers, but this bias was reduced to ~2% when scaling ABIstem to the plot level. These results suggest that F. sylvatica prioritizes structural carbon sinks close to the canopy when conditions are unfavorable. The different axial variability in RW and ρ thereby indicates some independence of the processes that drive volume growth and wood structure along the stem. This refines our knowledge of carbon allocation dynamics in temperate diffuse-porous species and contributes to reducing uncertainties in determining forest carbon fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Peters
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Nievergelt
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Environmental Engineering, Air, Land and Water Resources Section, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonas Stillhard
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Volodymyr Trotsiuk
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcka Cesta 1176, CZ-165 21 Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksandra Mazurkiewicz
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, 31-501 Kraków, Poland
| | - Flurin Babst
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Ecology, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland
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17
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Panthi S, Fan ZX, van der Sleen P, Zuidema PA. Long-term physiological and growth responses of Himalayan fir to environmental change are mediated by mean climate. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1778-1794. [PMID: 31696994 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-elevation forests are experiencing high rates of warming, in combination with CO2 rise and (sometimes) drying trends. In these montane systems, the effects of environmental changes on tree growth are also modified by elevation itself, thus complicating our ability to predict effects of future climate change. Tree-ring analysis along an elevation gradient allows quantifying effects of gradual and annual environmental changes. Here, we study long-term physiological (ratio of internal to ambient CO2 , i.e., Ci /Ca and intrinsic water-use efficiency, iWUE) and growth responses (tree-ring width) of Himalayan fir (Abies spectabilis) trees in response to warming, drying, and CO2 rise. Our study was conducted along elevational gradients in a dry and a wet region in the central Himalaya. We combined dendrochronology and stable carbon isotopes (δ13 C) to quantify long-term trends in Ci /Ca ratio and iWUE (δ13 C-derived), growth (mixed-effects models), and evaluate climate sensitivity (correlations). We found that iWUE increased over time at all elevations, with stronger increase in the dry region. Climate-growth relations showed growth-limiting effects of spring moisture (dry region) and summer temperature (wet region), and negative effects of temperature (dry region). We found negative growth trends at lower elevations (dry and wet regions), suggesting that continental-scale warming and regional drying reduced tree growth. This interpretation is supported by δ13 C-derived long-term physiological responses, which are consistent with responses to reduced moisture and increased vapor pressure deficit. At high elevations (wet region), we found positive growth trends, suggesting that warming has favored tree growth in regions where temperature most strongly limits growth. At lower elevations (dry and wet regions), the positive effects of CO2 rise did not mitigate the negative effects of warming and drying on tree growth. Our results raise concerns on the productivity of Himalayan fir forests at low and middle (<3,300 m) elevations as climate change progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Panthi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- Center for Plant Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, China
| | - Ze-Xin Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- Center for Plant Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, China
- Ailaoshan Station of Subtropical Forest Ecosystem Studies, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jingdong, Yunnan, China
| | - Peter van der Sleen
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Rastatt, Germany
| | - Pieter A Zuidema
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Growth Trends of Coniferous Species along Elevational Transects in the Central European Alps Indicate Decreasing Sensitivity to Climate Warming. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tree growth at high elevation in the Central European Alps (CEA) is strongly limited by low temperature during the growing season. We developed a tree ring series of co-occurring conifers (Swiss stone pine, Norway spruce, European larch) along elevational transects stretching from the subalpine zone to the krummholz limit (1630–2290 m asl; n = 503 trees) and evaluated whether trends in basal area increment (BAI) are in line with two phases of climate warming, which occurred from 1915–1953 and from 1975–2015. Unexpectedly, results revealed that at subalpine sites (i) intensified climate warming in recent decades did not lead to a corresponding increase in BAI and (ii) increase in summer temperature since 1915 primarily favored growth of larch and spruce, although Swiss stone pine dominates at high elevations in the Eastern CEA, and therefore was expected to mainly benefit from climate warming. At treeline, BAI increases in all species were above the level expected based on determined age trend, whereas at the krummholz limit only deciduous larch showed a minor growth increase. We explain missing adequate growth response to recent climate warming by strengthened competition for resources (nutrients, light, water) in increasingly denser stands at subalpine sites, and by frost desiccation injuries of evergreen tree species at the krummholz limit. To conclude, accurate forecasts of tree growth response to climate warming at high elevation must consider changes in stand density as well as species-specific sensitivity to climate variables beyond the growing season.
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19
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Locosselli GM, Krottenthaler S, Pitsch P, Anhuf D, Ceccantini G. Impact of temperature on the growth of a Neotropical tree species (Hymenaea courbaril, Fabaceae) at its southern distribution limit. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:1683-1692. [PMID: 31456023 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-019-01786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Widely distributed tree species usually face different growth conditions across gradients of climate variables. Hymenaea courbaril inhabits most of Neotropical lowlands, where its growth is limited by low precipitation under seasonal precipitation regimes. However, it is still unclear what are the drivers of growth variability at its distribution limits, where populations are most vulnerable to climate change. We evaluated the role of precipitation and temperature variability on the growth rate of two populations of H. courbaril at the southern limits of its occurrence. Sampling sites comprise two semi-deciduous forest fragments with weathered and chemically poor soils, similar temperature conditions, only differing in size and in precipitation regime. To achieve that goal, we built two tree-ring chronologies using standard dendrochronological methods, one with 21 trees (37 radii) and the other one with 13 trees (24 radii). First, we evaluated if site conditions would affect average growth patterns, and then, we tested the climate-growth relationships and the teleconnections with the Equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (SST). The results show that trees display similar average growth rates throughout life without evidence of influence from differing fragment sizes. Nonetheless, precipitation positively influences annual growth in the drier site, while it has a negative effect on growth in the wetter site. In contrast to previous studies, temperature has a stronger influence than precipitation on the growth of these trees. Monthly, seasonal, and annual mean temperatures showed a negative influence on trees growth. The variability of the regional temperature and, consequently, of the growth rate of the trees is partially dependent on the SST of the Equatorial Pacific. In conclusion, this study shows that temperature is a key limiting growth factor for this species at its southern distribution limits and periods with warmer temperature will likely reduce annual growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Maselli Locosselli
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 09715-030, Brazil.
| | - Stefan Krottenthaler
- Department of Physical Geography, University of Passau, Innstraße 40, 94032, Passau, Germany
| | - Philipp Pitsch
- Department of Physical Geography, University of Passau, Innstraße 40, 94032, Passau, Germany
| | - Dieter Anhuf
- Department of Physical Geography, University of Passau, Innstraße 40, 94032, Passau, Germany
| | - Gregório Ceccantini
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 09715-030, Brazil
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20
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Schurman JS, Babst F, Björklund J, Rydval M, Bače R, Čada V, Janda P, Mikolas M, Saulnier M, Trotsiuk V, Svoboda M. The climatic drivers of primary Picea forest growth along the Carpathian arc are changing under rising temperatures. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3136-3150. [PMID: 31166643 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Climatic constraints on tree growth mediate an important link between terrestrial and atmospheric carbon pools. Tree rings provide valuable information on climate-driven growth patterns, but existing data tend to be biased toward older trees on climatically extreme sites. Understanding climate change responses of biogeographic regions requires data that integrate spatial variability in growing conditions and forest structure. We analyzed both temporal (c. 1901-2010) and spatial variation in radial growth patterns in 9,876 trees from fragments of primary Picea abies forests spanning the latitudinal and altitudinal extent of the Carpathian arc. Growth was positively correlated with summer temperatures and spring moisture availability throughout the entire region. However, important seasonal variation in climate responses occurred along geospatial gradients. At northern sites, winter precipitation and October temperatures of the year preceding ring formation were positively correlated with ring width. In contrast, trees at the southern extent of the Carpathians responded negatively to warm and dry conditions in autumn of the year preceding ring formation. An assessment of regional synchronization in radial growth variability showed temporal fluctuations throughout the 20th century linked to the onset of moisture limitation in southern landscapes. Since the beginning of the study period, differences between high and low elevations in the temperature sensitivity of tree growth generally declined, while moisture sensitivity increased at lower elevations. Growth trend analyses demonstrated changes in absolute tree growth rates linked to climatic change, with basal area increments in northern landscapes and lower altitudes responding positively to recent warming. Tree growth has predominantly increased with rising temperatures in the Carpathians, accompanied by early indicators that portions of the mountain range are transitioning from temperature to moisture limitation. Continued warming will alleviate large-scale temperature constraints on tree growth, giving increasing weight to local drivers that are more challenging to predict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Schurman
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Flurin Babst
- Department of Ecology, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jesper Björklund
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Miloš Rydval
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Bače
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Čada
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Janda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mikolas
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mélanie Saulnier
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Volodymyr Trotsiuk
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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21
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Locosselli GM, Camargo EPD, Moreira TCL, Todesco E, Andrade MDF, André CDSD, André PAD, Singer JM, Ferreira LS, Saldiva PHN, Buckeridge MS. The role of air pollution and climate on the growth of urban trees. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:652-661. [PMID: 30807955 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The urban environment features poor air quality and harsher climate conditions that affect the life in the cities. Citizens are especially vulnerable to climate change, because heat island and impervious exacerbates extreme climate events. Urban trees are important tools for mitigation and adaptation of cities to climate change because they provide ecosystem services that increase while trees grow. Nonetheless, the growth of trees may be affected by the harsher conditions found in the urban environment. We assessed the impact of air pollution and climate on the spatial/temporal variability of tree growth in São Paulo, Brazil, one of the largest urban conglomerates in the world. For this purpose, we sampled 41 trees of the Tipuana tipu species in a region that includes industrial areas. We built a tree-ring chronology using standard dendrochronological methods. Spatial analyses show that trees grow faster in the warmer parts of the city and under higher concentrations of airborne P, whereas growth is reduced under higher concentrations of Al, Ba, Zn. Particulate matter (PM10) from the industrial cluster also reduce average growth rate of trees, up to 37% in all diameter classes. Similar results were obtained via temporal analyses, suggesting that the annual growth rate is positively associated with temperature, which explain 16% of interannual growth variability. Precipitation, on the other hand, has no association with tree growth. The average concentration of PM10 explains 41% of interannual growth variability, and higher concentrations during the driest months reduce growth rate. Despite heat island effect and water limitation in the soil of the city, this species takes advantage of warmer conditions and it is not limited by water availability as measured by precipitation. On the other hand, air pollution directly impacts the growth of these trees being a major limiting growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Maselli Locosselli
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Estudos Avançados, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Pereira de Camargo
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Estudos Avançados, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Enzo Todesco
- Instituto de Astronomia e Geofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Julio M Singer
- Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva
- Instituto de Estudos Avançados, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Silveira Buckeridge
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Estudos Avançados, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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22
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Duchesne L, Houle D, Ouimet R, Caldwell L, Gloor M, Brienen R. Large apparent growth increases in boreal forests inferred from tree-rings are an artefact of sampling biases. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6832. [PMID: 31048703 PMCID: PMC6497877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree rings are thought to be a powerful tool to reconstruct historical growth changes and have been widely used to assess tree responses to global warming. Demographic inferences suggest, however, that typical sampling procedures induce spurious trends in growth reconstructions. Here we use the world’s largest single tree-ring dataset (283,536 trees from 136,621 sites) from Quebec, Canada, to assess to what extent growth reconstructions based on these - and thus any similar - data might be affected by this problem. Indeed, straightforward growth rate reconstructions based on these data suggest a six-fold increase in radial growth of black spruce (Picea mariana) from ~0.5 mm yr−1 in 1800 to ~2.5 mm yr−1 in 1990. While the strong correlation (R2 = 0.98) between this increase and that of atmospheric CO2 could suggest a causal relationship, we here unambiguously demonstrate that this growth trend is an artefact of sampling biases caused by the absence of old, fast-growing trees (cf. “slow-grower survivorship bias”) and of young, slow-growing trees (cf. “big-tree selection bias”) in the dataset. At the moment, we cannot envision how to remedy the issue of incomplete representation of cohorts in existing large-scale tree-ring datasets. Thus, innovation will be needed before such datasets can be used for growth rate reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Duchesne
- Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Direction de la recherche forestière, 2700 Einstein Street, Quebec City, Quebec, G1P 3W8, Canada.
| | - Daniel Houle
- Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Direction de la recherche forestière, 2700 Einstein Street, Quebec City, Quebec, G1P 3W8, Canada.,Consortium on Regional Climatology and Adaptation to Climate Change (Ouranos), 550 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B9, Canada
| | - Rock Ouimet
- Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Direction de la recherche forestière, 2700 Einstein Street, Quebec City, Quebec, G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Liam Caldwell
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Manuel Gloor
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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23
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Hararuk O, Campbell EM, Antos JA, Parish R. Tree rings provide no evidence of a CO 2 fertilization effect in old-growth subalpine forests of western Canada. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1222-1234. [PMID: 30588740 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations are now 1.7 times higher than the preindustrial values. Although photosynthetic rates are hypothesized to increase in response to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations, results from in situ experiments are inconsistent in supporting a CO2 fertilization effect of tree growth. Tree-ring data provide a historical record of tree-level productivity that can be used to evaluate long-term responses of tree growth. We use tree-ring data from old-growth, subalpine forests of western Canada that have not had a stand-replacing disturbance for hundreds of years to determine if growth has increased over 19th and 20th centuries. Our sample consisted of 5,858 trees belonging to five species distributed over two sites in the coastal zone and two in the continental climate of the interior. We calculated annual increments in tree basal area, adjusted these increments for tree size and age, and tested whether there was a detectable temporal trend in tree growth over the 19th and 20th centuries. We found a similar pattern in 20th century growth trends among all species at all sites. Growth during the 19th century was mostly stable or increasing, with the exception of one of the coastal sites, where tree growth was slightly decreasing; whereas growth during the 20th century consistently decreased. The unexpected decrease in growth during the 20th century indicates that there was no CO2 fertilization effect on photosynthesis. We compared the growth trends from our four sites to the trends simulated by seven Earth System Models, and saw that most of the models did not predict these growth declines. Overall, our results indicate that these old-growth forests are unlikely to increase their carbon storage capacity in response to rising atmospheric CO2 , and thus are unlikely to contribute substantially to offsetting future carbon emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandra Hararuk
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Elizabeth M Campbell
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, British Columbia
| | - Joseph A Antos
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia
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24
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Scharnweber T, Heußner KU, Smiljanic M, Heinrich I, van der Maaten-Theunissen M, van der Maaten E, Struwe T, Buras A, Wilmking M. Removing the no-analogue bias in modern accelerated tree growth leads to stronger medieval drought. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2509. [PMID: 30792495 PMCID: PMC6385214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In many parts of the world, especially in the temperate regions of Europe and North-America, accelerated tree growth rates have been observed over the last decades. This widespread phenomenon is presumably caused by a combination of factors like atmospheric fertilization or changes in forest structure and/or management. If not properly acknowledged in the calibration of tree-ring based climate reconstructions, considerable bias concerning amplitudes and trends of reconstructed climatic parameters might emerge or low frequency information is lost. Here we present a simple but effective, data-driven approach to remove the recent non-climatic growth increase in tree-ring data. Accounting for the no-analogue calibration problem, a new hydroclimatic reconstruction for northern-central Europe revealed considerably drier conditions during the medieval climate anomaly (MCA) compared with standard reconstruction methods and other existing reconstructions. This demonstrates the necessity to account for fertilization effects in modern tree-ring data from affected regions before calibrating reconstruction models, to avoid biased results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Scharnweber
- Institute of Botany and Landcape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany.
| | | | - Marko Smiljanic
- Institute of Botany and Landcape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ingo Heinrich
- German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ, 14473, Potsdam, Germany.,Geography Department, Humboldt-University Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marieke van der Maaten-Theunissen
- Institute of Botany and Landcape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute of Forest Growth and Forest Computer Sciences, Technical University Dresden, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Ernst van der Maaten
- Institute of Botany and Landcape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute of Forest Growth and Forest Computer Sciences, Technical University Dresden, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Thomas Struwe
- Institute of Botany and Landcape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Allan Buras
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Land-Surface-Atmosphere-Interactions, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Wilmking
- Institute of Botany and Landcape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
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25
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Lara W, Bogino S, Bravo F. Multilevel analysis of dendroclimatic series with the R-package BIOdry. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196923. [PMID: 29771934 PMCID: PMC5957401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The R-package BIOdry allows to model and compare fluctuations of Tree-ring Width (TRW) and climate, or dendroclimatic fluctuations, while accounting for source variability. The package eases multilevel modeling and multivariate comparison in dendroclimatic analysis using the nlme and ecodist packages, respectively. For implementing such libraries, the in-package algorithms transform the dendroclimatic fluctuations into Multilevel Dendroclimatic Data Series and maintain categorical variables and time units in the outputs. The dendroclimatic modeling is developed with two functions: modelFrame and muleMan. The first function binds core-level cumulative TRWs to the processed data sets and subtracts trends in TRWs by fitting multilevel log-linear growth formulas or multilevel linear formulas. modelFrame can also model within-group fluctuations in dendroclimatic variables other than tree-radial increments such as aridity indices or allometric components of tree growth: e.g. diameters at breast height over bark, tree basal areas, total tree biomass, among other. The second function compares fluctuations in modelFrame objects that share outermost categorical variable and annual records. Here, we use BIOdry to model dendroclimatic relationships in northern and east-central Spain to illustrate future users in the implementation of the package for modeling ecological relationships in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Lara
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, UVA-INIA, Avda. Madrid, s/n, 34071, Palencia, Spain
- Department of Geography and Urban Studies, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, 316 Gladfelter Hall, 115 W. Polett Walk, Philadelphia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stella Bogino
- Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Avenida 25 de Mayo 384, 5730, Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Felipe Bravo
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, UVA-INIA, Avda. Madrid, s/n, 34071, Palencia, Spain
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26
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Gazol A, Camarero JJ, Vicente-Serrano SM, Sánchez-Salguero R, Gutiérrez E, de Luis M, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Novak K, Rozas V, Tíscar PA, Linares JC, Martín-Hernández N, Martínez Del Castillo E, Ribas M, García-González I, Silla F, Camisón A, Génova M, Olano JM, Longares LA, Hevia A, Tomás-Burguera M, Galván JD. Forest resilience to drought varies across biomes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2143-2158. [PMID: 29488293 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Forecasted increase drought frequency and severity may drive worldwide declines in forest productivity. Species-level responses to a drier world are likely to be influenced by their functional traits. Here, we analyse forest resilience to drought using an extensive network of tree-ring width data and satellite imagery. We compiled proxies of forest growth and productivity (TRWi, absolutely dated ring-width indices; NDVI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) for 11 tree species and 502 forests in Spain corresponding to Mediterranean, temperate, and continental biomes. Four different components of forest resilience to drought were calculated based on TRWi and NDVI data before, during, and after four major droughts (1986, 1994-1995, 1999, and 2005), and pointed out that TRWi data were more sensitive metrics of forest resilience to drought than NDVI data. Resilience was related to both drought severity and forest composition. Evergreen gymnosperms dominating semi-arid Mediterranean forests showed the lowest resistance to drought, but higher recovery than deciduous angiosperms dominating humid temperate forests. Moreover, semi-arid gymnosperm forests presented a negative temporal trend in the resistance to drought, but this pattern was absent in continental and temperate forests. Although gymnosperms in dry Mediterranean forests showed a faster recovery after drought, their recovery potential could be constrained if droughts become more frequent. Conversely, angiosperms and gymnosperms inhabiting temperate and continental sites might have problems to recover after more intense droughts since they resist drought but are less able to recover afterwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - Raúl Sánchez-Salguero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
- Depto. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Univ. Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Emilia Gutiérrez
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin de Luis
- Depto. Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio - IUCA, Univ. Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Klemen Novak
- Depto. Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio - IUCA, Univ. Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Depto. de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Vicente Rozas
- Depto. Ciencias Agroforestales, EU Ing. Agrarias, iuFOR-Univ., Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pedro A Tíscar
- Centro de Capacitación y Experimentación Forestal, Cazorla, Spain
| | - Juan C Linares
- Depto. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Univ. Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Montse Ribas
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-González
- Depto. Botánica, Escola Politécnica Superior, Campus Terra, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Fernando Silla
- Depto. Biología Animal, Parasitología, Ecología, Edafología y Química Agrícola, Univ. Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alvaro Camisón
- Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, Univ. Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain
| | - Mar Génova
- Depto. Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Univ. Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Olano
- Depto. Ciencias Agroforestales, EU Ing. Agrarias, iuFOR-Univ., Valladolid, Spain
| | - Luis A Longares
- Depto. Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio - IUCA, Univ. Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrea Hevia
- Forest and Wood Technology Research Centre (CETEMAS), Grado, Spain
| | - Miquel Tomás-Burguera
- Estación Experimental Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
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27
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Cailleret M, Dakos V, Jansen S, Robert EMR, Aakala T, Amoroso MM, Antos JA, Bigler C, Bugmann H, Caccianaga M, Camarero JJ, Cherubini P, Coyea MR, Čufar K, Das AJ, Davi H, Gea-Izquierdo G, Gillner S, Haavik LJ, Hartmann H, Hereş AM, Hultine KR, Janda P, Kane JM, Kharuk VI, Kitzberger T, Klein T, Levanic T, Linares JC, Lombardi F, Mäkinen H, Mészáros I, Metsaranta JM, Oberhuber W, Papadopoulos A, Petritan AM, Rohner B, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Smith JM, Stan AB, Stojanovic DB, Suarez ML, Svoboda M, Trotsiuk V, Villalba R, Westwood AR, Wyckoff PH, Martínez-Vilalta J. Early-Warning Signals of Individual Tree Mortality Based on Annual Radial Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1964. [PMID: 30713543 PMCID: PMC6346433 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tree mortality is a key driver of forest dynamics and its occurrence is projected to increase in the future due to climate change. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the physiological mechanisms leading to death, we still lack robust indicators of mortality risk that could be applied at the individual tree scale. Here, we build on a previous contribution exploring the differences in growth level between trees that died and survived a given mortality event to assess whether changes in temporal autocorrelation, variance, and synchrony in time-series of annual radial growth data can be used as early warning signals of mortality risk. Taking advantage of a unique global ring-width database of 3065 dead trees and 4389 living trees growing together at 198 sites (belonging to 36 gymnosperm and angiosperm species), we analyzed temporal changes in autocorrelation, variance, and synchrony before tree death (diachronic analysis), and also compared these metrics between trees that died and trees that survived a given mortality event (synchronic analysis). Changes in autocorrelation were a poor indicator of mortality risk. However, we found a gradual increase in inter-annual growth variability and a decrease in growth synchrony in the last ∼20 years before mortality of gymnosperms, irrespective of the cause of mortality. These changes could be associated with drought-induced alterations in carbon economy and allocation patterns. In angiosperms, we did not find any consistent changes in any metric. Such lack of any signal might be explained by the relatively high capacity of angiosperms to recover after a stress-induced growth decline. Our analysis provides a robust method for estimating early-warning signals of tree mortality based on annual growth data. In addition to the frequently reported decrease in growth rates, an increase in inter-annual growth variability and a decrease in growth synchrony may be powerful predictors of gymnosperm mortality risk, but not necessarily so for angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Cailleret
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research – WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Maxime Cailleret,
| | - Vasilis Dakos
- CNRS, IRD, EPHE, ISEM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elisabeth M. R. Robert
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Tuomas Aakala
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mariano M. Amoroso
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CCT Patagonia Norte, Río Negro, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, Sede Andina, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Joe A. Antos
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Christof Bigler
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Caccianaga
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Cherubini
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research – WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marie R. Coyea
- Centre for Forest Research, Département des Sciences du Bois et de la Forêt, Faculté de Foresterie, de Géographie et de Géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Katarina Čufar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Adrian J. Das
- United States Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Sequoia and Kings Canyon Field Station, Three Rivers, CA, United States
| | - Hendrik Davi
- Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Avignon, France
| | - Guillermo Gea-Izquierdo
- Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sten Gillner
- Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Laurel J. Haavik
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Hereş
- Department of Forest Sciences, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brașov, Romania
- BC3 – Basque Centre for Climate Change, Leioa, Spain
| | - Kevin R. Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Pavel Janda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jeffrey M. Kane
- Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, United States
| | - Viachelsav I. Kharuk
- Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- Department of Ecology, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Río Negro, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Tamir Klein
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tom Levanic
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Juan-Carlos Linares
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Fabio Lombardi
- Department of Agricultural Science, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Harri Mäkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Espoo, Finland
| | - Ilona Mészáros
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Juha M. Metsaranta
- Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Walter Oberhuber
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Papadopoulos
- Department of Forestry and Natural Environment Management, Technological Educational Institute of Stereas Elladas, Karpenisi, Greece
| | - Any Mary Petritan
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research – WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry “Marin Dracea”, Voluntari, Romania
| | - Brigitte Rohner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research – WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Jeremy M. Smith
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Amanda B. Stan
- Department of Geography, Planning and Recreation, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Dejan B. Stojanovic
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maria-Laura Suarez
- Grupo Ecología Forestal, CONICET – INTA, EEA Bariloche, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Volodymyr Trotsiuk
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research – WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Villalba
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología e Historia Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales, CCT CONICET Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alana R. Westwood
- Boreal Avian Modelling Project, Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Peter H. Wyckoff
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota, Morris, Morris, MN, United States
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d’Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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28
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Jochner M, Bugmann H, Nötzli M, Bigler C. Among-tree variability and feedback effects result in different growth responses to climate change at the upper treeline in the Swiss Alps. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:7937-7953. [PMID: 29043046 PMCID: PMC5632642 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Upper treeline ecotones are important life form boundaries and particularly sensitive to a warming climate. Changes in growth conditions at these ecotones have wide‐ranging implications for the provision of ecosystem services in densely populated mountain regions like the European Alps. We quantify climate effects on short‐ and long‐term tree growth responses, focusing on among‐tree variability and potential feedback effects. Although among‐tree variability is thought to be substantial, it has not been considered systematically yet in studies on growth–climate relationships. We compiled tree‐ring data including almost 600 trees of major treeline species (Larix decidua, Picea abies, Pinus cembra, and Pinus mugo) from three climate regions of the Swiss Alps. We further acquired tree size distribution data using unmanned aerial vehicles. To account for among‐tree variability, we employed information‐theoretic model selections based on linear mixed‐effects models (LMMs) with flexible choice of monthly temperature effects on growth. We isolated long‐term trends in ring‐width indices (RWI) in interaction with elevation. The LMMs revealed substantial amounts of previously unquantified among‐tree variability, indicating different strategies of single trees regarding when and to what extent to invest assimilates into growth. Furthermore, the LMMs indicated strongly positive temperature effects on growth during short summer periods across all species, and significant contributions of fall (L. decidua) and current year's spring (L. decidua, P. abies). In the longer term, all species showed consistently positive RWI trends at highest elevations, but different patterns with decreasing elevation. L. decidua exhibited even negative RWI trends compared to the highest treeline sites, whereas P. abies, P. cembra, and P. mugo showed steeper or flatter trends with decreasing elevation. This does not only reflect effects of ameliorated climate conditions on tree growth over time, but also reveals first signs of long‐suspected negative and positive feedback of climate change on stand dynamics at treeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Jochner
- Forest Ecology Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest Ecology Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Nötzli
- Forest Ecology Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Christof Bigler
- Forest Ecology Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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29
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Brienen RJW, Gloor E, Clerici S, Newton R, Arppe L, Boom A, Bottrell S, Callaghan M, Heaton T, Helama S, Helle G, Leng MJ, Mielikäinen K, Oinonen M, Timonen M. Tree height strongly affects estimates of water-use efficiency responses to climate and CO 2 using isotopes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:288. [PMID: 28819277 PMCID: PMC5561090 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies report substantial increases in intrinsic water-use efficiency (W i ), estimated using carbon isotopes in tree rings, suggesting trees are gaining increasingly more carbon per unit water lost due to increases in atmospheric CO2. Usually, reconstructions do not, however, correct for the effect of intrinsic developmental changes in W i as trees grow larger. Here we show, by comparing W i across varying tree sizes at one CO2 level, that ignoring such developmental effects can severely affect inferences of trees' W i . W i doubled or even tripled over a trees' lifespan in three broadleaf species due to changes in tree height and light availability alone, and there are also weak trends for Pine trees. Developmental trends in broadleaf species are as large as the trends previously assigned to CO2 and climate. Credible future tree ring isotope studies require explicit accounting for species-specific developmental effects before CO2 and climate effects are inferred.Intrinsic water-use efficiency (W i ) reconstructions using tree rings often disregard developmental changes in W i as trees age. Here, the authors compare W i across varying tree sizes at a fixed CO2 level and show that ignoring developmental changes impacts conclusions on trees' W i responses to CO2 or climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J W Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS6 9JT, UK.
| | - E Gloor
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS6 9JT, UK
| | - S Clerici
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS6 9JT, UK
| | - R Newton
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS6 9JT, UK
| | - L Arppe
- Laboratory of Chronology, Finnish Museum of Natural History-Luomus, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Boom
- School of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - S Bottrell
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS6 9JT, UK
| | - M Callaghan
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS6 9JT, UK
| | - T Heaton
- NERC Isotope Geosciences Facilities, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - S Helama
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Eteläranta 55, PO Box 16, 96301, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - G Helle
- GFZ - German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 5.2 Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - M J Leng
- NERC Isotope Geosciences Facilities, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
- Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - K Mielikäinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Jokiniemenkuja 1, PO Box 18, Vantaa, 01301, Finland
| | - M Oinonen
- Laboratory of Chronology, Finnish Museum of Natural History-Luomus, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Timonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Eteläranta 55, PO Box 16, 96301, Rovaniemi, Finland
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30
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Sleen P, Zuidema PA, Pons TL. Stable isotopes in tropical tree rings: theory, methods and applications. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sleen
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Wageningen University & Research Droevendaalsesteeg 3 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
- Marine Science Institute University of Texas at Austin 750 Channel View Drive Port Aransas TX78373 USA
| | - Pieter A. Zuidema
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Wageningen University & Research Droevendaalsesteeg 3 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Thijs L. Pons
- Plant Ecophysiology Institute of Environmental Biology Utrecht University Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
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31
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Levesque M, Andreu-Hayles L, Pederson N. Water availability drives gas exchange and growth of trees in northeastern US, not elevated CO 2 and reduced acid deposition. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46158. [PMID: 28393872 PMCID: PMC5385545 DOI: 10.1038/srep46158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVM) exhibit high uncertainty about how climate change, elevated atmospheric CO2 (atm. CO2) concentration, and atmospheric pollutants will impact carbon sequestration in forested ecosystems. Although the individual roles of these environmental factors on tree growth are understood, analyses examining their simultaneous effects are lacking. We used tree-ring isotopic data and structural equation modeling to examine the concurrent and interacting effects of water availability, atm. CO2 concentration, and SO4 and nitrogen deposition on two broadleaf tree species in a temperate mesic forest in the northeastern US. Water availability was the strongest driver of gas exchange and tree growth. Wetter conditions since the 1980s have enhanced stomatal conductance, photosynthetic assimilation rates and, to a lesser extent, tree radial growth. Increased water availability seemingly overrides responses to reduced acid deposition, CO2 fertilization, and nitrogen deposition. Our results indicate that water availability as a driver of ecosystem productivity in mesic temperate forests is not adequately represented in DGVMs, while CO2 fertilization is likely overrepresented. This study emphasizes the importance to simultaneously consider interacting climatic and biogeochemical drivers when assessing forest responses to global environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Levesque
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Laia Andreu-Hayles
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Neil Pederson
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA 01366, USA
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32
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Rahman M, Islam R, Islam M. Long-term growth decline in Toona ciliata in a moist tropical forest in Bangladesh: Impact of global warming. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Brienen RJW, Gloor M, Ziv G. Tree demography dominates long-term growth trends inferred from tree rings. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:474-484. [PMID: 27387088 PMCID: PMC6849721 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding responses of forests to increasing CO2 and temperature is an important challenge, but no easy task. Tree rings are increasingly used to study such responses. In a recent study, van der Sleen et al. (2014) Nature Geoscience, 8, 4 used tree rings from 12 tropical tree species and find that despite increases in intrinsic water use efficiency, no growth stimulation is observed. This challenges the idea that increasing CO2 would stimulate growth. Unfortunately, tree ring analysis can be plagued by biases, resulting in spurious growth trends. While their study evaluated several biases, it does not account for all. In particular, one bias may have seriously affected their results. Several of the species have recruitment patterns, which are not uniform, but clustered around one specific year. This results in spurious negative growth trends if growth rates are calculated in fixed size classes, as 'fast-growing' trees reach the sampling diameter earlier compared to slow growers and thus fast growth rates tend to have earlier calendar dates. We assessed the effect of this 'nonuniform age bias' on observed growth trends and find that van der Sleen's conclusions of a lack of growth stimulation do not hold. Growth trends are - at least partially - driven by underlying recruitment or age distributions. Species with more clustered age distributions show more negative growth trends, and simulations to estimate the effect of species' age distributions show growth trends close to those observed. Re-evaluation of the growth data and correction for the bias result in significant positive growth trends of 1-2% per decade for the full period, and 3-7% since 1950. These observations, however, should be taken cautiously as multiple biases affect these trend estimates. In all, our results highlight that tree ring studies of long-term growth trends can be strongly influenced by biases if demographic processes are not carefully accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Gloor
- School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsWoodhouse LaneLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Guy Ziv
- School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsWoodhouse LaneLeedsLS2 9JTUK
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34
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Girardin MP, Bouriaud O, Hogg EH, Kurz W, Zimmermann NE, Metsaranta JM, de Jong R, Frank DC, Esper J, Büntgen U, Guo XJ, Bhatti J. No growth stimulation of Canada's boreal forest under half-century of combined warming and CO2 fertilization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8406-E8414. [PMID: 27956624 PMCID: PMC5206510 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610156113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence exists that current global temperatures are higher than at any time during the past millennium. However, the long-term impacts of rising temperatures and associated shifts in the hydrological cycle on the productivity of ecosystems remain poorly understood for mid to high northern latitudes. Here, we quantify species-specific spatiotemporal variability in terrestrial aboveground biomass stem growth across Canada's boreal forests from 1950 to the present. We use 873 newly developed tree-ring chronologies from Canada's National Forest Inventory, representing an unprecedented degree of sampling standardization for a large-scale dendrochronological study. We find significant regional- and species-related trends in growth, but the positive and negative trends compensate each other to yield no strong overall trend in forest growth when averaged across the Canadian boreal forest. The spatial patterns of growth trends identified in our analysis were to some extent coherent with trends estimated by remote sensing, but there are wide areas where remote-sensing information did not match the forest growth trends. Quantifications of tree growth variability as a function of climate factors and atmospheric CO2 concentration reveal strong negative temperature and positive moisture controls on spatial patterns of tree growth rates, emphasizing the ecological sensitivity to regime shifts in the hydrological cycle. An enhanced dependence of forest growth on soil moisture during the late-20th century coincides with a rapid rise in summer temperatures and occurs despite potential compensating effects from increased atmospheric CO2 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Girardin
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec, QC, Canada G1V 4C7;
| | - Olivier Bouriaud
- Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6H 3S5
| | - Edward H Hogg
- Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6H 3S5
| | - Werner Kurz
- Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada V8Z 1M5
| | - Niklaus E Zimmermann
- Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juha M Metsaranta
- Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6H 3S5
| | - Rogier de Jong
- Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David C Frank
- Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Jan Esper
- Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xiao Jing Guo
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec, QC, Canada G1V 4C7
| | - Jagtar Bhatti
- Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6H 3S5
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35
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Sheil D, Eastaugh CS, Vlam M, Zuidema PA, Groenendijk P, Sleen P, Jay A, Vanclay J. Does biomass growth increase in the largest trees? Flaws, fallacies and alternative analyses. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sheil
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences P.O. Box 5003 NO‐1432 Ås Norway
| | - Chris S. Eastaugh
- Forest Research Centre Southern Cross University PO Box 157 Lismore NSW 2480 Australia
- Forestry Corporation NSW Western Division PO Box 865 Dubbo NSW 2830 Australia
| | - Mart Vlam
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Wageningen University & Research PO Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A. Zuidema
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Wageningen University & Research PO Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Peter Groenendijk
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Wageningen University & Research PO Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
- Departamento de Botánica Escola Politécnica Superior Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Campus de Lugo Lugo 27002 Spain
| | - Peter Sleen
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Wageningen University & Research PO Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
- Marine Science Institute University of Texas at Austin Port Aransas TX 78373 USA
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal Km 9 carretera al norte Casilla 6204 Santa Cruz de la Sierra Bolivia
| | - Alex Jay
- Forest Research Centre Southern Cross University PO Box 157 Lismore NSW 2480 Australia
| | - Jerome Vanclay
- Forest Research Centre Southern Cross University PO Box 157 Lismore NSW 2480 Australia
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36
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Sohn JA, Hartig F, Kohler M, Huss J, Bauhus J. Heavy and frequent thinning promotes drought adaptation in Pinus sylvestris forests. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:2190-2205. [PMID: 27755729 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Droughts and their negative effects on forest ecosystems are projected to increase under climate change for many regions. It has been suggested that intensive thinning could reduce drought impacts on established forests in the short-term. Most previous studies on the effect of thinning on drought impacts, however, have been confined to single forest sites. It is therefore still unclear how general and persisting the benefits of thinning are. This study assesses the potential of thinning to increase drought tolerance of the wide spread Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in Central Europe. We hypothesized (1) that increasing thinning intensity benefits the maintenance of radial growth of crop trees during drought (resistance) and its recovery following drought, (2) that those benefits to growth decrease with time elapsed since the last thinning and with stand age, and (3) that they may depend on drought severity as well as water limitations in pre- and post-drought periods. To test these hypotheses, we assessed the effects of thinning regime, stand age, and drought severity on radial growth of 129 Scots pine trees during and after drought events in four long-term thinning experiments in Germany. We found that thinning improved the recovery of radial growth following drought and to a lesser extent the growth resistance during a drought event. Growth recovery following drought was highest after the first thinning intervention and in recently and heavily thinned stands. With time since the last thinning, however, this effect decreased and could even become negative when compared to unthinned stands. Further, thinning helped to avoid an age-related decline in growth resistance (and recovery) following drought. The recovery following drought, but not the resistance during drought, was related to water limitations in the drought period. This is the first study that analyzed drought-related radial growth in trees of one species across several stands of different age. The interaction between thinning intensity and time since the last thinning underline the importance to distinguish between short- and long-term effects of thinning. According to our analysis, only thinning regimes, with relatively heavy and frequent thinning interventions would increase drought tolerance in pine stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Sohn
- Department of Silviculture, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstr. 4, Freiburg, D-79085, Germany.
| | - Florian Hartig
- Department of Biometry, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstr. 4 Freiburg, D-79085, Germany
| | - Martin Kohler
- Department of Silviculture, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstr. 4, Freiburg, D-79085, Germany
| | - Jürgen Huss
- Department of Silviculture, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstr. 4, Freiburg, D-79085, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bauhus
- Department of Silviculture, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstr. 4, Freiburg, D-79085, Germany
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37
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Silva LCR, Sun G, Zhu-Barker X, Liang Q, Wu N, Horwath WR. Tree growth acceleration and expansion of alpine forests: The synergistic effect of atmospheric and edaphic change. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501302. [PMID: 27652334 PMCID: PMC5020709 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many forest ecosystems have experienced recent declines in productivity; however, in some alpine regions, tree growth and forest expansion are increasing at marked rates. Dendrochronological analyses at the upper limit of alpine forests in the Tibetan Plateau show a steady increase in tree growth since the early 1900s, which intensified during the 1930s and 1960s, and have reached unprecedented levels since 1760. This recent growth acceleration was observed in small/young and large/old trees and coincided with the establishment of trees outside the forest range, reflecting a connection between the physiological performance of dominant species and shifts in forest distribution. Measurements of stable isotopes (carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen) in tree rings indicate that tree growth has been stimulated by the synergistic effect of rising atmospheric CO2 and a warming-induced increase in water and nutrient availability from thawing permafrost. These findings illustrate the importance of considering soil-plant-atmosphere interactions to understand current and anticipate future changes in productivity and distribution of forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C R Silva
- Environmental Studies Program and Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Geng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xia Zhu-Barker
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Qianlong Liang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - William R Horwath
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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38
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Rollinson CR, Kaye MW, Canham CD. Interspecific variation in growth responses to climate and competition of five eastern tree species. Ecology 2016; 97:1003-1011. [DOI: 10.1890/15-1549.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine R. Rollinson
- The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
- Boston University Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | - Margot W. Kaye
- The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
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39
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Groenendijk P, van der Sleen P, Vlam M, Bunyavejchewin S, Bongers F, Zuidema PA. No evidence for consistent long-term growth stimulation of 13 tropical tree species: results from tree-ring analysis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:3762-76. [PMID: 25917997 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The important role of tropical forests in the global carbon cycle makes it imperative to assess changes in their carbon dynamics for accurate projections of future climate-vegetation feedbacks. Forest monitoring studies conducted over the past decades have found evidence for both increasing and decreasing growth rates of tropical forest trees. The limited duration of these studies restrained analyses to decadal scales, and it is still unclear whether growth changes occurred over longer time scales, as would be expected if CO2 -fertilization stimulated tree growth. Furthermore, studies have so far dealt with changes in biomass gain at forest-stand level, but insights into species-specific growth changes - that ultimately determine community-level responses - are lacking. Here, we analyse species-specific growth changes on a centennial scale, using growth data from tree-ring analysis for 13 tree species (~1300 trees), from three sites distributed across the tropics. We used an established (regional curve standardization) and a new (size-class isolation) growth-trend detection method and explicitly assessed the influence of biases on the trend detection. In addition, we assessed whether aggregated trends were present within and across study sites. We found evidence for decreasing growth rates over time for 8-10 species, whereas increases were noted for two species and one showed no trend. Additionally, we found evidence for weak aggregated growth decreases at the site in Thailand and when analysing all sites simultaneously. The observed growth reductions suggest deteriorating growth conditions, perhaps due to warming. However, other causes cannot be excluded, such as recovery from large-scale disturbances or changing forest dynamics. Our findings contrast growth patterns that would be expected if elevated CO2 would stimulate tree growth. These results suggest that commonly assumed growth increases of tropical forests may not occur, which could lead to erroneous predictions of carbon dynamics of tropical forest under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Groenendijk
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Sleen
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal, Km 9 carretera al norte, Casilla 6204, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Mart Vlam
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A Zuidema
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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