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Yuan G, Levi EE, Davidson TA, Lauridsen TL, Søndergaard M, Yang Z, Wu A, Cao T, Li Y, Fu H, Jeppesen E. Warming alters the network of physiological traits and their contribution to plant abundance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 939:173573. [PMID: 38823703 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The impact of global warming on plant abundance has been widely discussed, but it remains unclear how warming affects plant physiological traits, and how these traits contribute to the abundance of aquatic plants. We explored the adjustments in physiological traits of two common aquatic plant species (Potamogeton crispus L. and Elodea canadensis Michx.) and their links to plant abundance in three temperature treatments by determining twelve physiological traits and plant abundance over an 11-month period in outdoor mesocosms. This mesocosms facility has been running uninteruptedly for 16 years, rendering the plants a unique opportunity to adapt to the warming differences. We found that 1) warming reduced the starch storage in winter for P. crispus and in summer for E. canadensis while increased the nitrogenous substances (e.g., TN, FAA, and proline) in winter for P. crispus. 2) For E. canadensis, TC, starch, SC, and sucrose contents were higher in summer than in winter regardless of warming, while TC, SC, and sucrose contents were lower in summer for P. crispus. 3) Warming decreased the association strength between physiological traits and plant abundance for P. crispus but enhanced it for E. canadensis. 4) E. canadensis showed increased interaction strength among physiological traits under warming, indicating increased metabolic exertion in the response to warming, which contributed to the reduction in abundance. Trait interaction strength of P. crispus was reduced under warming, but with less impact on plant abundance compared with E. canadensis. Our study emphasizes that warming alters the network of plant physiological traits and their contribution to abundance and that different strengths of susceptibility to warming of the various plant species may alter the composition of plant communities in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Ecology Department, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Department of Ecoscience and Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Eti E Levi
- Department of Ecoscience and Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Davidson
- Department of Ecoscience and Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben L Lauridsen
- Department of Ecoscience and Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Martin Søndergaard
- Department of Ecoscience and Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenzhi Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Ecology Department, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Aiping Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Ecology Department, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Te Cao
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Youzhi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Ecology Department, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Hui Fu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Ecology Department, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Department of Ecoscience and Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Ecoscience and Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing 100049, China; Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 60800, Turkey; Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Erdemli, Mersin 33731, Turkey; Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Brightly WH, Crifò C, Gallaher TJ, Hermans R, Lavin S, Lowe AJ, Smythies CA, Stiles E, Wilson Deibel P, Strömberg CAE. Palms of the past: can morphometric phytolith analysis inform deep time evolution and palaeoecology of Arecaceae? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:263-282. [PMID: 38687211 PMCID: PMC11232524 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Palm fossils are often used as evidence for warm and wet palaeoenvironments, reflecting the affinities of most modern palms. However, several extant palm lineages tolerate cool and/or arid climates, making a clear understanding of the taxonomic composition of ancient palm communities important for reliable palaeoenvironmental inference. However, taxonomically identifiable palm fossils are rare and often confined to specific facies. Although the resolution of taxonomic information they provide remains unclear, phytoliths (microscopic silica bodies) provide a possible solution because of their high preservation potential under conditions where other plant fossils are scarce. We thus evaluate the taxonomic and palaeoenvironmental utility of palm phytoliths. METHODS We quantified phytolith morphology of 97 modern palm and other monocot species. Using this dataset, we tested the ability of five common discriminant methods to identify nine major palm clades. We then compiled a dataset of species' climate preferences and tested if they were correlated with phytolith morphology using a phylogenetic comparative approach. Finally, we reconstructed palm communities and palaeoenvironmental conditions at six fossil sites. KEY RESULTS Best-performing models correctly identified phytoliths to their clade of origin only 59 % of the time. Although palms were generally distinguished from non-palms, few palm clades were highly distinct, and phytolith morphology was weakly correlated with species' environmental preferences. Reconstructions at all fossil sites suggested that palm communities were dominated by Trachycarpeae and Areceae, with warm, equable climates and high, potentially seasonal rainfall. However, fossil site reconstructions had high uncertainty and often conflicted with other climate proxies. CONCLUSIONS While phytolith morphology provides some distinction among palm clades, caution is warranted. Unlike prior spatially restricted studies, our geographically and phylogenetically broad study indicates phytolith morphology may not reliably differentiate most palm taxa in deep time. Nevertheless, it reveals distinct clades, including some likely to be palaeoenvironmentally informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Brightly
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, University of Sheffield, SheffieldS10 2TN, UK
| | - C Crifò
- Conservatoire d'espaces naturels de Provence-Alpes Côte d' Azur - Maison de la Crau, 13310 Saint-Martin de Crau, France
| | - T J Gallaher
- Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA
| | - R Hermans
- Archaeology, Environmental Changes and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - S Lavin
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - A J Lowe
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - C A Smythies
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - E Stiles
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - P Wilson Deibel
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - C A E Strömberg
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Roy S, Kapoor R, Mathur P. Revisiting Changes in Growth, Physiology and Stress Responses of Plants under the Effect of Enhanced CO2 and Temperature. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:4-19. [PMID: 37935412 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has universally affected the whole ecosystem in a unified manner and is known to have improbable effects on agricultural productivity and food security. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and temperature are the major environmental factors that have been shown to increase sharply during the last century and are directly responsible for affecting plant growth and development. A number of previous investigations have deliberated the positive effects of elevated CO2 on plant growth and development of various C3 crops, while detrimental effects of enhanced temperature on different crop plants like rice, wheat, maize and legumes are generally observed. A combined effect of elevated CO2 and temperature has yet to be studied in great detail; therefore, this review attempts to delineate the interactive effects of enhanced CO2 and temperature on plant growth, development, physiological and molecular responses. Elevated CO2 maintains leaf photosynthesis rate, respiration, transpiration and stomatal conductance in the presence of elevated temperature and sustains plant growth and productivity in the presence of both these environmental factors. Concomitantly, their interaction also affects the nutritional quality of seeds and leads to alterations in the composition of secondary metabolites. Elevated CO2 and temperature modulate phytohormone concentration in plants, and due to this fact, both environmental factors have substantial effects on abiotic and biotic stresses. Elevated CO2 and temperature have been shown to have mitigating effects on plants in the presence of other abiotic stress agents like drought and salinity, while no such pattern has been observed in the presence of biotic stress agents. This review focuses on the interactive effects of enhanced CO2 and temperature on different plants and is the first of its kind to deliver their combined responses in such detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnendu Roy
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India
| | - Rupam Kapoor
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Piyush Mathur
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India
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Thorne SJ, Maathuis FJM, Hartley SE. Induction of silicon defences in wheat landraces is local, not systemic, and driven by mobilization of soluble silicon to damaged leaves. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5363-5373. [PMID: 37314063 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In response to herbivory, many grasses, including crops such as wheat, accumulate significant levels of silicon (Si) as an antiherbivore defence. Damage-induced increases in Si can be localized in damaged leaves or be more systemic, but the mechanisms leading to these differences in Si distribution remain untested. Ten genetically diverse wheat landraces (Triticum aestivum) were used to assess genotypic variation in Si induction in response to mechanical damage and how this was affected by exogenous Si supply. Total and soluble Si levels were measured in damaged and undamaged leaves as well as in the phloem to test how Si was allocated to different parts of the plant after damage. Localized, but not systemic, induction of Si defences occurred, and was more pronounced when plants had supplemental Si. Damaged plants had significant increases in Si concentration in their damaged leaves, while the Si concentration in undamaged leaves decreased, such that there was no difference in the average Si concentration of damaged and undamaged plants. The increased Si in damaged leaves was due to the redirection of soluble Si, present in the phloem, from undamaged to damaged plant parts, potentially a more cost-effective defence mechanism for plants than increased Si uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Thorne
- Plants, Photosynthesis, and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - Susan E Hartley
- Plants, Photosynthesis, and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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Cui M, Yang B, Ren G, Yu H, Dai Z, Li J, Ran Q, Stevanato P, Wan J, Du D. Effects of Warming, Phosphorous Deposition, and Both Treatments on the Growth and Physiology of Invasive Solidago canadensis and Native Artemisia argyi. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1370. [PMID: 36987058 PMCID: PMC10051919 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change and species invasion are two major threats to biodiversity, affecting the survival and distribution of many species around the world. Studying the responses of invasive species under climate change can help better understand the ecological and genetic mechanisms of their invasion. However, the effects of warming and phosphorus deposition on the phenotype of native and invasive plants are unknown. To address the problem, we applied warming (+2.03 °C), phosphorus deposition (4 g m-2 yr-1 NaH2PO4), and warming × phosphorus deposition to Solidago canadensis and Artemisia argyi to measure the direct effects of environmental changes on growth and physiology at the seedling stage. Our results reveal that the physiology parameters of A. argyi and S. canadensis did not change significantly with the external environment. Under phosphorus deposition, S. canadensis had higher plant height, root length, and total biomass compared to A. argyi. Interestingly, warming has an inhibitory effect on the growth of both A. argyi and S. canadensis, but overall, the reduction in total biomass for S. canadensis (78%) is significantly higher than A. argyi (52%). When the two plants are treated with warming combined with phosphorus deposition, the advantage gained by S. canadensis from phosphorus deposition is offset by the negative effects of warming. Therefore, under elevated phosphorus, warming has a negative effect on the invasive S. canadensis and reduces its growth advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Cui
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Guangqian Ren
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Haochen Yu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhicong Dai
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qiong Ran
- School of Management, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400050, China
| | - Piergiorgio Stevanato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Justin Wan
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Daolin Du
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
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de Tombeur F, Raven JA, Toussaint A, Lambers H, Cooke J, Hartley SE, Johnson SN, Coq S, Katz O, Schaller J, Violle C. Why do plants silicify? Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:275-288. [PMID: 36428125 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite seminal papers that stress the significance of silicon (Si) in plant biology and ecology, most studies focus on manipulations of Si supply and mitigation of stresses. The ecological significance of Si varies with different levels of biological organization, and remains hard to capture. We show that the costs of Si accumulation are greater than is currently acknowledged, and discuss potential links between Si and fitness components (growth, survival, reproduction), environment, and ecosystem functioning. We suggest that Si is more important in trait-based ecology than is currently recognized. Si potentially plays a significant role in many aspects of plant ecology, but knowledge gaps prevent us from understanding its possible contribution to the success of some clades and the expansion of specific biomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix de Tombeur
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France; School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - John A Raven
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, UK; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Aurèle Toussaint
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Julia Cooke
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Sue E Hartley
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Sylvain Coq
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Ofir Katz
- Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Mount Masada, Tamar Regional Council, Israel; Eilat Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat, Israel
| | - Jörg Schaller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Fang Y, Jiang Z, Li L, Li J, He J, Liu S, Wu Y, Cui L, Huang X. Response of tropical seagrass palatability based on nutritional quality, chemical deterrents and physical defence to ammonium stress and its subsequent effect on herbivory. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 182:105785. [PMID: 36308799 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Seagrass-herbivore interactions play a principal role in regulating the structure and function of coastal food webs, which were affected by nutrient enrichment. Seawater nutrient enrichment might change seagrass palatability by altering seagrass physical and chemical traits, consequently modulating herbivory patterns, but this remains elusive. In this study, the dominant tropical seagrass Thalassia hemprichii was cultured in different ammonium concentrations to examine the response of seagrass nutritional quality, deterrent secondary metabolites, and leaf toughness, as well as the subsequent effect of the changed physical (e.g., leaf toughness) and chemical traits (e.g., nitrogen content; total phenol) on the grazing activity of the herbivorous snail Cerithidea rhizophorarum. Ammonium enrichment enhanced seagrass nutritional quality and decreased physical defence. Low ammonium enrichment increased total phenol content, while high ammonium enrichment reduced it. Both low and high ammonium enrichment enhanced the grazing intensity of C. rhizophorarum on seagrass. Interestingly, nutritional quality mostly determined the herbivory preference of C. rhizophorarum on the intact seagrass having physical structure, with a chemical deterrent (total phenol) playing a secondary role. In contrast, chemical deterrent mainly determined the grazing intensity on agar seagrass food which was made artificially to exclude physical structure. This indicated that seagrass leaf physical structure might hinder phenol compounds from deterring herbivores. Overall, the results presented here demonstrate that ammonium enrichment remarkably increased seagrass palatability and subsequently induced higher susceptibility to herbivory, which might induce seagrass loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Zhijian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458, PR China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, PR China.
| | - Linglan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jialu He
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Marine Development Planning and Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510220, PR China
| | - Songlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458, PR China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, PR China
| | - Yunchao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458, PR China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, PR China
| | - Lijun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458, PR China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, PR China.
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Park HJ, Nam BE, Lee G, Kim SG, Joo Y, Kim JG. Ontogeny-dependent effects of elevated CO 2 and watering frequency on interaction between Aristolochia contorta and its herbivores. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156065. [PMID: 35597357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Effects of environmental change on plants can differ due to sequential changes in their life-history strategies (i.e., ontogenetic variations). The fitness of herbivorous insects by physiological changes of the host plant could be affected depending on their diet breadth. However, little is known regarding the combinational effects of plant ontogeny and climate change on plant-herbivore interactions. This study examined the plant ontogeny-dependent effects of climate change on the interaction between a host plant (Aristolochia contorta), its specialist herbivore (Sericinus montela), and a generalist herbivore (Spodoptera exigua). Plants were grown under a factorial design of two distinct CO2 concentrations (ambient, 400 ppm; elevated, 560 ppm) and two watering frequencies (control, once a week; increased, twice a week). Plant ontogeny ameliorated the effects of climate change by altering its defensive traits, where nutrient-related factors were cumulatively affected by climate change. Herbivore performance was assessed at three different plant ontogenetic stages (1st-year juvenile, 1st-year senescence, and 2nd-year juvenile). Elevated CO2 levels reduced the growth and survival of the specialist herbivore, whereas increased watering frequency partially alleviated this reduced performance. Generalist herbivore performance slightly increased under elevated CO2 levels with progressing ontogenetic stages. The effects of climate change, both elevated CO2 and increased watering frequency were weaker in 2nd-year juveniles than in 1st-year juveniles. Elevated CO2 levels detrimentally affected the nutritional quality of A. contorta leaves. The effects of climate change on both specialist and generalist herbivore performance differed as plant ontogenetic stage proceeded. Increased growth rates and survival of the generalist herbivore at the latter ontogenetic stage might negatively affect the population dynamics of a specialist herbivore. This study suggests that biases are possible when the plant-herbivore interaction under a changing environment is predicted from a singular plant ontogenetic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jun Park
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Eun Nam
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Gisuk Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Geun Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Education Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Johnson SN, Cibils-Stewart X, Waterman JM, Biru FN, Rowe RC, Hartley SE. Elevated atmospheric CO 2 changes defence allocation in wheat but herbivore resistance persists. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212536. [PMID: 35168395 PMCID: PMC8848237 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting how plants allocate to different anti-herbivore defences in response to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations is important for understanding future patterns of crop susceptibility to herbivory. Theories of defence allocation, especially in the context of environmental change, largely overlook the role of silicon (Si), despite it being the major anti-herbivore defence in the Poaceae. We demonstrated that elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 (e[CO2]) promoted plant growth by 33% and caused wheat (Triticum aestivum) to switch from Si (-19%) to phenolic (+44%) defences. Despite the lower levels of Si under e[CO2], resistance to the global pest Helicoverpa armigera persisted; relative growth rates (RGRs) were reduced by at least 33% on Si-supplied plants, irrespective of CO2 levels. RGR was negatively correlated with leaf Si concentrations. Mandible wear was c. 30% higher when feeding on Si-supplemented plants compared to those feeding on plants with no Si supply. We conclude that higher carbon availability under e[CO2] reduces silicification and causes wheat to increase concentrations of phenolics. However, Si supply, at all levels, suppressed the growth of H. armigera under both CO2 regimes, suggesting that shifts in defence allocation under future climate change may not compromise herbivore resistance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Ximena Cibils-Stewart
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), La Estanzuela Research Station, Ruta 50, Km. 11, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Jamie M. Waterman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Fikadu N. Biru
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma 307, Ethiopia
| | - Rhiannon C. Rowe
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Susan E. Hartley
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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10
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Thorne SJ, Stirnberg PM, Hartley SE, Maathuis FJM. The Ability of Silicon Fertilisation to Alleviate Salinity Stress in Rice is Critically Dependent on Cultivar. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 15:8. [PMID: 35112196 PMCID: PMC8810965 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-022-00555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) fertiliser can improve rice (Oryza sativa) tolerance to salinity. The rate of Si uptake and its associated benefits are known to differ between plant genotypes, but, to date, little research has been done on how the benefits, and hence the economic feasibility, of Si fertilisation varies between cultivars. In this study, a range of rice cultivars was grown both hydroponically and in soil, at different levels of Si and NaCl, to determine cultivar variation in the response to Si. There was significant variation in the effect of Si, such that Si alleviated salt-induced growth inhibition in some cultivars, while others were unaffected, or even negatively impacted. Thus, when assessing the benefits of Si supplementation in alleviating salt stress, it is essential to collect cultivar-specific data, including yield, since changes in biomass were not always correlated with those seen for yield. Root Si content was found to be more important than shoot Si in protecting rice against salinity stress, with a root Si level of 0.5-0.9% determined as having maximum stress alleviation by Si. A cost-benefit analysis indicated that Si fertilisation is beneficial in mild stress, high-yield conditions but is not cost-effective in low-yield production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Thorne
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Susan E Hartley
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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11
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Cibils‐Stewart X, Mace WJ, Popay AJ, Lattanzi FA, Hartley S(SE, Hall CR, Powell JR, Johnson SN. Interactions between silicon and alkaloid defences in endophyte‐infected grasses and the consequences for a folivore. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Cibils‐Stewart
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA) Colonia Uruguay
| | - Wade J. Mace
- AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre Palmerston North New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Casey R. Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Jeff R. Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
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12
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Bokor B, Santos CS, Kostoláni D, Machado J, da Silva MN, Carvalho SMP, Vaculík M, Vasconcelos MW. Mitigation of climate change and environmental hazards in plants: Potential role of the beneficial metalloid silicon. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126193. [PMID: 34492957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the concentration of atmospheric CO2 and the average temperature have been increasing, and this trend is expected to become more severe in the near future. Additionally, environmental stresses including drought, salinity, UV-radiation, heavy metals, and toxic elements exposure represent a threat for ecosystems and agriculture. Climate and environmental changes negatively affect plant growth, biomass and yield production, and also enhance plant susceptibility to pests and diseases. Silicon (Si), as a beneficial element for plants, is involved in plant tolerance and/or resistance to various abiotic and biotic stresses. The beneficial role of Si has been shown in various plant species and its accumulation relies on the root's uptake capacity. However, Si uptake in plants depends on many biogeochemical factors that may be substantially altered in the future, affecting its functional role in plant protection. At present, it is not clear whether Si accumulation in plants will be positively or negatively affected by changing climate and environmental conditions. In this review, we focused on Si interaction with the most important factors of global change and environmental hazards in plants, discussing the potential role of its application as an alleviation strategy for climate and environmental hazards based on current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Bokor
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Carla S Santos
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Dominik Kostoláni
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Joana Machado
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre / Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua da Agrária 747, 4485-646 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Marta Nunes da Silva
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre / Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua da Agrária 747, 4485-646 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Susana M P Carvalho
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre / Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua da Agrária 747, 4485-646 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Marek Vaculík
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marta W Vasconcelos
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
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13
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Roy S, Mathur P. Delineating the mechanisms of elevated CO 2 mediated growth, stress tolerance and phytohormonal regulation in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1345-1365. [PMID: 34169360 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02738-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change has drastically affected natural ecosystems and crop productivity. Among several factors of global climate change, CO2 is considered to be the dynamic parameter that will regulate the responses of all biological system on earth in the coming decade. A number of experimental studies in the past have demonstrated the positive effects of elevated CO2 on photosynthesis, growth and biomass, biochemical and physiological processes such as increased C:N ratio, secondary metabolite production, as well as phytohormone concentrations. On the other hand, elevated CO2 imparts an adverse effect on the nutritional quality of crop plants and seed quality. Investigations have also revealed effects of elevated CO2 both at cellular and molecular level altering expression of various genes involved in various metabolic processes and stress signaling pathways. Elevated CO2 is known to have mitigating effect on plants in presence of abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, temperature etc., while contrasting effects in the presence of different biotic agents i.e. phytopathogens, insects and herbivores. However, a well-defined crosstalk is incited by elevated CO2 both under abiotic and biotic stresses in terms of phytohormones concentration and secondary metabolites production. With this background, the present review attempts to shed light on the major effects of elevated CO2 on plant growth, physiological and molecular responses and will highlight the interactive effects of elevated CO2 with other abiotic and biotic factors. The article will also provide deep insights into the phytohormones modulation under elevated CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnendu Roy
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Piyush Mathur
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.
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14
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Nakamura R, Imai N, Aoyagi R, Kitayama K, Kitajima K. Litterfall silicon flux in relation to vegetation differences in old‐growth and logged lowland forests in Borneo. Ecol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nakamura
- Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Nobuo Imai
- Department of Forest Science Tokyo University of Agriculture Tokyo Japan
| | - Ryota Aoyagi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Ibaraki Japan
| | | | - Kaoru Kitajima
- Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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15
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Wang L, Wang X, Gao F, Lv C, Li L, Han T, Chen F. AMF Inoculation Can Enhance Yield of Transgenic Bt Maize and Its Control Efficiency Against Mythimna separata Especially Under Elevated CO 2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:655060. [PMID: 34168665 PMCID: PMC8217876 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.655060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The promotion and application of transgenic Bt crops provides an approach for the prevention and control of target lepidopteran pests and effectively relieves the environmental pressure caused by the massive usage of chemical pesticides in fields. However, studies have shown that Bt crops will face a new risk due to a decrease in exogenous toxin content under elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, thus negatively affecting the ecological sustainability of Bt crops. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important beneficial microorganisms that can effectively improve the nutrient status of host plants and are expected to relieve the ecological risk of Bt crops under increasing CO2 due to global climate change. In this study, the Bt maize and its parental line of non-transgenic Bt maize were selected and inoculated with a species of AMF (Funneliformis caledonium, synonyms: Glomus caledonium), in order to study the secondary defensive chemicals and yield of maize, and to explore the effects of F. caledonium inoculation on the growth, development, and reproduction of the pest Mythimna separata fed on Bt maize and non-Bt maize under ambient carbon dioxide concentration (aCO2) and elevated carbon dioxide concentration (eCO2). The results showed that eCO2 increased the AM fungal colonization, maize yield, and foliar contents of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), but decreased foliar Bt toxin content and Bt gene expression in Bt maize leaves. F. caledonium inoculation increased maize yield, foliar JA, SA contents, Bt toxin contents, and Bt gene expression in Bt maize leaves, and positively improved the growth, development, reproduction, and food utilization of the M. separata fed on non-Bt maize. However, F. caledonium inoculation was unfavorable for the fitness of M. separata fed on Bt maize, and the effect was intensified when combined with eCO2. It is indicated that F. caledonium inoculation had adverse effects on the production of non-Bt maize due to the high potential risk of population occurrence of M. separata, while it was just the opposite for Bt maize. Therefore, this study confirms that the AMF can increase the yield and promote the expression levels of its endogenous (JA, SA) and exogenous (Bt toxin) secondary defense substances of Bt maize under eCO2, and finally can enhance the insect resistance capacity of Bt crops, which will help ensure the sustainable utilization and safety of Bt crops under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fanqi Gao
- Jinshanbao Experimental Class, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changning Lv
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Likun Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Han
- Department of Phytology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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16
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Biru FN, Islam T, Cibils-Stewart X, Cazzonelli CI, Elbaum R, Johnson SN. Anti-herbivore silicon defences in a model grass are greatest under Miocene levels of atmospheric CO 2. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2959-2969. [PMID: 33772982 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) has an important role in mitigating diverse biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, mainly via the silicification of plant tissues. Environmental changes such as atmospheric CO2 concentrations may affect grass Si concentrations which, in turn, can alter herbivore performance. We recently demonstrated that pre-industrial atmospheric CO2 increased Si accumulation in Brachypodium distachyon grass, yet the patterns of Si deposition in leaves and whether this affects insect herbivore performance remains unknown. Moreover, it is unclear whether CO2 -driven changes in Si accumulation are linked to changes in gas exchange (e.g. transpiration rates). We therefore investigated how pre-industrial (reduced; rCO2 , 200 ppm), ambient (aCO2 , 410 ppm) and elevated (eCO2 , 640 ppm) CO2 concentrations, in combination with Si-treatment (Si+ or Si-), affected Si accumulation in B. distachyon and its subsequent effect on the performance of the global insect pest, Helicoverpa armigera. rCO2 increased Si concentrations by 29% and 36% compared to aCO2 and eCO2 respectively. These changes were not related to observed changes in gas exchange under different CO2 regimes, however. The increased Si accumulation under rCO2 decreased herbivore relative growth rate (RGR) by 120% relative to eCO2, whereas rCO2 caused herbivore RGR to decrease by 26% compared to eCO2 . Si supplementation also increased the density of macrohairs, silica and prickle cells, which was associated with reduced herbivore performance. There was a negative correlation among macrohair density, silica cell density, prickle cell density and herbivore RGR under rCO2 suggesting that these changes in leaf surface morphology were linked to reduced performance under this CO2 regime. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that increased Si accumulation under pre-industrial CO2 reduces insect herbivore performance. Contrastingly, we found reduced Si accumulation under higher CO2 , which suggests that some grasses may become more susceptible to insect herbivores under projected climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikadu N Biru
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tarikul Islam
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Ximena Cibils-Stewart
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Colonia, Uruguay
| | | | - Rivka Elbaum
- R H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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17
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Senthil-Nathan S. Effects of elevated CO 2 on resistant and susceptible rice cultivar and its primary host, brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). Sci Rep 2021; 11:8905. [PMID: 33903626 PMCID: PMC8076292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87992-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The elevated CO2 (eCO2) has positive response on plant growth and negative response on insect pests. As a contemplation, the feeding pattern of the brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål on susceptible and resistant rice cultivars and their growth rates exposed to eCO2 conditions were analyzed. The eCO2 treatment showed significant differences in percentage of emergence and rice biomass that were consistent across the rice cultivars, when compared to the ambient conditions. Similarly, increase in carbon and decrese in nitrogen ratio of leaves and alterations in defensive peroxidase enzyme levels were observed, but was non-linear among the cultivars tested. Lower survivorship and nutritional indices of N. lugens were observed in conditions of eCO2 levels over ambient conditions. Results were nonlinear in manner. We conclude that the plant carbon accumulation increased due to eCO2, causing physiological changes that decreased nitrogen content. Similarly, eCO2 increased insect feeding, and did alter other variables such as their biology or reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tenkasi, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India.
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18
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Katz O, Puppe D, Kaczorek D, Prakash NB, Schaller J. Silicon in the Soil-Plant Continuum: Intricate Feedback Mechanisms within Ecosystems. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:652. [PMID: 33808069 PMCID: PMC8066056 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants' ability to take up silicon from the soil, accumulate it within their tissues and then reincorporate it into the soil through litter creates an intricate network of feedback mechanisms in ecosystems. Here, we provide a concise review of silicon's roles in soil chemistry and physics and in plant physiology and ecology, focusing on the processes that form these feedback mechanisms. Through this review and analysis, we demonstrate how this feedback network drives ecosystem processes and affects ecosystem functioning. Consequently, we show that Si uptake and accumulation by plants is involved in several ecosystem services like soil appropriation, biomass supply, and carbon sequestration. Considering the demand for food of an increasing global population and the challenges of climate change, a detailed understanding of the underlying processes of these ecosystem services is of prime importance. Silicon and its role in ecosystem functioning and services thus should be the main focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Katz
- Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Mt. Masada, Tamar Regional Council, 86910 Tamar, Israel
- Eilat Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Hatmarim Blv, 8855630 Eilat, Israel
| | - Daniel Puppe
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; (D.P.); (D.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Danuta Kaczorek
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; (D.P.); (D.K.); (J.S.)
- Department of Soil Environment Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nagabovanalli B. Prakash
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore 560065, India;
| | - Jörg Schaller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; (D.P.); (D.K.); (J.S.)
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19
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Park HJ, Nam BE, Moon SY, Kim SG, Joo Y, Kim JG. Reduced host plant growth and increased tyrosine-derived secondary metabolites under climate change and negative consequences on its specialist herbivore. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143507. [PMID: 33223185 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Compositive changes in climatic factors, e.g., carbon dioxide (CO2) and precipitation frequency and intensity, affect the strength of species interactions via responses in plants. Therefore, understanding the effects of climate change on plant-herbivore interactions is important to maintain biodiversity as about 70% of insects are herbivorous. However, the interactive effects of CO2 and precipitation on plants and consequences for herbivores are poorly understood. Here, we examined how elevated CO2 and increased watering frequency affect the growth and resistance responses of Aristolochia contorta and the growth performance of its specialist herbivore, Sericinus montela. Elevated CO2 suppressed growth with decreased photosynthesis ability, and increased resistance in plants. In contrast, increased watering frequency partly ameliorated the negative effects of high CO2. Growth performance of specialist herbivores decreased under elevated CO2 condition as a consequence of increased resistance in plants. Due to the significant effects of CO2, we suggest that both the quantity and the quality of host plants as a food would decline, and the growth performance of its specialist herbivore might be threatened as climate change progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jun Park
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Eun Nam
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Moon
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34047, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Geun Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Education Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Johnson SN, Hartley SE, Ryalls JMW, Frew A, Hall CR. Targeted plant defense: silicon conserves hormonal defense signaling impacting chewing but not fluid-feeding herbivores. Ecology 2021; 102:e03250. [PMID: 33219513 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants deploy an arsenal of chemical and physical defenses against arthropod herbivores, but it may be most cost efficient to produce these only when attacked. Herbivory activates complex signaling pathways involving several phytohormones, including jasmonic acid (JA), which regulate production of defensive compounds. The Poaceae also have the capacity to take up large amounts of silicon (Si), which accumulates in plant tissues. Si accumulation has antiherbivore properties, but it is poorly understood how Si defenses relate to defense hormone signaling. Here we show that Si enrichment causes the model grass Brachypodium distachyon to show lower levels of JA induction when attacked by chewing herbivores. Triggering this hormone even at lower concentrations, however, prompts Si uptake and physical defenses (e.g., leaf hairs), which negatively impact chewing herbivores. Removal of leaf hairs restored performance. Crucially, activation of such Si-based defense is herbivore-specific and occurred only in response to chewing and not fluid-feeding (aphid) herbivores. This aligned with our meta-analysis of 88 studies that showed Si defenses were more effective against chewing herbivores than fluid feeders. Our results suggest integration between herbivore defenses in a model Si-accumulating plant, which potentially allows it to avoid unnecessary activation of other costly defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Susan E Hartley
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - James M W Ryalls
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia.,Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Adam Frew
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia.,Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - Casey R Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
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21
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Brightly WH, Hartley SE, Osborne CP, Simpson KJ, Strömberg CAE. High silicon concentrations in grasses are linked to environmental conditions and not associated with C 4 photosynthesis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:7128-7143. [PMID: 32897634 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The uptake and deposition of silicon (Si) as silica phytoliths is common among land plants and is associated with a variety of functions. Among these, herbivore defense has received significant attention, particularly with regard to grasses and grasslands. Grasses are well known for their high silica content, a trait which has important implications ranging from defense to global Si cycling. Here, we test the classic hypothesis that C4 grasses evolved stronger mechanical defenses than C3 grasses through increased phytolith deposition, in response to extensive ungulate herbivory ("C4 -grazer hypothesis"). Despite mixed support, this hypothesis has received broad attention, even outside the realm of plant biology. Because C3 and C4 grasses typically dominate in different climates, with the latter more abundant in hot, dry regions, we also investigated the effects of water availability and temperature on Si deposition. We compiled a large dataset of grasses grown under controlled environmental conditions. Using phylogenetically informed generalized linear mixed models and character evolution models, we evaluated whether photosynthetic pathway or growth condition influenced Si concentration. We found that C4 grasses did not show consistently elevated Si concentrations compared with C3 grasses. High temperature treatments were associated with increased concentration, especially in taxa adapted to warm regions. Although the effect was less pronounced, reduced water treatment also promoted silica deposition, with slightly stronger response in dry habitat species. The evidence presented here rejects the "C4 -grazer hypothesis." Instead, we propose that the tendency for C4 grasses to outcompete C3 species under hot, dry conditions explains previous observations supporting this hypothesis. These findings also suggest a mechanism via which anthropogenic climate change may influence silica deposition in grasses and, by extension, alter the important ecological and geochemical processes it affects.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Brightly
- Department of Biology and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sue E Hartley
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Colin P Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kimberley J Simpson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Caroline A E Strömberg
- Department of Biology and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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22
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Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Chronic Warming on Nitrogen (N)-Uptake Rate, -Assimilation, and -Concentration of Wheat. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121689. [PMID: 33271885 PMCID: PMC7760685 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of nitrogen (N) in vegetative tissues is largely dependent on the balance among growth, root N uptake, and N assimilation. Elevated CO2 (eCO2) plus warming is likely to affect the vegetative-tissue N and protein concentration of wheat by altering N metabolism, but this is poorly understood. To investigate this, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) was grown for three weeks at two levels of CO2 (400 or 700 ppm) and two temperature regimes (26/21 or 31/26 °C, day/night). Plant dry mass, plant %N, protein concentrations, NO3− and NH4+ root uptake rates (using 15NO3 or 15NH4), and whole-plant N- and NO3--assimilation were measured. Plant growth, %N, protein concentration, and root N-uptake rate were each significantly affected only by CO2, while N- and NO3−-assimilation were significantly affected only by temperature. However, plants grown at eCO2 plus warming had the lowest concentrations of N and protein. These results suggest that one strategy breeding programs can implement to minimize the negative effects of eCO2 and warming on wheat tissue N would be to target the maintenance of root N uptake rate at eCO2 and N assimilation at higher growth temperatures.
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Biru FN, Cazzonelli CI, Elbaum R, Johnson SN. Contrasting effects of Miocene and Anthropocene levels of atmospheric CO 2 on silicon accumulation in a model grass. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200608. [PMID: 33232651 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Grasses are hyper-accumulators of silicon (Si), which they acquire from the soil and deposit in tissues to resist environmental stresses. Given the high metabolic costs of herbivore defensive chemicals and structural constituents (e.g. cellulose), grasses may substitute Si for these components when carbon is limited. Indeed, high Si uptake grasses evolved in the Miocene when atmospheric CO2 concentration was much lower than present levels. It is, however, unknown how pre-industrial CO2 concentrations affect Si accumulation in grasses. Using Brachypodium distachyon, we hydroponically manipulated Si-supply (0.0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 mM) and grew plants under Miocene (200 ppm) and Anthropocene levels of CO2 comprising ambient (410 ppm) and elevated (640 ppm) CO2 concentrations. We showed that regardless of Si treatments, the Miocene CO2 levels increased foliar Si concentrations by 47% and 56% relative to plants grown under ambient and elevated CO2, respectively. This is owing to higher accumulation overall, but also the reallocation of Si from the roots into the shoots. Our results suggest that grasses may accumulate high Si concentrations in foliage when carbon is less available (i.e. pre-industrial CO2 levels) but this is likely to decline under future climate change scenarios, potentially leaving grasses more susceptible to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikadu N Biru
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia.,College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma 307, Ethiopia
| | - Christopher I Cazzonelli
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- R H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
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Waterman JM, Hall CR, Mikhael M, Cazzonelli CI, Hartley SE, Johnson SN. Short‐term resistance that persists: Rapidly induced silicon anti‐herbivore defence affects carbon‐based plant defences. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M. Waterman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Richmond NSW Australia
| | - Casey R. Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Richmond NSW Australia
| | - Meena Mikhael
- School of Medicine Western Sydney University Campbelltown NSW Australia
| | | | | | - Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Richmond NSW Australia
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25
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Brookshire ENJ, Stoy PC, Currey B, Finney B. The greening of the Northern Great Plains and its biogeochemical precursors. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5404-5413. [PMID: 32289875 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation greenness has increased across much of the global land surface over recent decades. This trend is projected to continue-particularly in northern latitudes-but future greening may be constrained by nutrient availability needed for plant carbon (C) assimilation in response to CO2 enrichment (eCO2 ). eCO2 impacts foliar chemistry and function, yet the relative strengths of these effects versus climate in driving patterns of vegetative greening remain uncertain. Here we combine satellite measurements of greening with a 135 year record of plant C and nitrogen (N) concentrations and stable isotope ratios (δ13 C and δ15 N) in the Northern Great Plains (NGP) of North America to examine N constraints on greening. We document significant greening over the past two decades with the highest proportional increases in net greening occurring in the dries and warmest areas. In contrast to the climate dependency of greening, we find spatially uniform increases in leaf-level intercellular CO2 and intrinsic water use efficiency that track rising atmospheric CO2 . Despite large spatial variation in greening, we find sustained and climate-independent declines in foliar N over the last century. Parallel declines in foliar δ15 N and increases in C:N ratios point to diminished N availability as the likely cause. The simultaneous increase in greening and decline in foliar N across our study area points to increased N use efficiency (NUE) over the last two decades. However, our results suggest that plant NUE responses are likely insufficient to sustain observed greening trends in NGP grasslands in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Jack Brookshire
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Paul C Stoy
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bryce Currey
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Bruce Finney
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Geosciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
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Johnson SN, Rowe RC, Hall CR. Aphid Feeding Induces Phytohormonal Cross-Talk without Affecting Silicon Defense against Subsequent Chewing Herbivores. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9081009. [PMID: 32784988 PMCID: PMC7464791 DOI: 10.3390/plants9081009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prior feeding by insect herbivores frequently affects plant quality for herbivores that subsequently feed on the plant. Facilitation occurs when one herbivore improves plant quality for other herbivores, including when the former compromises plant defenses. Silicon (Si) is an important defense in grasses that increases following activation of the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway. Given that aphids often stimulate the salicylic acid (SA) pathway, we hypothesized that this could reduce Si defense because of the well documented antagonistic cross-talk between SA and JA. We tested this in the model grass Brachypodium distachyon with and without Si (+Si and −Si, respectively); half of the plants were exposed to aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi) and half remained aphid-free. Aphid-free and aphid-exposed plants were then fed to chewing herbivores (Helicoverpa armigera). Aphids triggered higher SA concentrations which suppressed JA concentrations but this did not affect foliar Si. Chewing herbivores triggered higher JA concentrations and induced Si uptake, regardless of previous feeding by aphids. Chewer growth rates were not impacted by prior aphid herbivory but were reduced by 75% when feeding on +Si plants. We concluded that aphids caused phytohormonal cross-talk but this was overridden by chewing herbivory that also induced Si uptake.
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27
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Johnson SN, Rowe RC, Hall CR. Silicon is an inducible and effective herbivore defence against Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in soybean. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 110:417-422. [PMID: 31813402 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of silicon (Si) in alleviating the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses, including defence against insect herbivores, in plants is widely reported. Si defence against insect herbivores is overwhelmingly studied in grasses (especially the cereals), many of which are hyper-accumulators of Si. Despite being neglected, legumes such as soybean (Glycine max) have the capacity to control Si accumulation and benefit from increased Si supply. We tested how Si supplementation via potassium, sodium or calcium silicate affected a soybean pest, the native budworm Helicoverpa punctigera Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Herbivory reduced leaf biomass similarly in Si-supplemented (+Si) and non-supplemented (-Si) plants (c. 29 and 23%, respectively) relative to herbivore-free plants. Both Si supplementation and herbivory increased leaf Si concentrations. In relative terms, herbivores induced Si uptake by c. 19% in both +Si and -Si plants. All Si treatments reduced H. punctigera relative growth rates (RGR) to a similar extent for potassium (-41%), sodium (-49%) and calcium (-48%) silicate. Moreover, there was a strong negative correlation between Si accumulation in leaves and herbivore RGR. To our knowledge, this is only the second report of Si-based herbivore defence in soybean; the rapid increase in leaf Si following herbivory being indicative of an induced defence. Taken together with the other benefits of Si supplementation of legumes, Si could prove an effective herbivore defence in legumes as well as grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
| | - Rhiannon C Rowe
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
| | - Casey R Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
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28
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Liu L, Song Z, Yu C, Yu G, Ellam RM, Liu H, Singh BP, Wang H. Silicon Effects on Biomass Carbon and Phytolith-Occluded Carbon in Grasslands Under High-Salinity Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:657. [PMID: 32528507 PMCID: PMC7264264 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in climate and land use are causing grasslands to suffer increasingly from abiotic stresses, including soil salinization. Silicon (Si) amendment has been frequently proposed to improve plant resistance to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses and increase ecosystem productivity while controlling the biogeochemical carbon (C) cycle. However, the effects of Si on plant C distribution and accumulation in salt-suffering grasslands are still unclear. In this study, we investigated how salt ions affected major elemental composition in plants and whether Si enhanced biomass C accumulation in grassland species in situ. In samples from the margins of salt lakes, our results showed that the differing distance away from the shore resulted in distinctive phytocoenosis, including halophytes and moderately salt-tolerant grasses, which are closely related to changing soil properties. Different salinity (Na+/K+, ranging from 0.02 to 11.8) in plants caused negative effects on plant C content that decreased from 53.9 to 29.2% with the increase in salinity. Plant Si storage [0.02-2.29 g Si m-2 dry weight (dw)] and plant Si content (0.53 to 2.58%) were positively correlated with bioavailable Si in soils (ranging from 94.4 to 192 mg kg-1). Although C contents in plants and phytoliths were negatively correlated with plant Si content, biomass C accumulation (1.90-83.5 g C m-2 dw) increased due to the increase of Si storage in plants. Plant phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) increased from 0.07 to 0.28‰ of dry mass with the increase of Si content in moderately salt-tolerant grasses. This study demonstrates the potential of Si in mediating plant salinity and C assimilation, providing a reference for potential manipulation of long-term C sequestration via PhytOC production and biomass C accumulation in Si-accumulator dominated grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaoliang Song
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Changxun Yu
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Guanghui Yu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rob M. Ellam
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride, United Kingdom
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bhupinder Pal Singh
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
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29
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Quigley KM, Griffith DM, Donati GL, Anderson TM. Soil nutrients and precipitation are major drivers of global patterns of grass leaf silicification. Ecology 2020; 101:e03006. [PMID: 32020594 PMCID: PMC7317429 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Grasses accumulate high concentrations of silicon (Si) in their tissues, with potential benefits including herbivore defense, improved water balance, and reduced leaf construction costs. Although Si is one of the most widely varying leaf constituents among individuals, species, and ecosystems, the environmental forces driving this variation remain elusive and understudied. To understand relationships between environmental factors and grass Si accumulation better, we analyzed foliar chemistry of grasses from 17 globally distributed sites where nutrient inputs and grazing were manipulated. These sites span natural gradients in temperature, precipitation, and underlying soil properties, which allowed us to assess the relative importance of soil moisture and nutrients across variation in climate. Foliar Si concentration did not respond to large mammalian grazer exclusion, but significant variation in herbivore abundance among sites may have precluded the observation of defoliation effects at these sites. However, nutrient addition consistently reduced leaf Si, especially at sites with low soil nitrogen prior to nutrient addition. Additionally, a leaf‐level trade‐off between Si and carbon (C) existed that was stronger at arid sites than mesic sites. Our results suggest soil nutrient limitation favors investment in Si over C‐based leaf construction, and that fixing C is especially costly relative to assimilating Si when water is limiting. Our results demonstrate the importance of soil nutrients and precipitation as key drivers of global grass silicification patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Quigley
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27109, USA
| | - Daniel M Griffith
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27109, USA
| | - George L Donati
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27109, USA
| | - T Michael Anderson
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27109, USA
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30
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Hall CR, Mikhael M, Hartley SE, Johnson SN. Elevated atmospheric CO
2
suppresses jasmonate and silicon‐based defences without affecting herbivores. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Casey R. Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Richmond NSW Australia
| | - Meena Mikhael
- School of Medicine Western Sydney University Campbelltown NSW Australia
| | - Susan E. Hartley
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Richmond NSW Australia
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31
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Aranda I, Cadahía E, Fernández de Simón B. Leaf ecophysiological and metabolic response in Quercus pyrenaica Willd seedlings to moderate drought under enriched CO 2 atmosphere. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 244:153083. [PMID: 31812028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Impact of drought under enriched CO2 atmosphere on ecophysiological and leaf metabolic response of the sub-mediterranean Q. pyrenaica oak was studied. Seedlings growing in climate chamber were submitted to moderate drought (WS) and well-watered (WW) under ambient ([CO2]amb =400 ppm) or CO2 enriched atmosphere ([CO2]enr =800 ppm). The moderate drought endured by seedlings brought about a decrease in leaf gas exchange. However, net photosynthesis (Anet) was highly stimulated for plants at [CO2]enr. There was a decrease of the stomatal conductance to water vapour (gwv) in response to drought, and a subtle trend to be lower under [CO2]enr. The consequence of these changes was an important increase in the intrinsic leaf water use efficiency (WUEi). The electron transport rate (ETR) was almost a 20 percent higher in plants at [CO2]enr regardless drought endured by seedlings. The ETR/Anet was lower under [CO2]enr, pointing to a high capacity to maintain sinks for the uptake of extra carbon in the atmosphere. Impact of drought on the leaf metabolome, as a whole, was more evident than that from [CO2] enrichment of the atmosphere. Changes in pool of non-structural carbohydrates were observed mainly as a consequence of water deficit including increases of fructose, glucose, and proto-quercitol. Most of the metabolites affected by drought back up to levels of non-stressed seedlings after rewetting (recovery phase). It can be concluded that carbon uptake was stimulated by [CO2]enr, even under the stomatal closure that accompanied moderate drought. In the last, there was a positive effect in intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi), which was much more improved under [CO2]enr. Leaf metabolome was little responsible and some few metabolites changed mainly in response to drought, with little differences between [CO2] growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Aranda
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de A Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain.
| | - Estrella Cadahía
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de A Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Brígida Fernández de Simón
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de A Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Alvarenga R, Auad AM, Moraes JC, Silva SE. Do silicon and nitric oxide induce resistance to Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) in forage grasses? PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:3282-3292. [PMID: 31006949 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Great efforts have been made to identify grasses that are resistant to spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae). However, the time required to develop and launch new cultivars is relatively long. The employment of resistance inducers is a current strategy that may be useful for the control of insect pests. This analysis evaluates the feasibility of using the chemical inducers silicon and nitric oxide to increase spittlebug resistance based on changes in forage grass vegetative characteristics and the biological traits of Mahanarva spectabilis (Distant, 1909). RESULTS Mahanarva spectabilis nymphs and adults can cause significant damage to forage grasses. Furthermore, silicon and nitric oxide inducers were not sufficient to lessen this damage by positively influencing the growth and development of forage grasses. These inducers did not negatively alter the biological parameters of M. spectabilis or diminish its population. However, phenolic compound concentrations increased when forage grasses were treated with silicon or attacked by adult insects, but this parameter was not useful to predict spittlebug resistance. This fact suggests that the physiological and biochemical changes caused by silicon should be further studied. CONCLUSION The current analysis demonstrated that application of the chemical inducers silicon and nitric oxide is currently not a viable strategy for the effective and economic management of M. spectabilis on Brachiaria ruziziensis, Pennisetum purpureum and Digitaria sp. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander M Auad
- Laboratory of Entomology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Jair C Moraes
- Entomology Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Sandra Eb Silva
- Laboratory of Entomology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Tietze HSE, Joshi J, Pugnaire FI, de Sá Dechoum M. Seed germination and seedling establishment of an invasive tropical tree species under different climate change scenarios. AUSTRAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig Selma Eugenia Tietze
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Campus Universitário s/n - Córrego Grande Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
- Biodiversity Research/Systematic Botany; Institute of Biochemistry and Biology; University of Potsdam; Potsdam Germany
| | - Jasmin Joshi
- Biodiversity Research/Systematic Botany; Institute of Biochemistry and Biology; University of Potsdam; Potsdam Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB); Berlin Germany
- Institute for Landscape and Open Space; Hochschule für Technik HSR Rapperswil; Rapperswil Switzerland
| | - Francisco Ignacio Pugnaire
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZA-CSIC); Almería Spain
| | - Michele de Sá Dechoum
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Campus Universitário s/n - Córrego Grande Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
- Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
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34
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Frew A, Weston LA, Gurr GM. Silicon reduces herbivore performance via different mechanisms, depending on host-plant species. AUSTRAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Frew
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences; Building 281, Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga New South Wales 2678 Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
- Institute for Land, Water and Society; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
| | - Leslie A. Weston
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences; Building 281, Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga New South Wales 2678 Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
| | - Geoff M. Gurr
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences; Building 281, Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga New South Wales 2678 Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
- Institute of Applied Ecology; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian China
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Liu Y, Dang Z, Wang Y, Parajulee MN, Chen F. Interactive Effects of [CO 2] and Temperature on Plant Chemistry of Transgenic Bt Rice and Population Dynamics of a Non-Target Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) under Different Levels of Soil Nitrogen. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E261. [PMID: 31072035 PMCID: PMC6562872 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaining a better understanding of the interactive effect of projected atmospheric CO2 level increase and the Earth's rising temperature on plant chemistry (nutritional and defensive characteristics) of transgenic crops is essential when attempting to forecast the responses of target and non-target insects to climate change. In this study, effects of carbon dioxide (CO2; elevated versus ambient), temperature (T; high versus low), and their interactions on leaf nitrogen content (N%) and C:N ratio of transgenic Bt rice and its non-Bt isoline grown under low- and high-N fertilizer were systematically analyzed together with the resulting insect population dynamics of a non-target planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stâl) in open-top-chamber experiments. The results indicated that under low-N treatment, elevated CO2 at low T (i.e., eCO2) (compared to ambient CO2 at low T, i.e., CK) significantly decreased N% and Bt-toxin content and significantly increased C:N ratio in leaf sheath and leaf of Bt rice, especially during the tillering stage, whereas inverse effects of high T were shown on the plant chemistry of Bt rice, especially during heading stage. The combination of elevated CO2 and high T (i.e., Combined) (in contrast to CK) significantly increased N% and decreased C:N ratio in leaf sheath of Bt rice during the heading stage under low-N fertilizer, while significantly decreased N% and increased C:N ratio in leaf of Bt rice during the tillering stage, regardless of fertilizer-N level, and significantly increased Bt-toxin content in leaf sheath and leaf during the tillering stage under both low- and high-N. Moreover, no discernable relationships between Bt-toxin content and N% or leaf C:N ratio were observed at any CO2 or N levels evaluated. Furthermore, transgenic treatment, temperature and fertilizer-N level interactions, and CO2 and fertilizer-N level interactions all significantly affected the population dynamics of N. lugens. Specifically, high-N significantly enhanced the population dynamics of N. lugens fed on non-Bt rice grown under eTemp and Bt cultivar significantly reduced the population dynamics of N. lugens under eCO2 regardless of N fertilizer levels. The study demonstrates that the planting of transgenic Bt rice would not increase the risk of increased N. lugens severity under the combined condition of elevated CO2 and increased temperature, particularly under moderate level of N fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.L.); (Z.D.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhihao Dang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.L.); (Z.D.); (Y.W.)
- Zhengzhou Customs, Zhengzhou 410003, China
| | - Yanhui Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.L.); (Z.D.); (Y.W.)
| | - Megha N. Parajulee
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, TX 79403, USA;
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.L.); (Z.D.); (Y.W.)
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Johnson SN, Ryalls JMW, Barton CVM, Tjoelker MG, Wright IJ, Moore BD. Climate warming and plant biomechanical defences: Silicon addition contributes to herbivore suppression in a pasture grass. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - James M. W. Ryalls
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Craig V. M. Barton
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Mark G. Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Ian J. Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Ben D. Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Hall CR, Waterman JM, Vandegeer RK, Hartley SE, Johnson SN. The Role of Silicon in Antiherbivore Phytohormonal Signalling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1132. [PMID: 31620157 PMCID: PMC6759751 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The role of plant silicon (Si) in the alleviation of abiotic and biotic stress is now widely recognised and researched. Amongst the biotic stresses, Si is known to increase resistance to herbivores through biomechanical and chemical mechanisms, although the latter are indirect and remain poorly characterised. Chemical defences are principally regulated by several antiherbivore phytohormones. The jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathway is particularly important and has been linked to Si supplementation, albeit with some contradictory findings. In this Perspectives article, we summarise existing knowledge of how Si affects JA in the context of herbivory and present a conceptual model for the interactions between Si and JA signalling in wounded plants. Further, we use novel information from the model grass Brachypodium distachyon to underpin aspects of this model. We show that Si reduces JA concentrations in plants subjected to chemical induction (methyl jasmonate) and herbivory (Helicoverpa armigera) by 34% and 32%, respectively. Moreover, +Si plants had 13% more leaf macrohairs than -Si plants. From this study and previous work, our model proposes that Si acts as a physical stimulus in the plant, which causes a small, transient increase in JA. When +Si plants are subsequently attacked by herbivores, they potentially show a faster induction of JA due to this priming. +Si plants that have already invested in biomechanical defences (e.g. macrohairs), however, have less utility for JA-induced defences and show lower levels of JA induction overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey R. Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Jamie M. Waterman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca K. Vandegeer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan E. Hartley
- York Environment and Sustainability Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Scott Johnson,
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Ryalls JMW, Moore BD, Johnson SN. Silicon uptake by a pasture grass experiencing simulated grazing is greatest under elevated precipitation. BMC Ecol 2018; 18:53. [PMID: 30514265 PMCID: PMC6280423 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-018-0208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grasses are hyper-accumulators of silicon (Si) and often up-regulate Si following herbivory. Positive correlations exist between Si and plant water content, yet the extent to which Si uptake responses can be mediated by changes in soil water availability has rarely been studied and never, to our knowledge, under field conditions. We used field-based rain-exclusion shelters to investigate how simulated grazing (shoot clipping) and altered rainfall patterns (drought and elevated precipitation, representing 50% and 150% of ambient precipitation levels, respectively) affected initial patterns of root- and shoot-Si uptake in a native Australian grass (Microlaena stipoides) in Si-supplemented and untreated soils. RESULTS Si supplementation increased soil water retention under ambient and elevated precipitation but not under drought, although this had little effect on Si uptake and growth (tiller numbers or root biomass) of M. stipoides. Changes in rainfall patterns and clipping had strong individual effects on plant growth and Si uptake and storage, whereby clipping increased Si uptake by M. stipoides under all rainfall treatments but to the greatest extent under elevated precipitation. Moreover, above-ground-below-ground Si distribution only changed following elevated precipitation by decreasing the ratio of root:shoot Si concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight the importance of soil water availability for Si uptake and suggest a role for both active and passive Si transport mechanisms. Such manipulative field studies may provide a more realistic insight into how grasses initially respond to herbivory in terms of Si-based defence under different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. W. Ryalls
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW Australia
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Ben D. Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW Australia
| | - Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW Australia
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Müller C, Moser G. Global Change Biology Introduction-FACEing the future conference. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3873-3874. [PMID: 29978605 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Müller
- Institute of Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerald Moser
- Institute of Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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