1
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Power CC, Normand S, von Arx G, Elberling B, Corcoran D, Krog AB, Bouvin NK, Treier UA, Westergaard-Nielsen A, Liu Y, Prendin AL. No effect of snow on shrub xylem traits: Insights from a snow-manipulation experiment on Disko Island, Greenland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:169896. [PMID: 38185160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Widespread shrubification across the Arctic has been generally attributed to increasing air temperatures, but responses vary across species and sites. Wood structures related to the plant hydraulic architecture may respond to local environmental conditions and potentially impact shrub growth, but these relationships remain understudied. Using methods of dendroanatomy, we analysed shrub ring width (RW) and xylem anatomical traits of 80 individuals of Salix glauca L. and Betula nana L. at a snow manipulation experiment in Western Greenland. We assessed how their responses differed between treatments (increased versus ambient snow depth) and soil moisture regimes (wet and dry). Despite an increase in snow depth due to snow fences (28-39 %), neither RW nor anatomical traits in either species showed significant responses to this increase. In contrast, irrespective of the snow treatment, the xylem specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and earlywood vessel size (LA95) for the study period were larger in S. glauca (p < 0.1, p < 0.01) and B. nana (p < 0.01, p < 0.001) at the wet than the dry site, while both species had larger vessel groups at the dry than the wet site (p < 0.01). RW of B. nana was higher at the wet site (p < 0.01), but no differences were observed for S. glauca. Additionally, B. nana Ks and LA95 showed different trends over the study period, with decreases observed at the dry site (p < 0.001), while for other responses no difference was observed. Our results indicate that, taking into account ontogenetic and allometric trends, hydraulic related xylem traits of both species, along with B. nana growth, were influenced by soil moisture. These findings suggest that soil moisture regime, but not snow cover, may determine xylem responses to future climate change and thus add to the heterogeneity of Arctic shrub dynamics, though more long-term species- and site- specific studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice C Power
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Signe Normand
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark; SustainScapes - Center for Sustainable Landscapes under Global Change, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bo Elberling
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Derek Corcoran
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark; SustainScapes - Center for Sustainable Landscapes under Global Change, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Amanda B Krog
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Urs Albert Treier
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark; SustainScapes - Center for Sustainable Landscapes under Global Change, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Andreas Westergaard-Nielsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yijing Liu
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angela L Prendin
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Land Environment Agriculture and Forestry (TeSAF), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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2
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Lu G, Fang M, Zhang S. Spatial Variation in Responses of Plant Spring Phenology to Climate Warming in Grasslands of Inner Mongolia: Drivers and Application. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:520. [PMID: 38498495 PMCID: PMC10892319 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Plant spring phenology in grasslands distributed in the Northern Hemisphere is highly responsive to climate warming. The growth of plants is intricately influenced by not only air temperature but also precipitation and soil factors, both of which exhibit spatial variation. Given the critical impact of the plant growth season on the livelihood of husbandry communities in grasslands, it becomes imperative to comprehend regional-scale spatial variation in the response of plant spring phenology to climate warming and the effects of precipitation and soil factors on such variation. This understanding is beneficial for region-specific phenology predictions in husbandry communities. In this study, we analyzed the spatial pattern of the correlation coefficient between the start date of the plant growth season (SOS) and the average winter-spring air temperature (WST) of Inner Mongolia grassland from 2003 to 2019. Subsequently, we analyzed the importance of 13 precipitation and soil factors for the correlation between SOS and average WST using a random forest model and analyzed the interactive effect of the important factors on the SOS using linear mixing models (LMMs). Based on these, we established SOS models using data from pastoral areas within different types of grassland. The percentage of areas with a negative correlation between SOS and average WST in meadow and typical grasslands was higher than that in desert grasslands. Results from the random forest model highlighted the significance of snow cover days (SCD), soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil nitrogen content (SNC) as influential factors affecting the correlation between SOS and average WST. Meadow grasslands exhibited significantly higher levels of SCD, SOC, and SNC compared to typical and desert grasslands. The LMMs indicated that the interaction of grassland type and the average WST and SCD can effectively explain the variation in SOS. The multiple linear models that incorporated both average WST and SCD proved to be better than models utilizing WST or SCD alone in predicting SOS. These findings indicate that the spatial patterns of precipitation and soil factors are closely associated with the spatial variation in the response of SOS to climate warming in Inner Mongolia grassland. Moreover, the average WST and SCD, when considered jointly, can be used to predict plant spring phenology in husbandry communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (National Ethnic Affairs Commission), Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengchao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (National Ethnic Affairs Commission), Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (National Ethnic Affairs Commission), Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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3
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Liu Y, Wang P, Elberling B, Westergaard-Nielsen A. Drivers of contemporary and future changes in Arctic seasonal transition dates for a tundra site in coastal Greenland. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17118. [PMID: 38273573 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Climate change has had a significant impact on the seasonal transition dates of Arctic tundra ecosystems, causing diverse variations between distinct land surface classes. However, the combined effect of multiple controls as well as their individual effects on these dates remains unclear at various scales and across diverse land surface classes. Here we quantified spatiotemporal variations of three seasonal transition dates (start of spring, maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVImax ) day, end of fall) for five dominating land surface classes in the ice-free Greenland. Using a distributed snow model, structural equation modeling, and a random forest model, based on ground observations and remote sensing data, we assessed the indirect and direct effects of climate, snow, and terrain on seasonal transition dates. We then presented new projections of likely changes in seasonal transition dates under six future climate scenarios. The coupled climate, snow cover, and terrain conditions explained up to 61% of seasonal transition dates across different land surface classes. Snow ending day played a crucial role in the start of spring and timing of NDVImax . A warmer June and a decline in wind could advance the NDVImax day. Increased precipitation and temperature during July-August are the most important for delaying the end of fall. We projected that a 1-4.5°C increase in temperature and a 5%-20% increase in precipitation would lengthen the spring-to-fall period for all five land surface classes by 2050, thus the current order of spring-to-fall lengths for the five land surface classes could undergo notable changes. Tall shrubs and fens would have a longer spring-to-fall period under the warmest and wettest scenario, suggesting a competitive advantage for these vegetation communities. This study's results illustrate controls on seasonal transition dates and portend potential changes in vegetation composition in the Arctic under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Liu
- Department for Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost, CENPERM, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peiyan Wang
- Center for Permafrost, CENPERM, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Elberling
- Department for Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost, CENPERM, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Westergaard-Nielsen
- Department for Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost, CENPERM, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Morgan J, Walker Z. Early-melting snowpatch plant communities are transitioning into novel states. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16520. [PMID: 37783739 PMCID: PMC10545709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42808-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Snowpatch plant community distribution and composition are strongly tied to the duration of long-lasting snow cover in alpine areas; they are vulnerable to global climatic changes that result in warmer temperatures and longer growing seasons. We used a revisitation study to quantify early-melting snowpatch floristic and functional diversity change in southern Australia, and document shrub size-class distributions over time to detect evidence for their encroachment into snowpatches, a key prediction with climatic change. Early-melting snowpatch vegetation has declined in areal extent, changed in species composition, and shrub and tussock grass cover has increased, but changes in functional trait diversity were less clear. Species gains, particularly by non-clonal species, accounted for most of the floristic change observed. Shrub recruitment was ongoing by most shrub species. Biotic differentiation is occurring; many early-melting snowpatches are transitioning to a novel state with changed composition and taller vegetation structure, but there is little evidence for species loss having occurred. Given enough time, however, the long-term loss of species is likely (i.e. biotic homogenisation) if taller shrubs outcompete short-statured snowpatch species. Our results provide evidence that this alpine ecosystem is forming a novel community with an uncertain future.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Morgan
- Research Centre for Applied Alpine Ecology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
- Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| | - Zac Walker
- Research Centre for Applied Alpine Ecology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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5
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Schmidt NM, Kankaanpää T, Tiusanen M, Reneerkens J, Versluijs TSL, Hansen LH, Hansen J, Gerlich HS, Høye TT, Cirtwill AR, Zhemchuzhnikov MK, Peña-Aguilera P, Roslin T. Little directional change in the timing of Arctic spring phenology over the past 25 years. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3244-3249.e3. [PMID: 37499666 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
With the global change in climate, the Arctic has been pinpointed as the region experiencing the fastest rates of change. As a result, Arctic biological responses-such as shifts in phenology-are expected to outpace those at lower latitudes. 15 years ago, a decade-long dataset from Zackenberg in High Arctic Greenland revealed rapid rates of phenological change.1 To explore how the timing of spring phenology has developed since, we revisit the Zackenberg time series on flowering plants, arthropods, and birds. Drawing on the full 25-year period of 1996-2020, we find little directional change in the timing of events despite ongoing climatic change. We attribute this finding to a shift in the temporal patterns of climate conditions, from previous directional change to current high inter-annual variability. Additionally, some taxa appear to have reached the limits of their phenological responses, resulting in a leveling off in their phenological responses in warm years. Our findings demonstrate the importance of long-term monitoring of taxa from across trophic levels within the community, allowing for detecting shifts in sensitivities and responses and thus for updated inference in the light of added information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Martin Schmidt
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Tuomas Kankaanpää
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikko Tiusanen
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 3, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeroen Reneerkens
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Coastal Systems, Landsdiep 4, Den Burg, 1790 Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Tom S L Versluijs
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Coastal Systems, Landsdiep 4, Den Burg, 1790 Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Holst Hansen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jannik Hansen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Hannah Sørine Gerlich
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Toke T Høye
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alyssa R Cirtwill
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 3, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikhail K Zhemchuzhnikov
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Coastal Systems, Landsdiep 4, Den Burg, 1790 Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Pablo Peña-Aguilera
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 16, 75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 3, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 16, 75651 Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Xiong T, Du S, Zhang H, Zhang X. Satellite observed reversal in trends of spring phenology in the middle-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the global warming hiatus. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:2227-2241. [PMID: 36602438 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The start of the growing season (SOS) is essential to track the responses of vegetation to climate change. However, recent findings on whether the SOS in the middle-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) continued to advance or reversed during the global warming hiatus were not consistent. It is necessary to investigate the causes of this controversy and to examine the relationship between the SOS and preseason temperature trends. To this end, we first applied four widely used phenology extraction methods to derive the SOS from the GIMMS NDVI3g dataset and then used the ensemble empirical modal decomposition (EEMD) method to extract the nonlinear trends of the SOS and preseason temperature. Our results clarify, for the first time, that the limitations of the linear assumption-based trend analysis methods are an important but overlooked cause of the discrepancies among existing studies on whether the SOS was advanced or delayed in the NH (>30° N) during the global warming hiatus. We further revealed the range of the mismatches between the SOS and preseason temperature trends at the latitude, altitude and biome levels. Specifically, we discovered that the SOS in the NH (>30° N) obtained by the four phenology extraction methods showed a significant reversal from advance to delay during the global warming hiatus, and the corresponding average rate of change was very small. The area showing increasing preseason temperatures decreased during the global warming hiatus, but it always occupied most of the NH (>30° N). However, delayed SOS trends were dominant in the NH from 50° N to 60° N, above 3000 m and in biomes other than TBMF and BF. Accordingly, using an EEMD-like approach to evaluate the changes in the SOS and preseason temperature is necessary for improving our understanding of the changes in the SOS and their association with climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiong
- Institute of Remote Sensing and GIS, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shihong Du
- Institute of Remote Sensing and GIS, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhang
- Institute of Remote Sensing and GIS, Peking University, Beijing, China
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7
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Bradley JA, Trivedi CB, Winkel M, Mourot R, Lutz S, Larose C, Keuschnig C, Doting E, Halbach L, Zervas A, Anesio AM, Benning LG. Active and dormant microorganisms on glacier surfaces. GEOBIOLOGY 2023; 21:244-261. [PMID: 36450703 PMCID: PMC10099831 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glacier and ice sheet surfaces host diverse communities of microorganisms whose activity (or inactivity) influences biogeochemical cycles and ice melting. Supraglacial microbes endure various environmental extremes including resource scarcity, frequent temperature fluctuations above and below the freezing point of water, and high UV irradiance during summer followed by months of total darkness during winter. One strategy that enables microbial life to persist through environmental extremes is dormancy, which despite being prevalent among microbial communities in natural settings, has not been directly measured and quantified in glacier surface ecosystems. Here, we use a combination of metabarcoding and metatranscriptomic analyses, as well as cell-specific activity (BONCAT) incubations to assess the diversity and activity of microbial communities from glacial surfaces in Iceland and Greenland. We also present a new ecological model for glacier microorganisms and simulate physiological state-changes in the glacial microbial community under idealized (i) freezing, (ii) thawing, and (iii) freeze-thaw conditions. We show that a high proportion (>50%) of bacterial cells are translationally active in-situ on snow and ice surfaces, with Actinomycetota, Pseudomonadota, and Planctomycetota dominating the total and active community compositions, and that glacier microorganisms, even when frozen, could resume translational activity within 24 h after thawing. Our data suggest that glacial microorganisms respond rapidly to dynamic and changing conditions typical of their natural environment. We deduce that the biology and biogeochemistry of glacier surfaces are shaped by processes occurring over short (i.e., daily) timescales, and thus are susceptible to change following the expected alterations to the melt-regime of glaciers driven by climate change. A better understanding of the activity of microorganisms on glacier surfaces is critical in addressing the growing concern of climate change in Polar regions, as well as for their use as analogues to life in potentially habitable icy worlds.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Bradley
- Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- GFZ German Research Centre for GeosciencesBerlinGermany
| | | | - Matthias Winkel
- GFZ German Research Centre for GeosciencesBerlinGermany
- Bundesanstalt für Risikobewertung (BfR)BerlinGermany
| | - Rey Mourot
- GFZ German Research Centre for GeosciencesBerlinGermany
- Freie University BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Stefanie Lutz
- GFZ German Research Centre for GeosciencesBerlinGermany
| | - Catherine Larose
- Environmental Microbial GenomicsUniversité de LyonEcully CedexFrance
| | | | - Eva Doting
- Environmental ScienceAarhus UniversityRoskildeDenmark
| | - Laura Halbach
- Environmental ScienceAarhus UniversityRoskildeDenmark
| | | | | | - Liane G. Benning
- GFZ German Research Centre for GeosciencesBerlinGermany
- Freie University BerlinBerlinGermany
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8
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Ejsmond A, Ejsmond MJ. Food resource uncertainty shapes the fitness consequences of early spring onset in capital and income breeding migratory birds. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9637. [PMID: 36568869 PMCID: PMC9771707 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to climate change, the timing of spring arrival and nesting onset in many migratory bird species have advanced. Earlier spring onsets prolong the available breeding period but can also deteriorate local conditions, leading to increased temporal variation in resource availability. This interaction between phenological shifts in nesting onset and short-term temporal variation in food gain has unknown consequences for fitness of migratory bird species. We model two contrasting breeding strategies to investigate the fitness consequences of stochastically fluctuating food gain and storing of energetic reserves for reproduction. The model was inspired by the biology of common eiders (Somateria mollissima), which store extensive reserves prior to egg laying and incubation (capital breeding strategy), and king eiders (S. spectabilis), which continue to forage during nesting (income breeding strategy). For capital breeders, foraging prior to breeding increases energy reserves and clutch size, but for both strategies, postponing nesting reduces the chances of recruitment. We found that in scenarios with early spring onset, the average number of recruits produced by capital breeders was higher under conditions of stochastic rather than deterministic food gain. This is because under highly variable daily food gain, individuals successful in obtaining food can produce large clutches early in the season. However, income breeders do not build up reserve buffers; consequently, their fitness is always reduced, when food availability fluctuates. For both modeled strategies, resource uncertainty had only a minor effect on the timing of nesting onset. Our work shows that the fitness consequences of global changes in breeding season onset depend on the level of uncertainty in food intake and the degree to which reserves are used to fuel the reproductive effort. We predict that among migratory bird species producing one clutch per year, capital breeders are more resilient to climate-induced changes in spring phenology than income breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ejsmond
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Research Centre SnæfellsnesUniversity of IcelandStykkishólmurIceland
- Department of Arctic BiologyUniversity Centre in SvalbardLongyearbyenNorway
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9
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López-Blanco E, Langen PL, Williams M, Christensen JH, Boberg F, Langley K, Christensen TR. The future of tundra carbon storage in Greenland - Sensitivity to climate and plant trait changes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157385. [PMID: 35870583 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The continuous change in observed key indicators such as increasing nitrogen deposition, temperatures and precipitation will have marked but uncertain consequences for the ecosystem carbon (C) sink-source functioning of the Arctic. Here, we use multiple in-situ data streams measured by the Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring programme in tight connection with the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere model and climate projections from the high-resolution HIRHAM5 regional model. We apply this modelling framework with focus on two climatically different tundra sites in Greenland (Zackenberg and Kobbefjord) to assess how sensitive the net C uptake will expectedly be under warmer and wetter conditions across the 21st century and pin down the relative contribution to the overall C sink strength from climate versus plant trait variability. Our results suggest that temperatures (5-7.7 °C), total precipitation (19-110 %) and vapour pressure deficit will increase (32-36 %), while shortwave radiation will decline (6-9 %) at both sites by 2100 under the RCP8.5 scenario. Such a combined effect will, on average, intensify the net C uptake by 9-10 g C m-2 year-1 at both sites towards the end of 2100, but Zackenberg is expected to have more than twice the C sink strength capacity of Kobbefjord. Our sensitivity analysis not only reveals that plant traits are the most sensitive parameters controlling the net C exchange in both sites at the beginning and end of the century, but also that the projected increase in the net C uptake will likely be similarly influenced by future changes in climate and existing local nutrient conditions. A series of experiments forcing realistic changes in plant nitrogen status at both sites corroborates this hypothesis. This work proves the unique synergy between monitoring data and numerical models to assist robust model calibration/validation and narrow uncertainty ranges and ultimately produce more reliable C cycle projections in understudied regions such as Greenland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrén López-Blanco
- Department of Environment and Minerals, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2, PO Box 570, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland; Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Peter L Langen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, iClimate, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Mathew Williams
- School of GeoSciences and NCEO, University of Edinburgh, Alexander Crum Brown Road, EH9 3FF Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jens Hesselbjerg Christensen
- Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, Tagensvej 16, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; NORCE, Norwegian Research Centre AS, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, P.O.B 22 Nygårdstangen, 5838 Bergen, Norway
| | - Fredrik Boberg
- Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsty Langley
- Asiaq, Greenland Survey, Qatserisut 8, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Torben Røjle Christensen
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Oulanka Research Station, Oulu University, PO Box 8000, 90014, Finland
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10
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Oehri J, Schaepman-Strub G, Kim JS, Grysko R, Kropp H, Grünberg I, Zemlianskii V, Sonnentag O, Euskirchen ES, Reji Chacko M, Muscari G, Blanken PD, Dean JF, di Sarra A, Harding RJ, Sobota I, Kutzbach L, Plekhanova E, Riihelä A, Boike J, Miller NB, Beringer J, López-Blanco E, Stoy PC, Sullivan RC, Kejna M, Parmentier FJW, Gamon JA, Mastepanov M, Wille C, Jackowicz-Korczynski M, Karger DN, Quinton WL, Putkonen J, van As D, Christensen TR, Hakuba MZ, Stone RS, Metzger S, Vandecrux B, Frost GV, Wild M, Hansen B, Meloni D, Domine F, Te Beest M, Sachs T, Kalhori A, Rocha AV, Williamson SN, Morris S, Atchley AL, Essery R, Runkle BRK, Holl D, Riihimaki LD, Iwata H, Schuur EAG, Cox CJ, Grachev AA, McFadden JP, Fausto RS, Göckede M, Ueyama M, Pirk N, de Boer G, Bret-Harte MS, Leppäranta M, Steffen K, Friborg T, Ohmura A, Edgar CW, Olofsson J, Chambers SD. Vegetation type is an important predictor of the arctic summer land surface energy budget. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6379. [PMID: 36316310 PMCID: PMC9622844 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of high-latitude surface energy budgets (SEBs) for land-climate interactions in the rapidly changing Arctic, uncertainties in their prediction persist. Here, we harmonize SEB observations across a network of vegetated and glaciated sites at circumpolar scale (1994-2021). Our variance-partitioning analysis identifies vegetation type as an important predictor for SEB-components during Arctic summer (June-August), compared to other SEB-drivers including climate, latitude and permafrost characteristics. Differences among vegetation types can be of similar magnitude as between vegetation and glacier surfaces and are especially high for summer sensible and latent heat fluxes. The timing of SEB-flux summer-regimes (when daily mean values exceed 0 Wm-2) relative to snow-free and -onset dates varies substantially depending on vegetation type, implying vegetation controls on snow-cover and SEB-flux seasonality. Our results indicate complex shifts in surface energy fluxes with land-cover transitions and a lengthening summer season, and highlight the potential for improving future Earth system models via a refined representation of Arctic vegetation types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Oehri
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield, H3A 1B1, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Gabriela Schaepman-Strub
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Low-Carbon and Climate Impact Research Centre, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Hongkong, People's Republic of China
| | - Raleigh Grysko
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heather Kropp
- Environmental Studies Program, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd, Clinton, NY, USA
| | - Inge Grünberg
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred-Wegener Institute, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Vitalii Zemlianskii
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Sonnentag
- Département de géographie, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Eugénie S Euskirchen
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2140 Koyukuk Dr, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Merin Reji Chacko
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, CHN, Universitätstrasse 16, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
- Land Change Science Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, ZH, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Muscari
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata, 605, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter D Blanken
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joshua F Dean
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Rd, Bristol, UK
| | - Alcide di Sarra
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA, Via Enrico Fermi 45, Frascati, Italy
| | - Richard J Harding
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), MacLean Bldg, Benson Ln, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, UK
| | - Ireneusz Sobota
- Department of Hydrology and Water Management, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Lars Kutzbach
- Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 53, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elena Plekhanova
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aku Riihelä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia Boike
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred-Wegener Institute, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jason Beringer
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Efrén López-Blanco
- Department of Environment and Minerals, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2, Nuuk, 3900, Greenland
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Paul C Stoy
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan C Sullivan
- Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Marek Kejna
- Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Frans-Jan W Parmentier
- Center for Biogeochemistry of the Anthropocene, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 1, 0371, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Geocentrum II, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - John A Gamon
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1400 R St, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Mikhail Mastepanov
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Oulanka Research Station, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90570, Oulu, Finland
| | - Christian Wille
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Geocentrum II, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dirk N Karger
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, ZH, Switzerland
| | - William L Quinton
- Cold Regions Research Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jaakko Putkonen
- Harold Hamm School of Geology and Geological Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Dirk van As
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben R Christensen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Oulanka Research Station, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90570, Oulu, Finland
| | - Maria Z Hakuba
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, CalTech, 4800, Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Robert S Stone
- NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Stefan Metzger
- National Ecological Observatory Network, Battelle, 1685 38th St #100, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Baptiste Vandecrux
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerald V Frost
- Alaska Biological Research, Inc, 2842, Goldstream Rd, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Martin Wild
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, CHN, Universitätstrasse 16, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birger Hansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Daniela Meloni
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA, Lungotevere Grande Ammiraglio Thaon di Revel, 76, Rome, Italy
| | - Florent Domine
- Department of Chemistry, Université Laval, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, 1045 Av. de la Médecine, G1V 0A6, Québec, QC, Canada
- Takuvik Laboratory, CNRS-INSU, Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, 1045 Av. de la Médecine, G1V 0A6, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mariska Te Beest
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Vening Meinesz Building, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, Gqeberha, 6019, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Torsten Sachs
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aram Kalhori
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Adrian V Rocha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Scott N Williamson
- Polar Knowledge Canada, Canadian High Arctic Research Station, 1 rue Uvajuq place, CP 2150, Cambridge Bay, NU, Canada
| | - Sara Morris
- NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Adam L Atchley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bikini Atoll Rd., SM 30, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Richard Essery
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond St, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK
| | - Benjamin R K Runkle
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, 1164 W Maple St, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - David Holl
- Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 53, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura D Riihimaki
- NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, USA
- CIRES (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences), 216 UCB, University of Colorado Boulder Campus, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hiroki Iwata
- Department of Environmental Science, Shinshu University, 3 Chome-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Edward A G Schuur
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, S San Francisco St, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | | | - Andrey A Grachev
- DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Owen Rd, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, NM, USA
| | - Joseph P McFadden
- Department of Geography and Earth Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, 5816, Ellison Hall, Isla Vista, CA, USA
| | - Robert S Fausto
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathias Göckede
- Department of Biogeochemical Signals, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Masahito Ueyama
- Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Kita Ward, Umeda, 1 Chome-2 - 2-600, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norbert Pirk
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 1, 0371, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gijs de Boer
- NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, USA
- CIRES (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences), 216 UCB, University of Colorado Boulder Campus, Boulder, CO, USA
- IRISS (Integrated Remote and In Situ Sensing), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M Syndonia Bret-Harte
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2140 Koyukuk Dr, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Matti Leppäranta
- University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Konrad Steffen
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, ZH, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Friborg
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Atsumu Ohmura
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, CHN, Universitätstrasse 16, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Colin W Edgar
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2140 Koyukuk Dr, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Johan Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 4-6, 907 36, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Scott D Chambers
- ANSTO Lucas Heights, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights NSW, 2234, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Henn JJ, Damschen EI. Grassland management actions influence soil conditions and plant community responses to winter climate change. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Henn
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology University of California Riverside Riverside California USA
- Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Ellen I. Damschen
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
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12
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Wallace CA, Baltzer JL. Scale‐dependent responses of understory vegetation to the physical structure of undisturbed tundra shrub patches. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cory A. Wallace
- Biology Department Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo Ontario Canada
- School of Earth, Environment, and Society McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
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13
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Phenological Responses to Snow Seasonality in the Qilian Mountains Is a Function of Both Elevation and Vegetation Types. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14153629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In high-elevation mountains, seasonal snow cover affects land surface phenology and the functioning of the ecosystem. However, studies regarding the long-term effects of snow cover on phenological changes for high mountains are still limited. Our study is based on MODIS data from 2003 to 2021. First, the NDPI was calculated, time series were reconstructed, and an SG filter was used. Land surface phenology metrics were estimated based on the dynamic thresholding method. Then, snow seasonality metrics were also estimated based on snow seasonality extraction rules. Finally, correlation and significance between snow seasonality and land surface phenology metrics were tested. Changes were analyzed across elevation and vegetation types. Results showed that (1) the asymmetry in the significant correlation between the snow seasonality and land surface phenology metrics suggests that a more snow-prone non-growing season (earlier first snow, later snowmelt, longer snow season and more snow cover days) benefits a more flourishing vegetation growing season in the following year (earlier start and later end of growing season, longer growing season). (2) Vegetation phenology metrics above 3500 m is sensitive to the length of the snow season and the number of snow cover days. The effect of first snow day on vegetation phenology shifts around 3300 m. The later snowmelt favors earlier and longer vegetation growing season regardless of the elevation. (3) The sensitivity of land surface phenology metrics to snow seasonality varied among vegetation types. Grass and shrub are sensitive to last snow day, alpine vegetation to snow season length, desert to number of snow cover days, and forest to first snow day. In this study, we used a more reliable NDPI at high elevations and confirmed the past conclusions about the impact of snow seasonality metrics. We also described in detail the curves of snow seasonal metrics effects with elevation change. This study reveals the relationship between land surface phenology and snow seasonality in the Qilian Mountains and has important implications for quantifying the impact of climate change on ecosystems.
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14
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Boyle JS, Angers-Blondin S, Assmann JJ, Myers-Smith IH. Summer temperature—but not growing season length—influences radial growth of Salix arctica in coastal Arctic tundra. Polar Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-022-03074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractArctic climate change is leading to an advance of plant phenology (the timing of life history events) with uncertain impacts on tundra ecosystems. Although the lengthening of the growing season is thought to lead to increased plant growth, we have few studies of how plant phenology change is altering tundra plant productivity. Here, we test the correspondence between 14 years of Salix arctica phenology data and radial growth on Qikiqtaruk–Herschel Island, Yukon Territory, Canada. We analysed stems from 28 individuals using dendroecology and linear mixed-effect models to test the statistical power of growing season length and climate variables to individually predict radial growth. We found that summer temperature best explained annual variation in radial growth. We found no strong evidence that leaf emergence date, earlier leaf senescence date, or total growing season length had any direct or lagged effects on radial growth. Radial growth was also not explained by interannual variation in precipitation, MODIS surface greenness (NDVI), or sea ice concentration. Our results demonstrate that at this site, for the widely distributed species S. arctica, temperature—but not growing season length—influences radial growth. These findings challenge the assumption that advancing phenology and longer growing seasons will increase the productivity of all plant species in Arctic tundra ecosystems.
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15
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Navarro J, Powers JM, Paul A, Campbell DR. Phenotypic plasticity and selection on leaf traits in response to snowmelt timing and summer precipitation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1477-1490. [PMID: 35274312 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative traits of plants can respond directly to changes in the environment, such as those occurring under climate change. That phenotypic plasticity could be adaptive, maladaptive, or neutral. We manipulated the timing of spring snowmelt and amount of summer precipitation in factorial combination and examined responses of specific leaf area (SLA), trichome density, leaf water content (LWC), photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) in the subalpine herb Ipomopsis aggregata. The experiment was repeated in three years differing in natural timing of snowmelt. To examine natural selection, we used survival, relative growth rate, and flowering as fitness indices. A 50% reduction in summer precipitation reduced stomatal conductance and increased iWUE, and doubled precipitation increased LWC. Combining natural and experimental variation, earlier snowmelt reduced soil moisture, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, and increased trichome density and iWUE. Precipitation reduction reversed the mortality selection favoring high stomatal conductance under normal and doubled precipitation, and higher LWC improved growth. Earlier snowmelt is a strong signal of climate change and can change expression of leaf morphology and gas exchange traits, just as reduced precipitation can. Stomatal conductance and SLA showed adaptive plasticity under some conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Navarro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, PO Box 210088, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, 8000 County Road 317, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
| | - John M Powers
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, 8000 County Road 317, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ayaka Paul
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, 8000 County Road 317, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 1878 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, 1474 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Diane R Campbell
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, 8000 County Road 317, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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16
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Influences of summer warming and nutrient availability on Salix glauca L. growth in Greenland along an ice to sea gradient. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3077. [PMID: 35197470 PMCID: PMC8866482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The combined effects of climate change and nutrient availability on Arctic vegetation growth are poorly understood. Archaeological sites in the Arctic could represent unique nutrient hotspots for studying the long-term effect of nutrient enrichment. In this study, we analysed a time-series of ring widths of Salix glauca L. collected at nine archaeological sites and in their natural surroundings along a climate gradient in the Nuuk fjord region, Southwest Greenland, stretching from the edge of the Greenlandic Ice Sheet in the east to the open sea in the west. We assessed the temperature-growth relationship for the last four decades distinguishing between soils with past anthropogenic nutrient enrichment (PANE) and without (controls). Along the East-West gradient, the inner fjord sites showed a stronger temperature signal compared to the outermost ones. Individuals growing in PANE soils had wider ring widths than individuals growing in the control soils and a stronger climate-growth relation, especially in the inner fjord sites. Thereby, the individuals growing on the archaeological sites seem to have benefited more from the climate warming in recent decades. Our results suggest that higher nutrient availability due to past human activities plays a role in Arctic vegetation growth and should be considered when assessing both the future impact of plants on archaeological sites and the general greening in landscapes with contrasting nutrient availability.
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17
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Powers JM, Briggs HM, Dickson RG, Li X, Campbell DR. Earlier snow melt and reduced summer precipitation alter floral traits important to pollination. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:323-339. [PMID: 34582609 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can cause changes in expression of organismal traits that influence fitness. In flowering plants, floral traits can respond to drought, and that phenotypic plasticity has the potential to affect pollination and plant reproductive success. Global climate change is leading to earlier snow melt in snow-dominated ecosystems as well as affecting precipitation during the growing season, but the effects of snow melt timing on floral morphology and rewards remain unknown. We conducted crossed manipulations of spring snow melt timing (early vs. control) and summer monsoon precipitation (addition, control, and reduction) that mimicked recent natural variation, and examined plastic responses in floral traits of Ipomopsis aggregata over 3 years in the Rocky Mountains. We tested whether increased summer precipitation compensated for earlier snow melt, and if plasticity was associated with changes in soil moisture and/or leaf gas exchange. Lower summer precipitation decreased corolla length, style length, corolla width, sepal width, and nectar production, and increased nectar concentration. Earlier snow melt (taking into account natural and experimental variation) had the same effects on those traits and decreased inflorescence height. The effect of reduced summer precipitation was stronger in earlier snow melt years for corolla length and sepal width. Trait reductions were explained by drier soil during the flowering period, but this effect was only partially explained by how drier soils affected plant water stress, as measured by leaf gas exchange. We predicted the effects of plastic trait changes on pollinator visitation rates, pollination success, and seed production using prior studies on I. aggregata. The largest predicted effect of drier soil on relative fitness components via plasticity was a decrease in male fitness caused by reduced pollinator rewards (nectar production). Early snow melt and reduced precipitation are strong drivers of phenotypic plasticity, and both should be considered when predicting effects of climate change on plant traits in snow-dominated ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Powers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado, USA
| | - Heather M Briggs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado, USA
| | - Rachel G Dickson
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado, USA
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado, USA
| | - Diane R Campbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado, USA
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18
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Lameris TK, Hoekendijk J, Aarts G, Aarts A, Allen AM, Bienfait L, Bijleveld AI, Bongers MF, Brasseur S, Chan YC, de Ferrante F, de Gelder J, Derksen H, Dijkgraaf L, Dijkhuis LR, Dijkstra S, Elbertsen G, Ernsten R, Foxen T, Gaarenstroom J, Gelhausen A, van Gils JA, Grosscurt S, Grundlehner A, Hertlein ML, van Heumen AJ, Heurman M, Huffeldt NP, Hutter WH, Kamstra YJJ, Keij F, van Kempen S, Keurntjes G, Knap H, Loonstra AJ, Nolet BA, Nuijten RJ, Mattijssen D, Oosterhoff H, Paarlberg N, Parekh M, Pattyn J, Polak C, Quist Y, Ras S, Reneerkens J, Ruth S, van der Schaar E, Schroen G, Spikman F, van Velzen J, Voorn E, Vos J, Wang D, Westdijk W, Wind M, Zhemchuzhnikov MK, van Langevelde F. Migratory vertebrates shift migration timing and distributions in a warming Arctic. ANIMAL MIGRATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ami-2020-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Climate warming in the Arctic has led to warmer and earlier springs, and as a result, many food resources for migratory animals become available earlier in the season, as well as become distributed further northwards. To optimally profit from these resources, migratory animals are expected to arrive earlier in the Arctic, as well as shift their own spatial distributions northwards. Here, we review literature to assess whether Arctic migratory birds and mammals already show shifts in migration timing or distribution in response to the warming climate. Distribution shifts were most prominent in marine mammals, as expected from observed northward shifts of their resources. At least for many bird species, the ability to shift distributions is likely constrained by available habitat further north. Shifts in timing have been shown in many species of terrestrial birds and ungulates, as well as for polar bears. Within species, we found strong variation in shifts in timing and distributions between populations. Ou r review thus shows that many migratory animals display shifts in migration timing and spatial distribution in reaction to a warming Arctic. Importantly, we identify large knowledge gaps especially concerning distribution shifts and timing of autumn migration, especially for marine mammals. Our understanding of how migratory animals respond to climate change appears to be mostly limited by the lack of long-term monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K. Lameris
- Department of Coastal Systems , NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research , Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands ; Department of Animal Ecology , Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hoekendijk
- Department of Coastal Systems , NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research , Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Aarts
- Department of Coastal Systems , NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research , Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
- Wageningen Marine Research , Wage-ningen University and Research , Den Helder , the Netherlands
| | - Aline Aarts
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Andrew M. Allen
- Department of Animal Ecology , Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Louise Bienfait
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Allert I. Bijleveld
- Department of Coastal Systems , NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research , Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Morten F. Bongers
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Brasseur
- Department of Coastal Systems , NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research , Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Marine Research , Wage-ningen University and Research , Den Helder , the Netherlands
| | - Ying-Chi Chan
- Department of Coastal Systems , NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research , Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES) , University of Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Frits de Ferrante
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jesse de Gelder
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Hilmar Derksen
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Dijkgraaf
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Laurens R. Dijkhuis
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Dijkstra
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Gert Elbertsen
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Roosmarijn Ernsten
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Tessa Foxen
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jari Gaarenstroom
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Anna Gelhausen
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. van Gils
- Department of Coastal Systems , NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research , Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES) , University of Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Grosscurt
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Anne Grundlehner
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Marit L. Hertlein
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Anouk J.P. van Heumen
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Moniek Heurman
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Per Huffeldt
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources , Nuuk , Greenland & Arctic Ecosystem Ecology, Department of Bioscience , Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Willemijn H. Hutter
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Ynze J. J. Kamstra
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Femke Keij
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Susanne van Kempen
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Gabi Keurntjes
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Harmen Knap
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | | | - Bart A. Nolet
- Department of Animal Ecology , Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) , Wageningen , the Netherlands
- Theoretical and Computational Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Rascha J.M. Nuijten
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Djan Mattijssen
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Hanna Oosterhoff
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Nienke Paarlberg
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Malou Parekh
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jef Pattyn
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Celeste Polak
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Yordi Quist
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Susan Ras
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Reneerkens
- Department of Coastal Systems , NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research , Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Ruth
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Evelien van der Schaar
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Geert Schroen
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Fanny Spikman
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Joyce van Velzen
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Ezra Voorn
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Vos
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Danyang Wang
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Wilson Westdijk
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Marco Wind
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Mikhail K. Zhemchuzhnikov
- Department of Coastal Systems , NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research , Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Frank van Langevelde
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
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Kim J, Kim Y, Zona D, Oechel W, Park SJ, Lee BY, Yi Y, Erb A, Schaaf CL. Carbon response of tundra ecosystems to advancing greenup and snowmelt in Alaska. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6879. [PMID: 34824215 PMCID: PMC8617207 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26876-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing disproportionate increases in temperature and precipitation over the Arctic region may greatly alter the latitudinal gradients in greenup and snowmelt timings as well as associated carbon dynamics of tundra ecosystems. Here we use remotely-sensed and ground-based datasets and model results embedding snowmelt timing in phenology at seven tundra flux tower sites in Alaska during 2001-2018, showing that the carbon response to early greenup or delayed snowmelt varies greatly depending upon local climatic limits. Increases in net ecosystem productivity (NEP) due to early greenup were amplified at the higher latitudes where temperature and water strongly colimit vegetation growth, while NEP decreases due to delayed snowmelt were alleviated by a relief of water stress. Given the high likelihood of more frequent delayed snowmelt at higher latitudes, this study highlights the importance of understanding the role of snowmelt timing in vegetation growth and terrestrial carbon cycles across warming Arctic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiHyun Kim
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjoo Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Donatella Zona
- grid.263081.e0000 0001 0790 1491Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262Department of Animal and Plant Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Walter Oechel
- grid.263081.e0000 0001 0790 1491Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sang-Jong Park
- grid.410913.e0000 0004 0400 5538Division of Atmospheric Sciences, KOPRI, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Yong Lee
- grid.410913.e0000 0004 0400 5538Division of Atmospheric Sciences, KOPRI, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghong Yi
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Angela Erb
- grid.266685.90000 0004 0386 3207School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA USA
| | - Crystal L. Schaaf
- grid.266685.90000 0004 0386 3207School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA USA
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20
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MacDougall AS, Caplat P, Olofsson J, Siewert MB, Bonner C, Esch E, Lessard-Therrien M, Rosenzweig H, Schäfer AK, Raker P, Ridha H, Bolmgren K, Fries TCE, Larson K. Comparison of the distribution and phenology of Arctic Mountain plants between the early 20th and 21st centuries. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:5070-5083. [PMID: 34297435 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arctic plants are adapted to climatic variability, but their long-term responses to warming remain unclear. Responses may occur by range shifts, phenological adjustments in growth and reproduction, or both. Here, we compare distribution and phenology of 83 arctic and boreal mountain species, sampled identically in the early 20th (1917-1919) and 21st centuries (2017-2018) from a region of northern Sweden that has warmed significantly. We test two compensatory hypotheses to high-latitude warming-upward shifts in distribution, and earlier or extended growth and reproduction. For distribution, we show dramatic upward migration by 69% of species, averaging 6.1 m per decade, especially boreal woodland taxa whose upward expansion has reduced arctic montane habitat by 30%. Twenty percent of summit species showed distributional shifts but downward, especially moisture-associated snowbed flora. For phenology, we detected wide inter-annual variability in the onset of leafing and flowering in both eras. However, there was no detectable change in growing-season length, relating to two mechanisms. First, plot-level snow melt data starting in 1917 demonstrated that melt date, rather than vernal temperatures, better predicts plant emergence, with snow melt influenced by warmer years having greater snowfall-warmer springs did not always result in earlier emergence because snowbeds can persist longer. Second, the onset of reproductive senescence between eras was similar, even when plant emergence was earlier by a month, possibly due to intensified summer heat stress or hard-wired 'canalization' where senescence occurs regardless of summer temperature. Migrations in this system have possibly buffered arctic species against displacement by boreal expansion and warming, but ongoing temperature increases, woody plant invasion, and a potential lack of flexibility in timing of senescence may foreshadow challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S MacDougall
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paul Caplat
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Johan Olofsson
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthias B Siewert
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Colin Bonner
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ellen Esch
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Pia Raker
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hassan Ridha
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kjell Bolmgren
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Keith Larson
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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21
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Rosbakh S, Hartig F, Sandanov DV, Bukharova EV, Miller TK, Primack RB. Siberian plants shift their phenology in response to climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4435-4448. [PMID: 34101938 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Siberia has undergone dramatic climatic changes due to global warming in recent decades. Yet, the ecological responses to these climatic changes are still poorly understood due to a lack of data. Here, we use a unique data set from the Russian 'Chronicles of Nature' network to analyse the long-term (1976-2018) phenological shifts in leaf out, flowering, fruiting and senescence of 67 common Siberian plant species. We find that Siberian boreal forest plants advanced their early season (leaf out and flowering) and mid-season (fruiting) phenology by -2.2, -0.7 and -1.6 days/decade, and delayed the onset of senescence by 1.6 days/decade during this period. These mean values, however, are subject to substantial intraspecific variability, which is partly explained by the plants' growth forms. Trees and shrubs advanced leaf out and flowering (-3.1 and -3.3. days/decade) faster than herbs (-1 day/decade), presumably due to the more direct exposure of leaf and flower buds to ambient air for the woody vegetation. For senescence, we detected a reverse pattern: stronger delays in herbs (2.1 days/decade) than in woody plants (1.0-1.2 days/decade), presumably due to the stronger effects of autumn frosts on the leaves of herbs. Interestingly, the timing of fruiting in all four growth forms advanced at similar paces, from 1.4 days/decade in shrubs to 1.7 days/decade in trees and herbs. Our findings point to a strong, yet heterogeneous, response of Siberian plant phenology to recent global warming. Furthermore, the results highlight that species- and growth form-specific differences among study species could be used to identify plants particularly at risk of decline due to their low adaptive capacity or a loss of synchronization with important interaction partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Rosbakh
- Ecology and Nature Conservation Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Plant Biodiversity Lab, Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Florian Hartig
- Theoretical Ecology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Denis V Sandanov
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | | | - Tara K Miller
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Collins CG, Elmendorf SC, Hollister RD, Henry GHR, Clark K, Bjorkman AD, Myers-Smith IH, Prevéy JS, Ashton IW, Assmann JJ, Alatalo JM, Carbognani M, Chisholm C, Cooper EJ, Forrester C, Jónsdóttir IS, Klanderud K, Kopp CW, Livensperger C, Mauritz M, May JL, Molau U, Oberbauer SF, Ogburn E, Panchen ZA, Petraglia A, Post E, Rixen C, Rodenhizer H, Schuur EAG, Semenchuk P, Smith JG, Steltzer H, Totland Ø, Walker MD, Welker JM, Suding KN. Experimental warming differentially affects vegetative and reproductive phenology of tundra plants. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3442. [PMID: 34117253 PMCID: PMC8196023 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid climate warming is altering Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystem structure and function, including shifts in plant phenology. While the advancement of green up and flowering are well-documented, it remains unclear whether all phenophases, particularly those later in the season, will shift in unison or respond divergently to warming. Here, we present the largest synthesis to our knowledge of experimental warming effects on tundra plant phenology from the International Tundra Experiment. We examine the effect of warming on a suite of season-wide plant phenophases. Results challenge the expectation that all phenophases will advance in unison to warming. Instead, we find that experimental warming caused: (1) larger phenological shifts in reproductive versus vegetative phenophases and (2) advanced reproductive phenophases and green up but delayed leaf senescence which translated to a lengthening of the growing season by approximately 3%. Patterns were consistent across sites, plant species and over time. The advancement of reproductive seasons and lengthening of growing seasons may have significant consequences for trophic interactions and ecosystem function across the tundra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney G Collins
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Sarah C Elmendorf
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robert D Hollister
- Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Greg H R Henry
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karin Clark
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT, Canada
| | - Anne D Bjorkman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Isabel W Ashton
- National Park Service, Inventory & Monitoring Division, Rapid City, SD, USA
| | | | - Juha M Alatalo
- Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Michele Carbognani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Chelsea Chisholm
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth J Cooper
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway UiT, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Chiara Forrester
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ingibjörg Svala Jónsdóttir
- Department of Life- and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
| | - Kari Klanderud
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Christopher W Kopp
- Biodiversity Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Marguerite Mauritz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jeremy L May
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ulf Molau
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Steven F Oberbauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Emily Ogburn
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Zoe A Panchen
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alessandro Petraglia
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Eric Post
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christian Rixen
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Rodenhizer
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Edward A G Schuur
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Philipp Semenchuk
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, The University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jane G Smith
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Heidi Steltzer
- Department of Environment and Sustainability, Fort Lewis College, Durango, CO, USA
| | - Ørjan Totland
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Jeffrey M Welker
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, The University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Katharine N Suding
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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23
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Bjorkman AD, Wulff A. A reflection on four impactful Ambio papers: The biotic perspective : This article belongs to Ambio's 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Climate change impacts. AMBIO 2021; 50:1145-1149. [PMID: 33650069 PMCID: PMC8068746 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-020-01442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change represents one of the most pressing societal and scientific challenges of our time. While much of the current research on climate change focuses on future prediction, some of the strongest signals of warming can already be seen in Arctic and alpine areas, where temperatures are rising faster than the global average, and in the oceans, where the combination of rising temperatures and acidification due to increased CO2 concentrations has had catastrophic consequences for sensitive marine organisms inhabiting coral reefs. The scientific papers highlighted as part of this anniversary issue represent some of the most impactful advances in our understanding of the consequences of anthropogenic climate change. Here, we reflect on the legacy of these papers from the biotic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne D. Bjorkman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Angela Wulff
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden
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24
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Kelsey KC, Pedersen SH, Leffler AJ, Sexton JO, Feng M, Welker JM. Winter snow and spring temperature have differential effects on vegetation phenology and productivity across Arctic plant communities. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1572-1586. [PMID: 33372357 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tundra dominates two-thirds of the unglaciated, terrestrial Arctic. Although this region has experienced rapid and widespread changes in vegetation phenology and productivity over the last several decades, the specific climatic drivers responsible for this change remain poorly understood. Here we quantified the effect of winter snowpack and early spring temperature conditions on growing season vegetation phenology (timing of the start, peak, and end of the growing season) and productivity of the dominant tundra vegetation communities of Arctic Alaska. We used daily remotely sensed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and daily snowpack and temperature variables produced by SnowModel and MicroMet, coupled physically based snow and meteorological modeling tools, to (1) determine the most important snowpack and thermal controls on tundra vegetation phenology and productivity and (2) describe the direction of these relationships within each vegetation community. Our results show that soil temperature under the snowpack, snowmelt timing, and air temperature following snowmelt are the most important drivers of growing season timing and productivity among Arctic vegetation communities. Air temperature after snowmelt was the most important control on timing of season start and end, with warmer conditions contributing to earlier phenology in all vegetation communities. In contrast, the controls on the timing of peak season and productivity also included snowmelt timing and soil temperature under the snowpack, dictated in part by the snow insulating capacity. The results of this novel analysis suggest that while future warming effects on phenology may be consistent across communities of the tundra biome, warming may result in divergent, community-specific productivity responses if coupled with reduced snow insulating capacity lowers winter soil temperature and potential nutrient cycling in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine C Kelsey
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Stine Højlund Pedersen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - A Joshua Leffler
- Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | | | - Min Feng
- terraPulse, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Welker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- University of the Arctic-UArctic, Rovaniemi, Finland
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25
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Abstract
Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) is declining at an accelerating rate with a wide range of ecological consequences. However, determining sea ice effects on tundra vegetation remains a challenge. In this study, we examined the universality or lack thereof in tundra shrub growth responses to changes in SIE and summer climate across the Pan-Arctic, taking advantage of 23 tundra shrub-ring chronologies from 19 widely distributed sites (56°N to 83°N). We show a clear divergence in shrub growth responses to SIE that began in the mid-1990s, with 39% of the chronologies showing declines and 57% showing increases in radial growth (decreasers and increasers, respectively). Structural equation models revealed that declining SIE was associated with rising air temperature and precipitation for increasers and with increasingly dry conditions for decreasers. Decreasers tended to be from areas of the Arctic with lower summer precipitation and their growth decline was related to decreases in the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index. Our findings suggest that moisture limitation, associated with declining SIE, might inhibit the positive effects of warming on shrub growth over a considerable part of the terrestrial Arctic, thereby complicating predictions of vegetation change and future tundra productivity.
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26
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Samplonius JM, Atkinson A, Hassall C, Keogan K, Thackeray SJ, Assmann JJ, Burgess MD, Johansson J, Macphie KH, Pearce-Higgins JW, Simmonds EG, Varpe Ø, Weir JC, Childs DZ, Cole EF, Daunt F, Hart T, Lewis OT, Pettorelli N, Sheldon BC, Phillimore AB. Strengthening the evidence base for temperature-mediated phenological asynchrony and its impacts. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 5:155-164. [PMID: 33318690 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Climate warming has caused the seasonal timing of many components of ecological food chains to advance. In the context of trophic interactions, the match-mismatch hypothesis postulates that differential shifts can lead to phenological asynchrony with negative impacts for consumers. However, at present there has been no consistent analysis of the links between temperature change, phenological asynchrony and individual-to-population-level impacts across taxa, trophic levels and biomes at a global scale. Here, we propose five criteria that all need to be met to demonstrate that temperature-mediated trophic asynchrony poses a growing risk to consumers. We conduct a literature review of 109 papers studying 129 taxa, and find that all five criteria are assessed for only two taxa, with the majority of taxa only having one or two criteria assessed. Crucially, nearly every study was conducted in Europe or North America, and most studies were on terrestrial secondary consumers. We thus lack a robust evidence base from which to draw general conclusions about the risk that climate-mediated trophic asynchrony may pose to populations worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelmer M Samplonius
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | | | - Christopher Hassall
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Katharine Keogan
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Malcolm D Burgess
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Sandy, UK.,Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Kirsty H Macphie
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James W Pearce-Higgins
- British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford, UK.,Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily G Simmonds
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øystein Varpe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jamie C Weir
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dylan Z Childs
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ella F Cole
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Tom Hart
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Owen T Lewis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ben C Sheldon
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Albert B Phillimore
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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27
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Liu Z, Kimball JS, Parazoo NC, Ballantyne AP, Wang WJ, Madani N, Pan CG, Watts JD, Reichle RH, Sonnentag O, Marsh P, Hurkuck M, Helbig M, Quinton WL, Zona D, Ueyama M, Kobayashi H, Euskirchen ES. Increased high-latitude photosynthetic carbon gain offset by respiration carbon loss during an anomalous warm winter to spring transition. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:682-696. [PMID: 31596019 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arctic and boreal ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon (C) budget, and whether they act as a future net C sink or source depends on climate and environmental change. Here, we used complementary in situ measurements, model simulations, and satellite observations to investigate the net carbon dioxide (CO2 ) seasonal cycle and its climatic and environmental controls across Alaska and northwestern Canada during the anomalously warm winter to spring conditions of 2015 and 2016 (relative to 2010-2014). In the warm spring, we found that photosynthesis was enhanced more than respiration, leading to greater CO2 uptake. However, photosynthetic enhancement from spring warming was partially offset by greater ecosystem respiration during the preceding anomalously warm winter, resulting in nearly neutral effects on the annual net CO2 balance. Eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements showed that air temperature has a primary influence on net CO2 exchange in winter and spring, while soil moisture has a primary control on net CO2 exchange in the fall. The net CO2 exchange was generally more moisture limited in the boreal region than in the Arctic tundra. Our analysis indicates complex seasonal interactions of underlying C cycle processes in response to changing climate and hydrology that may not manifest in changes in net annual CO2 exchange. Therefore, a better understanding of the seasonal response of C cycle processes may provide important insights for predicting future carbon-climate feedbacks and their consequences on atmospheric CO2 dynamics in the northern high latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - John S Kimball
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Nicholas C Parazoo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ashley P Ballantyne
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Wen J Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Nima Madani
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Caleb G Pan
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | | | | | - Oliver Sonnentag
- Département de géographie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philip Marsh
- Cold Regions Research Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Miriam Hurkuck
- Département de géographie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Manuel Helbig
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - William L Quinton
- Cold Regions Research Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Donatella Zona
- Global Change Research Group, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Masahito Ueyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Hideki Kobayashi
- Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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