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Cha M, Lee S, Yoon S, Lee SY, Gupta H, Ganesan R, Sharma SP, Won S, Jeong J, Kim DJ, Oh K, Suk K. New insight of chemical constituents in Persea americana fruit against obesity via integrated pharmacology. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13778. [PMID: 38515346 PMCID: PMC10958180 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Persea americana fruit (PAF) is a favorable nutraceutical resource that comprises diverse unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). UFAs are significant dietary supplementation, as they relieve metabolic disorders, including obesity (OB). In another aspect, this study was focused on the anti-OB efficacy of the non-fatty acids (NFAs) in PAF through network pharmacology (NP). Natural product activity & species source (NPASS), SwissADME, similarity ensemble approach (SEA), Swiss target prediction (STP), DisGeNET, and online Mendelian inheritance in man (OMIM) were utilized to gather significant molecules and its targets. The crucial targets were adopted to construct certain networks: protein-protein interaction (PPI), PAF-signaling pathways-targets-compounds (PSTC) networks, a bubble chart, molecular docking assay (MDA), and density function theory (DFT). Finally, the toxicities of the key compounds were validated by ADMETlab 2.0 platform. All 41 compounds in PAF conformed to Lipinski's rule, and the key 31 targets were identified between OB and PAF. On the bubble chart, PPAR signaling pathway had the highest rich factor, suggesting that the pathway might be an agonism for anti-OB. Conversely, estrogen signaling pathway had the lowest rich factor, indicating that the mechanism might be antagonism against OB. Likewise, the PSTC network represented that AKT1 had the greatest degree value. The MDA results showed that AKT1-gamma-tocopherol, PPARA-fucosterol, PPARD-stigmasterol, (PPARG)-fucosterol, (NR1H3)-campesterol, and ILK-alpha-tocopherol formed the most stable conformers. The DFT represented that the five molecules might be promising agents via multicomponent targeting. Overall, this study suggests that the NFAs in PAF might play important roles against OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min‐Gi Cha
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Su‐Been Lee
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Sang‐Jun Yoon
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Sang Youn Lee
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Haripriya Gupta
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Satya Priya Sharma
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Sung‐Min Won
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Jin‐Ju Jeong
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Ki‐Kwang Oh
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Ki‐Tae Suk
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
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Marghoub S, Sanaie S, Sullman MJM, Nejadghaderi SA, Safiri S, Mohammadinasab R. Obesity from a sign of being rich to a disease of the new age: A historical review. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1670. [PMID: 37920661 PMCID: PMC10618901 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Obesity has historically been seen as a sign of wealth and social privilege, as can be inferred from studying the ancient works. We aimed to report the causes, diagnostic approaches, and treatment among the authentic books of traditional Iranian medicine. Methods We searched the original versions of historical books and used a narrative approach to report the history of obesity. Results Obesity was often seen as an indicator of complete health. Obesity in healthy women was a requirement for beauty, based on descriptions of women from the Zoroaster period and from antiquity to the late Qajar period. This point of view existed during various ages. However, after the constitutional period, the view of obesity changed into that of an illness, due to modern ideas and offshore role models, especially during the Pahlavi era. This change led to serious attempts to treat obesity. Obesity is a critical problem that needs immediate attention to prevent substantial health consequences. Different medical paradigms have presented their criteria and foundations throughout history. The emphasis of Iranian alternative medicine was on prevention and the maintenance of health, with the next step being treatment. Prevention, treatment, consuming medicinal plants, and recovery have often been written about in the traditional books of medicine. Conclusions Throughout the traditional Iranian medical texts, physicians have made recommendations about maintaining an appropriate body weight. The best treatment was prevention and a healthy lifestyle. The treatments for controlling and restricting obesity included paying attention to nourishment, mobility, and even the habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Marghoub
- Department of History of Medicine, School of Traditional MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Sarvin Sanaie
- Neurosciences Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Mark J. M. Sullman
- Department of Life and Health SciencesUniversity of NicosiaNicosiaCyprus
- Department of Social SciencesUniversity of NicosiaNicosiaCyprus
| | - Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research InstituteTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Saeid Safiri
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research InstituteTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Reza Mohammadinasab
- Department of History of Medicine, School of Traditional MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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Amidžić M, Banović Fuentes J, Banović J, Torović L. Notifications and Health Consequences of Unauthorized Pharmaceuticals in Food Supplements. PHARMACY 2023; 11:154. [PMID: 37888499 PMCID: PMC10609884 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11050154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Health concerns associated with the consumption of food supplements rise in parallel with the rise in the popularity and market availability of these products. In pursuit of data related to the unauthorized presence of pharmaceuticals in food supplements, the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) database was searched for the 2011-2022 period. The most "popular" pharmaceuticals for the adulteration of food supplements were phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (235 records); anorexics and laxatives (76), including sibutramine and its active metabolite N-didesmethyl sibutramine, phenolphthalein and 2,4-dinitrophenol; stimulants, among which 1,3-dimethylamine (97), and synephrine (53) were the most numerous; nootropic drugs (24); anabolics and prohormones (16); and cannabinoid cannabidiol (14) (pending authorization as a novel food ingredient). Over 65% of notifications of interest were classified as serious risks, and over 80% of these were alert or border rejection notifications, mainly generated as a result of official control on the market. The alarming number of RASFF notifications should be considered a public health issue, demanding clear and targeted recommendation for action for the legislature and authorities. A harmonized nutrivigilance system should be considered as a tool to detect and scrutinize the adverse health effects of food supplements, along with measures to improve their safety, quality, and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Amidžić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.A.); (J.B.F.)
| | - Jelena Banović Fuentes
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.A.); (J.B.F.)
| | - Jovica Banović
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Ljilja Torović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.A.); (J.B.F.)
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Fourie A, Julyan M, Mostert L, Du Plessis JM. Potential drug-drug interactions with phentermine among long-term phentermine consumers: A retrospective analysis. S Afr Med J 2023; 113:63-68. [PMID: 37882119 DOI: 10.7196/samj.2023.v113i8.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phentermine is an internationally recognised amphetamine derivative with significant appetite-suppressing properties. The drug is indicated for the short-term management of obesity, as the long-term (LT) use of phentermine may potentially be associated with severe cardiovascular side-effects, abuse and dependence. The LT use hereinafter describes periods exceeding 12 consecutive weeks. This use may also be associated with potential drug-drug interactions (PDDIs), which may result in adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The literature reports that phentermine is often prescribed LT and for several other off-label indications, increasing the risk for individuals to experience adverse drug events (ADEs) and drug-drug interactions (DDIs). There are, to our knowledge, no South African (SA) studies investigating the prevalence of co-prescribing LT phentermine with drugs that may potentially cause DDIs. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of mild, moderate and severe DDIs with phentermine use when the duration of therapy in private healthcare exceeded 12 consecutive weeks. METHODS A cross-sectional drug utilisation review (DUR) was done by using data obtained from a SA pharmacy benefit management (PBM) company's database. Retrospective data of medicine claims for phentermine, from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2019, were extracted for analysis. The number of days phentermine was supplied was used to identify the study population, in other words, those patients who received the drug LT. A drug interaction checker (Drugs.com) was used to identify potential mild, moderate and severe DDIs when using phentermine and co-prescribed drugs concurrently. RESULTS A total of 889 patients received phentermine LT. The top 20 drugs identified as being frequently co-prescribed in this study population demonstrated no mild PDDI, 15 (75%) moderate PDDIs and 5 (25%) severe PDDIs. The most common co-prescribed drug in the moderate group was dextromethorphan (n=282, 31.72%) and the least co-prescribed was formoterol (n=52, 5.85%). Among the drug group 'severe PDDIs', tramadol (n=416, 46.79%) was most frequently prescribed, whereas phenylpropanolamine (n=69, 7.76%) was the least prescribed to patients in this group. CONCLUSION There are patients who receive LT phentermine therapy despite the potential severe consequences that may result. These patients may receive concomitant therapy with phentermine and other pharmaceutical constituents, which may potentially cause DDIs, more specifically, moderate and severe DDIs. As such, these patients are not only confronted with the consequences of DDIs but are also at risk to experience ADRs as the residual effect of PDDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fourie
- Medicine Usage in South Africa (MUSA), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - M Julyan
- Medicine Usage in South Africa (MUSA), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - L Mostert
- Medicine Usage in South Africa (MUSA), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - J M Du Plessis
- Medicine Usage in South Africa (MUSA), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Jones G, Ricard JA, Hendricks P, Simonsson O. Associations between MDMA/ecstasy use and physical health in a U.S. population-based survey sample. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:1129-1135. [PMID: 36189781 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221127318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA/"ecstasy") is an empathogen that can give rise to increased pleasure and empathy and may effectively treat post-traumatic stress disorder. Although prior research has demonstrated associations between ecstasy use and favorable mental health outcomes, the associations between ecstasy and physical health have largely been unexplored. Thus, the goal of this study was to examine the associations between ecstasy use and physical health in a population-based survey sample. METHOD This study utilized data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2005-2018), a yearly survey that collects information on substance use and health outcomes in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. We used multinomial, ordered, and logistic regression models to test the associations between lifetime ecstasy use and various markers of physical health (self-reported body mass index, overall health, past year heart condition and/or cancer, past year heart disease, past year hypertension, and past year diabetes), controlling for a range of potential confounders. RESULTS Lifetime ecstasy use was associated with significantly lower risk of self-reported overweightness and obesity (adjusted relative risk ratio range: 0.55-0.88) and lower odds of self-reported past year heart condition and/or cancer (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.67), hypertension (aOR: 0.85), and diabetes (aOR: 0.58). Ecstasy use was also associated with significantly higher odds of better self-reported overall health (aOR: 1.18). CONCLUSION Ecstasy shares protective associations with various physical health markers. Future longitudinal studies and clinical trials are needed to more rigorously test these associations.
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Pharmacological Management of Obesity: A Century of Expert Opinions in Cecil Textbook of Medicine. Am J Ther 2022; 29:e410-e424. [PMID: 35687055 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0000000000001524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innovations in drug therapy for obesity have had a limited impact on the body mass index, prevalence of medical complications, quality of life, and work potential of a substantial majority of affected persons. STUDY QUESTION What are the milestones of the changes in the expert approach to the pharmacological management of obesity in the past century? STUDY DESIGN To determine the changes in the experts' approach to the management of obesity, as presented in a widely used textbook in the United States. DATA SOURCES The primary sources were chapters describing the management of obesity in the 26 editions of Cecil Textbook of Medicine published from 1927 through 2020. Secondary sources were publications retrieved from Medline that clarified technical issues related to the development, regulatory approval, and use of the drugs mentioned in the Cecil Textbook of Medicine. RESULTS Pharmacological interventions aimed at increasing caloric expenditures through thermogenesis were recommended from 1927 through 1943. Thyroid extracts were prescribed even in the absence of demonstrated hypothyroidism or decreased basal metabolic rate throughout this period. Dinitrophenol was mentioned in 1937, but was banned soon thereafter. Appetite suppression with amphetamine was considered useful from 1943 through 1988, after which the drug was replaced with other centrally acting molecules, such as fenfluramine in 1988, sibutramine in 2000, and rimonabant in 2008, which were in turn withdrawn because of major adverse effects. In the past decade, obesity has been treated with the appetite suppressants phentermine-topiramate, bupropion-naltrexone, lorcaserin, and liraglutide, and with orlistat, a drug promoting fat malabsorption. The change in weight produced by these drugs is generally modest and transient. CONCLUSIONS The pharmacological management of obesity has remained frustratingly inefficient. The reasons for the relative lack of success may reside in the ever-growing access to dense, palatable, and relatively inexpensive food, coupled with the decrease in energy expenditure created by a sedentary lifestyle.
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Sumińska M, Podgórski R, Bogusz-Górna K, Skowrońska B, Mazur A, Fichna M. Historical and cultural aspects of obesity: From a symbol of wealth and prosperity to the epidemic of the 21st century. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13440. [PMID: 35238142 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
World Health Organization defines obesity as abnormal or excess adipose tissue accumulation. Nowadays, this condition is a serious threat to the public health in most countries around the world. Obesity adversely affects physical, mental, and in most cultures, social well-being. However, throughout the ages-from ancient times to the 21st century-this condition has been subject to various interpretations. As a matter of fact, obesity has not always been regarded as a disease. For many decades, excessive body weight has been considered rather a symbol of health. It was a marker of wealth and prosperity, as well as a sign of high social status. The centuries that passed on the development of science and medicine have gradually changed its face, but significant progress in understanding the causes and consequences of obesity has been made in the last 30 years. This paper presents the historical outline of obesity and its treatment from ancient times to the present-from its affirmation to the epidemic in the late 20th and 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sumińska
- Department of Pediatric Diabetes and Obesity, Institute of Pediatrics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Rafał Podgórski
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Collegium of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Bogusz-Górna
- Department of Pediatric Diabetes and Obesity, Institute of Pediatrics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Bogda Skowrońska
- Department of Pediatric Diabetes and Obesity, Institute of Pediatrics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Artur Mazur
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Endocrinology and Diabetes, Collegium of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Marta Fichna
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Khalid M, Alqarni MH, Shoaib A, Wahab S, Foudah AI, Aljarba TM, Akhtar J, Alamri MA, Ahmad S. Anti-Obesity Action of Boerhavia diffusa in Rats against High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity by Blocking the Cannabinoid Receptors. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11091158. [PMID: 35567159 PMCID: PMC9105516 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular illnesses have known risk factors in the pathophysiology of an unhealthy diet. Obesity now affects almost a third of the world’s population and is widely seen as a side effect of the Industrial Revolution. The current study aimed to determine natural phytoconstituents that have a significant role in the management of obesity. In this view, we have selected the plant Boerhavia diffusa which has different pharmacological actions and is traditionally used to treat sickness caused by lifestyle modification. The methanolic extract of the plant material was prepared and then further fractionated by means of solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol, and water). The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) analysis was done by taking the active constituent of the plant (Punarnavine, Boeravinone B, and Eupalitin). The molecular docking analysis of these compounds is also performed by targeting the cannabinoid receptor (CR). Structural analysis of the best complex was done using the Discovery Studio visualizer tool. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis was done by using a solvent system (chloroform and methanol in a ratio of 8:2). The in vivo study was done on the Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats treated with a high-fat diet to induce obesity and different parameters such as body weight, behavioral activity, organ fat pad weight, lipid profile, and liver biomarkers (AST, ALT, BUN, and creatinine) were estimated. The result of the study suggested that the phytoconstituents of B. diffusa upon molecular docking revealed the possible binding mechanisms with the CR and thus show potent anti-obesity action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khalid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.A.); (A.I.F.); (T.M.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohammed H. Alqarni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.A.); (A.I.F.); (T.M.A.)
| | - Ambreen Shoaib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 960, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed I. Foudah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.A.); (A.I.F.); (T.M.A.)
| | - Tariq M. Aljarba
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.A.); (A.I.F.); (T.M.A.)
| | - Juber Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India;
| | - Mubarak A. Alamri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.); (S.A.)
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Saunders JF, Nutter S, Russell-Mayhew S. Examining the Conceptual and Measurement Overlap of Body Dissatisfaction and Internalized Weight Stigma in Predominantly Female Samples: A Meta-Analysis and Measurement Refinement Study. Front Glob Womens Health 2022; 3:877554. [PMID: 35528312 PMCID: PMC9070483 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.877554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Both body dissatisfaction and internalized weight stigma have been identified as risk factors for many negative health outcomes for women, including depression and eating disorders. In addition to these contributions, these concepts have been found to overlap to various degrees in existing literature. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on articles published prior to February 2022 to demonstrate the conceptual and measurement overlap between body dissatisfaction and internalized weight stigma as currently quantified. We identified 48 studies examining the interrelation between body dissatisfaction and internalized weight stigma in predominantly female samples. Stronger correlations between these two constructs, some bordering on multicollinearity, were prevalent in community samples compared to clinical samples and with some but not all the commonly used measures in the body image and weight stigma fields. Body mass index (BMI) moderated these relations such that individuals with higher self-reported BMI were more likely to report lower correlations between the constructs. This concept proliferation, stronger for individuals with lower BMIs and community samples, necessitates the need change how we conceptualize and measure body dissatisfaction and internalized weight stigma. To this end, we conducted study two to refine existing measures and lessen the degree of measurement overlap between internalized weight stigma and body dissatisfaction, particularly in community samples of women. We aimed to clarify the boundaries between these two concepts, ensuring measurement error is better accounted for. Female university students completed existing measures of body satisfaction and internalized weight stigma, which were analyzed using an exploratory followed by a confirmatory factor analysis. In our attempts to modify two existing measures of internalized weight stigma and body dissatisfaction, the majority of the internalized weight stigma items were retained. In contrast, most of the body dissatisfaction items either cross-loaded onto both factors or loaded on to the internalized weight stigma factor despite being intended for the body dissatisfaction factor, suggesting that the measurement issues identified in recent prior research may be due not only to the way we conceptualize and quantify weight stigma, but also the ways in which we quantify body dissatisfaction, across the existing corpus of body dissatisfaction scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F. Saunders
- Hiatt School of Psychology, Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jessica F. Saunders
| | - Sarah Nutter
- Department of Educational Psychology and Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Saeedzadeh Sardahaee F, Kvaløy K. Cross-sectional study of BMI, weight concern, body size perception, dieting and mental distress in adolescents: The HUNT Study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e045962. [PMID: 35440443 PMCID: PMC9020309 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the associations between body mass index (BMI), weight concern, body size perception, dieting and mental distress in a population-based study of 7350 adolescents. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTINGS Data from a Norwegian population-based cohort, The Young-HUNT3 (2006-2008) from the county of Nord-Trøndelag, Norway. PARTICIPANTS A total of 7350 adolescents (13-19 years) who had both self-reported questionnaire data and anthropometric measures. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Odds for mental distress given sex, BMI, weight concern, body size perception and dieting. Analyses were performed in binomial logistic regression models. RESULTS Compared with being overweight/obese, having weight concern, irrespective of BMI, was associated with higher OR for mental distress (MD) among boys and girls. Body size overestimation was associated with an increase in the OR for MD, in participants who were overweight/obese, had weight concern or dieted. This effect was more pronounced in boys. CONCLUSIONS Weight concern and body-size estimation are strongly associated with mental health in adolescent boys and girls. Routine assessment of adolescents' attitudes towards their weight and body size is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Saeedzadeh Sardahaee
- Public Health and Nursing, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry Brøset, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Trøndelag, Norway
| | - Kirsti Kvaløy
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
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van Schaik J, Welling MS, de Groot CJ, van Eck JP, Juriaans A, Burghard M, Oude Ophuis SBJ, Bakker B, Tissing WJE, Schouten-van Meeteren AYN, van den Akker ELT, van Santen HM. Dextroamphetamine Treatment in Children With Hypothalamic Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:845937. [PMID: 35355559 PMCID: PMC8959487 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.845937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypothalamic obesity (HO) in children has severe health consequences. Lifestyle interventions are mostly insufficient and currently no drug treatment is approved for children with HO. Amphetamines are known for their stimulant side-effect on resting energy expenditure (REE) and suppressing of appetite. Earlier case series have shown positive effects of amphetamines on weight in children with acquired HO. We present our experiences with dextroamphetamine treatment in the, up to now, largest cohort of children with HO. METHODS A retrospective cohort evaluation was performed of children with HO treated with dextroamphetamine at two academic endocrine pediatric clinics. Off-label use of dextroamphetamine was initiated in patients with progressive, therapy-resistant acquired or congenital HO. Anthropometrics, REE, self-reported (hyperphagic) behavior and energy level, and side effects were assessed at start and during treatment. RESULTS Nineteen patients with a mean age of 12.3 ± 4.0 years had been treated with dextroamphetamine. In two patients, ΔBMI SDS could not be evaluated due to short treatment duration or the simultaneous start of extensive lifestyle treatment. Mean treatment duration of the 17 evaluated patients was 23.7 ± 12.7 months. Fourteen patients (n = 10 with acquired HO, n = 4 with congenital HO) responded by BMI decline or BMI stabilization (mean ΔBMI SDS of -0.6 ± 0.8, after a mean period of 22.4 ± 10.5 months). In three patients, BMI SDS increased (mean ΔBMI SDS of +0.5 ± 0.1, after a mean period of 29.7 ± 22.6 months). In 11 responders, measured REE divided by predicted REE increased with +8.9%. Thirteen patients (68.4%) reported decreased hyperphagia, improvement of energy level and/or behavior during treatment. Two patients developed hypertension during treatment, which resulted in dosage adjustment or discontinuation of treatment. Twelve children continued treatment at last moment of follow-up. CONCLUSION In addition to supportive lifestyle interventions, dextroamphetamine treatment may improve BMI in children with HO. Furthermore, dextroamphetamines have the potential to decrease hyperphagia and improve resting energy expenditure, behavior, and energy level. In patients with acquired HO, these effects seem to be more pronounced when compared to patients with congenital HO. Future studies are needed to support these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiska van Schaik
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Jiska van Schaik,
| | - Mila S. Welling
- Obesity Centre Centrum Gezond Gewicht (CGG), Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Corjan J. de Groot
- Obesity Centre Centrum Gezond Gewicht (CGG), Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Judith P. van Eck
- Obesity Centre Centrum Gezond Gewicht (CGG), Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alicia Juriaans
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marcella Burghard
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Child Development & Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sebastianus B. J. Oude Ophuis
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Psychiatry, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn Bakker
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wim J. E. Tissing
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/ Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Erica L. T. van den Akker
- Obesity Centre Centrum Gezond Gewicht (CGG), Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hanneke M. van Santen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Munafò A, Frara S, Perico N, Di Mauro R, Cortinovis M, Burgaletto C, Cantarella G, Remuzzi G, Giustina A, Bernardini R. In search of an ideal drug for safer treatment of obesity: The false promise of pseudoephedrine. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:1013-1025. [PMID: 33945051 PMCID: PMC8724077 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09658-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health problem worldwide. Only relatively few treatment options are, at present, available for the management of obese patients. Furthermore, treatment of obesity is affected by the widespread misuse of drugs and food supplements. Ephedra sinica is an old medicinal herb, commonly used in the treatment of respiratory tract diseases. Ephedra species contain several alkaloids, including pseudoephedrine, notably endowed with indirect sympathomimetic pharmacodynamic properties. The anorexigenic effect of pseudoephedrine is attributable primarily to the inhibition of neurons located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), mediating satiety stimuli. Pseudoephedrine influences lipolysis and thermogenesis through interaction with β3 adrenergic receptors and reduces fat accumulation through down-regulation of transcription factors related to lipogenesis. However, its use is associated with adverse events that involve to a large extent the cardiovascular and the central nervous system. Adverse events of pseudoephedrine also affect the eye, the intestine, and the skin, and, of relevance, sudden cardiovascular death related to dietary supplements containing Ephedra alkaloids has also been reported. In light of the limited availability of clinical data on pseudoephedrine in obesity, along with its significantly unbalanced risk/benefit profile, as well as of the psychophysical susceptibility of obese patients, it appears reasonable to preclude the prescription of pseudoephedrine in obese patients of any order and degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Munafò
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania School of Medicine, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Frara
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (IEMS), San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Norberto Perico
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Bergamo, Italy
| | - Rosaria Di Mauro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania School of Medicine, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Burgaletto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania School of Medicine, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Cantarella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania School of Medicine, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Bergamo, Italy
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (IEMS), San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Renato Bernardini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania School of Medicine, Catania, Italy.
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Chen WY, Chen YT, Ke CJ, Chen CY, Lin FH. The Synthesis and Evaluation of RGD-Conjugated Chitosan Gel as Daily Supplement for Body Weight Control. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164467. [PMID: 34442998 PMCID: PMC8399670 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Obesity is one of the most widespread chronic diseases and increases the risk of several other chronic diseases, especially type 2 diabetes. (2) Methods: Endobarrier is a new medical device what is worn in the small intestines for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, given the invasive and other adverse effects of the Endobarrier, we propose the use of RGD peptide conjugated with chitosan (RC) as an alternative. (3) Results: The FTIR and NMR spectrum showed RGD peptide was successfully conjugated on chitosan and RGD−CT is retained in the small intestine even after digestion. In vitro of wst-1 and live and dead staining studies show that the RGD−CT gel is highly biocompatible and non-toxic. Rats treated with the RGD−CT gel for a short term showed significant decrease change more than 30% in body weight, while the blood and hematic biometrics were within normal values. (4) Conclusions: The RGD−CT gel is safe, suitable for the short-term, reducing visceral fat rate health food to control weight. In the future, it is expected to develop a safe, long-term effective, flexibility of use and low-side-effect anti-obesity therapy in the era of precision medicine by further modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yao Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan;
| | - Cherng-Jyh Ke
- Biomaterials Translational Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40202, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Yun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Barton JR, Snook AE, Waldman SA. From leptin to lasers: the past and present of mouse models of obesity. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:777-790. [PMID: 33472452 PMCID: PMC8243785 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1877654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity is a prevalent condition that accounts for significant morbidity and mortality across the globe. Despite substantial effort, most obesity pharmacotherapies have proven unsafe or ineffective. The use of obese mouse models provides unique insight into the hormones and mechanisms that regulate appetite and metabolism. Paramount among these models are the 'obese' and 'diabetic' mice that revealed the powerful satiety hormone leptin, revolutionizing obesity research.Areas Covered: In this article, the authors discuss work on leptin therapy, and the clinical response to leptin in humans. The authors describe the use of modern mouse genetics to study targetable mechanisms for genetic forms of human obesity. Additionally, they describe mouse models of neuromodulation and their utility in unraveling neural circuits that govern appetite and metabolism.Expert opinion: Combining past and present models of obesity is required for the development of safe, effective, and impactful obesity therapy. Current research in obesity can benefit from repositories of genetically engineered mouse models to discover interactions between appetitive systems and circuits. Combining leptin therapy with other satiety signals comprising the gut-brain axis is a promising approach to induce significant enduring weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Barton
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Adam E. Snook
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Scott A. Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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15
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Fatty acids role on obesity induced hypothalamus inflammation: From problem to solution – A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Richards P, Thornberry NA, Pinto S. The gut-brain axis: Identifying new therapeutic approaches for type 2 diabetes, obesity, and related disorders. Mol Metab 2021; 46:101175. [PMID: 33548501 PMCID: PMC8085592 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut-brain axis, which mediates bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal system and central nervous system (CNS), plays a fundamental role in multiple areas of physiology including regulating appetite, metabolism, and gastrointestinal function. The biology of the gut-brain axis is central to the efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based therapies, which are now leading treatments for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity. This success and research to suggest a much broader role of gut-brain circuits in physiology and disease has led to increasing interest in targeting such circuits to discover new therapeutics. However, our current knowledge of this biology is limited, largely because the scientific tools have not been available to enable a detailed mechanistic understanding of gut-brain communication. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of how sensory information from the gastrointestinal system is communicated to the central nervous system, with an emphasis on circuits involved in regulating feeding and metabolism. We then describe how recent technologies are enabling a better understanding of this system at a molecular level and how this information is leading to novel insights into gut-brain communication. We also discuss current therapeutic approaches that leverage the gut-brain axis to treat diabetes, obesity, and related disorders and describe potential novel approaches that have been enabled by recent advances in the field. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The gut-brain axis is intimately involved in regulating glucose homeostasis and appetite, and this system plays a key role in mediating the efficacy of therapeutics that have had a major impact on treating T2DM and obesity. Research into the gut-brain axis has historically largely focused on studying individual components in this system, but new technologies are now enabling a better understanding of how signals from these components are orchestrated to regulate metabolism. While this work reveals a complexity of signaling even greater than previously appreciated, new insights are already being leveraged to explore fundamentally new approaches to treating metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Richards
- Kallyope, Inc., 430 East 29th, Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | | | - Shirly Pinto
- Kallyope, Inc., 430 East 29th, Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Potential of Nutraceutical Supplementation in the Modulation of White and Brown Fat Tissues in Obesity-Associated Disorders: Role of Inflammatory Signalling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073351. [PMID: 33805912 PMCID: PMC8037903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The high incidence of obesity is associated with an increasing risk of several chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Sustained obesity is characterized by a chronic and unsolved inflammation of adipose tissue, which leads to a greater expression of proinflammatory adipokines, excessive lipid storage and adipogenesis. The purpose of this review is to clarify how inflammatory mediators act during adipose tissue dysfunction in the development of insulin resistance and all obesity-associated diseases. In particular, we focused our attention on the role of inflammatory signaling in brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity and the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT), which represent a relevant component of adipose alterations during obesity. Furthermore, we reported the most recent evidence in the literature on nutraceutical supplementation in the management of the adipose inflammatory state, and in particular on their potential effect on common inflammatory mediators and pathways, responsible for WAT and BAT dysfunction. Although further research is needed to demonstrate that targeting pro-inflammatory mediators improves adipose tissue dysfunction and activates thermogenesis in BAT and WAT browning during obesity, polyphenols supplementation could represent an innovative therapeutic strategy to prevent progression of obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases.
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Inhibition of Intestinal Lipid Absorption by Cyanobacterial Strains in Zebrafish Larvae. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19030161. [PMID: 33803803 PMCID: PMC8003170 DOI: 10.3390/md19030161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex metabolic disease, which is increasing worldwide. The reduction of dietary lipid intake is considered an interesting pathway to reduce fat absorption and to affect the chronic energy imbalance. In this study, zebrafish larvae were used to analyze effects of cyanobacteria on intestinal lipid absorption in vivo. In total, 263 fractions of a cyanobacterial library were screened for PED6 activity, a fluorescent reporter of intestinal lipases, and 11 fractions reduced PED6 activity > 30%. Toxicity was not observed for those fractions, considering mortality, malformations or digestive physiology (protease inhibition). Intestinal long-chain fatty acid uptake (C16) was reduced, but not short-chain fatty acid uptake (C5). Alteration of lipid classes by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) or lipid processing by fluorescent HPTLC was analyzed, and 2 fractions significantly reduced the whole-body triglyceride level. Bioactivity-guided feature-based molecular networking of LC-MS/MS data identified 14 significant bioactive mass peaks (p < 0.01, correlation > 0.95), which consisted of 3 known putative and 11 unknown compounds. All putatively identified compounds were known to be involved in lipid metabolism and obesity. Summarizing, some cyanobacterial strains repressed intestinal lipid absorption without any signs of toxicity and could be developed in the future as nutraceuticals to combat obesity.
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VASCONCELOS FDAGD. Diffusion of scientific concepts on obesity in the global context: a historical review. REV NUTR 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-9865202134e200166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This article aimed to carry out a historical analysis of the dissemination of the scientific concepts on obesity, overweight and excess weight in the field of nutritional epidemiology in the world. The methodological procedures comprised: (1) Systematic search in the PubMed® database using single keywords and without date filter; (2) Documentary analysis of normative instruments on the websites of the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Obesity Federation; and (3) Analysis of the scientific production of scientists participating in the obesity classification of the International Obesity Task Force. The historical analysis showed that, considering the volume of publications on obesity, it appears that in the 1940-1949 decade the problem of obesity emerged on the world scenario. From the number of publications issued in the last 20 years, which corresponds to 85% of the investigated period, we can deduct that scientists’ concern to investigate the subject as a phenomenon coincides with the World Health Organization declaration of obesity as a global epidemic issued in the year 2000. In accordance with normative procedures established by international organizations, there has been a hegemonic use of the concepts of obesity and overweight, in this order of priority, by scientists worldwide. The concept of excess weight has experienced a relative rise since the year 2000, but its use has been very restricted, expressing dissonance in face of the recommendations of international standardization organizations, a fact that suggests discussion and review of its use by the world scientific community.
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Amphetamine-induced alteration to gaze parameters: A novel conceptual pathway and implications for naturalistic behavior. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 199:101929. [PMID: 33091542 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine produces a multiplicity of well-documented end-order biochemical, pharmacological and biobehavioural effects. Mechanistically, amphetamine downregulates presynaptic and postsynaptic striatal monoamine (primarily dopaminergic) systems, producing alterations to key brain regions which manifest as stereotyped ridged behaviour which occurs under both acute and chronic dosing schedules and persists beyond detoxification. Despite evidence of amphetamine-induced visual attentional dysfunction, no conceptual synthesis has yet captured how characteristic pharmaco-behavioural processes are critically implicated via these pathways, nor described the potential implications for safety-sensitive behaviours. Drawing on known pathomechanisms, we propose a cross-disciplinary, novel conceptual functional system framework for delineating the biobehavioural consequences of amphetamine use on visual attentional capacity and discuss the implications for functional and behavioural outcomes. Specifically, we highlight the manifest implications for behaviours that are conceptually driven and highly dependent on visual information processing for timely execution of visually-guided movements. Following this, we highlight the potential impact on safety-sensitive, but common behaviours, such as driving a motor vehicle. The close pathophysiological relationship between oculomotor control and higher-order cognitive processes further suggests that dynamic measurement of movement related to the motion of the eye (gaze behaviour) may be a simple, effective and direct measure of behavioural performance capabilities in naturalistic settings. Consequently, we discuss the potential efficacy of ocular monitoring for the detection and monitoring of driver states for this drug user group, and potential wider application. Significance statement: We propose a novel biochemical-physiological-behavioural pathway which delineates how amphetamine use critically alters oculomotor function, visual-attentional performance and information processing capabilities. Given the manifest implications for behaviours that are conceptually driven and highly dependent on these processes, we recommend oculography as a novel means of detecting and monitoring gaze behaviours during naturalistic tasks such as driving. Real-word examination of gaze behaviour therefore present as an effective means to detect driver impairment and prevent performance degradation due to these drugs.
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Archundia-Herrera MC, Subhan FB, Sakowsky C, Watkins K, Chan CB. A Mixed Methods Evaluation of a Randomized Control Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness of the Pure Prairie Living Program in Type 2 Diabetes Participants. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:E153. [PMID: 32503294 PMCID: PMC7349566 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of this randomized control trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Pure Prairie Living Program (PPLP) in a primary care setting. Adults with type 2 diabetes were randomized into intervention (PPLP, n = 25) and wait-listed controls (CON, n = 24). The PPLP group participated in education sessions. The intervention yielded no significant within-group changes in HbA1c at three-month (-0.04 (-0.27 to 0.17) and -0.15 (-0.38 to 0.08)) or six-month (-0.09 (-0.41 to 0.22) and 0.06 (-0.26 to 0.38)) follow ups in either CON or PPLP groups, respectively. Dietary adherence scores improved in the PPLP group (p < 0.05) at three and six months but were not different in the between-group comparison. No changes in diabetes self-efficacy scores were detected. In the qualitative analysis, participants described the program as clear and easy to understand. Knowledge acquired influenced their everyday decision making but participants faced barriers that prevented them from fully applying what they learned. Healthcare professionals enjoyed delivering the program but described the "back-stage" workload as detrimental. In conclusion, while some positive effects of the PPLP intervention were observed, they were not comparable to those previously attained by our group in an academic setting or to what the guidelines recommend, which reflects the challenge of translating lifestyle intervention to real-world settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Carolina Archundia-Herrera
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 6-002 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Innovation Research, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada;
| | - Fatheema B. Subhan
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T4, Canada;
| | - Cathy Sakowsky
- Sherwood Park Primary Care Network, 150 Broadway Crescent, Suite 108, Sherwood Park, AB T8H 0V3, Canada; (C.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Karen Watkins
- Sherwood Park Primary Care Network, 150 Broadway Crescent, Suite 108, Sherwood Park, AB T8H 0V3, Canada; (C.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Catherine B. Chan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 6-002 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Innovation Research, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada;
- Department of Physiology, 6-002 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Innovation Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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Luo S, Lenon GB, Gill H, Yuen H, Yang AWH, Hung A, Nguyen LT. Do the Natural Chemical Compounds Interact with the Same Targets of Current Pharmacotherapy for Weight Management?-A Review. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:399-411. [PMID: 30173643 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180830125958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has become a worldwide health concern. Pharmacotherapies are now being introduced because lifestyle modifications alone are insufficient for weight management. The treatment outcomes of current approved anti-obesity agents are not satisfying due to drug-related intolerances. And so natural therapies including herbal medicines are popular alternatives for weight reduction; however, there are limited studies about their mechanism of actions. METHODS Five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Proquest) were searched to investigate the targets and safety profiles of the current and past anti-obesity drugs that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the European Medicines Agency (EMA) as well as the commonly used off-label agents. The targets for weight-loss natural products and their principle bioactive components have also been searched. Only articles in English were included. RESULTS The targets for current anti-obesity single agents include pancreatic lipase, Glucagon Like Peptide-1(GLP-1) receptor, and serotonin 2C (5-HT2C) receptor. Potential targets such as amylin, pancreatic alpha amylase, leptin receptor, melanocortin receptor 4 receptor (MC4R), Peroxisome Proliferator- Activated Receptors gamma (PPAR γ), endocannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor and Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) were discussed in various studies. Natural compounds have been found to interact with targets like pancreatic lipase, pancreatic alpha amylase, AMPK and PPAR γ to achieve weight reduction. CONCLUSION Current pharmacotherapies and natural chemical compounds do act on same targets. Further investigations on the interactions between herbal compounds and the above targets are essential for the development of novel weight-loss therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Luo
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - George Binh Lenon
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Harsharn Gill
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Heidi Yuen
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Angela Wei Hong Yang
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Andrew Hung
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Linh Toan Nguyen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
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McCafferty BJ, Hill JO, Gunn AJ. Obesity: Scope, Lifestyle Interventions, and Medical Management. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2020; 23:100653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvir.2020.100653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Liu H, Xu Y, Hu F. AMPK in the Ventromedial Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: A Key Regulator for Thermogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:578830. [PMID: 33071984 PMCID: PMC7538541 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.578830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a global health issue, but effective therapies remain very limited. Adaptive thermogenesis promotes weight loss by dissipating energy in the form of heat, thereby representing a promising target to counteract obesity. Notably, the regulation of thermogenesis is tightly orchestrated by complex neuronal networks, especially those in the hypothalamus. Recent evidence highlights the importance of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) within the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) in modulating thermogenesis. Various molecules, such as GLP-1, leptin, estradiol, and thyroid hormones, have been reported to act on the VMH to inhibit AMPK, which subsequently increases thermogenesis through the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). In this review, we summarize the critical role of AMPK within the VMH in the control of energy balance, focusing on its contribution to thermogenesis and the associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Fang Hu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Fang Hu
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Woodard K, Louque L, Hsia DS. Medications for the treatment of obesity in adolescents. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2020; 11:2042018820918789. [PMID: 32523671 PMCID: PMC7257846 DOI: 10.1177/2042018820918789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While there are eight medications/combinations approved for the treatment of obesity in adults, the options for the treatment of obesity in adolescents remain limited. Evidence for obesity medication use in adolescents is limited due to the relatively small number of clinical trials that have been completed and the few adolescents that have been included in many of the trials. The goal of this review will be to present the current evidence for the medications approved for adolescents, medications not approved for adolescents but have adolescent data, and medications approved for adults with the prospect for use in adolescents. We will also discuss current limitations and next steps in the exploration of future treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee Woodard
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Clinical Trials Unit, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Logan Louque
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Clinical Trials Unit, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Sannikova EP, Bulushova NV, Cheperegin SE, Zalunin IA, Klebanov FA, Gracheva TS, Yurin VL, Rykalina NV, Askerova EV, Yarotskii SV, Tatarnikova OG, Bobkova NV, Kozlov DG. Specific Activity of Recombinant Modified Human Glucagon-Like Peptide 1. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819070068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Wolfenden L, Ezzati M, Larijani B, Dietz W. The challenge for global health systems in preventing and managing obesity. Obes Rev 2019; 20 Suppl 2:185-193. [PMID: 31317659 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Few health crises have been as predictable as the unfolding obesity pandemic. Clinical and public health services remain the front line of efforts to reduce the burden of obesity. While a range of clinical practice guidelines exist, the need for clinical interventions exceeds the capacity of health systems to provide care for those affected with obesity, and routine clinical practices fall far short of guidelines recommendations even in high-income countries. In this manuscript, we discuss current recommendations regarding obesity interventions and key challenges facing global health systems in managing the health needs of people with obesity. Improving the provision of obesity-related health care is a considerable challenge and will require changing existing perceptions of obesity as a matter of personal failure to its recognition as a disease, innovative approaches to health system reform, clinician capacity building and implementation support, a focus on prevention, and wise resource allocation. Leadership from governments, the medical profession, and patient and community groups to address the issues raised in this manuscript is urgently needed to address the growing health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Wolfenden
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter New England Local Health District, Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Majid Ezzati
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,WHO Collaborating Centre on NCD Surveillance and Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Diabetes Research Centre, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Centre, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - William Dietz
- Redstone Global Centre for Prevention and Wellness, George Washington University, Washington, DC, US
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Maisiyiti A, Chen JDZ. Systematic review on gastric electrical stimulation in obesity treatment. Expert Rev Med Devices 2019; 16:855-861. [PMID: 31570014 PMCID: PMC6946629 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2019.1673728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity is a very common public health problem worldwide. However, there is a lack of effective therapies. Only a small portion of patients with morbid obesity are accepting bariatric surgery as the last option due to the risks associated with invasive therapy. Areas covered: In this paper, we review an emerging weight loss treatment: gastric electrical stimulation (GES). The feasibility of GES as a potential therapy for obesity is introduced. Methodologies and parameters of GES are presented. Several GES methods for treating obesity and their effects on food intake and body weight are presented. Possible mechanisms involved in the anti-obesity effect of GES are discussed. Finally, our comments on the potential of GES for obesity and expectations for future development of the GES therapy are provided. The PubMed central database was searched from inception to May 2019. The literature search used the following terms: 'Gastric electrical stimulation' combined with 'obesity' and 'Implantable gastric stimulation' and 'pharmaceutical therapy' and 'bariatric surgery'. Expert opinion: There is a potential to use GES for treating obesity. However, more efforts are needed to develop appropriate stimulation devices and to design an adequate therapy for treating obesity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alimujiang Maisiyiti
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830001, China
| | - Jiande DZ Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Sharma S, Aware KS, Hatware K, Patil K. Chemistry, Analysis, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Aspects of Lorcaserin, a Selective Serotonin 5-HT2C Receptor Agonist: An Update. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 20:768-778. [PMID: 30961494 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190408154443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review refers to the all-inclusive details of Lorcaserin Hydrochloride on comprehensive information about the synthesis, analytical methods, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and adverse effects. Lorcaserin Hydrochloride is chemically (R)-8-Chloro-1-methyl-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride. Lorcaserin HCl is a novel, synthetic, centrally-acting selective serotonin C (5-HT2c) receptor, l agonist, which results in increased satiety and decreased food consumption in patients. Headache, dizziness and nausea are the most common side effects associated with this drug. Lorcaserin HCl has two major metabolites, one conjugated with glucuronide called N-carbamoyl glucuronide which is excreted in urine and the second Lorcaserin N-sulfamate, which is circulated in the blood. Lorcaserin HCl is synthesized using four different schemes of which a six-step method that resulted in 92.3% yield with 99.8% of purity is employed for scale-up production. It is analyzed quantitatively in the plasma and brain tissue matrix of rats by Ultra Performance Liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method using MS-MS (Mass Spectrometric) detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Sharma
- Quality Assurance, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, NMIMS, Shirpur, India
| | - Komal S Aware
- Quality Assurance, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, NMIMS, Shirpur, India
| | - Ketan Hatware
- Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, NMIMS, Shirpur, India
| | - Kiran Patil
- Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, NMIMS, Shirpur, India
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Benefit-Risk Assessment of Obesity Drugs: Focus on Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists. Drug Saf 2019; 42:957-971. [DOI: 10.1007/s40264-019-00812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Andrew CA, Saunders KH, Shukla AP, Aronne LJ. Treating obesity in patients with cardiovascular disease: the pharmacotherapeutic options. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:585-593. [PMID: 30614740 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1561867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a growing health problem that has numerous comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). The multi-disciplinary treatment of obesity now includes the use of pharmacotherapy. When treating patients with obesity and CVD, certain medications may be more appropriate than others. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors review the most commonly used FDA approved medications for the treatment of obesity, describing their mechanism of action, and the efficacy and safety of the medications as seen in recent studies, particularly in patients with CVD. EXPERT OPINION In the population of patients with obesity and CVD, the medications orlistat, lorcaserin and liraglutide are considered the most appropriate options for their treatment, in terms of safety. Sympathomimetic medications, such as phentermine, should be avoided in this group. The recent CAMELLIA-TIMI 61 trial supports the safety of lorcaserin in patients with CVD. Until there are more studies, it is reasonable to extrapolate the findings of the LEADER trial, which found improved CV outcomes in subjects with type 2 diabetes taking liraglutide, to the population of nondiabetic patients being treated for obesity. Further cardiovascular outcomes trials (CVOT) are needed to assess the safety of other pharmacotherapeutic options for weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Andrew
- a Department of Medicine , Hospital for Special Surgery , New York , NY , USA
| | - Katherine H Saunders
- b Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine , Comprehensive Weight Control Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Alpana P Shukla
- b Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine , Comprehensive Weight Control Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Louis J Aronne
- b Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine , Comprehensive Weight Control Center , New York , NY , USA
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Martínez-Monteagudo SI, Enteshari M, Metzger L. Lactitol: Production, properties, and applications. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Denzer C, Denzer F, Lennerz BS, Vollbach H, Lustig RH, Wabitsch M. Treatment of Hypothalamic Obesity with Dextroamphetamine: A Case Series. Obes Facts 2019; 12:91-102. [PMID: 30844799 PMCID: PMC6465734 DOI: 10.1159/000495851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A limited number of published case reports suggest a positive effect of dextroamphetamine, an adrenergic agonist affecting both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system, on physical activity and weight in patients with hypothalamic obesity (intractable obesity following CNS insult). Here, we present our clinical experience with dextroamphetamine treatment for hypothalamic obesity. METHODS The clinical course of all patients started on dextroamphetamine treatment for severe hypothalamic obesity at our institution between 2010 and 2013 is reported. Dextroamphetamine administration was initiated at a single dose of 5 mg per day and titrated to effect up to a dose of 20 mg/day. BMI z-score velocity was calculated as change in BMI z-score over standardized intervals of 12 months. Parameters of treatment success and adverse events were assessed in a standardized fashion. RESULTS Seven patients (2 males; mean age 17.6 years [range 12.9-24.5]) underwent individual treatment attempts with dextroamphetamine between 2010 and 2013. The primary diagnoses were craniopharyngioma (n = 4), ganglioglioma WHO I (n = 1), astrocytoma (n = 1), and neonatal meningitis (n = 1). Time from initial CNS insult to initiation of dextroamphetamine treatment averaged 5.2 years (range 2.4 months to 16.5 years). All patients demonstrated a steady increase in BMI z-score from the time of initial diagnosis until initiation of dextroamphetamine treatment. Mean baseline BMI z-score was +3.17 ± 0.93 (+1.9 to +4.4). Mean BMI z-score velocity decelerated to -0.18 ± 0.12 per year during the first year of treatment and stabilized at +0.05 ± 0.32 per year during the second year of treatment. No significant adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION Dextroamphetamine treatment led to stabilization or reduction of BMI z-score in a cohort of 7 patients with hypothalamic obesity, with no adverse effects. Considering the projected increase in BMI z-score according to the natural course of the disease, these findings are promising and warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Denzer
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany,
| | - Friederike Denzer
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Heike Vollbach
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert H Lustig
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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Causes and solutions to “globesity”: The new fa(s)t alarming global epidemic. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:173-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Greydanus DE, Agana MG, Merrick J. Pharmacology for obesity: perspectives of history. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2018; 33:/j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2018-0232/ijamh-2018-0232.xml. [PMID: 30379637 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2018-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Greydanus
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, 1000 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-1284, USA
| | - Marisha G Agana
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, 1000 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-1284, USA
| | - Joav Merrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Mt Scopus Campus, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center and Director, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Jerusalem, Israel
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Greydanus DE, Agana M, Kamboj MK, Shebrain S, Soares N, Eke R, Patel DR. Pediatric obesity: Current concepts. Dis Mon 2018; 64:98-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Zhang Y, Yu J, Qiang L, Gu Z. Nanomedicine for obesity treatment. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:373-379. [PMID: 29623548 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, as a chronic condition, has been a serious public health issue over the last decades both in the affluent Western world and developing countries. As reported, the risk of several serious diseases increases with weight gain, including type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, cancer, and respiratory diseases. In addition to lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy has become an important strategy to control weight gain. However, most of the anti-obesity drugs often show poor outcome for weight-loss and cause severe adverse effects. This review surveys recent advances in nanomedicine as an emerging strategy for obesity treatment with an emphasis on the enhanced therapeutic efficiency and minimized side effects. The insights for future development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jicheng Yu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Li Qiang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Zhen Gu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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McGee M, Whitehead N, Martin J, Collins N. Drug-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018; 56:801-809. [PMID: 29508628 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1447119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While pulmonary arterial hypertension remains an uncommon diagnosis, various therapeutic agents are recognized as important associations. These agents are typically categorized into "definite", "likely", "possible", or "unlikely" to cause pulmonary arterial hypertension, based on the strength of evidence. OBJECTIVE This review will focus on those therapeutic agents where there is sufficient literature to adequately comment on the role of the agent in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using PubMed covering the period September 1970- 2017. The search term utilized was "drug induced pulmonary hypertension". This resulted in the identification of 853 peer-reviewed articles including case reports. Each paper was then reviewed by the authors for its relevance. The majority of these papers (599) were excluded as they related to systemic hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, human immunodeficiency virus, pulmonary fibrosis, alternate differential diagnosis, treatment, basic science, adverse effects of treatment, and pulmonary hypertension secondary to pulmonary embolism. Agents affecting serotonin metabolism (and related anorexigens): Anorexigens, such as aminorex, fenfluramine, benfluorex, phenylpropanolamine, and dexfenfluramine were the first class of medications recognized to cause pulmonary arterial hypertension. Although most of these medications have now been withdrawn worldwide, they remain important not only from a historical perspective, but because their impact on serotonin metabolism remains relevant. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tryptophan, and lithium, which affect serotonin metabolism, have also been implicated in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Interferon and related medications: Interferon alfa and sofosbuvir have been linked to the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with other risk factors, such as human immunodeficiency virus co-infection. Antiviral therapies: Sofosbuvir has been associated with two cases of pulmonary artery hypertension in patients with multiple risk factors for its development. Its role in pathogenesis remains unclear. Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors: Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors represent a relatively new class of medications. Of these dasatinib has the strongest evidence in drug-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension, considered a recognized cause. Nilotinib, ponatinib, carfilzomib, and ruxolitinib are newer agents, which paradoxically have been linked to both cause and treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Monoclonal antibodies and immune regulating medications: Several case reports have linked some monoclonal antibodies and immune modulating therapies to pulmonary arterial hypertension. There are no large series documenting an increased prevalence of pulmonary arterial hypertension complicating these agents; nonetheless, trastuzumab emtansine, rituximab, bevacizumab, cyclosporine, and leflunomide have all been implicated in case reports. Opioids and substances of abuse: Buprenorphine and cocaine have been identified as potential causes of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. Tramadol has been demonstrated to cause severe, transient, and reversible pulmonary hypertension. Chemotherapeutic agents: Alkylating and alkylating-like agents, such as bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, and mitomycin have increased the risk of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, which may be clinically indistinct from pulmonary arterial hypertension. Thalidomide and paclitaxel have also been implicated as potential causes. Miscellaneous medications: Protamine appears to be able to cause acute, reversible pulmonary hypertension when bound to heparin. Amiodarone is also capable of causing pulmonary hypertension by way of recognized side effects. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary arterial hypertension remains a rare diagnosis, with drug-induced causes even more uncommon, accounting for only 10.5% of cases in large registry series. Despite several agents being implicated in the development of PAH, the supportive evidence is typically limited, based on case series and observational data. Furthermore, even in the drugs with relatively strong associations, factors that predispose an individual to PAH have yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McGee
- a Cardiovascular Department , John Hunter Hospital , Newcastle , Australia
| | - Nicholas Whitehead
- a Cardiovascular Department , John Hunter Hospital , Newcastle , Australia
| | - Jennifer Martin
- b Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Public Health , University of Newcastle , Newcastle , Australia
| | - Nicholas Collins
- a Cardiovascular Department , John Hunter Hospital , Newcastle , Australia
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Abstract
More than one-third of adults in the USA have obesity, which causes, exacerbates or adversely impacts numerous medical comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Despite intensive lifestyle modifications, the disease severity warrants further aggressive intervention, including pharmacotherapy, medical devices and bariatric surgery. Noninvasive anti-obesity drugs have thus now resurfaced as targeted adjunctive therapeutic approaches to intensive lifestyle intervention, bridging the gap between lifestyle and bariatric surgery. In this Review, we discuss FDA-approved anti-obesity drugs in terms of safety and efficacy. As most of these drugs have a mean percentage weight loss reported in clinical trials but individual variations in response rates, a future direction of obesity pharmacotherapy research might include the potential for personalized medicine to target early responders to these anti-obesity drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali Srivastava
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 720 Harrison Avenue, 8 th Floor, Suite 801, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Caroline M Apovian
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 720 Harrison Avenue, 8 th Floor, Suite 801, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Cardiovascular Outcome Trials of Diabetes and Obesity Drugs: Implications for Conditional Approval and Early Phase Clinical Development. Pharmaceut Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40290-017-0209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hoang TT, Agopian A, Mitchell LE. Maternal Use of Weight Loss Products and the Risk of Neural Tube Defects in Offspring: A Systematic Literature Review. Birth Defects Res 2017; 110:48-55. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh T. Hoang
- UTHealth School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology; Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences; Houston Texas
| | - A.J. Agopian
- UTHealth School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology; Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences; Houston Texas
| | - Laura E. Mitchell
- UTHealth School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology; Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences; Houston Texas
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Jeynes KD, Gibson EL. The importance of nutrition in aiding recovery from substance use disorders: A review. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:229-239. [PMID: 28806640 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition is a prerequisite for health; yet, there is no special nutritional assessment or guidance for drug and alcohol dependent individuals, despite the fact that their food consumption is often very limited, risking malnutrition. Further, the premise is examined that malnutrition may promote drug seeking and impede recovery from substance use disorders (SUD). METHOD A narrative review addressed the relationship between substance use disorders and nutrition, including evidence for malnutrition, as well as their impact on metabolism and appetite regulation. The implications of the biopsychology of addiction and appetite for understanding the role of nutrition in SUD were also considered. RESULTS The literature overwhelmingly finds that subjects with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and drug use disorder (DUD) typically suffer from nutrient deficiencies. These nutrient deficiencies may be complicit in the alcoholic myopathy, osteopenia and osteoporosis, and mood disorders including anxiety and depression, observed in AUD and DUD. These same individuals have also been found to have altered body composition and altered hormonal metabolic regulators. Additionally, brain processes fundamental for survival are stimulated both by food, particularly sweet foods, and by substances of abuse, with evidence supporting confusion (addiction transfer) when recovering from SUD between cravings for a substance and craving for food. CONCLUSION Poor nutritional status in AUD and DUD severely impacts their physical and psychological health, which may impede their ability to resist substances of abuse and recover their health. This review contributes to a better understanding of interventions that could best support individuals with substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall D Jeynes
- Department of Life Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK
| | - E Leigh Gibson
- Department of Psychology, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK.
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Golden A. Current pharmacotherapies for obesity. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2017; 29:S43-S52. [DOI: 10.1002/2327-6924.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Telma GCSDA, Yara EADS, Diego GE, Leonardo MDL, Alessandra KDOC, Isabella GCSDA, Pedro DON, Julia LP, Lucinéia DS. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and the effect of Agave sisalana on body weight and defensive behaviours in ovariectomized rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5897/jmpr2017.6382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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47
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S Sibuyi NR, Thovhogi N, Gabuza KB, Meyer MD, Drah M, Onani MO, Skepu A, Madiehe AM, Meyer M. Peptide-functionalized nanoparticles for the selective induction of apoptosis in target cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017. [PMID: 28635372 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The study developed a prohibitin (PHB) targeted nanotherapy for selective induction of apoptosis in target cells. METHODS Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were bifunctionalized with adipose homing and proapoptotic peptides. The efficacy and mode of cell death induced by the AuNPs were investigated in vitro on three cancer cell lines. RESULTS The antiproliferative activity of PHB-targeted bifunctionalized AuNPs was more pronounced on cells that express the PHB receptor, and demonstrated receptor-mediated targeting and selectivity. The bifunctionalized AuNPs induced cell death by apoptosis. CONCLUSION The PHB-targeted nanotherapy under study could potentially be used for treatment of diseases that are characterized by overexpression of PHB. As such, further investigations will be conducted in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Remaliah S Sibuyi
- DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Unit, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Ntevheleni Thovhogi
- DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Unit, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Kwazikwakhe B Gabuza
- DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Unit, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Miche D Meyer
- DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Unit, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Mustafa Drah
- DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Unit, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Martin O Onani
- Organometallics & Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, UWC, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Amanda Skepu
- DST/Mintek NIC, Biolabels Unit, Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Private Bag X3015, Randburg, 2125, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Abram M Madiehe
- DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Unit, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Mervin Meyer
- DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Unit, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, Western Cape, South Africa
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Effects of pressed degreased walnut meal extracts on lipid metabolism in postnatally monosodium glutamate-induced mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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49
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Mahú I, Domingos AI. The sympathetic neuro-adipose connection and the control of body weight. Exp Cell Res 2017; 360:27-30. [PMID: 28342901 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, obesity has become a global public health crisis irrespective of age or gender [20]. But according to historic records, concerns over appropriate maintenance of body size have been long established. For more than to 2 millennia, the main therapeutic approach to curb excess weight has been to recommend dietary restrictions and regular exercise (Haslam, 2016). Nevertheless, more contemporary studies indicate that the employment of such approaches in the treatment of severely obese patients causes metabolic adaptions which impair their long-term success in weight management [8]. These evidences highlight thus, the urgency in the search for a more comprehensive knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie the control of body weight, which would be essential for the development of effective strategies for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. Importantly, the discovery of the hormone leptin [33]and the use of novel techniques in targeted transgenesis [32] have enabled progress in defining some of the key players and the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the processes that control body size homeostasis and energy balance, and how obesity may disrupt leptin's feedback loop and lead to the pathology of metabolic syndrome. On the light of such findings, here we review how the sympathetic nervous system modulates adipose tissue metabolism downstream of leptin's action on the CNS, with particular focus on how this system may be disrupted in the context of excess adiposity, plus highlight the potential clinical implications arising from a better understanding of the physiologic control of the sympathetic neuro-adipose connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Mahú
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana I Domingos
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
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Baba S, Ueno Y, Kikuchi T, Tanaka R, Fujimori K. A Limonoid Kihadanin B from Immature Citrus unshiu Peels Suppresses Adipogenesis through Repression of the Akt-FOXO1-PPARγ Axis in Adipocytes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9607-9615. [PMID: 27977180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Citrus limonoids are secondary metabolites and exhibit a variety of biological activities. In this study, we elucidated the suppression of adipogenesis by a Citrus limonoid kihadanin B and determined its molecular mechanism in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Kihadanin B was purified from the peels of immature Citrus unshiu by HPLC, and its chemical structure was determined by NMR and mass spectrometry. Kihadanin B reduced the lipid accumulation with the reduction of the expression levels of the adipogenic and lipogenic genes, but did not affect lipolysis in adipocytes. Phosphorylation levels of Akt and a forkhead transcriptional factor, FOXO1, a repressor of PPARγ, were lowered by kihadanin B. Furthermore, kihadanin B increased the binding level of FOXO1 to the PPARγ gene promoter in adipocytes. These results indicate that a Citrus limonoid kihadanin B repressed the adipogenesis by decreasing lipid accumulation through the suppression of the Akt-FOXO1-PPARγ axis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Baba
- Laboratory of Biodefense and Regulation, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Ueno
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Reiko Tanaka
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Ko Fujimori
- Laboratory of Biodefense and Regulation, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
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